Outdoor Lighting, New Technologies

Home , Plasma lamp

Eric Strandberg LC

Presented to:

Current state of the exterior lighting

Dominated by HPS Why?

What are the limitations of MH?

What about other light sources? 2

1 At a crossroads of technology

LED Induction Metal Halide High Pressure Sodium

Light source characteristics

HPS Metal Plasma Induction Inc CFL LED Halide Lumens per watt Life

Optics

Lumen maintenance High CCT option CRI

Controllability

First cost

2 Light source efficacy (Lumens per Watt) for common exterior light sources

HPS- 70 - 145 MH- 68- 120 Induction- 48- 75 Incandescent- 8- 13 Halogen- 10- 36(HIR) CFL- 50- 80 Plasma- 85- 110 LED- 100+

Stuck on Lumens Lighting is about seeing …not just measured lumens

Luminance, measured in candela/m sq. (footlamberts)

Lamp output in lumens*

Illuminance, measured in footcandles or lux

6 *With LED systems the “lamp lumens” and fixture output are the same. This is called absolute photometry.

3 Light source life for common exterior light sources

HPS- 16K – 30K MH- 10K – 30K Induction- 60K - 100K Incandescent- 1K- 1.5K Halogen- 3K- 5K (HIR) CFL- 10K- 16K Plazma- 50K LED- 25K – 100K

Rated Lamp Life “The life value assigned to a particular type lamp. This is commonly a statistically determined estimate of average or of median operational life.” IESNA Other life definitions  Reduced light output.

 Color shift.

 Efficacy reduction.

 Lamp starts to cycle.

 Lamp becomes unstable.

 Probability of failure increases. (Group re-lamping)

4 Lamp Lumen Depreciation “The fractional loss of lamp lumens at rated operating conditions that progressively occurs during lamp operation.” IESNA

Mean Lumens T5 100 95 T8 (265 mA) 90 Incandescnt 85 T12 (430 mA) Lumens 80 75 HPS Percent of Initial 0 20406080100 Mercury Vapor

Percent of Average Rated Life

Service life vs time to failure

~L92 L70 100 70 % light output

0 50KTime in ~85K Failure Hours

L70 is the point in time when the light source (LED) has lost 30% of its light. This is the end of its “service life” The values in this example are for illustration only. Each product will have its own unique numbers

5 Optics- built around a point source Glare control  High degree possible

 High degree needed Distribution  High precision possible Infrastructure investment Luminaire efficiency  Influences system lumens and delivered light

Point source = Metal halide or plasma

Plasma

A form of Metal Halide Plasma state is created by concentrated RF field. No electrodes or filaments inside the chamber. Makes for a very clean and stable operation. Plasma lamp acts like a point source.

Courtesy Luxim

6 Electrodeless Induction Lamps

100,000 hour lamp life Good efficacy 80+ CRI Cold start to -30 °F Instant re-strike Low-pressure mercury gas

Use in areas that see little maintenance or are difficult to access.

Induction and Optics Better suited to decorative or pedestrian lights.

“Blob O’ Lite”

Very little glare control needed, but optically more like a CFL Luminaire efficiency is lower and less light delivered to remote locations

7 CFL- not just on porch lights

Can be optically OK for low mounting applications. Still only 12K life*

*20k on 12 hr burn

Good Optics

Puts light where it is needed and not where it is not wanted.

This can increase efficiency Minimize light trespass. Minimize light pollution

8 Lighting power distribution of some common exterior sources

Beware of “average foot candles”

Be sure to look at uniformity ratios.

Sometimes the less uniform area will have higher average numbers, because the hot spots (usually under the fixture) are very high. 18

9 The quality of light will have a large impact on our visual ability.

Electric light sources vary widely in their spectral content, and should be carefully selected for their color characteristics.

This is an extreme example – Metal Halide & Low Pressure Sodium - but the spectral composition of any light source will affect our perception of the surfaces around us.

