DOCSLIB.ORG

Student/Pupil Accounting: Staadard Terminologyard Iuide for Managing Student Data in Elementaryand Secondary Schools, Community/Juniorcolleges, and Adult Education

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Student/Pupil Accounting: Staadard Terminologyard Iuide for Managing Student Data in Elementaryand Secondary Schools, Community/Juniorcolleges, and Adult Education DOCUMENT RESUME ED 102 678 El 006 799 AUTHOR Putnam, John F. TITLE Student/Pupil Accounting: Staadard Terminologyard iuide for Managing Student Data in Elementaryand Secondary Schools, Community/JuniorColleges, and Adult Education. State EducationalRecords and Reports Series: Handbook V. Revised, INSTITUTION National Center for Education Statistics(DREW), Washington, D.C. REPORT NO DREW -OE -75 -315 PUB DATE 74 NOTE 238p. AVAILABLE PROMSuperintendent of Documents, U.S.Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 ($3.05) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC-$12.05 PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS Academic Records; Adult Education;Case Records; *Confidential Records; Data Collection;*Definitions; Elementary Secondary Education; *Glossaries;Grades (Scholastic); Information Systems; JuniorColleges; Student Evaluation; *Student Records ABSTRACT This handbook's fundamentalpurpose is to provide terms and definitions for the data and informationeducators use in student services. It identifies concepts usedin decisionnaking, provides standardized terms and definitions,classifies the terms, provides guidelines for developing and managingstudent records, and recommends the development of policiesto safeguard confidentiality. The terms presented are applicableto recordkeeping for all levels from pre-school through adult education.Sample forms, information system data, codes, and legal requirementsare appended. (Author/DV) U S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION &WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS OCVN REPRO DUCED EXAM Y NI CEIVI'D PROM TUDENT/PUPIL ACCOUNTING THE PERSON ON OIMANItATiON ONIOIN 11111111111MIN11M ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OP OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NUCCSSAHILY HEPRI: SENT Or i iciAt. NATIONAL. INS1 I TOE ot, EDUCATION POSITION OW POLIO' BEST COPY AVAILABLE SCOPE OF INTEREST NOTICF Standard Terminology and Guide The ERIC Facility has assigned this do,zurnent rvi to: In ow ludgerrint, this document is also of intaglio to the cleating. for Managing Student Data in N'uses noted to the right. lndest. Mg should felittct thew special points of vim. Elementary and Secondary Schools, Community/Junior Colleges, and Adult Education State Educational Records and Reports Series: Handbook V, Revised 1974 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE/EDUCATION DIVISION COOPERATING ORGANIZATIONS The following organizations pro.,ided major assistance throughout all phases of the project to revise this handbook: American Association of Community and Junior Colleges American Association of School Administrators American Personnel and Guidance Association Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development Association of School Business Officials of the L 'nited States and Canada Council for Exceptional Children Council of Chief State School Officers National Association for Public Continuing and Adult Education National Association of Elementary School Principals National Association of Secondary School Principals National Education Association National School Boards Assccic-tion Addit,onal acknowledgments are included on pages ix and 201 of this handbook. 3 75-315 STUDENT/PUPILACCOUNTING Standard Terminologyand Guide for ManagingStudent Data in Elementaryand Secondary Schools, Community/Junior Colleges,and Adult Education STATE EDUCATIONALRECORDS AND REPORTS SERIES: HANDBOOKV Revised 1974 by John F. Putnam Nationai Center for Education Statistics Education Division U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Caspar W. Weinberger, Secretary Education Division Virginia V. Trotter, Assistant Secretary for Education National Center for Education Statistics Francis C. Nassetta, Acting Administrator 4 NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS "The purpose of the Center shall beto collect and disseminate statistics and other data related to education in the United Statesand in other nations. The Center shall ... collect, collate, and, from time to time, report full and complete statistics on the conditions of education in the UnitedStates; conduct and publish reports on specialized analyses of the meaning and significanceof such statistics;...and review and report on education activities in foreign countries."Section406(b) of the General Education Provisions Act, as amended (20U.S.C. 1221e-1). This manual replaces Handbook V: Pupil Accounting for Local Ad State School Systems (1964). It is an extension of a manuscript prepare* by Ernst & Ernst (Charles W. Barkdull, project director) under contract No. OEC-0-71-4732 with the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1974 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $3.06 5 FOREWORD The original Handbook V, Pupil Accountingfor Local and State School Systems,was published in 1964 as one manual ina series of terminology handbooks covering various areas of information needed and used in local and Stateeducation agencies. The items of information in the handbook and theirdefinitions were generally sound.However, changing conditions in education during theintervening years made it desirableto revise the handbook in light ofnew needs and practices. With the introduction over theyears of new and different kinds of State and Federal support for schools, new terms descriptive of student/pupilcharacteristics came into the vocabulary. Because of widespread application of electronic data processingto educational infcrmation systems, a need emerged for moredetailed