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World Migration Report 2005 WORLD MIGRATION Costs and benefits of international migration 2005 VOLUME 3 – IOM World Migration Report Series 2005 WORLD MIGRATION The opinions and analyses expressed in this book do not necessarily reflect the views and official policies of the International Organization for Migration or its Member States. The book is an independent publication commissioned by IOM. It is the fruit of a collaborative effort by a team of contributing authors and the editorial team under the direction of the editor-in-chief. Unless otherwise stated, the book does not refer to events occurring after November 2004. The maps do not reflect any opinion on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or the delimitation of frontiers or boundaries. Publisher International Organization for Migration 17, route des Morillons 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel.: +41 22 717 91 11 Fax.: +41 22 798 61 50 Email: [email protected] Internet: http://www.iom.int ISSN 1561-5502 ISBN 92-9068-209-4 Layout/production: Explorations – 74 Chamonix France – +33 (0)4 50 53 71 45 Printed in France by Clerc S.A.S– 18200 Saint-Amand Montrond © Copyright International Organization for Migration, 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. 4 WORLD MIGRATION 2005 IOM EDITORIAL TEAM Editor-In-Chief And Concept Irena Omelaniuk Editorial Board Gervais Appave, Clarissa Azkoul, Philippe Boncour, Jean-Philippe Chauzy, Denise Glasscock, Shahidul Haque, Charles Harns, Jill Helke, Frank Laczko, Heikki Mattila, Robert Paiva, Richard Perruchoud, Peter Schatzer, Erica Usher, Thomas Weiss Editorial Assistance Riad Al Khouri, Reginald Appleyard, Bimal Ghosh, Jill Helke, Franck Laczko, Rainer Münz, Robert Paiva, Ronald Skeldon, Valdis Thoman, Boris Wijkström Executive Assistant Dominique Jaud-Pellier Statistics Patrice Cluzant, Daphne Dadzie, Goran Grujovic, Mati Hashemee, Dejan Loncar, Heikki Mattila, Dario Muhamudo, Teodora Suter, Mariko Tomiyama Cartography Jana Hennig-Barthel Bibliographic Research Kerstin Lau English Language Editor Ilse Pinto-Dobernig World Migration 2005 / Costs and Benefits of International Migration is produced by IOM’s Migration Policy, Research and Communication (MPRC) Department. 5 2005 WORLD MIGRATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The editorial team wishes to thank all contributing authors and is especially grateful to Brunson McKinley, IOM Director General, for his vision and encouragement to produce this book. The Editorial team wishes to thank the following persons for their kind assistance and support: Maureen Achieng, Anelise Araujo-Forlot, Tamara Babiuk, Lars Bakker, Marthe Antoinette Balihe, Kerstin Bartsch, Diego Beltrand, Rosilyne Borland, Anne-Marie Buschmann-Petit, William Barriga, Giuseppe Calandruccio, Elizabeth Collett, Patrick Corcoran, Slavica Dimitrievska, Francoise Droulez, Christian Dustman, Sylvia Ekra, Nahreen Farjana, Berta Fernandez, Erin Foster, Keiko Foster, Cristiano Gentili, Nicoletta Giordano, Carmela Godeau, Danielle Grondin, Andreas Halbach, Mary Haour- Knipe, Bill Hyde, Vincent Keane, Michele Klein-Solomon, June Lee, Niusca Magalhaes, Davide Mosca, Neil Mullenger, Günter Müssig, Ndioro Ndiaye, Denis Nihill, Pierre Nicolas, Sophie Nonnenmacher, Jose-Angel Oropeza, Angela Pederson, Adela Pelegrino, John Rees, Abul Rizvi, Bryan Roberts, Redouane Saadi, Caroline San Miguel, Meera Sethi, Iuliana Stefan, Frances Sullivan, Teodora Suter, Istvan Szilard, Yorio Tanimura, Damien Thuriaux, Mariko Tomiyama, Michel Tonneau, Elisa Tsakiri, Zhao Jian, Jacqueline Weekers, Aida Zecevic. Several organizations generously shared their data and other research materials: Asian Development Bank (ADB), Australian Department of Immigration, Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (DIMIA), Bertelsmann Foundation, China National Statistics Bureau, China Ministry of Public Security, Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC), European Commission Directorate, Global Commission on International Migration (GCIM), Global IDP Project, International Labour Organization, Migration Policy Institute, Washington D.C., New Zealand Immigration Service, Korean Ministry of Justice, Norwegian Refugee Council, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Philippines Department of Labor and Employment, Statistical Office of the European Commission (EUROSTAT), Thai Ministry of Interior; Thai Ministry of Labour, UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS), United Kingdom Home Office, United Nations Development Program (UNDP), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, UN Population Division (UNPD), United Nations Statistics Division, United States Census Bureau, United States Committee for Refugees, United States Department of Homeland Security, United States Department of State, World Bank, World Health Organization. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword p. 11 Introduction Migration Challenges in the 21st Century p. 13 SECTION 1. REGIONAL OVERVIEW – SELECTED GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST Chapter 1 Migration: An Opportunity for Africa? p. 27 TEXTBOX 1.1 The Role of (Migrant) Women in Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Development Chapter 2 Migration Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) p. 33 TEXTBOX 2.1 Migration Observatory in West Africa TEXTBOX 2.2 MIDA Project for Guinean Women Chapter 3 Migration in the Middle East p. 49 TEXTBOX 3.1 The Bidun: Statelessness in a Volatile Region TEXTBOX 3.2 Camel Jockeys in the Gulf Cooperation Council States (GCC): The Case of the United Arab Emirates Israel: A Country of Immigration p. 68 Chapter 4 Migration Dynamics and Dialogue in the Western Mediterranean p. 75 AMERICAS Chapter 5 Migration Trends and Patterns in the Americas p. 83 TEXTBOX 5.1 Enhancing US Security through Immigration Policy TEXTBOX 5.2 Trafficking in Latin America and the Caribbean TEXTBOX 5.3 “Atrapadas” – Trafficking of Persons in the Caribbean ASIA AND OCEANIA Chapter 6 International Migration Trends and Patterns In Asia and Oceania p. 103 TEXTBOX 6.1 Labour Migration in South Korea TEXTBOX 6.2 “The Power to Choose“ - A Video Series Supporting Successful Migration Economic Migration in South Asia p. 122 TEXTBOX 6.3 Migration in the People’s Republic of China Oceania Migration Dynamics p. 129 TEXTBOX 6.4 Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangements (TTTA) EUROPE Chapter 7 Migrants in an Enlarged Europe p. 139 Migration in Eastern Europe and Central Asia (EECA) p. 153 Migration in Turkey: Facing Changes and Making Choices p. 157 7 2005 WORLD MIGRATION SECTION 2. COSTS AND BENEFITS OF MIGRATION Chapter 8 Economic Effects of International Migration: A Synoptic Overview p. 163 LABOUR MIGRATION Chapter 9 Economic Costs and Benefits of International Labour Migration p. 185 TEXTBOX 9.1 Trade and Migration - GATS Mode 4 Chapter 10 Designing Viable and Ethical Labour Immigration Policies p. 203 TEXTBOX 10.1 ILO Action Plan on Labour Migration Chapter 11 Balancing the Benefits and Costs of Skilled Migration in the Asia-Pacific Region p. 221 Chapter 12 Filipinos Working Overseas: Opportunity and Challenge p. 239 TEXTBOX 12.1 Returning Home TEXTBOX 12.2 Bilateral Labour Agreements: Effective Tools for Managing Labour Flows? MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT Chapter 13 Migration and Poverty: Some Issues in the Context of Asia p. 253 Chapter 14 Migrant Remittances as a Source of Development Finance p. 269 TEXTBOX 14.1 African Female Diaspora in France Chapter 15 Migrant Hometown Associations (HTAs) – the Human Face of Globalization p. 279 TEXTBOX 15.1 Community Funds Programme in Guatemala Chapter 16 Enhancing the Benefits of Return Migration for Development p. 287 TEXTBOX 16.1 Returning to Afghanistan - Immam Jan's Story TEXTBOX 16.2 Migration for Development in Africa (MIDA) MIGRANT INTEGRATION Chapter 17 Benefits and Costs of Integration – International Convergence? p. 299 TEXTBOX 17.1 Integration – Empowering the Non-Governmental (NGO) Sector TEXTBOX 17.2 Women, Dreams and Videos Chapter 18 Migration and the Contemporary Welfare State p. 313 TEXTBOX 18.1 Migrant Integration Policies TEXTBOX 18.2 The Czech Experience of Migrant Integration MIGRATION AND HEALTH Chapter 19 Investing in Migration Health p. 327 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 20 Global Mobility, HIV and AIDS p. 339 TEXTBOX 20.1 HIV/AIDS in Uganda INSTITUTIONAL MEASURES TO MANAGE MIGRATION Chapter 21 Managing Migration in the Wake of September 11: Implications for a Cost-Benefit Analysis p. 351 TEXTBOX 21.1 Visa Systems in the 21st Century – the Australian Model Chapter 22 Regional and Global Consultative Processes: Trends and Developments p. 363 TEXTBOX 22.1 APEC Business Travel Card - Facilitating Regional Travel SECTION 3. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION DATA AND STATISTICS Chapter 23 International Migration Trends p. 379 Chapter 24 IOM statistics on International Migration p. 405 – Resettlement – Return migration – Migration health – Counter trafficking ANNEXES General Bibliography p. 425 Migration Terminology p. 459 Alphabetical Index p. 463 Acronyms and Abbreviations p. 474 List of Graphs, Figures and Tables p. 476 MAPS p. 479 9 WORLD MIGRATION 2005 FOREWORD When we issued the second World Migration report in 2003, I expressed the hope that it would shed more light on the challenges and responses for people on the move, and contribute towards enhancing migration management approaches that uphold the principle that “humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and societies”. In
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