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The Light Source Guide

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The Light Source Guide LIA Members only. For use by THE LIGHT SOURCE GUIDE. LIA Copyright © 2017. All information stated within this brochure is correct at time of publication – Jan 2017. www.thelia.org.uk CONTENTS INTRODUCTION LEGISLATION LIGHT LAMP HISTORY LAMPS INCANDESCENT LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LEDS) FLUORESCENT LAMPS HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE INDUCTION LAMPS NEW AND UNUSUAL LAMP TECHNOLOGIES LAMPS AND THE ENVIRONMENT FAQS GLOSSARY 2 www.thelia.org.uk INTRODUCTION The Lighting Industry Association (LIA) is a trade association representing UK manufacturers and importers of lighting equipment. LIA members design, manufacture and sell electric lamps,luminaires, lamp-holders, low-voltage lighting, emergency lighting, road lighting, control gear and equipment associated with lighting, throughout the European Union (EU) and worldwide. Most lamp types associated with general lighting within and around buildings can be used in various applications. Consequently, this guide focuses more on how the lighting is generated and not by end usage, although typical applications are given. The Light Source Guide aims to provide an introduction to the key lamp types available, with the objective of providing as much information as possible for the reader, whether they are new to lighting or even an experienced engineer or designer. Detailed information about individual lamps is available from lamp manufacturer members of the Lighting Industry Association. With the global concern over carbon emissions and global warming, the key driving factor in the development and use of light sources is Energy Efficiency. Energy efficient technology is seen to play an important role in the future approach to energy both in the short and medium to long term. According to the European Commission by 2010 about 180 million tonnes of CO2, the equivalent annual output of around 50 power stations, could be prevented by the use of energy-efficient products and appliances alone in Europe -around half of the EU’s commitment under Kyoto. More than 50% of all lamp technologies installed in Europe are still not the most energy efficient; as such the potential for improvements and savings (of energy, costs and CO2 emissions) for Europe are significant. 3 www.thelia.org.uk LEGISLATION Lighting is affected by a wide range of regulations and legislation that have been set by the European Union (EU) and the United Kingdom (UK). A large proportion of UK legislation has been created by over- arching EU Directives and Regulations, some of which may have their origins in International agreements. This guide looks at the legislation that most directly applies to lamps. These rules and regulations relate largely to environmental issues including energy use, waste and recycling, hazardous substances and labelling. In addition electrical safety, optical hazards and electromagnetic interference are also covered. The legislation landscape affecting products is constantly being updated, revised and recast in order to maintain both consistency of intent and relevance to advances in technology. As a result this guide seeks to point the reader towards the relevant documents and references rather than provide a detailed explanation of each. It is the responsibility of all manufacturers, suppliers, importers and distributors to familiarise themselves with the detailed obligations they are obliged to meet under any relevant legislation. The lighting industry and the LIA, as a representative body, are committed to the development and introduction of quality lighting products that meet all relevant national and international legislation. Definition For the purposes of this guide a lamp is any product that can be fitted to a recognised standard lamp socket and includes those with integrated electronics. Background information and summary of relevant legislation It is estimated that lighting consumes about 18% of the electricity generated in the UK. As a result there is considerable emphasis placed on encouraging the use of more efficient lighting products as well as better control of its use within commercial and domestic applications. However, the importance of light in terms of well-being, and other human factors, means that any efficiency gains must not be at the expense of the quality of light delivered. Lamps directly affect the performance and characteristics of lighting and, as such, are covered specifically by a number of rules and regulations. These can be considered under a number of distinct subject headings: • Energy and CO2 emissions reduction • Health • Safety & EMC • Environmental issues There is a degree of overlap between some of these headings and the guide will highlight any legislation that covers more than one of these headings. 4 www.thelia.org.uk Energy and CO2 emissions reduction Much of the recent legislation that is relevant to lighting is concerned with the reduction of energy use linked to the lowering of CO2 emissions. Initially the focus has been on ensuring products are as efficient as technically and practically possible, although there is now some recognition that controlling the use of energy consuming products is also important. Legislation covers both the energy performance of the various products and how the public is informed about the performance through labelling and required technical descriptions. The most relevant directives, regulations and implementing measures directly affecting lamps are: • The EcoDesign Framework Directive – 2009/125/EC • Commission Regulations (or ‘implementing measures’ within 2009/125/EC) - EU 1194/2012 – Directional lamps, LEDs and related equipment - EC 245/2009 (as amended by EU 347/2010) – Fluorescent lamps, HIDs, and ballasts and luminaires able to operate such lamps - EC 244/2009 – Non-directional household lamps. (As amended by EC 859/2009 concerning the UV radiation of non-directional lamps) - The Energy Labelling Directive – 2012/30/EU; as supplemented by Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No. 874/2012 - EU 2015/1428 amending 244/2009, 245/2009 & 1194/2012. Summary information and tables are included in this guide, particularly where clarification or explanation is required. Health LightingEurope have produced the following guides that cover the current EU Directives and Regulations that refer to all the relevant aspects of photobiology, light and health: • Human Centric Lighting: Beyond Energy Efficiency – LightingEurope, July 2013; • Photobiological Safety in Lighting Products for use in Working Places – LightingEurope, February 2013 Safety & EMC Lighting is also affected by wider legislation concerning safety, particularly that which refers to electrical products. The development of ‘low energy replacement lamps’, initially using fluorescent and now solid state (LED) technology has introduced electrical and electronic components into main stream lamps. The most relevant measures are: • Low Voltage Directive – 2014/35/EU • EMC Directive – 2014/30/EU • Radio Equipment Directive (RED) – 2014/53/EU The LVD largely focusses on the electrical safety of products, while the EMC Directive addresses the issues of electromagnetic interference potentially occurring between electronic devices. The RED covers any product which uses radio communication (wifi, Bluetooth etc) and includes requirements for LVD and EMCD. All products covered by the scope of these Directives must have supporting documentation to demonstrate their compatibility. Meeting these criteria is also mandatory under the CE marking scheme. 5 www.thelia.org.uk Environmental issues The manufacture of lighting and electronic products involves the use of a wide range of materials and substances, some of which are now controlled by legislation concerning the use of hazardous substances. In addition there is legislation covering the treatment of ‘end of life’ products which has an impact on the lighting industry, both in terms of the disposal of lamps and luminaires. The most relevant measures are: • Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive 2012/19/EU • Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive 2011/65/EU Both of these directives are covered by UK Statutory Instruments – The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Regulations 2013 and The Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Regulations 2012. CE Marking Virtually all products made in, or entering, the European Union market, are required to be CE Marked under the CE Marking Directive 93/68/EEC. The CE mark is the manufacturer’s self declaration that any given product conforms to all the relevant EU Directives applicable to its manufacture and function. All lamps are subject to at least one of the Directives identified above and must, therefore, be CE marked. As a result for each lamp it is required that its manufacturer holds a Declaration of Conformity and a Technical File that demonstrates compliance with all the relevant directives and the applicable harmonised standards. Commentary and clarification All of the EU Directives, Commission Regulations and UK Statutory Instruments mentioned above are readily available as free downloads from the relevant EU and UK Government websites. In the following section the guide provides additional information and clarification of key parts of the legislation directly affecting lamps. The EcoDesign Framework Directive for Energy Related Products – 2009/125/EC The EcoDesign Directive covers a wide range of energy using and related products including lighting. Its intention is to force the phase-out of products
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