and consistent codification ofstu- dent data. Due to increased emphasison community and junior colleges and adult/ continuing education, more informationwas needed on students in these institutions and programs. In some cases, entire new categories ofinformation were needed along with addi- tional specific items. A few definitionsneeded to be expanded or modified. These factors, as well as others,contributed to the decision to reviseHandbook V. A contractor was selected in June 1971to dewalop thca revision under the guidanceand coordination of Office of Educationpersonnel and a National AdvisoryCommittee comprising representatives of 12educational organizations. An intensivecooperative effort ensued for updating thehandbook materials. The new edition of the handbookappears very similar to its predecessor in its organization. Its prime function remainsto identify the terms and definitionsmost needed at the current time forcollecting, using, and reporting dataabout students. However, there are major differences inscope and content.ich as a greatly expanded treatment of items about educationforthe handicapped, additionalitems for community/junior, colleges, andmore comprehensive treatment of medicalinformation. The new edition reflects thepresent concern for confidentiality of student recordsfor the appropriateness andccrrectness of the data, and for the prevention of unauthorized or inappropriate use of information about individualstudents. The concept of continuous student accounting in enrollment andmembership information is stressed in the revised handbook. Uses of student data and guidelines for implementing informationsystems are included in arpendix materials. Finally,the term "student" is used throughoutthe handbook rather than "pupil"since "student" is more acceptable to secondary schools, community/junior colleges, and adult/continuingeducation. The revised handbook contains input fromhundreds of persons knowledgeableabout education, about educational informationsystems, and about students and pupils in particular. Although it presentlyrepresents the best thinking on this topic, the handbook eventually will need to be revisedto meet changing future needs. Meanwhile, itis truly hoped and expected that the manual will provide local and State educationagencies with practical guidelines for improving theutility and effectiveness of theirown student /pupil information systems. Afterits completion in1973, the revised manuscriptwas distributed to the participating organizations. Subsequently,each of the 12 organizations whichprovided iii 6 iv STUDENT/PUPIL ACCOUNTING continual guidance and assistance from the inception of the project to its completion approved the handbook as the basic guide for items of student/puoil information to be used in the schools of the United States. Further, they recommended that Federal, State, and local agencies effect its use as promptly as feasible. In recognition of this approval and recommendation, the following signatures are affixed to the handbook's foreword: CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD, American PRESIDENT, Council of Chief State Association of Community and Junior School Officers Colleges PRESIDENT, National Association for PRESIDENT, American Association Public Continuing and Adult Education of School Administrators 1, cerk tt PRESIDENT, American Personnel and Guidance Association PRESIDENT, National Association of Elementary School Principals PRESIDENT, Association for Super- PRESIDENT, National Association of vision and Curriculum Department Secondary School Principals 62312rairs." PRESIDENT, Association of School Business Officials of the United States and Canada PRESIDENT, National Education Association PRESIDENT, Council for Exceptional PRESIDENT, National School Boards Children Association We are sincerely appreciative of the efforts of the many organizations and individuals whose effective participation has helped assure the usefulness and accuracy of the con- tents of this handbook. We trust that the implementation of this handbook will enhance the quality
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pmta-2007-00231
    .' . • • • Internal Revenue Service memorandum CC:INTL:BR.l :MEHara CAU-N-I13576-98 date: October 14, 1998 to: John T. Lyons, Assistant Commissioner (International) CP:IN:OO from: W. Edward Williams, Senior Technical Reviewer, Branch I (International) CC:lNTL:Br.l subject: Requestfor Opinion - CIAT Membership ofPuerto Rico In your memorandum dated June 24, 1998, you asked for a formal opinion regarding the matter ofPuerto Rico's request for membership in the Inter-American Center of Tax Administrators (hereafter "CIAT", the organization's Spanish acronym). After reviewing the political status of Puerto Rico, CIAT organizational documents including its Articles of Incorporation,1 Statutes, and Regulations,2 it is our opinion that Puerto Rico does not qualify for CIAT regular membership,3 because the conduct of foreign affairs is assigned by the United States Constitution to the President ofthe United States and Congress, and the political subdivisions of the United States are forbidden from entering into alliances with foreign governments without the explicit authorization of Congress. CIAT (REGULAR) MEMBERSHIP REQUIREMENTS CIAT is an international organization whose purposes include encouraging "bilateral cooperation between members, mainly in an effort to promote voluntary compliance and counteract 1 CIAT was incorporated in Washington D.C., on July 10, 1967, upon the filing of Articles ofIncorporation with the Corporation Division, Office ofRecorder ofDeeds, under the District ofColumbia Non-Profit Corporation Act. The CIAT Articles ofIncorporation names five individuals as the organization's initial directors, including Sheldon S. Cohen, the Col11.ll$sioner ofthe IRS, and the directors ofthe tax authorities ofthe governments of Ecuador, Guatemala, Venezuela and Brazil.
