COLORADO TREE FRUITS Pest and Crop Management Guide XCM-41 PREFACE The information and recommendations assembled by the editors and included within this guide are supplied with the understanding that Colorado State University intends neither endorsement of nor discrimination toward any specific product included in or omitted from this guide. READ THE LABEL! Make certain that the EPA and the Colorado Department of Agriculture have registered the chemical you select for use on the crop in question. Do not use more than the recommended amount and observe restrictions on reentry of treated areas and preharvest intervals. Handle pesticides that are considered highly toxic (Class I - generally, pesticides with oral LD50 of 0 - 50 milligrams per kilogram of body weight or a dermal LD50 of 0 - 200 mg/kg of body weight for 24 hours exposure) with extreme care. Pesticides or materials listed in this manual, which are in the highly toxic category, include: azinphos methyl, Carzol, Endocide, endosulfan, Guthion, Lannate, Penncap-M, Parathion, Phosdrin, Supracide, Thiodan, and Vydate. POISON INFORMATION CENTER A Poison Information Center in Colorado is equipped to provide up-to-date information on cases of all types of poisonings, including pesticides. They are staffed on a 24-hour basis, every day of the year. CALL THIS DENVER NUMBER: (800) 332-3073 For calls outside Colorado: (303) 629-1123 PESTICIDE SAFETY TEAM NETWORK The American Crop Protection Association has organized a number of safety teams that may be called upon in case of a serious accident or spillage involving agricultural chemicals. For information, call: (800) 424-9300 Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Milan A. Rewerts, interim director of Cooperative Extension, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Cooperative Extension programs are available to all without discrimination. To simplify technical terminology, trade names of products and equipment occasionally will be used. No endorsement of products named is intended nor is criticism implied of products not mentioned. 500 3/88; 350 3/89; 400 4/91; 400 4/93; 250 2/95; 100 4/95; 350 1/96; COLORADO TREE FRUITS: Pest and Crop Management Guide. Bulletin XCM-41 1997 Edition Edited by Harold J. Larsen Alvan G. Gaus Rick J. Zimmerman Matthew Rogoyski1 1Respectively: Assoc. Professor & Extension Specialist (Fruit Diseases), Colorado State University-Orchard Mesa Research Center, Grand Junction, CO; Asst. Professor & Extension Specialist (Pomology), Colorado State University - Rogers Mesa Research Center, Hotchkiss, CO; Research Associate (Entomology), Colorado State University - Rogers Mesa Research Center, Hotchkiss, CO. Asst. Professor (Pomology), Colorado State University - Orchard Mesa Research Center, Grand Junction, CO; PREFACE The information and recommendations assembled by the editors and included within this guide are supplied with the understanding that Colorado State University intends neither endorsement of nor discrimination toward any specific product included in or omitted from this guide. READ THE LABEL! Make certain that the EPA and the Colorado Department of Agriculture have registered the chemical you select for use on the crop in question. Do not use more than the recommended amount and observe restrictions on reentry of treated areas and preharvest intervals. Handle pesticides that are considered highly toxic (Class I - generally, pesticides with oral LD50 of 0 - 50 milligrams per kilogram of body weight or a dermal LD50 of 0 - 200 mg/kg of body weight for 24 hours exposure) with extreme care. Pesticides or materials listed in this manual, which are in the highly toxic category, include: azinphos methyl, Carzol, Endocide, endosulfan, Guthion, Lannate, Penncap-M, Parathion, Phosdrin, Supracide, Thiodan, and Vydate. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The following individuals contributed sections or information for this handbook: W. F. Andelt, Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. and E. E. Nelson, Tri-River Cooperative Extension Office, Grand Junction, CO. Valuable suggestions were provided by the Colorado Agricultural Chemical Association, agricultural chemical dealers, fruit grower associations, county Cooperative Extension agents, individual fruit growers, and others. Finally, we gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Susan Baker in making the necessary editorial changes for the 1997 edition. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 NEW DEVELOPMENTS ........................................ 1.1 2 GENERAL INFORMATION ..................................... 2.1 Information Updates ............................................ 2.1 Fruit Bud Critical Temperatures ................................... 2.1 Bud Development Chart ..................................... 