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Nature and Role of Indian Diaspora in Indo- Uae Relationship

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Nature and Role of Indian Diaspora in Indo- Uae Relationship JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 18, 2020 NATURE AND ROLE OF INDIAN DIASPORA IN INDO- UAE RELATIONSHIP 1Anima Puri, 2Dr Jyotika Teckchandani 1Ph.D Scholar, Amity Institute of Social Science, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh [email protected] 2Assistant Professor , Amity Institute of Social Science, Amity University, Noida , Uttar Pradesh [email protected] Received: 16 March 2020 Revised and Accepted: 16 June 2020 Abstract Mobility of human resources is an essential feature of today's globalised world where interconnected world markets, networks, and technology all lead to growing labor, student, skilled, and family movement. Today's refugees are tomorrow's Diaspora-and those of yesteryears, today’s.The Indo-UAE Diaspora represents a large population in terms of size, distribution and scope.The subject of Migration and Diaspora in UAE has become quite important as their contribution in Indian economy in the form of remittances has compelled the researchers, academicians and policy makers to give special emphasis on this issue. This paper explores the relationship and discusses how India and UAE should use the Indian strategy to extend and strengthen the relationship.The paper examines the Diaspora-Development link and concludes that it is a relationship that needs to be nurtured for mutual benefit. This argues that the Indo-UAE Diaspora has contributed to the host countries economies, and is now in a position to play a part in India's development efforts. The Indian Government’s policies and programmes are steps in this direction and the time is opportune for the Diaspora to evolve mutually beneficial strategies with both host and home countries to carry forward the relationship. Key words: United Arab Emirates, Foreign Policy, Diaspora, Migration, Remittances, Diaspora. 1. Introduction ‘Diaspora’ is a word of Greek origin meaning “to sow over or scatter”. A diaspora involves awareness of or emotional attachment to , commonly claimed origins and associated cultural attributes. Such origins may stress ethno-linguistic , regional , religious , national or other characteristics. Diasporas celebrate a culturally creative, socially dynamic and often romantic meaning. One stays concerned for homeland developments and the conditions and plight of co-diaspora members in other parts of the world flow from this consciousness and emotional attachment. Diaspora functions as a translational community . There are actual exchanges of resources or information or arranges or visits taking place across borders. To be transnational means to belong to two or more societies at the same time. India has one of the world’s most diverse and complex past of migration on Earth. Indians have been establishing colonies on every continent since the 19th century as well as on Islands in the Caribbean , Pacific and Indian oceans. British India was split into pre dominant Hindu India and pre dominant Muslim Pakistan following his independence from British Rule in 1947. The border was drawn in the west through Punjab and in the east through Bengal. This separation led to a large migration of people from 1947-1950 estimated between 12 -18 million . Nearly half the migrants, mostly Muslims came from India. Emigration from India to the Gulf sates has a historical background and it has increased remarkably since 1970s due to the ‘oil bloom’. The oil bloom of the 1970s had attracted semi-skilled and unskilled labourers from various Indian states especially from South India. A large number of these labourers moved to the UAE. The main reason of emigration is the economic betterment .The economic success in the gulf encourages the Indian youth to migrate to earn a decent living and to fulfil their dreams. The subject of Migration and Diaspora in the Gulf has become quite important as their contribution in Indian economy in the form of remittances has compelled the researchers, academicians and policy makers to give special emphasis on this issue. The GCC countries are inhabited by a large number of Indian workers and therefore are known as the “migrant corridor” in the world. The largest of these corridors for India has been the UAE. The Indian workers mainly get employed in three kinds of jobs- White collar jobs- Doctors, nurses , engineers ,architects, accountants and managers. Semi skilled workers or blue collar workers- Craftsmen, drivers, artisans, and other technical workers. Unskilled labourers- in construction sites, farmlands, livestock ranches, shops, stores, household maids and domestic workers. 