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Federal Research Division Country Profile: Tajikistan, January 2007
Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Tajikistan, January 2007 COUNTRY PROFILE: TAJIKISTAN January 2007 COUNTRY Formal Name: Republic of Tajikistan (Jumhurii Tojikiston). Short Form: Tajikistan. Term for Citizen(s): Tajikistani(s). Capital: Dushanbe. Other Major Cities: Istravshan, Khujand, Kulob, and Qurghonteppa. Independence: The official date of independence is September 9, 1991, the date on which Tajikistan withdrew from the Soviet Union. Public Holidays: New Year’s Day (January 1), International Women’s Day (March 8), Navruz (Persian New Year, March 20, 21, or 22), International Labor Day (May 1), Victory Day (May 9), Independence Day (September 9), Constitution Day (November 6), and National Reconciliation Day (November 9). Flag: The flag features three horizontal stripes: a wide middle white stripe with narrower red (top) and green stripes. Centered in the white stripe is a golden crown topped by seven gold, five-pointed stars. The red is taken from the flag of the Soviet Union; the green represents agriculture and the white, cotton. The crown and stars represent the Click to Enlarge Image country’s sovereignty and the friendship of nationalities. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Early History: Iranian peoples such as the Soghdians and the Bactrians are the ethnic forbears of the modern Tajiks. They have inhabited parts of Central Asia for at least 2,500 years, assimilating with Turkic and Mongol groups. Between the sixth and fourth centuries B.C., present-day Tajikistan was part of the Persian Achaemenian Empire, which was conquered by Alexander the Great in the fourth century B.C. After that conquest, Tajikistan was part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, a successor state to Alexander’s empire. -
Nation Making in Russia's Jewish Autonomous Oblast: Initial Goals
Nation Making in Russia’s Jewish Autonomous Oblast: Initial Goals and Surprising Results WILLIAM R. SIEGEL oday in Russia’s Jewish Autonomous Oblast (Yevreiskaya Avtonomnaya TOblast, or EAO), the nontitular, predominately Russian political leadership has embraced the specifically national aspects of their oblast’s history. In fact, the EAO is undergoing a rebirth of national consciousness and culture in the name of a titular group that has mostly disappeared. According to the 1989 Soviet cen- sus, Jews compose only 4 percent (8,887/214,085) of the EAO’s population; a figure that is decreasing as emigration continues.1 In seeking to uncover the reasons for this phenomenon, I argue that the pres- ence of economic and political incentives has motivated the political leadership of the EAO to employ cultural symbols and to construct a history in its effort to legitimize and thus preserve its designation as an autonomous subject of the Rus- sian Federation. As long as the EAO maintains its status as one of eighty-nine federation subjects, the political power of the current elites will be maintained and the region will be in a more beneficial position from which to achieve eco- nomic recovery. The founding in 1928 of the Birobidzhan Jewish National Raion (as the terri- tory was called until the creation of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in 1934) was an outgrowth of Lenin’s general policy toward the non-Russian nationalities. In the aftermath of the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks faced the difficult task of consolidating their power in the midst of civil war. In order to attract the support of non-Russians, Lenin oversaw the construction of a federal system designed to ease the fears of—and thus appease—non-Russians and to serve as an example of Soviet tolerance toward colonized peoples throughout the world. -
Pmta-2007-00231
.' . • • • Internal Revenue Service memorandum CC:INTL:BR.l :MEHara CAU-N-I13576-98 date: October 14, 1998 to: John T. Lyons, Assistant Commissioner (International) CP:IN:OO from: W. Edward Williams, Senior Technical Reviewer, Branch I (International) CC:lNTL:Br.l subject: Requestfor Opinion - CIAT Membership ofPuerto Rico In your memorandum dated June 24, 1998, you asked for a formal opinion regarding the matter ofPuerto Rico's request for membership in the Inter-American Center of Tax Administrators (hereafter "CIAT", the organization's Spanish acronym). After reviewing the political status of Puerto Rico, CIAT organizational documents including its Articles of Incorporation,1 Statutes, and Regulations,2 it is our opinion that Puerto Rico does not qualify for CIAT regular membership,3 because the conduct of foreign affairs is assigned by the United States Constitution to the President ofthe United States and Congress, and the political subdivisions of the United States are forbidden from entering into alliances with foreign governments without the explicit authorization of Congress. CIAT (REGULAR) MEMBERSHIP REQUIREMENTS CIAT is an international organization whose purposes include encouraging "bilateral cooperation between members, mainly in an effort to promote voluntary compliance and counteract 1 CIAT was incorporated in Washington D.C., on July 10, 1967, upon the filing of Articles ofIncorporation with the Corporation Division, Office ofRecorder ofDeeds, under the District ofColumbia Non-Profit Corporation Act. The CIAT Articles ofIncorporation names five individuals as the organization's initial directors, including Sheldon S. Cohen, the Col11.ll$sioner ofthe IRS, and the directors ofthe tax authorities ofthe governments of Ecuador, Guatemala, Venezuela and Brazil. -