2.2 Critical Temperature Table ................................... 2.3 Pest Management Models & Trap Sources ........................... 2.4 Reducing Bird Damage to Fruit ................................... 2.4 Deer Damage to Fruit Trees ...................................... 2.5 Preparation of Small Spray Quantities .............................. 2.5 3 PESTICIDE REGULATION, SAFETY & STORAGE ................ 3.1 Emergency Information.......................................... 3.1 Pesticide Safety Team Network.................................... 3.1 Applicator Certification ......................................... 3.1 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act / Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act & the Fruitgrower ..... 3.2 Threshold Planning Quantity and Reportable Quantity of Orchard Use Pesticides ............................................. 3.3 Spray Records / Pesticide Recordkeeping ............................ 3.4 Worker Protection Standards ..................................... 3.4 Crop Preharvest Intervals ........................................ 3.5 Table of Restricted Entry and Crop Preharvest Intervals ................ 3.6 Toxicity Ratings of Tree Fruit Pesticides ............................ 3.10 Pesticide Hazards to Honeybees ................................... 3.11 Chemical Hazards to Plants/Chemical Compatibilities .................. 3.12 Compatibility Chart ............................................. 3.13 Spray Adjuvants ............................................... 3.15 Pesticide Storage and Disposal ................................... 3.15 Minimum Temperatures for Pesticide Storage (Table) .................. 3.16 Chemical Cross-reference List .................................... 3.17 4 SPECIAL PROGRAM: Apple Maggot ............................. 4.1 History 4.1 Trap Type .................................................... 4.1 Trap Placement and Maintenance ................................. 4.1 Apple Shipping Quarantines ..................................... 4.2 California Requirements ......................................... 4.2 Conventional Commercial Orchards ............................ 4.2 Organic Commercial Orchards ................................ 4.2 Arizona Requirements........................................... 4.3 Apple Storage Option for Shipping ................................ 4.4 Other Recommendations ........................................ 4.4 i TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) Page 5 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION SOURCES ........................ 5.1 Sources ..................................................... 5.1 References ................................................... 5.2 Adjuvants .................................................... 5.2 Bud Development .............................................. 5.3 Sprayer Calibration ............................................. 5.3 Diseases and Insect / Mite Pests ................................... 5.3 Disease Resistant Cultivars ....................................... 5.6 Weed Management ............................................. 5.6 Herbicide Injury ............................................... 5.6 Fruit Tree Nutrition ............................................. 5.6 Pruning ..................................................... 5.7 Economic Analyses ............................................. 5.8 Internet Access ................................................ 5.8 Other ..................................................... 5.8 6 DESCRIPTIONS OF PRINCIPAL INSECT AND MITE PESTS OF COLORADO TREE FRUITS ................................... 6.1 Codling Moth ................................................. 6.2 Black Cherry Aphid ............................................ 6.3 Green Apple Aphid ............................................. 6.3 Green Peach Aphid ............................................. 6.3 Rosy Apple Aphid .............................................. 6.4 Woolly Apple Aphid ............................................ 6.4 The McDaniel and Two-Spotted Mite .............................. 6.5 European Red Mite ............................................. 6.5 Pear Rust Mites ................................................ 6.6 Peach Twig Borer .............................................. 6.7 Peach Tree Borer (Crown Borer) .................................. 6.7 Pear Psylla .................................................... 6.7 Tentiform Leaf Miner ........................................... 6.9 Pear Slug .....................................................6.9 Curculios (Gougers) ............................................ 6.10 Climbing Cutworms, Green Fruitworms ............................. 6.10 Cat-facing