DOCSLIB.ORG

The Grammaticalization of Hakka, Mandarin and Southern Min

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Grammaticalization of Hakka, Mandarin and Southern Min The Grammaticalization of Hakka, Mandarin and Southern Min The Interaction of Negatives with Modality, Aspect, and Interrogatives by Hui-Ling Yang A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Approved April 2012 by the Graduate Supervisory Committee: Elly van Gelderen, Chair Karen Adams Carrie Gillon Chaofen Sun ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY May 2012 ABSTRACT The primary topic of this dissertation is the grammaticalization of negation in three Sinitic language varieties: Hakka, Mandarin, and Southern Min. I discuss negative morphemes that are used under different modality or aspect contexts, including ability, volition, necessity, and perfectivity. Not only does this study examine Southern Min affirmative and negative pairs, but it also highlights the grammaticalization of negation and parametric differences in negation among the languages under investigation. This dissertation also covers the reanalysis of negatives into interrogatives. I approach the investigation of Southern Min negation from both synchronic and diachronic perspectives. I analyze corpus data in addition to data collected from fieldwork for the contemporary linguistic data. For my diachronic research of Chinese negation, I use historical texts and etymological dictionaries. Diachronically, many of the negative morphemes originate from full-fledged verbs and undergo an analogous grammaticalization process that consists of multiple stages of reanalysis from V to T (aspect; modality), and then T to C (interrogative; discourse). I explain this reanalysis, which involves head-to-head movement, using generative frameworks that combine a modified cartographic approach and the Minimalist Economy Principles. Synchronic data show that Southern Min affirmative modals are characterized by a certain morphological doubling. These doublings consist of two near synonyms used in sequence, resulting from the loss of features in a verb and a second verb added as a renewal. In the negation paradigm, some negatives i project a negative phrase, while the others serve a dual function, occupying a modal/aspect head as well as a negative head. The latter system is gradually shifting to the former. This study uncovers evidence to counter the long- established paradigm, where negation is tied to its independent modality (abilitive, volitional and necessitive) or aspect (perfective and perfect). I observe a mismatch between the use of interrogatives and their modality/aspect and attribute this phenomenon to feature loss during their reanalysis from negatives to interrogatives. Results however show that consistency occurs in the grammaticalization of negation within Southern Min and intra-linguistically among the three Sinitic languages, and that parametric differences are found at the morphological level. ii DEDICATION I am happy to know that the time to write acknowledgments has come. There are surely too many to whom I would like to express my deep gratitude. I thank Shing-Huei and Wei-Bin for handling my affairs during my absence from Taiwan. I am so fortunate to have a friend like Sonia, who always believes in me and who has been a good listening ear. I thank Virgil for bringing cheer and laughter to my life, and for providing me with an environment that featured English almost exclusively after school for six straight years. I shall never forget about the kindness given by Chu-Yu, who has been a very patient chauffeur. I thank Ben, Li-Chi, Paul, and Laohuang for always being there, however busy they themselves are. I enjoyed the wonderful exchanges on Chinese with George Oliver and Lauren Paschke. I am grateful to have met Daniela Kostadinovska; her many good qualities of character have exerted a positive influence on me. I thank Bonnie Quinn, Christian Thompson, James Berry, Jining Han, Mohammed AlRashed, and Victor Parra-Guinaldo. The many weekends spent in the computer lab alongside Ahmed Gul will always be a fond memory. I owe my parents more than I can repay. I admire my mother’s passion for linguistics; I appreciate my father, who never said no to my educational investment. I thank my siblings, nieces, and nephews, who have provided me with so many happy summers while back in Taiwan. I honor my grandfather, a man of wisdom who spoke five languages in his life time and who taught me what life is about. This dissertation is dedicated to him. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am indebted to all four members of my dissertation committee, Drs. Elly van Gelderen, Karen Adams, Carrie Gillon, and Chaofen Sun, for their constant support and insightful comments on my work. My committee chair Elly is my Bole 伯樂, a good judge of talent, as the Chinese expression goes, who knows how to separate the wheat from the chaff. She has provided me with the best guidance by any means. Without the optimism and enthusiasm she has constantly provided, I would not have enjoyed my writing as much as I did. Elly has provided me with the best model of scholarship, and I heartily thank her. Thank you, Elly, for your non-negative feedback on my work on negation. Seven years ago, you planted the acorn of my academic career; thanks to your patient tutelage, it has grown into a vigorous sapling. Perhaps one day it will become, as you have proven yourself to be, a mighty oak. I owe a heartfelt debt to Dr. Adams, who has provided me with academic support in various ways and from whom I have also benefited for her suggestions on my