221 JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 18, 2020 The semi skilled workers and unskilled labourers comprise 70% of the total Indian immigrants whereas the skilled labourers comprise about 30% of the total immigrants in the gulf countries. United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia are the most populous destinations of Indian migrants and together they contribute more than 60% of the total deployment of Indian migrant workers. Indian Diaspora is an important factor in shaping India’s foreign policy. The Global financial disruption of 1970 compelled India to alter its policy. Historically if we analyse there has been half hearted response to diaspora affairs. In the early years after Independence, India was overcoming the challenges like poverty and hunger. So, any working conditions that would bring in remittance was accepted by the government. Also, most semi skilled and unskilled workers, came from the poorer sections of society, as a result they were not likely to influence policy making directly or indirectly. Until 1983 there were no official records of Indian emigrants living in other countries . Collection of Information for record keeping started in 1983 by Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs (MOIA) , Government of India which safeguarded the interests of Indian nationals working abroad and to protected them in case of any adversities under The Emigration Act of 1983. The act required all workers seeking contractual employment abroad to seek emigration clearance from the office of the Protectors of Emigrants, under the Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs .1 The massive migration from India to the gulf countries especially UAE after the oil bloom in 1973, converted the desert economies into the fastest growing regions of the World as the oil revenues money was used for different purposes like development of infrastructure , agriculture sector, administrative apparatus , improvement of social services including health care and education.2 But over the last decades , there have been some signs of change in India. The Indian government has brought forth a more comprehensive strategy by the Indian government. Several Memorandum of Understanding (MoU’s) related to diaspora affairs were signed which reflected India’s efforts to secure its diaspora in the global arena. The establishment of the Ministry of Oversees Indian Affairs (MOIA), Government of India in the year 2004 was a significant step. The aim was to “establish robust and vibrant institutional framework to facilitate and support mutually beneficial networks with and among overseas Indians to maximise the development impact for India and enable oversees Indians to invest and benefits from the opportunities in India. In 2016, the merger of the MOIA into the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) under PM Narendra Modi, made external affairs minister responsible for overseas India thereby acknowledge the diaspora as an essential part of India’s broader foreign affairs agenda. The Modi government has always paid a greater emphasis on the importance of the diaspora in UAE. During his visit in UAE , he addressed 50,000 expatriates Indians publicly . He broke the news that the UAE land will have the first Hindu temple in Abu Dhabi in Malaysia as the major proportion of attendees were from Kerala. His field visit to the migrant labour camp was a sentiment that reflected the concern for the well being of workers residing there. India and UAE share historical and cultural ties and exchanges at the official and people to people level. UAE is home to 2.8 million Indian expatriates, the largest expatriate community in the UAE. Majority of the Indian expatriates are residing in UAE contributing in development of various sectors of that country in social, educational, health, business and other economic sector of United Arab Emirates Professionally qualified personnel constitute about 20% of the community, followed by 20% white collar non professionals (clerical staff, shop assistants, sales men, accountants etc) and the remainder 65% comprise blue-collar workers. Indians form a significant component of the business community from India. The Indian community has contributed significantly in the economic development of the UAE. With a large number of blue collared Indian workers, focus of bilateral relations is also on developing efficient grievance redressal mechanism for the Indian workers in the UAE3.The Indian Embassy in UAE organises various cultural activities at its own as well as by collaborating with Indian associates based in UAE. The Embassy has brought out ‘guidelines for India’ for the benefit of Indian community in UAE. A comprehensive online web based NRI Registered system has been developed for Indian Residents in 1 Khadariya Binod (2010), Paradigm Shifts in India’s migration policy towards the Gulf, Middle East Institute Viewpoints. 2 Winckler, Onn (1997) , The immigration Policy of the Gulf Cooperation Council(GCC) States, Middle Eastern Studies,33 (3): 480 -98 3 Zachariah, K. C., B. A. Prakash, and S. Irudaya Rajan. "Indian Workers in UAE: Employment, Wages and Working Conditions."Economic and Political Weekly 39, no. 22, 2004 222 JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 18, 2020 Use to register themselves on the system by filling in the registered details. E-migrate system, an online web based portal has been put in place for recruitment of Indian workers including Indian nurses from 1 June 2015.4 The embassy has Indian Community Welfare Fund (ICWF) for providing short term economic assistance (food, shelter, passage expenses etc) to destitute workers/ housemaids in distress.
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