    [Show full text]
  • Resource Unit VI, Grade Providence Social Studies Curriculum Project
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 048 183 SP 007 070 TITLE Governmental Systems. Resource Unit VI, Grade Providence Social Studies Curriculum Project. INSTITUriCN Providence Puh?.ic Schools, R.I.;::.lode Island Coll., Providence. SPONS AGENCY Office of Education (FHFW), Wa:hington, L.C. Cooperative Research Program. REPORT NO CRP-6-1195 PUB DATE 68 NOTE 29p.; Part of a.:et of re ounce units and curriculum overviews for K-12 social studies EERS PRICE EDRS Price MF-D.65 LC -33. 29 DESCEIPTORS *Cur:.iculum Guides, Governmental Structure, *Grade 6, *Social. Studies, *Urban 'reaching IDENTIFIERS Africa, Latin America ABSTPACT GRADES Oh AGES: GJ:ade r. SUEJECT MA2T27,.: Social studies; government of Latin America and Africa. ChGANIZATION PHYSICAL APPEARNCF: The major portion of the guide, which develops the unit, is laid out in three columns, each one for topics, activities, and materials. Other sections are in list form. Tlie guiOe is mimeographed and staple-bound with a paper cover. OBJECTIVES AND ACTIVITIES: General objectives for the unit are listed on the first page. Each group cf activities in the second column is related to a topic in the first column. 7.NSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Each group of materials listed in the third colucn Is related to one or more activities. In addition, two appendixes contain curriculum materials. STUDENT ASSESSMENT: A one-page section entitled "Evaluation" lists ideas students shor.ld understand and skills the should possess ty the end of the unit. OPTIONS: The guide is prescriptive Ls to course content and timing. Activities and materials ?isted are ontional. (PI) M co -1 oo c) PROVIDENCE SOCIAL STUDIES CURRICULUM PI:ZOJE CT 1 11.101.1 =1111 US DEPARTMENT OF 4IF ALTO", EDUCATION T WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT PVLS SEEN REPRO GOVERNAENTAL SYSTE0 OUCH/ EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIG IPLATING ITR')INTS CO VIEW OR OPiN RESOURCE UNIT VI IONS Ei AI SO CO NOT NECESSARILY PEPRESENT OFFIC,AL (IPEICE OF ECU CATION POSTUON OR POLICY GRADE G r2IrIODE ISLAND COLLEGE PROVIDENCE PUBLIC SCHOOLS RJ,VI - Gr.
    [Show full text]
  • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
    RESTRICTED GENERAL AGREEMENT ON L/1411/Add.1 TARIFFS AND TRADE 9 June 1961 Limited Distribution WORKING PARTY ON ACCESSION OF PORTUGAL Information on Portugal's Commercial Policy and Regulations Addendum 1. There are attached hereto the replies which the Portuguese delegation gave to supplementary questions put to it at meetings of the Working Party on the Accession of Portugal last February. The questions bear the numbers of the original questions in L/1411 to which they are related. 2. As promised to the Working Party the Portuguese delegation has submitted a number of amendments to replies contained in L/1411. These amendments are listed in Annex B hereto. L/1411/Add.1 Page 2 ANNEX A I. TARIFFS Question 2 The old Portuguese Customs Tariff had two columns: "maximum" and "minimum"duties. Does this two-column system still apply? Reply Yes. The "minimum" rates are applied to imports from countries with which Portugal has bilateral agreements: the "maximum" tariff to all others. In fact, the "minimum" tariff is applied to practically all imports. Question 3 The Portuguese representative announced that two new decree-laws, embodying some modifications in the tariffs, would be forwarded to the secretariat. Question 4 What is the "National Salvation Tax"? Reply This is a tax which was imposed at a time of financial difficulty and is still collected. II. PREFERETIAL ARRANGEMENTS Question 19 The Working Party heard statements by the Portuguese representative and the Deputy Executive Secretary on the arrangements which Portugal proposed to make with regard to its overseas provinces upon its accession to GATT.