work. My sincere thanks also go to Carrie for her critical and insightful comments on my prior manuscript. I thank Dr. Sun for his invaluable advice, particularly regarding the Chinese data. I owe a debt of gratitude to Paul Jackson for his invaluable annotations on my dissertation draft, and for his constant and timely help. I am grateful for Robert LaBarge’s willingness to spend time proofreading my final draft. My sincere thanks go to my fieldwork consultants for their time and patience. Thanks are also due to Dr. Chinfa Lien at National Tsing Hua University and Dr. Hsiu- iv Fang Yang at National Taiwan University, who have provided me with countless resources on Southern Min as well as invaluable encouragement. I thank the English faculty at ASU, particularly Drs. Claire Renaud, Elenore Long, Karen Dwyer, and Mark James for their encouragement. I appreciate Ruby Macksoud for her heartfelt conversations. My gratitude also extends to Demetria Baker, Manager of the Writing Programs, and to Ruth Johnston, for their years of support during my teaching at ASU. I thank Sheila Luna, Manager to the Graduate Program in English, for her willingness to stop in the middle of her work to answer my questions upon my every visit. I have made the best choice by selecting the Department of English at ASU, from which I have received various kinds of sponsorship, including but not limited to, a five-year scholarship and the University Graduate as well as Katherine C. Turner Dissertation Fellowships during the 2010-2011 academic year. I would also like to thank several faculty members from the Chinese Program at ASU, including Zhang Laoshi (Dr. Xia Zhang) and Liu Laoshi (Dr. Qian Liu) for their support, and Wu Laoshi (Dr. Young Kyun Oh) for his introducing me to the world of Chinese historical phonology, which initiated my thought on researching the multiple Sinitic languages. Last but not least, I appreciate the financial support from the Chiang Ching-Kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange for the Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship for my academic year of 2011-2012. All errors rest entirely with the author. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... viii ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1 Purpose of Study ................................................................................. 1 Scope of Research ............................................................................... 2 Languages Investigated ...................................................................... 7 Methodologies .................................................................................. 10 Terminology and Transcription ........................................................ 13 Organization ...................................................................................... 17 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS .................................................... 18 Generative Grammar ........................................................................ 18 Cartography ....................................................................................... 22 Grammaticalization ........................................................................... 39 Computational Economy .................................................................. 49 Negation Cycles ................................................................................ 53 3 NEGATION AND TAM ..................................................................... 57 Cross-linguistic Negation ................................................................. 58 A Brief History of Chinese Negation ............................................... 64 Southern Min Negation .................................................................... 69 Modality and Aspect ........................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Not So Quirky: on Subject Case in Ice- Landic1
    5 Not so Quirky: On Subject Case in Ice- landic 1 JÓHANNES GÍSLI JÓNSSON 1 Introduction The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of subject case in Icelandic, extending and refining the observations of Jónsson (1997-1998) and some earlier work on this topic. It will be argued that subject case in Icelandic is more predictable from lexical semantics than previous studies have indicated (see also Mohanan 1994 and Narasimhan 1998 for a similar conclusion about Hindi). This is in line with the work of Jónsson (2000) and Maling (2002) who discuss various semantic generalizations about case as- signment to objects in Icelandic. This paper makes two major claims. First, there are semantic restrictions on non-nominative subjects in Icelandic which go far beyond the well- known observation that such subjects cannot be agents. It will be argued that non-nominative case is unavailable to all kinds of subjects that could be described as agent-like, including subjects of certain psych-verbs and intransitive verbs of motion and change of state. 1 I would like to thank audiences in Marburg, Leeds, York and Reykjavík and three anony- mous reviewers for useful comments. This study was supported by grants from the Icelandic Science Fund (Vísindasjóður) and the University of Iceland Research Fund (Rannsóknasjóður HÍ). New Perspectives in Case Theory. Ellen Brandner and Heike Zinsmeister (eds.). Copyright © 2003, CSLI Publications. 129 130 / JOHANNES GISLI JONSSON Second, the traditional dichotomy between structural and lexical case is insufficient in that two types of lexical case must be recognized: truly idio- syncratic case and what we might call semantic case.
