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İçindekiler Tanımlar Din Vikipedi, özgür ansiklopedi Dîn ile karıştırılmamalıdır. Din, genellikle doğaüstü, kutsal ve ahlakî öğeler taşıyan, çeşitli ayin, uygulama, değer ve kurumlara sahipinançlar ve ibâdetler bütünü. Zaman zaman inanç sözcüğünün yerine kullanıldığı gibi, bazen de inanç sözcüğü din sözcüğünün yerinde kullanılır. Dinler tarihine bakıldığında, farklı kültür, topluluk ve bireylerde din kavramının farklı biçimlere sahip olduğu, dinlerin müntesipleri tarafından her çağda, coğrafya ve kültür değerlerine göre yeniden tasarlandığı görülür. Arapça kökenli bir sözcük olan din sözcüğü, köken itibarıyla "yol, hüküm, mükafat" gibi anlamlara sahiptir. İçindekiler Tanımlar Çeşitli dini semboller, soldan sağa: Dinle İlgili Bazı Konu ve Anlayışlar 1. sıra: Hristiyanlık, Musevilik, Hinduizm Din ve Bilim 2. sıra: İslam, Budizm, Şintoizm Din, Felsefe ve Metafizik 3. sıra: Sihizm, Bahailik, Jainizm Ezoterizm ve Mistisizm Çeşitli Dünya Dinleri Nüfus Oranları Ayrıca bakınız Dipnotlar Kaynakça Notlar Dış bağlantılar Tanımlar Din kavramı Encyclopedia.com'da şöyle tanımlanır: Çeşitli çağdaş Pagan inanışlarının "Din üyelerine bir bağlılık amacı, bireylerin simgeleri: eylemlerinin kişisel ve sosyal sonuçlarını Slav • Keltik • Cermenik • Letonya yargılayabilecekleri bir davranış kuralları bütünü ve Helenizm • Ermeni • Romen • Kemetizm bireylerin gruplarını ve evreni bağlayabilecekleri Vika • Macar • Litvanya (açıklayabilecekleri) bir düşünce çerçevesi veren bir [1] Estonya • Çerkez • Semitik • Tanrıça düşünce, his ve eylem sistemidir." tapınması Türk Dil Kurumu sözlüğünde: "Tanrı'ya, doğaüstü güçlere, çeşitli kutsal varlıklara inanmayı ve tapınmayı sistemleştiren toplumsal bir kurum, diyanet" ve "Bu nitelikteki inançları kurallar, kurumlar, töreler ve semboller biçiminde toplayan, sağlayan düzen"[2] şeklinde tanımlanır. Farklı din tanımlamaların ortak noktaları birleştirildiğinde, din insanlara bir hayat tarzı sunan, onları belli bir dünya görüşü içinde toplayan kurum, bir değer biçme ve yaşama tarzı; yaratıcıya isteyerek bağlanma, birtakım şeyleri duyma, onlara inanma ve onlara uygun iradi faaliyette bulunma olgusu; üstün varlıkla ona inanan insan arasındaki ilişkiden doğan deneyimin inanan kişinin hayatındaki etkileri olarak tanımlanabilir. Genel olarak din, doğaüstü bir nitelik taşır, mukaddestir, değişmezdir (dogmatik) ve gönülden bağlanmayı yani teslimiyeti gerektirir. Pek tabii ki din tanımı, özellikle dini bir bakış açısından, her farklı dini grup ve dinde çeşitlilik gösterir. Dinin taşıdığı nitelik ve öğeler de farklı dinlerde büyük bir değişiklik ve çeşitlilik göstermektedir. Din kavram, anlayış ve türlerinin gelişimi tam olarak bilinemediği gibi tam olarak belirlenememektedir de. Bunun en büyük nedeni, açıkça ayrıştırılabilecek devrelere sahip olmamasıdır. Yine de, özellikle 1800'ler sonrası yapılan arkeolojik kazılar ve dünyanın geri kalanından izole edilmiş kültürlerin antropolojik ve tarihi yapılarına dair elde edilen bilgi ve gözlemler sayesinde, bir kronoloji elde edilememiş olsa da bir tipoloji geliştirilebilmiştir.