    [Show full text]
  • Sanctuary Lost: the Air War for ―Portuguese‖ Guinea, 1963-1974
    Sanctuary Lost: The Air War for ―Portuguese‖ Guinea, 1963-1974 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Matthew Martin Hurley, MA Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2009 Dissertation Committee: Professor John F. Guilmartin, Jr., Advisor Professor Alan Beyerchen Professor Ousman Kobo Copyright by Matthew Martin Hurley 2009 i Abstract From 1963 to 1974, Portugal and the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde, or PAIGC) waged an increasingly intense war for the independence of ―Portuguese‖ Guinea, then a colony but today the Republic of Guinea-Bissau. For most of this conflict Portugal enjoyed virtually unchallenged air supremacy and increasingly based its strategy on this advantage. The Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa, abbreviated FAP) consequently played a central role in the war for Guinea, at times threatening the PAIGC with military defeat. Portugal‘s reliance on air power compelled the insurgents to search for an effective counter-measure, and by 1973 they succeeded with their acquisition and employment of the Strela-2 shoulder-fired surface-to-air missile, altering the course of the war and the future of Portugal itself in the process. To date, however, no detailed study of this seminal episode in air power history has been conducted. In an international climate plagued by insurgency, terrorism, and the proliferation of sophisticated weapons, the hard lessons learned by Portugal offer enduring insight to historians and current air power practitioners alike.
    [Show full text]
  • 934Th ENERAL PLENARY MEETING Saÿrday, 3 December 1960, ASSEMBLY at 10.30 A.M
    Jnited Nations 934th ENERAL PLENARY MEETING Saÿrday, 3 December 1960, ASSEMBLY at 10.30 a.m. FIFTEENTH SESSION cial Records NEW YORK CONTENTS especially those that have been colonized, a profound Page bitterness, the legitimacy of which cannot be denied. This bitterness disturbs the unanimity with which the Agenda item 87: world conscience today pronounces its condemnation -Declaration on the granting of independence to of colonialism. To be able to forgetthe evil done to us colonial countries and peoples (continued).. 1111 is sometimes a necessity. It is an especially vital necessity in politics. And it is particularly important today, at least for those who have no psychological President: Mr. Frederick H. BOLAND (Ireland). complexes to blind their eyes and divert them from their goals and who truly wish to strengthen the unity AGENDA ITEM 87 needed to holdthe interfiational community together and maintain world peace. Declaration on the granting of independence to colonial 5. No one could possibly doubt that the principle of j, iÿ countries and peoples (continued) freedom for individuals and peoples cannot be deemed to have been realized in practice ff if has been applied 1. Mr. TSATSOS (Greece) (translated from French) : I /=! The colonial era is a recent stage of world history the in only one part of the world It is only when it is last vestiges of wbi'ch are rapidly disappearing from world-wide and the entire globe is mantledinits royal i the face of the earth. That is a fact that no one doubts purple, that this freedom will become a reality.