    [Show full text]
  • Pan-Sinitic Object Marking: Morphology and Syntax*
    Breaking Down the Barriers, 785-816 2013-1-050-037-000234-1 Pan-Sinitic Object Marking: * Morphology and Syntax Hilary Chappell (曹茜蕾) EHESS In Chinese languages, when a direct object occurs in a non-canonical position preceding the main verb, this SOV structure can be morphologically marked by a preposition whose source comes largely from verbs or deverbal prepositions. For example, markers such as kā 共 in Southern Min are ultimately derived from the verb ‘to accompany’, pau11 幫 in many Huizhou and Wu dialects is derived from the verb ‘to help’ and bǎ 把 from the verb ‘to hold’ in standard Mandarin and the Jin dialects. In general, these markers are used to highlight an explicit change of state affecting a referential object, located in this preverbal position. This analysis sets out to address the issue of diversity in such object-marking constructions in order to examine the question of whether areal patterns exist within Sinitic languages on the basis of the main lexical fields of the object markers, if not the construction types. The possibility of establishing four major linguistic zones in China is thus explored with respect to grammaticalization pathways. Key words: typology, grammaticalization, object marking, disposal constructions, linguistic zones 1. Background to the issue In the case of transitive verbs, it is uncontroversial to state that a common word order in Sinitic languages is for direct objects to follow the main verb without any overt morphological marking: * This is a “cross-straits” paper as earlier versions were presented in turn at both the Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, during the joint 14th Annual Conference of the International Association of Chinese Linguistics and 10th International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics, held in Taipei in May 25-29, 2006 and also at an invited seminar at the Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing on 23rd October 2006.
    [Show full text]
  • From Volition to Obligation: a Force-Involved Change Through Subjectification
    Concentric: Studies in Linguistics 42.2 (November 2016): 65-97 DOI: 10.6241/concentric.ling.42.2.03 From Volition to Obligation: A Force-Involved Change through Subjectification Ting-Ting Christina Hsu Chung Yuan Christian University This paper aims to show the importance of subjectification (Traugott 1989, Langacker 1990) for the emergence of deontic modals with the development of the deontic modal ai3 in Southern Min. Materials under examination are early texts of Southern Min in the playscripts of Li Jing Ji ‘The Legend of Litchi Mirror’ and a collection of folk stories in contemporary Southern Min. The deontic modal ai3 in Southern Min is assumed to have developed from the intentional ai3 through subjectification on the basis of their parallel force-dynamic structures which represent the preservation of their force interactions throughout the development of the deontic modal ai3 (Talmy 2000). Because subjectifica- tion is also known to contribute to the emergence of epistemic modals (Traugott 1989, Sweetser 1990), it can then be seen as a general process through which force-involved modals can emerge. Key words: subjectification, force dynamics, volition, deontic modal, intentional verb 1. Introduction The structure of human language is reflective of human cognition (Berlin & Kay 1969, Sweetser 1990) and determined by the perceptual system (Fillmore 1971, Clark 1973). The development of modals is also affected by cognitive processes. One of these processes is subjectification, which increases speakers’ involvement in the proposition or grounding of a predication (Traugott 1989, Langacker 1990). Subjec- tification is assumed to contribute to the emergence of epistemic modals since a speaker’s perspectives or roles are specifically important for epistemic modals (Sweetser 1990).