LEDs and color

The blue white color temperature looks like metal halide, or “moonlight” which can make them a good fit for exterior applications*.

Note the yellow HPS on right and the bluer LED on the left.

*Recent studies suggest that blue light can increase visual

Photo courtesy BetaLed acuity but also can affect melatonin production… 20

10 Color Rendering

High Pressure Mercury Sodium CRI- 22 Vapor CRI-15

High CRI & blue- white light can be had w/ MH, Plasma, LED, CFL, LED- and Induction CRI- 80

Color Rendering and Security

Accurate color recognition is critical to a quick assessment of a situation and in communicating important details to others.

11 Spectral Power Distribution

Ceramic Metal Halide

Standard MH

Courtesy: Philips

12 “White” LEDs

White light LEDs are generally made by taking a blue LED and “doping” it with yellow phosphors

Scotopic/ Photopic shift

As the ambient light level decreases, the color sensitivity of the eye shifts to a bluer range. “Light is radiant power weighted according to the spectral sensitivity of the human visual system.” -CIE

13 Human Vision Range

Scotopic Mesopic Photopic

Below ~1FC ~Above 3FC

.000031 lux .031 lux 310 lux 310000000 lux

Control-Ability Some light sources lend themselves to various control modes, others are hard to control.

On/Off –  Instant on?

 Stressed by switching? Dimming – How easy and cost effective? Relationship between light output and power consumption? Single source? Or multiple sources? Electronic system?  Advantages

 Disadvantages

14 Adaptive Lighting. Lighting that changes in response to dynamic conditions

Changes in occupancy.  Vehicles

 Pedestrians An external command to the system  Time clock

 Unusual event Ambient light  Trimming offset from sunrise to sunset System stress  Temperature

 Age of chips Re-Zoning “on the fly”

http://cltc.ucdavis.edu/ 29

Light source characteristics

HPS Metal Plasma Induction Inc CFL LED Halide Lumens per High High High High Low Medium High watt Life Long Medium Long Very long Short Medium Very long Optics Good Very good Very good Poor Good Poor Very good Lumen Good Fair Good Good Good Fair Very maintenance good High CCT No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes option CRI Bad Good Very good Very good Very good Very good Very good Controllability Poor Poor Good Good Good Good Very good First cost $$ $$ $$$ $$ $ $ $$$ 30

15 Light source characteristics

Light source characteristics

16 Light source characteristics

Light source characteristics

17 What do LEDs do? LEDs are a light source.  Light sources have a variety of characteristics LEDs are not a design strategy.  Any lighting measure may be appropriate for one application, but not another.

Comparing LED to Metal Halide

Advantages  Long life

 Higher light quality (in general)

 More optical possibilities Disadvantages  High cost  Higher delivered lumens per watt (particularly at  Still a new technology lower wattages) (there may be surprises…)   Instant on (no strike time) Higher complexity (perhaps more to fail)  Better control possibilities  Uncertainty about system  Solid State life and replacement  Moderate lumen depreciation

36 http://www.premierltg.com/light-fights-led-vs-hid/

18 Exterior Design Issues

Like all lighting design, successful exterior lighting is found in applying light where it is desired, and keeping it away

from where it is not. Maria Pita Square La Coruna, Spain

Exterior luminaires

Many communities are looking for “human scale” exterior luminaires in parks and downtown areas.

19 Wasted light = wasted energy and money...

and it can unnecessarily compromise “quality of life”.

Light Pollution/ Light Trespass

Light pollution is light shining directly into the sky. Light trespass is unwanted light shining out of the intended area, usually off the property.

20 Light Pollution and Light Trespass These conditions can occur simultaneously… from the same fixture!

Pole Height

Using more luminaires with lower pole height and lower brightness lamps can significantly reduce glare and light trespass while improving uniformity.