Resource Unit VI, Grade Providence Social Studies Curriculum Project
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 048 183 SP 007 070 TITLE Governmental Systems. Resource Unit VI, Grade Providence Social Studies Curriculum Project. INSTITUriCN Providence Puh?.ic Schools, R.I.;::.lode Island Coll., Providence. SPONS AGENCY Office of Education (FHFW), Wa:hington, L.C. Cooperative Research Program. REPORT NO CRP-6-1195 PUB DATE 68 NOTE 29p.; Part of a.:et of re ounce units and curriculum overviews for K-12 social studies EERS PRICE EDRS Price MF-D.65 LC -33. 29 DESCEIPTORS *Cur:.iculum Guides, Governmental Structure, *Grade 6, *Social. Studies, *Urban 'reaching IDENTIFIERS Africa, Latin America ABSTPACT GRADES Oh AGES: GJ:ade r. SUEJECT MA2T27,.: Social studies; government of Latin America and Africa. ChGANIZATION PHYSICAL APPEARNCF: The major portion of the guide, which develops the unit, is laid out in three columns, each one for topics, activities, and materials. Other sections are in list form. Tlie guiOe is mimeographed and staple-bound with a paper cover. OBJECTIVES AND ACTIVITIES: General objectives for the unit are listed on the first page. Each group cf activities in the second column is related to a topic in the first column. 7.NSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Each group of materials listed in the third colucn Is related to one or more activities. In addition, two appendixes contain curriculum materials. STUDENT ASSESSMENT: A one-page section entitled "Evaluation" lists ideas students shor.ld understand and skills the should possess ty the end of the unit. OPTIONS: The guide is prescriptive Ls to course content and timing. Activities and materials ?isted are ontional. (PI) M co -1 oo c) PROVIDENCE SOCIAL STUDIES CURRICULUM PI:ZOJE CT 1 11.101.1 =1111 US DEPARTMENT OF 4IF ALTO", EDUCATION T WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT PVLS SEEN REPRO GOVERNAENTAL SYSTE0 OUCH/ EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIG IPLATING ITR')INTS CO VIEW OR OPiN RESOURCE UNIT VI IONS Ei AI SO CO NOT NECESSARILY PEPRESENT OFFIC,AL (IPEICE OF ECU CATION POSTUON OR POLICY GRADE G r2IrIODE ISLAND COLLEGE PROVIDENCE PUBLIC SCHOOLS RJ,VI - Gr. -
The Concepts of Enclave and Exclave and Their Use
www.ssoar.info The concepts of enclave and exclave and their use in the political and geographical characteristic of the Kaliningrad region Rozhkov-Yuryevsky, Yuri Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Rozhkov-Yuryevsky, Y. (2013). The concepts of enclave and exclave and their use in the political and geographical characteristic of the Kaliningrad region. Baltic Region, 2, 113-123. https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2013-2-11 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Free Digital Peer Publishing Licence This document is made available under a Free Digital Peer zur Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den DiPP-Lizenzen Publishing Licence. For more Information see: finden Sie hier: http://www.dipp.nrw.de/lizenzen/dppl/service/dppl/ http://www.dipp.nrw.de/lizenzen/dppl/service/dppl/ Diese Version ist zitierbar unter / This version is citable under: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-351079 RESEARCH REPORTS This article focuses on the genesis of THE CONCEPTS and correlation between the related con- OF ENCLAVE cepts of enclave and exclave and the scope of their use in different sciences, fields of AND EXCLAVE knowledge, and everyday speech. The au- thor examines the circumstances of their AND THEIR USE emergence in the reference and professional IN THE POLITICAL literature in the Russian language. Special attention is paid to the typology of the AND GEOGRAPHICAL world’s enclave territories as objects of po- CHARACTERISTIC litical geography; at the same time, their new categories and divisions (international OF THE KALININGRAD enclave, overseas exclaves, internal en- claves of different levels) are extended and REGION introduced. -
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