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the Special Committee on Territories Under Portuguese Administration
    Report of the Special Committee on Territories under Portuguese Administration http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.bmun001 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Report of the Special Committee on Territories under Portuguese Administration Alternative title A/5160 and Add. 1 and 2 Author/Creator United Nations General Assembly; Special Committee on Territories under Portuguese Administration Publisher United Nations Date 1962-00-00 Resource type Reports Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Portugal, Lusophone Africa
    [Show full text]
  • Portuguese Africa and the West
    Portuguese Africa and the West http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp20004 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Portuguese Africa and the West Author/Creator Minter, William Publisher Monthly Review Press, Penguin Books Date 1972-00-00 Resource type Books Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Portugal, Lusophone Africa (region), Western Europe (region), North America (region), United States Coverage (temporal) 1941 - 1971 Rights By kind permission of William Minter. Description This book provides general background on Portuguse colonialism and anti-colonial struggles, with a particular focus on the role of Western powers, including the United States and Western Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Lusophone Africa-Rule of Law Political
    INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF JURISTS COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE JURISTES - COMISION INTERNACIONAL DE JUR.'STAS INTERNATIONALE JURISTEN-KOMMISSION 6, RUE DU MONT-DE-SION, GENEVA, SWITZERLAND - TELEPHONE 25 53 00 CABLE ADDRESS-. INTERJURISTS PORTUGUESE AFRICA AND THE RULE OF LAW A STUDY OP THE POLITICAL, ECONOMIC and SOCIAL SITUATION OF THE AFRICAN POPULATIONS IN THE PORTUGUESE TERRITORIES OP CONTINENTAL APRICA Ph.COMTE June 15f 1962 TABLE OP CONTENTS PRELIMINARY NOTE MAPS OP ANGOLA AND MOZAMBIQUE INTRODUCTION Chapter I. INTEGRATION*, THE THEORY AND ITS LIMITS Part I. The Political Unity of the Portuguese Nation §1. Political. Unity against the .Historical Background of Portuguese Colonial Policy §2. Political Unity under Current Positive Law I. The Principle of Political Unity II. Administrative Diversity * Part II. Assimilation of the Natives in Law :§1, Assimilation in the History of Portuguese Colonial Policy ; §2. The Status of the Natives Under the 1933 Constitution I, The Constitution of 1933 II* The Organic Law Relating to Portuguese Overseas Territories (Act'n°2066 of June.27, 1953) III. The Statute of Indigenous Persons of Portuguese Nationality in the Provinces of Portuguese Guinea, Angola.and Mozam­ bique (Legislative Decree n$S‘*666 of May 20, 1954) §3» Legislative Decree n°43.893 of September 6, 1961 Chapter II. THE POLITCAL ^ND ADMINISTRATIVE INSTITUTIONS Part I. The Political Rights of the Native Part II. The Administrative System §1. The Organs of Central•’ Pt^wer I. The Constitutional Organs of the Portuguese Republic II,- The Administration of the Overseas Provinces §2, The Organs .of Administration.in the .Overseas Provinces ; §3, The Administration of the African'Rural Areas Part III, The Judicial System I, The System Prior to September 6, 1961s Duality of Jurisdiction II.
    [Show full text]
  • AFRICA TODAY PAMPHLETS: 2 MARVIN HARRIS Is an Assistantprofessor in the Department of Anthropology at Columbia University
    AFRICA TODAY PAMPHLETS: 2 MARVIN HARRIS is an assistantprofessor in the department of anthropology at Columbia University. He has done field re search in Brazil (i95o-5-, 1953) and in Morambique (z956-57). He is the author of Town and Country in Brazil (1956), and co-author with Charles Wagley of Minorities in the New World (Z958). Second printing,July 1960. Copyright © 1958 by the American Committee on Africa, Inc. AFRICA TODAY PAMPHLETS are published by the Ameri can Committee on Africa, 801 Second Avenue, New York 17, N.Y. Authors are responsible for the accuracy of facts; views expressed are their own, and not necessarily endorsed by the publisher. AUTHOR'S PREFACE This pamphlet contains a description of several alarming features of Portugal's present colonial policy in Africa. I have written it in order to discharge what I conceive to be a moral obligation. From June 1956 to May 1957 I was in Mozambique carrying out a research program concerned with Portuguese in fluence on the cultural transformation of the African peoples. In the course of my work, I came to depend upon a number of people, both Portuguese and Africans, for information and assistance. To these people I became more than a social anthro pologist and even more than a friend. Many of them risked their jobs and their personal safety to tell me about the conditions under which they were forced to live, even though in their own minds they could never be entirely certain that I had not been sent to spy on them. They took these risks more out of desperation than out of confidence.
