DOCSLIB.ORG

Orphan River

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Orphan River Orphan River Water management of the Kabul River Basin in Afghanistan and Pakistan Imprint Chief editors: Marketa Hulpachova, Alex Macbeth All contributors to this report are members of the project afghanistan-today.org, a platform for news, features and Consulting editor: Klomjit Chandrapanya photography. Orphan River is a publication by MiCT gGmbH. Afghanistan editor: Fareedoone Aryan Media in Cooperation and Transition (MiCT) Brunnenstrasse 9, 10119 Berlin, Germany Afghanistan contributors: Qarib Rahman Shahab, Storay www.mict-international.org Karimi, Zianullah Stanikzia, Zarwali Khoshnood, Haqmal Masoodzai, Shakib Shams, Khalil Rahman Omaid This report has been produced by MiCT, as part of training Empowered lives. on trans-boundary water management in Afghanistan and Resilient nations. Pakistan editor: Abdur Razzaq Pakistan. The training was conducted by MiCT and funded by Shared Waters Partnership – a mechanism implemented Pakistan contributors: Wisal Yousafzai, Asad Zia, Hayat Kakar, through the UNDP Water Governance Facility at Stockholm Abdul Qayum Afridi, Moeen Mandokhiel, Farid Shinwari International Water Institute (SIWI). Photography: Aref Karimi, Aftab Ahmad Copyright © MICT 2015 Design: Gunnar Bauer 5 Introduction Table of 6 Water governance in Afghanistan 6 Afghan Water Law and Pakistan contents 7 Pakistan Water Law 8 Traditional water management 9 The Kabul River 10 Unchartered waters 11 Baluchistan’s orphan rivers 12 Chitral glaciers and frozen conflict 13 Troubled waters: A timeline of Afghanistan’s regional collaboration 14 The trans-boundary conundrum 14 Precedents for collaboration 15 Iran and the Helmand River 15 Treaty with Tajikistan 16 Recommendations Each Afghan household is entitled to 5 cubic “Effective manage- Water security metres of water a day ment of Afghanistan’s (AFGHAN WATER LAW) in numbers waters would create 21 billion cubic metres of water flow 8 million jobs.” to Pakistan every year Only 5 billion cubic metres are utilised PRESIDENT ASHRAF GHANI in Afghanistan (OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT OF AFGHANISTAN 2015) 1.2 billion cubic metres of water are wasted (NAEEM TOKHI, HEAD OF HYDROLOGY AND Khyber Pakhtunkhwa can legally use ENGINEERING, AFGHAN MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND WATER) enough water to irrigate 8.78 MAF (Million Acre Feet) per year Between 1.2 and 1.3 MAF are wasted because 32.3 million cubic metres of water are needed of mismanagement to sustain 5 million people in the city of Kabul Kabul has a storage capacity of 29.6 million (IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT, PAKISTAN’S KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA PROVINCE) cubic metres of water There is a deficit of 2.7 million cubic metres of water Kabul’s population has since jumped from 5 to 7 million people Afghanistan’s total groundwater and surface water potential is 75 billion cubic metres of water per year (JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY) 4 t least seven major rivers bend their course and water-governance benefits of the interior. A decade of animosity between the two between the sinuous rocks of the Hindu Pakistan’s level of water stress is more than neighbours had broken down any hope Kush that divide Afghanistan and Pakistan, twice that of Afghanistan or India, according of talks on water until recently. The lack of watering plains and sustaining life on both to the United Nations Food and Agriculture common resources makes nascent dialogues sides of the border. Yet it is the 480-kilometre Organisation (FAO).1 even harder: In most Afghan or Pakistani trench Pakistan built between the two coun- maps, the Kabul River and its tributaries tries in 2014, reportedly to stem growing In this Pashto-speaking region, kinship simply disappear when they meet the border. insurgency, which often grabs all the head- networks and tribal allegiances are a stronger In many Afghan border provinces, data on lines. In the crosshairs of the War on Terror, political force than state institutions. Nomads, tributaries does not exist. A common watercourses are often forgotten. smugglers and Taliban operatives regularly cross the boundary between Afghanistan and Pakistan has data on the Kabul River, but Pakistan without encountering a border not of tributaries that flow into the autono- checkpoint. Natural disasters and government mous region of FATA. It does not share data Regional overview efforts to crack down on militants have on the Kabul River with any ministries in displaced millions of people on both sides