    [Show full text]
  • Last Name First Name/Middle Name Course Award Course 2 Award 2 Graduation
    Last Name First Name/Middle Name Course Award Course 2 Award 2 Graduation A/L Krishnan Thiinash Bachelor of Information Technology March 2015 A/L Selvaraju Theeban Raju Bachelor of Commerce January 2015 A/P Balan Durgarani Bachelor of Commerce with Distinction March 2015 A/P Rajaram Koushalya Priya Bachelor of Commerce March 2015 Hiba Mohsin Mohammed Master of Health Leadership and Aal-Yaseen Hussein Management July 2015 Aamer Muhammad Master of Quality Management September 2015 Abbas Hanaa Safy Seyam Master of Business Administration with Distinction March 2015 Abbasi Muhammad Hamza Master of International Business March 2015 Abdallah AlMustafa Hussein Saad Elsayed Bachelor of Commerce March 2015 Abdallah Asma Samir Lutfi Master of Strategic Marketing September 2015 Abdallah Moh'd Jawdat Abdel Rahman Master of International Business July 2015 AbdelAaty Mosa Amany Abdelkader Saad Master of Media and Communications with Distinction March 2015 Abdel-Karim Mervat Graduate Diploma in TESOL July 2015 Abdelmalik Mark Maher Abdelmesseh Bachelor of Commerce March 2015 Master of Strategic Human Resource Abdelrahman Abdo Mohammed Talat Abdelziz Management September 2015 Graduate Certificate in Health and Abdel-Sayed Mario Physical Education July 2015 Sherif Ahmed Fathy AbdRabou Abdelmohsen Master of Strategic Marketing September 2015 Abdul Hakeem Siti Fatimah Binte Bachelor of Science January 2015 Abdul Haq Shaddad Yousef Ibrahim Master of Strategic Marketing March 2015 Abdul Rahman Al Jabier Bachelor of Engineering Honours Class II, Division 1
    [Show full text]
  • Dative Constructions in Romance and Beyond
    Dative constructions in Romance and beyond Edited by Anna Pineda Jaume Mateu language Open Generative Syntax 7 science press Open Generative Syntax Editors: Elena Anagnostopoulou, Mark Baker, Roberta D’Alessandro, David Pesetsky, Susi Wurmbrand In this series: 1. Bailey, Laura R. & Michelle Sheehan (eds.). Order and structure in syntax I: Word order and syntactic structure. 2. Sheehan, Michelle & Laura R. Bailey (eds.). Order and structure in syntax II: Subjecthood and argument structure. 3. Bacskai­Atkari, Julia. Deletion phenomena in comparative constructions: English comparatives in a cross­linguistic perspective. 4. Franco, Ludovico, Mihaela Marchis Moreno & Matthew Reeve (eds.). Agreement, case and locality in the nominal and verbal domains. 5. Bross, Fabian. The clausal syntax of German Sign Language: A cartographic approach. 6. Smith, Peter W., Johannes Mursell & Katharina Hartmann (eds.). Agree to Agree: Agreement in the Minimalist Programme. 7. Pineda, Anna & Jaume Mateu (eds.). Dative constructions in Romance and beyond. ISSN: 2568­7336 Dative constructions in Romance and beyond Edited by Anna Pineda Jaume Mateu language science press Pineda, Anna & Jaume Mateu (eds.). 2020. Dative constructions in Romance and beyond (Open Generative Syntax 7). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/258 © 2020, the authors Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN: 978-3-96110-249-5 (Digital) 978-3-96110-250-1
    [Show full text]
  • From Eurocentrism to Sinocentrism: the Case of Disposal Constructions in Sinitic Languages
    From Eurocentrism to Sinocentrism: The case of disposal constructions in Sinitic languages Hilary Chappell 1. Introduction 1.1. The issue Although China has a long tradition in the compilation of rhyme dictionar- ies and lexica, it did not develop its own tradition for writing grammars until relatively late.1 In fact, the majority of early grammars on Chinese dialects, which begin to appear in the 17th century, were written by Europe- ans in collaboration with native speakers. For example, the Arte de la len- gua Chiõ Chiu [Grammar of the Chiõ Chiu language] (1620) appears to be one of the earliest grammars of any Sinitic language, representing a koine of urban Southern Min dialects, as spoken at that time (Chappell 2000).2 It was composed by Melchior de Mançano in Manila to assist the Domini- cans’ work of proselytizing to the community of Chinese Sangley traders from southern Fujian. Another major grammar, similarly written by a Do- minican scholar, Francisco Varo, is the Arte de le lengua mandarina [Grammar of the Mandarin language], completed in 1682 while he was living in Funing, and later posthumously published in 1703 in Canton.3 Spanish missionaries, particularly the Dominicans, played a signifi- cant role in Chinese linguistic history as the first to record the grammar and lexicon of vernaculars, create romanization systems and promote the use of the demotic or specially created dialect characters. This is discussed in more detail in van der Loon (1966, 1967). The model they used was the (at that time) famous Latin grammar of Elio Antonio de Nebrija (1444–1522), Introductiones Latinae (1481), and possibly the earliest grammar of a Ro- mance language, Grammatica de la Lengua Castellana (1492) by the same scholar, although according to Peyraube (2001), the reprinted version was not available prior to the 18th century.