Courtesy: IESNA

21 Glare and lighting angles

. The higher the luminaire, the farther apart they can be w/out glare. Lower, ‘human scale’ pedestrian lights require greater frequency.

Glare angles

Pedestrian optics

Note that the fixture w/ superior optics not only minimizes glare, but delivers useful light further

22 BUG Rating Outdoor luminaire distribution rating system (IES TM-15-07)

Cutting off all uplight may have unintended effects… or not

LD+A April 2006

23 Glare control- After market “solutions” Its best to start with an appropriately selected luminaire

Mark Lien, Illuminating the Future of Light

Industry has been considered “static”. Not any longer Interconnectedness of exterior systems Title 24 ’13 Key Requirements  Switched to BUG system, luminaires <=150W (frm 175)

 All outdoor lighting shall be both photocontrolled and automatic schedule control

 Luminaires at 24’ or lower shall (in addition) be controlled by motion sensors that reduce power by 40- 80% when unoccupied

24 Naomi Miller- Pedestrian Friendly Nighttime Lighting

Historic focus on light levels and efficacy. Field evaluations by users- concern was toward glare Clear Glass control and color properties.  Frosted lens can mitigate glare

 Issues with a lens…? LEDs are getting so efficient that comfort can

Small Prism Lens trump efficiency.

Naomi Miller- Pedestrian Friendly Nighttime Lighting

Case Study: Stanford University

Option A uses 100 w CMH w/ 3K lamp. Deemed too glaring

Option B uses 70 w LED w/ 3K Diffused lens produced more tolerable glare

“This is the best solution so far for the residential neighborhoods”.

Option A Option A

25 Nancy Clanton- NEEA Streetlighting Research Results

Positive contrast increases as pavement luminance drops (ambient lighting effects)

Nancy Clanton- NEEA Streetlighting Research Results

Subjective and objective in-situ comparison of LED and HPS roadway lights.  People did not like asymmetric

 No statistical difference between 100% & 25% light levels...?

 At 25% some felt that the sidewalk was too dark.

 Adaptive lighting can be applied to 50% safely on dry.

 Uniformity did not improve detection- Contrast is Key

 Greatest detection was on least uniform roadways…? News Flash! – Women Preferred Warmer CCT

26 Ron Gibbons- Adaptive Lighting

Increased illuminance has limited impact on crash rate Increased non-uniformity, decreases crash rate. Controlling glare reduces crash rate. Adaptive lighting provides an opportunity to reduce energy usage significantly.

Headlights adequate under 25 Washington Year (Currently Showing 2008 mph Night Time Crashes)

Paul Lutkevich, - Background for Standards by IES Roadway Lighting Committee

Global Traffic Fatalities

Global Fatalities by Type

27 Paul Lutkevich, - Background for Standards by IES Roadway Lighting Committee

Impact of trees seasonally

Paul Lutkevich, - Background for Standards by IES Roadway Lighting Committee

Uniform Lighting

Non-Uniform Lighting

28 Travis Loncore, PhD- Outdoor Lighting, Wildlife, and the Environment

Lighting effects distribution of species

Travis Loncore, PhD- Outdoor Lighting, Wildlife, and the Environment 5 ways to mitigate light pollution 1-Need, -Is there a better way 2-Duration, -Adaptive lighting 3-Intensity, -How much is enough 4-Direction, -Put light where it is needed 5-Spectrum, -What is the most effective light source

29 Key Services & Resources

Lighting Classes (local & regional) 500 sq ft Classroom Available for rent Customized Speaking Engagements Resource Library Consults by Seasoned Specialists IES Lighting Handbook Periodicals Lighting Demonstrations LED Qualified Products List Full-scale Mockups Website Publications Product Evaluations Resource Links Event & Class Listings Facility Tours LED List Submission LDL is open to the public Networking Opportunities Open House Regional Meetings Industry Assoc. Membership

Partners in Conservation

30 Visit Call Click

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