Afghanistan. Provincial governments in border of the border. (The most recent offensive by areas do not exchange hydrological data or The area around the 2,600 kilometre border the Pakistani military in June 2014 to drive meet with their trans-boundary counterparts between Afghanistan and Pakistan has out insurgent groups displaced 800,000 to discuss water-related issues, according to historically stood outside mainstream political people in North and South Waziristan, two our investigations in Paktia, Khost and Kunar order. The region is home to at least 30 of seven ‘agencies’ in FATA.) Within the Kabul provinces in Afghanistan and Baluchistan and groups of militants whose attacks on dams, River Basin, melting glaciers in eastern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan. roads and electricity lines impede the Afghanistan give rise to fast-flowing rivers economic progress of Afghan frontier that, if properly developed, could provide war provinces. In Pakistan, the 4.5 million resi- and poverty-stricken communities with a key dents of the semi-autonomous Federally source of energy and irrigation. Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) are still governed by a colonial document from 1901, Pashtuns in Afghanistan and Pakistan share which prohibits the right to appeal or the right a common culture and at least seven rivers, to found a media organisation. yet governments in both Kabul and Islamabad continue to plan their respective Water Sector Afghanistan and Pakistan have no treaty Strategy (WSS) unilaterally, without consulta- to jointly administer their trans-boundary tion with the basin partner. Both governments’ waters. The Kabul River is the most developed negligence is devastating to communities and utilised common water resource and is living near the border, where water is already a vital hydroelectric artery for both countries’ scarce. future. While the river basin is neither Afghanistan’s largest nor the most volumi- Afghanistan is building dams on the Kunar 1 The FAO measures the pressure on nous, it sustains the most human lives. Some and Kabul rivers that will affect its down- national water resources by calculating 23 per cent of the Afghan population, more stream basin-partner, Pakistan: Islamabad, water withdrawal as a percentage than 7 million people of mainly Pashtun in turn,is building its own water storage and of total renewable water resources (TRWR). Pakistan’s water pressure origin, live in the Kabul River Basin. hydroelectric projects on the Kabul River amounts to a staggering 74 percent, and its tributaries, without the consultation compared with India at 34 percent On the Pakistani side of the basin, the Kabul of Afghanistan. and Afghanistan at 31 percent. The country is expected to become “water River flows through mountainous frontier scarce” by 2035. communities that lack the infrastructural 5 The legal basis for water management in water resources and the establishing of water and Chief Executive Officer Abdullah Abdullah Afghanistan is the Water Law, which came usage norms, respectively. has further impeded decision making: Due Water into effect in 2011. Lauded by the international to deadlock between the two interest groups community as an important step towards The Afghan Water Law creates a complicated represented by Ghani and Abdullah, most the development of a coherent water man- structure for handling trans-boundary members of the Afghan Cabinet have only governance agement strategy, the Water Law declares water-sharing issues, which requires the been in office since April 2015. Like most adherence to “all international laws and cooperation of four ministries. The manage- other ministries, the MEW, now headed by Ali regulations regarding domestic and trans- ment of trans-boundary disputes falls under Ahmad Osmani, lacked new leadership for the in Afghanistan boundary waters.” the jurisdiction of MEW, but the Ministry of first six months of the Ghani Administration. Foreign Affairs (MFA), the Ministry of Interior Water distribution, management, develop- Affairs (MoIA) and the Ministry of Borders, Despite these challenges, the amendment and Pakistan ment and administration is the responsibility Nations and Tribal Affairs assists the MEW to the Afghan Water Law on Trans-boundary of the Supreme Council of Land & Water, in the drafting of treaties, agreements and Water, approved by the Afghan Cabinet in early regional river basin councils, and the National memorandums of understanding. October 2015, represents a breakthrough. By Environment Protection Agency (NEPA). requiring all national stakeholders to present Eight government ministries are involved In the Afghan political context, involving a unified stance on water-related issues in in various aspects of water management, this many stakeholders in any potential international negotiations, the amendment Afghan but the Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) shared-waters agreement with Pakistan provides the necessary legal framework for and the Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation complicates the consensus-building process cross-border discussions on water sharing and Livestock (MAIL) have a senior