[1] Bugün eldeki bulgular ve var olan kültürel çeşitlilik sayesinde, gerek eski gerek yeni farklı din tipleri, formları ve anlayışları tanımlanmıştır. Bu tanımlamalar akademisyenlerarasında çeşitlilik gösterse de belli bir oranda benzeşmektedir. Dinle İlgili Bazı Konu ve Anlayışlar Din ve Bilim Dini bilgi, çoğu dindar insana göre, dini önderler, kutsal metinler ve/veya şahsi ilham ile kazanılır. Bazı dinlere göre bu tür bir bilgi sınırsız bir mahiyettedir ve her türlü soru ve soruna cevap niteliği taşır. Bazı dinlere göre ise dini bilgi hayata özellikle dini ve pratik anlamda etki eder ve gözlem ile elde edilen bilgiyi tamamlayıcı niteliğe sahiptir. Bazı dinler ve dindar grup ve bireylere göre ise bahsedilen yollardan elde edilen dini bilgi kesin, şüphesiz ve asla yanılmaz türdendir. Dini bilginin tanımı, idrak ve tahlil ediliş biçimleri çoğu zaman dinden dine, mezhepten mezhebe ve bireyden bireye değişiklik gösterir. Bilimsel bilgi ve metot ise, tam tersi biçimde, dünya ile birebir temasa dayanır ve sadece fiziksel evren ile ilgili kozmolojik soru ve sorunlara cevap verebilir - cevap arar. Tüm bilimsel bilgi şüphe ihtimali barındırır ve daha sağlam delillere dayanacak gelişim ve değişime açıktır. Din, Felsefe ve Metafizik Dini ve bilimsel doktrinler arasında, metafiziksel kozmolojinin felsefi perspektifi yer almaktadır. Bu yaklaşım, antik çağda evren, insanlık ve Tanrı kavramının doğası üzerine mantıki yargılar çıkarmaya çalışmaktaydı. Din ve Bilim arasındaki anlaşmazlığı çözmek için geliştirilmiş önemli felsefi araçlardan biri de Occam'lı William tarafından dini savunmak için geliştirilmiş, "Occam'ın usturası"dır. Fakat bu argüman sıklıkla bilim felsefesinde bilimi savunmak için kullanılmaktadır. Bu hususta not edilmesi gereken bir şey de felsefenin epistemoloji dalıdır. Bu dal, insan bilgisinin doğası ve sınırlarının yanı sıra inançların, doğru veya yanlış olduğunu nasıl anlayacağımızı veya kabul edeceğimizi sorgular. Ezoterizm ve Mistisizm Mistisizm, felsefe ve metafiziğin aksine, mantığın yücelme ve aydınlanmanın en önemli yolu olmadığını öne sürer. Daha çok çeşitli fiziksel disiplinlerde odaklanır;yoga , açlık, dönme (örneğin sema), çile ve hatta psikoaktif maddelerin kullanımı gibi. Mistisizm, mutlak gerçek, ilahi olan, ruhani hakikat veya Tanrı ile veya onun varlığının bilinci ile birleşmeye çalışmak, bunun için çeşitli yol ve öğretileri takip etmek, buna rasyonel düşünce ile ulaşılamayacağını bildirmektir. Mistikler, deneysel ve entelektüel kavrayışın ötesinde çeşitli gerçekliklerin varlığına inanır ve bunlara kişisel deneyimlerle (tecrübe) ulaşılabileceğini düşünürler. Ezoterizm, inanç yerine entelektüel anlayışa dayanmayı, dinden daha sofistike olduğunu ve psiko-spiritüel transformasyon teknikleriyle felsefede çeşitli gelişmelere neden olabilineceğini öne sürer (bknz. ezoterik kozmoloji). Ezoterizm, sadece gelişmiş, imtiyazlı kişilere açık olup kuşaktan kuşağa aktarılan 'gizli' bilginin varlığından bahseder. Bu kamuya açık olan egzoterik bilginin tersidir. Özellikle ruhsal (ruhani) uygulamala ve disiplinlere önem verir ve uygulanır. Antik Yunanistan'ın mistik dinleri ve modern Scientology dini Ezoterizm'in örneklerindendir. Egemen dinlerin dünya ülkeleri üzerindeki yayılımı Yeşil ve tonları: İslam Mor: Katolik Kilisesi Çeşitli Dünya Dinleri Açık Mavi: Protestan Kilisesi Pembe: Ortodoks Kilisesi Dini mezheplerin inananlara göre sıralanmasında ise, Roma Koyu Turuncu: Hinduizm Katolik Kilisesi Hristiyanlıktaki en büyük mezhepken, Açık Turuncu ve Sarı tonları: Budizm Sünnilik İslam'da ve Vaişnavizm de Hinduizm'deki en Kırmızı: Musevi büyük mezheplerdir. Açık Kahverengi: Animizm-Şamanizm Şinto dini bu dinlerin arasında inananların sayısı hakkında soruna sahip dinlerdendir. Zira kişisel bildirimin yanı sıra tapınaklar da bağlı bulunan inananların sayısını bildirir. 