    [Show full text]
  • The Concept of Intentional Action in the Grammar of Kathmandu Newari
    THE CONCEPT OF INTENTIONAL ACTION IN THE GRAMMAR OF KATHMANDU NEWARI by DAVID J. HARGREAVES A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Linguistics and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 1991 ii APPROVED: Dr. Scott DeLancey iii An Abstract of the Dissertation of David J. Hargreaves for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Linguistics to be taken August 1991 Title: THE CONCEPT OF INTENTIONAL ACTION IN THE GRAMMAR OF KATHMANDU NEWARI Approved: Dr. Scott DeLancey This study describes the relationship between the concept of intentional action and the grammatical organization of the clause in Kathmandu Newari, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken primarily in the Kathmandu valley of Nepal. In particular, the study focuses on the conceptual structure of "intentional action" along with the lexical, morphological, and syntactic reflexes of this notion in situated speech. The construal of intentional action consists of two distinct notions: one involving the concept of self-initiated force and the other involving mental representation or awareness. The distribution of finite inflectional forms for verbs results from the interaction of these two notions with a set of evidential/discourse principles which constrain the attribution of intentional action to certain discourse roles in situated interaction. iv VITA NAME OF AUTHOR: David J. Hargreaves PLACE OF BIRTH: Detroit, Michigan DATE OF BIRTH: March 10, 1955 GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE
    [Show full text]
  • How to Understand Conjugation in Japanese, Words That Form the Predicate, Such As Verbs and Adjectives, Change Form According to Their Meaning and Function
    How to Understand Conjugation In Japanese, words that form the predicate, such as verbs and adjectives, change form according to their meaning and function. This change of word form is called conjugation, and words that change their forms are called conjugational words. Yōgen (用言: roughly verbs and adjectives) Complex Japanese predicates can be divided into several “words” when one looks at formal characteristics such as accent and breathing. (Here, a “word” is almost equivalent to an accent unit, or the smallest a unit governed by breathing pauses, and is larger than the word described in school grammar.) That is, the Japanese predicate does not consist of one word; rather it is a complex of yōgen, made up of a series of words. Each of the “words” that make up the predicate (i.e., yōgen complex) undergoes word form change, and words in a similar category may be strung together in a row. Therefore, altogether there is quite a wide variety of forms of predicates. Some people do not divide the yōgen complex into words, however. They treat the predicate as a single entity, and call the entire variety of changes conjugation. Some try to integrate all variety of such word form change into a single chart. This chart not only tends to be enormous in size, but also each word shows the same inflection cyclically. There is much redundancy in this approach. When dealing with Japanese, it will be much simpler if one separates the description of the order in which the components of the predicate (yōgen complex) appear and the description of the word form change of individual words.
    [Show full text]
  • Discernment and Volition: Two Aspects of Politeness
    Volume 3 Issue 1 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND June 2016 CULTURAL STUDIES ISSN 2356-5926 Discernment and Volition: Two Aspects of Politeness Bikhtiyar Omar Fattah English Department,Faculty of Education,University of Koya Kurdistan Region, Iraq [email protected] Abstract This study is titled "Discernment and Volition: Two aspects of politeness". It aims at examining two problematic concepts (Discernment and Volition) by presenting how they have been considered in the politeness studies and how they can be enriched with new senses that can enable them to be applicable in all languages. This study consists of seven sections. At the very beginning, it gains deeper insight into the concepts of Discernment and Volition to be critically reconsidered. Then, it compares them to their closest concepts politic and Polite to present the points of similarities and differences between them. After that, both Discernment-dominated and Volitional dominated cultures will be considered. This study also moves on to identifying the elements that constitute Discernment, and those that constitute volitional interactions, as well as clarifying the process of their interpretation within the context. Finally, this study comprehensively introduces the methodology that can work for examining Discernment and Volition, clarifies the process of data collection and illustrates the process of data analysis. Keywords: Discernment, Volition, Culturally-recommended utterances, Honorifics, and Rationality. http://www.ijhcs.com/index Page 385 Volume 3 Issue 1 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND June 2016 CULTURAL STUDIES ISSN 2356-5926 1. Introduction Discernment and Volition are two aspects of language use that they function as two bases of making polite interactions.