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Wapda to Add 364 Mw to National Gird This Year
    WAPDA TO ADD 364 MW TO NATIONAL GIRD THIS YEAR By Mansoor Ahmad Lahore : The Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) would add 364 MW of hydroelectricity this year in the power supply system of the national grid, the chairman of the authority told The News on Wednesday. “WAPDA is also working on projects that will generate 35,500 MW of hydroelectricity including 22,800 MW run of the river projects”, said. “We are committed to ensure that Pakistan takes full advantage of its hydroelectricity production potential”, he said. The first unit of 96 MW hydropower project at Jinnah Barrage has already been commissioned and it would start operating on full capacity by the end of this year, he said. Durrani said that the 130 MW Allai Khwar project at Battagram is almost complete and would start generating power within few months. “Duber Khwar – a 130 MW hydroelectric project at Kohistan, is scheduled to generate full power by December 2012”, he added. In addition Satpara Dam is generating 17.36 MW of hydroelectricity. The 72 MW Khan Khwar hydropower project in 2011 is already generating its installed capacity, Durrani said. “This is a humble contribution of WAPDA to reduce the gap between demand and supply of electricity”, he said. Work on high capacity hydroelectricity projects is in full swing. He said the feasibility study and detailed engineering and design of 7,100 MW Bunji project in Gilgit Baltistan has been completed and is currently under review of WAPDA experts. He said feasibility study of Dasu Dam in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has been completed.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Progress Report (Fy2019) October 1, 2018-September 25, 2019
    Monitoring, Inspection, Milestone Certification and Design Review (MIMDR) of USAID/Pakistan Energy Office Projects ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT (FY2019) OCTOBER 1, 2018-SEPTEMBER 25, 2019 DISCLAIMER THE CONTENTS OF THIS REPORT ARE THE SOLE RESPONSIBILITY OF A.A. ASSOCIATES AND DO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THE VIEWS OF USAID OR THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. Monitoring, Inspection, Milestone Certification and Design Review (MIMDR) of USAID/Pakistan Energy Office Projects ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT (FY2019) OCTOBER 1, 2018-SEPTEMBER 25, 2019 Submission Date: September 27, 2019 MIMDR Project Office 3rd Floor, Waheed Plaza, 52 Western Half, Jinnah Avenue, Blue Area Islamabad. Tel: +92 (51) 2605000-2, Fax: +92 (51) 2605003 Email: [email protected] This publication was made possible through support of the American people provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). The opinions expressed herein are those of AA Associates and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. MIMDR | ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT | OCTOBER 2018 – SEPTEMBER 2019 | ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..IV SECTION 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................... 1 SECTION 2: FINANCIAL SUMMARY ....................................................................... 3 SECTION 3: PROJECT WISE PROGRESS .................................................................. 4 Project 1: Mangla Dam Rehabilitation Project ...............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Deforestation in the Princely State of Dir on the North-West Frontier and the Imperial Strategy of British India