17. yüzyıldan beri, Japonya'da Şinto tapınaklarına kayıt işlemini zorunlu kılan yasalar vardır. Bu işlem yüzünden, Japonların yaklaşık %75-90'ı tapınak kayıtlarında yer almaktadır. Bu da inananların kesin sayısını büyük oranda tahrif eder. Bazı anketler sonuçları Japonların yaklaşık %3.3'ünün kendisini "Şinto" olarak tanımladığını göstermiştir.[3] Nüfus Oranları Takipçilerinin Sayısı 2010 Sembolü Din Adı Kültürel Gelenek Kuruldu Kaynaklar (milyar)-(milyon) Hristiyanlık 2.2 İbrahimi dinler Levant bölgesi [4] Arap İslam 1.6 İbrahimi dinler Yarımadası, 7. [5][6][7] yüzyıl Budizm 1.0 Hint dinleri Hindistan [8][9][10] Hinduizm 0.5 Hint dinleri Hindistan [11] Halk inançları 0.4 Halk inançları Dünya çapında [nb 1] Şinto 27–65 Japon dinleri Japonya [12] Sihizm 24–28 Hint dinleri Hindistan [8][13] Yahudilik 14–18 İbrahimi dinler Levant bölgesi [8] Jainizm 8–12 Hint dinleri Hindistan [nb 2] Bahailik 7.6–7.9 İbrahimi dinler İran, 19. yüzyıl [14][15] Vietnam, 20. Kaodaizm 2–6 Vietnam dinleri [16][17] yüzyıl Çendoizm 3 Kore dinleri Kore, 19. yüzyıl [18] Birleşik Ekankar 0,5 - 3 Yeni dini hareketler Devletler, 20. [19][20] yüzyıl Japonya, 19. Tenrikyo 2 Japon dinleri yüzyıl İngiltere, 20. Vika 1-3 Neopaganizm [21][22] yüzyıl Yeni dini hareketler, Jamaika, 20. Rastafaryanizm 1 [23][24] İbrahimi dinler yüzyıl Japonya, 20. Sekanova 1 Japon dinleri [25] yüzyıl Church of World Japonya, 20. 1 Japon dinleri [26] Messianity yüzyıl Orta Ölçekli Dinler Takipçilerinin Kültürel Sembolü Din Adı Kuruldu Kaynaklar Sayısı Gelenek Üniteryen Yeni dini Birleşik Devletler, 20. 0.63 [27] Üniversalizm hareketler yüzyıl Yeni dini Scientology 500,000 Birleşik Devletler, 1953 [28][28] hareketler Tengricilik 500,000 Neopaganizm Tataristan, 1990 [29] Pers Zerdüştlük 190.000 Fars Kültürü İmparatorluğu,MÖ [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] 600-MÖ 650 30,000 - Yeni dini Satanizm Birleşik Devletler, 1966 [38] 100,000 hareketler 80,000 - Raëlizm UFO dini Fransa, 1974 [39][40] 85,000 Druidizm 50,000 Neopaganizm İngiltere, 18. yüzyıl [41] Ayrıca bakınız İlahiyat New Age Yeni dini hareketler Din bilimleri İlahiyat Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde din Din felsefesi Din sosyolojisi Teokrasi Dipnotlar 1. ^ a b Encyclopedia'da din (http://www.encyclopedia.co 6. ^ "The World Factbook" (http://web.archive.org/web/20 m/html/r1/religion.asp) 151218214908/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/ 2. ^ "TDK Güncel Türkçe Sözlük" (http://web.archive.org/ the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html). CIA Factbook. 18 web/20170521134643/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php? Aralık 2015 tarihinde kaynağından (https://www.cia.go option=com_gts&arama=gts&guid=TDK.GTS.5912157 v/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html) 6e2f8a5.57336095).
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