RESTRICTED GENERAL AGREEMENT ON L/1411/Add.1 TARIFFS AND TRADE 9 June 1961 Limited Distribution WORKING PARTY ON ACCESSION OF PORTUGAL Information on Portugal's Commercial Policy and Regulations Addendum 1. There are attached hereto the replies which the Portuguese delegation gave to supplementary questions put to it at meetings of the Working Party on the Accession of Portugal last February. The questions bear the numbers of the original questions in L/1411 to which they are related. 2. As promised to the Working Party the Portuguese delegation has submitted a number of amendments to replies contained in L/1411. These amendments are listed in Annex B hereto. L/1411/Add.1 Page 2 ANNEX A I. TARIFFS Question 2 The old Portuguese Customs Tariff had two columns: "maximum" and "minimum"duties. Does this two-column system still apply? Reply Yes. The "minimum" rates are applied to imports from countries with which Portugal has bilateral agreements: the "maximum" tariff to all others. In fact, the "minimum" tariff is applied to practically all imports. Question 3 The Portuguese representative announced that two new decree-laws, embodying some modifications in the tariffs, would be forwarded to the secretariat. Question 4 What is the "National Salvation Tax"? Reply This is a tax which was imposed at a time of financial difficulty and is still collected. II. PREFERETIAL ARRANGEMENTS Question 19 The Working Party heard statements by the Portuguese representative and the Deputy Executive Secretary on the arrangements which Portugal proposed to make with regard to its overseas provinces upon its accession to GATT. -
Sanctuary Lost: the Air War for ―Portuguese‖ Guinea, 1963-1974
Sanctuary Lost: The Air War for ―Portuguese‖ Guinea, 1963-1974 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Matthew Martin Hurley, MA Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2009 Dissertation Committee: Professor John F. Guilmartin, Jr., Advisor Professor Alan Beyerchen Professor Ousman Kobo Copyright by Matthew Martin Hurley 2009 i Abstract From 1963 to 1974, Portugal and the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde, or PAIGC) waged an increasingly intense war for the independence of ―Portuguese‖ Guinea, then a colony but today the Republic of Guinea-Bissau. For most of this conflict Portugal enjoyed virtually unchallenged air supremacy and increasingly based its strategy on this advantage. The Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa, abbreviated FAP) consequently played a central role in the war for Guinea, at times threatening the PAIGC with military defeat. Portugal‘s reliance on air power compelled the insurgents to search for an effective counter-measure, and by 1973 they succeeded with their acquisition and employment of the Strela-2 shoulder-fired surface-to-air missile, altering the course of the war and the future of Portugal itself in the process. To date, however, no detailed study of this seminal episode in air power history has been conducted. In an international climate plagued by insurgency, terrorism, and the proliferation of sophisticated weapons, the hard lessons learned by Portugal offer enduring insight to historians and current air power practitioners alike. -
Crimea______9 3.1
CONTENTS Page Page 1. Introduction _____________________________________ 4 6. Transport complex ______________________________ 35 1.1. Brief description of the region ______________________ 4 1.2. Geographical location ____________________________ 5 7. Communications ________________________________ 38 1.3. Historical background ____________________________ 6 1.4. Natural resource potential _________________________ 7 8. Industry _______________________________________ 41 2. Strategic priorities of development __________________ 8 9. Energy sector ___________________________________ 44 3. Economic review 10. Construction sector _____________________________ 46 of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea ________________ 9 3.1. The main indicators of socio-economic development ____ 9 11. Education and science ___________________________ 48 3.2. Budget _______________________________________ 18 3.3. International cooperation _________________________ 20 12. Culture and cultural heritage protection ___________ 50 3.4. Investment activity _____________________________ 21 3.5. Monetary market _______________________________ 22 13. Public health care ______________________________ 52 3.6. Innovation development __________________________ 23 14. Regions of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea _____ 54 4. Health-resort and tourism complex_________________ 24 5. Agro-industrial complex __________________________ 29 5.1. Agriculture ____________________________________ 29 5.2. Food industry __________________________________ 31 5.3. Land resources _________________________________ -
Public Opinion Survey Residents of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea May 16 – 30, 2013