    Central Asia Journal No. 86, Summer 2020 CONSERVATION OR IMPLICIT DESTRUCTION: DEFORESTATION IN THE PRINCELY STATE OF DIR ON THE NORTH-WEST FRONTIER AND THE IMPERIAL STRATEGY OF BRITISH INDIA Saeeda & Khalil ur Rehman Abstract The Czarist Empire during the nineteenth century emerged on the scene as a Eurasian colonial power challenging British supremacy, especially in Central Asia. The trans-continental Russian expansion and the ensuing influence were on the march as a result of the increase in the territory controlled by Imperial Russia. Inevitably, the Russian advances in the Caucasus and Central Asia were increasingly perceived by the British as a strategic threat to the interests of the British Indian Empire. These geo- political and geo-strategic developments enhanced the importance of Afghanistan in the British perception as a first line of defense against the advancing Russians and the threat of presumed invasion of British India. Moreover, a mix of these developments also had an impact on the British strategic perception that now viewed the defense of the North-West Frontier as a vital interest for the security of British India. The strategic imperative was to deter the Czarist Empire from having any direct contact with the conquered subjects, especially the North Indian Muslims. An operational expression of this policy gradually unfolded when the Princely State of Dir was loosely incorporated, but quite not settled, into the formal framework of the imperial structure of British India. The elements of this bilateral arrangement included the supply of arms and ammunition, subsidies and formal agreements regarding governance of the state. These agreements created enough time and space for the British to pursue colonial interests in Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Conflict Management and Cooperation Between Afghanistan and Pakistan
    Journal of Hydrology 570 (2019) 875–892 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Hydrology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhydrol Research papers Water conflict management and cooperation between Afghanistan and T Pakistan ⁎ Said Shakib Atefa, , Fahima Sadeqinazhadb, Faisal Farjaadc, Devendra M. Amatyad a Founder and Transboundary Water Expert in Green Social Research Organization (GSRO), Kabul, Afghanistan b AZMA the Vocational Institute, Afghanistan c GSRO, Afghanistan d USDA Forest Service, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT This manuscript was handled by G. Syme, Managing water resource systems usually involves conflicts. Water recognizes no borders, defining the global Editor-in-Chief, with the assistance of Martina geopolitics of water conflicts, cooperation, negotiations, management, and resource development. Negotiations Aloisie Klimes, Associate Editor to develop mechanisms for two or more states to share an international watercourse involve complex networks of Keywords: natural, social and political system (Islam and Susskind, 2013). The Kabul River Basin presents unique cir- Water resources management cumstances for developing joint agreements for its utilization, rendering moot unproductive discussions of the Transboundary water management rights of upstream and downstream states based on principles of absolute territorial sovereignty or absolute Conflict resolution mechanism territorial integrity (McCaffrey, 2007). This paper analyses the different stages of water conflict transformation Afghanistan
    [Show full text]
  • Development Coordination
    FATA Water Resources Development Project (RRP PAK 47021) DEVELOPMENT COORDINATION A. Major Development Partners: Strategic Foci and Key Activities 1. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has supported the Government of Pakistan through a broad range of investments in the agriculture, natural resources, and rural development (ANR) sector. Water resources including the irrigation, drainage, and flood protection subsector, have received the largest share of funding. ADB, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and the World Bank are the major donors to the ANR sector, with substantial support provided for water resources development and management. Several of the sector projects are implemented in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan, and are in the project area of the FATA Water Resources Development Project. Major Development Partners Amount Partner Project Name Duration ($ million) Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development ADB Lower Bari Doab Canal Improvement Project 2006–2015 217.8 New Khanki Barrage Project 2012–2016 270.0 Pakpattan Canal and Suleimanki Barrage Improvement Project 2012–2016 73.0 Trimmu and Panjnad Barrages Improvement Project 2015–2020 150.0 Flood Emergency Reconstruction Project (Irrigation Component) 2011–2014 215.7 Punjab Basmati Rice Value Chain 2014–2016 1.0 FATA Rural Development Projecta 2006–2012 45.2 USAID FATA Economic Stabilization Programa 2014–2018 50.0 Gomal Zam Command Area Development 2013–2017 33.0 Gomal Zam Irrigation Project 2011–2014 52.0 Kurram
    [Show full text]
  • Transboundary River Basin Overview – Indus