    [Show full text]
  • Surname Methodology in Defining Ethnic Populations : Chinese
    Surname Methodology in Defining Ethnic Populations: Chinese Canadians Ethnic Surveillance Series #1 August, 2005 Surveillance Methodology, Health Surveillance, Public Health Division, Alberta Health and Wellness For more information contact: Health Surveillance Alberta Health and Wellness 24th Floor, TELUS Plaza North Tower P.O. Box 1360 10025 Jasper Avenue, STN Main Edmonton, Alberta T5J 2N3 Phone: (780) 427-4518 Fax: (780) 427-1470 Website: www.health.gov.ab.ca ISBN (on-line PDF version): 0-7785-3471-5 Acknowledgements This report was written by Dr. Hude Quan, University of Calgary Dr. Donald Schopflocher, Alberta Health and Wellness Dr. Fu-Lin Wang, Alberta Health and Wellness (Authors are ordered by alphabetic order of surname). The authors gratefully acknowledge the surname review panel members of Thu Ha Nguyen and Siu Yu, and valuable comments from Yan Jin and Shaun Malo of Alberta Health & Wellness. They also thank Dr. Carolyn De Coster who helped with the writing and editing of the report. Thanks to Fraser Noseworthy for assisting with the cover page design. i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A Chinese surname list to define Chinese ethnicity was developed through literature review, a panel review, and a telephone survey of a randomly selected sample in Calgary. It was validated with the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS). Results show that the proportion who self-reported as Chinese has high agreement with the proportion identified by the surname list in the CCHS. The surname list was applied to the Alberta Health Insurance Plan registry database to define the Chinese ethnic population, and to the Vital Statistics Death Registry to assess the Chinese ethnic population mortality in Alberta.
    [Show full text]
  • Nationalist China in the Postcolonial Philippines: Diasporic Anticommunism, Shared Sovereignty, and Ideological Chineseness, 1945-1970S
    Nationalist China in the Postcolonial Philippines: Diasporic Anticommunism, Shared Sovereignty, and Ideological Chineseness, 1945-1970s Chien Wen Kung Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2018 © 2018 Chien Wen Kung All rights reserved ABSTRACT Nationalist China in the Postcolonial Philippines: Diasporic Anticommunism, Shared Sovereignty, and Ideological Chineseness, 1945-1970s Chien Wen Kung This dissertation explains how the Republic of China (ROC), overseas Chinese (huaqiao), and the Philippines, sometimes but not always working with each other, produced and opposed the threat of Chinese communism from the end of World War II to the mid-1970s. It is not a history of US- led anticommunist efforts with respect to the Chinese diaspora, but rather an intra-Asian social and cultural history of anticommunism and nation-building that liberates two close US allies from US- centric historiographies and juxtaposes them with each other and the huaqiao community that they claimed. Three principal arguments flow from this focus on intra-Asian anticommunism. First, I challenge narrowly territorialized understandings of Chinese nationalism by arguing that Taiwan engaged in diasporic nation-building in the Philippines. Whether by helping the Philippine military identify Chinese communists or by mobilizing Philippine huaqiao in support of Taiwan, the ROC carved out a semi-sovereign sphere of influence for itself within a foreign country. It did so through institutions such as schools, the Kuomintang (KMT), and the Philippine-Chinese Anti-Communist League, which functioned transnationally and locally to embed the ROC into Chinese society and connect huaqiao to Taiwan.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling Taiwanese Southern-Min Tone Sandhi Using Rule-Based Methods
    Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing Vol. 12, No. 4, December 2007, pp. 349-370 The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing Modeling Taiwanese Southern-Min Tone Sandhi Using Rule-Based Methods Un-Gian Iunn*, Kiat-Gak Lau+, Hong-Giau Tan-Tenn, Sheng-An Lee*, and Cheng-Yan Kao* Abstract A sizable corpus of Taiwanese text in Latin script has been accumulated over the past two hundred or so years. However, due to the special status of Taiwan, few people can read these materials at present. It is regrettable that the utilization of these plentiful materials is very low. This paper addresses problems raised in the Taiwanese Southern-Min tone sandhi system by describing a set of computational rules to approximate this system, as well as the results obtained from its implementation. Using the romanized Taiwanese Southern-Min text as source, we take the sentence as the unit, translate every word into Chinese via an online Taiwanese-Chinese dictionary (OTCD), and obtain the part-of-speech (POS) information from the Chinese Electronic Dictionary (CED) made by the Chinese Knowledge and Information Processing (CKIP) group of Academia Sinica. By using the POS data and tone sandhi rules based on linguistics, we then tag each syllable with its post-sandhi tone marker. Finally, we implement a Taiwanese Southern-Min tone sandhi processing system which takes a romanized sentence as an input and then outputs the tone markers. Our system achieves 97.39% and 88.98% accuracy rates with training and test data, respectively. Finally, we analyze the factors influencing error for the purpose of future improvement.
    [Show full text]