Public Opinion Survey Residents of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea May 16 – 30, 2013 International Republican Institute Baltic Surveys Ltd./The Gallup Organization Rating Group Ukraine with funding from the United States Agency for International Development 1 Methodology The survey was conducted by the Baltic Surveys/Gallup on behalf of the International Republican Institute. The fieldwork was carried out by Rating Group Ukraine. The fieldwork was done during May 16–30, 2013, through face-to-face in-home interviews with the respondents. The survey was conducted in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, including the capital and all major regional centers and the city of Sevastopol. The sample consisted of 1,200 permanent Crimea residents older than the age of 18 and eligible to vote and is representative of the general population by age, gender, education and religion. The sample design was a multi-stage random sample: -Stage one: Crimea is divided into official administrative regions. All regions of Crimea were surveyed. -Stage two: Settlements were selected - towns and villages. Towns were divided into subtypes according to the size of population (large, medium, small). There were no more than 10-12 interviews in each village. This stage, among others, had the following tasks: to represent the structure of urban settlements (based on the types of towns) and to represent each of the regions. Towns were selected randomly. The settlement selection stage was implemented on the basis of the town's population. Villages were selected randomly. - Stage three: primary sampling units were described. The households were selected using the random route method. -
934Th ENERAL PLENARY MEETING Saÿrday, 3 December 1960, ASSEMBLY at 10.30 A.M
Jnited Nations 934th ENERAL PLENARY MEETING Saÿrday, 3 December 1960, ASSEMBLY at 10.30 a.m. FIFTEENTH SESSION cial Records NEW YORK CONTENTS especially those that have been colonized, a profound Page bitterness, the legitimacy of which cannot be denied. This bitterness disturbs the unanimity with which the Agenda item 87: world conscience today pronounces its condemnation -Declaration on the granting of independence to of colonialism. To be able to forgetthe evil done to us colonial countries and peoples (continued).. 1111 is sometimes a necessity. It is an especially vital necessity in politics. And it is particularly important today, at least for those who have no psychological President: Mr. Frederick H. BOLAND (Ireland). complexes to blind their eyes and divert them from their goals and who truly wish to strengthen the unity AGENDA ITEM 87 needed to holdthe interfiational community together and maintain world peace. Declaration on the granting of independence to colonial 5. No one could possibly doubt that the principle of j, iÿ countries and peoples (continued) freedom for individuals and peoples cannot be deemed to have been realized in practice ff if has been applied 1. Mr. TSATSOS (Greece) (translated from French) : I /=! The colonial era is a recent stage of world history the in only one part of the world It is only when it is last vestiges of wbi'ch are rapidly disappearing from world-wide and the entire globe is mantledinits royal i the face of the earth. That is a fact that no one doubts purple, that this freedom will become a reality. -
Report of the Special Committee on Territories Under Portuguese Administration
Report of the Special Committee on Territories under Portuguese Administration http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.bmun001 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Report of the Special Committee on Territories under Portuguese Administration Alternative title A/5160 and Add. 1 and 2 Author/Creator United Nations General Assembly; Special Committee on Territories under Portuguese Administration Publisher United Nations Date 1962-00-00 Resource type Reports Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Portugal, Lusophone Africa -
Realizing the Urban Potential in Georgia: National Urban Assessment
REALIZING THE URBAN POTENTIAL IN GEORGIA National Urban Assessment ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK REALIZING THE URBAN POTENTIAL IN GEORGIA NATIONAL URBAN ASSESSMENT ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2016 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 632 4444; Fax +63 2 636 2444 www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2016. Printed in the Philippines. ISBN 978-92-9257-352-2 (Print), 978-92-9257-353-9 (e-ISBN) Publication Stock No. RPT168254 Cataloging-In-Publication Data Asian Development Bank. Realizing the urban potential in Georgia—National urban assessment. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2016. 1. Urban development.2. Georgia.3. National urban assessment, strategy, and road maps. I. Asian Development Bank. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. This publication was finalized in November 2015 and statistical data used was from the National Statistics Office of Georgia as available at the time on http://www.geostat.ge The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.