    [Show full text]
  • The Unfinished Referendum Process in Western Sahara
    The Unfinished Referendum Process in Western Sahara By Terhi Lehtinen Terhi Lehtinen is the Programme Officer at the European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM), Onze Lieve Vrouweplein 21, 6211 HE Maastricht, The Netherlands; Tel: +31 43 350 2923; Fax: +31 43 350 2902; E-mail [email protected] Abstract The Western Saharan conflict, between Morocco and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro (Polisario), has constituted a major threat to regional stability in North Africa since the Spanish decolonisation in 1975. The war has cost thousands of lives, with prisoners of war taken on both sides, and forced Morocco to construct a huge fortified wall in the Sahara. The conflicting parties have a fundamental disagreement on the status of Sahara; Morocco claims its marocanity based on the region’s historical ties with Moroccan dynasties. In contrast, the Polisario fights for the Sahrawi people’s right to self-determination, bolstered by Organization of African Unity (OAU) principles and United Nations (UN) resolutions. However, the underlying dispute concerns the control of the region’s rich phosphate and fish resources. The UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (Minurso) has played the major role in the organisation of the referendum for self-determination, delayed several times due to disagreement on the voter identification and registration. In January 2001, the Polisario declared the end of the ceasefire, effective since 1991, due to Morocco’s failure to respect the agreed principles. The political settlement of the dispute remains difficult to achieve and frustration on the ground is increasing.
    [Show full text]
  • The Diglossic Situation in an Algerian Language Teaching Context
    MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF TLEMCEN FACULTY OF LETTERS AND LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH The Diglossic Situation in an Algerian Language Teaching Context: Case of Tlemcen Primary Schools Thesis Submitted to the Department of English in Candidacy for the Requirement of the Degree of “Doctorate” in Sociolinguistics. Presented by: Supervised by: M. Faïçal FATMI Prof. Ilhem SERIR Board of Examiners Prof. Amine BELMEKKI President University of Tlemcen Prof. Ilhem SERIR Supervisor University of Tlemcen Prof. Nadia KIES External Examiner University of Sidi Belabbes Dr. Zohra LABED External Examiner École Normale Supérieure d'Oran Dr. Mohammed DIB External Examiner University of Mascara Dr. Nassim NEGADI Internal Examiner University of Tlemcen Academic Year: 2017/2018 Statement of Originality I, Faïçal FATMI, declare that my doctorate thesis entitled, “The Diglossic Situation in an Algerian Language Teaching Context: Case of Tlemcen Primary Schools”, contains no material that has been submitted previously, in whole or in part, for the award of any other academic degree or diploma. Except where otherwise indicated, this thesis is my own work. April 18th, 2018. Mr. Faïçal FATMI i Dedication I humbly and gratefully acknowledge the continual and enduring love and emotional support given by my parents. Thanks for still being there and being as supportive as ever. To my beloved wife, Halima for her never-failing sympathy and encouragement. To my doughter Hazar and my son Younes. I would like also to extend my thanks to my sister Rahima and my brothers; Bouziane, Fouzi, Aissa and Ibrahim: Thank you all very much for being so generous Faïçal ii Acknowledgements First, praise goes to Allah, who has given me the strength to persevere until the completion of this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • British, French, Belgian and Portuguese Models of Colonial Rule and Economic Development in Africa
    Annals of Global History Volume 1, Issue 1, 2019, PP 37-47 British, French, Belgian and Portuguese Models of Colonial Rule and Economic Development in Africa Ngozi Caleb Kamalu, Ph.D Fayetteville State University, Department of Government & History, 1200 Murchison Road, Fayetteville, North Carolina 28301, USA *Corresponding Author: Ngozi Caleb Kamalu, Ph.D, Fayetteville State University, Department of Government & History, 1200 Murchison Road, Fayetteville, North Carolina 28301, USA, Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Although the goals of the colonial powers of controlling the human and material resources of Africa were alike, their means of achieving those colonial goals and interests were different by virtue of their different approaches in social control, economic development and political integration. Despite achieving independence, many African countries still suffer from the remnants of colonialism in the form of neocolonialism – economic, social, language and cultural dependencies. Other contemporary conflicts African countries face in the post-colonial era include border disputes, disparate and unequal patterns of economic development, cultural and language differences resulting from colonial histories and experiences. This paper sets to narrate the history and evolution of European presence in Africa; analyze different and competing types or styles of colonial rules as well as patterns of development adopted by different European powers in their respective colonies in Africa; examine the British, French, Belgian and Portuguese types of rule in Africa and identify some of the major reasons why each colonial power adopted its own distinct form of policy. Keywords: Berlin Conference, Race and Scramble for Africa, Partition of Africa, Bakassi Peninsula, Industrial Revolution, Slave Coast, Triangular Trade, Warrant Chiefs, Indirect Rule, Assimilation, Emancipation, Brazaville Conference, Poll Tax, Paternalism, Sabon Gari, Colonialism, Compulsory/ Forced labor.
    [Show full text]