    0 [Type here] Irrigation in Africa in figures - AQUASTAT Survey - 2016 Transboundary River Basin Overview – Indus Version 2011 Recommended citation: FAO. 2011. AQUASTAT Transboundary River Basins – Indus River Basin. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Rome, Italy The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licencerequest or addressed to [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Making the Most of Afghanistan's River Basins
    Making the Most of Afghanistan’s River Basins Opportunities for Regional Cooperation By Matthew King and Benjamin Sturtewagen www.ewi.info About the Authors Matthew King is an Associate at the EastWest Institute, where he manages Preventive Diplomacy Initiatives. Matthew’s main interest is on motivating preventive action and strengthening the in- ternational conflict prevention architecture. His current work focuses on Central and South Asia, including Afghanistan and Iran, and on advancing regional solutions to prevent violent conflict. He is the head of the secretariat to the Parliamentarians Network for Conflict Prevention and Human Security. He served in the same position for the International Task Force on Preventive Diplomacy (2007–2008). King has worked for EWI since 2004. Before then he worked in the legal profession in Ireland and in the private sector with the Ford Motor Company in the field of change management. He is the author or coauthor of numerous policy briefs and papers, including “New Initiatives on Conflict Prevention and Human Security” (2008), and a contributor to publications, including a chapter on peace in Richard Cuto’s Civic and Political Leadership (Sage, forthcoming). He received his law degree from the University of Wales and holds a master’s in peace and conflict resolution from the Centre for Conflict Resolution at the University of Bradford, in England. Benjamin Sturtewagen is a Project Coordinator at the EastWest Institute’s Regional Security Program. His work focuses on South Asia, including Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran, and on ways to promote regional security. Benjamin has worked for EWI since April 2006, starting as a Project Assistant in its Conflict Prevention Program and later as Project Coordinator in EWI’s Preventive Diplomacy Initiative.
    [Show full text]
  • An Annotated Bibliography of Nuristan (Kafiristan) and the Kalash Kafirs of Chitral Part One
    Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser udgivet af Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab Bind 41, nr. 3 Hist. Filos. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 41, no. 3 (1966) AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NURISTAN (KAFIRISTAN) AND THE KALASH KAFIRS OF CHITRAL PART ONE SCHUYLER JONES With a Map by Lennart Edelberg København 1966 Kommissionær: Munksgaard X Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab udgiver følgende publikationsrækker: The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters issues the following series of publications: Bibliographical Abbreviation. Oversigt over Selskabets Virksomhed (8°) Overs. Dan. Vid. Selsk. (Annual in Danish) Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser (8°) Hist. Filos. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter (4°) Hist. Filos. Skr. Dan. Vid. Selsk. (History, Philology, Philosophy, Archeology, Art History) Matematisk-fysiske Meddelelser (8°) Mat. Fys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. Matematisk-fysiske Skrifter (4°) Mat. Fys. Skr. Dan. Vid. Selsk. (Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, Geology) Biologiske Meddelelser (8°) Biol. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. Biologiske Skrifter (4°) Biol. Skr. Dan. Vid. Selsk. (Botany, Zoology, General Biology) Selskabets sekretariat og postadresse: Dantes Plads 5, København V. The address of the secretariate of the Academy is: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Dantes Plads 5, Köbenhavn V, Denmark. Selskabets kommissionær: Munksgaard’s Forlag, Prags Boulevard 47, København S. The publications are sold by the agent of the Academy: Munksgaard, Publishers, 47 Prags Boulevard, Köbenhavn S, Denmark. HISTORI SK-FILOSO FISKE MEDDELELSER UDGIVET AF DET KGL. DANSKE VIDENSKABERNES SELSKAB BIND 41 KØBENHAVN KOMMISSIONÆR: MUNKSGAARD 1965—66 INDHOLD Side 1. H jelholt, H olger: British Mediation in the Danish-German Conflict 1848-1850. Part One. From the MarCh Revolution to the November Government.
    [Show full text]
  • A Remote Sensing Contribution to Flood Modelling in an Inaccessible
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 29 October 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0650.v1 1 Type of the Paper (Article) 2 A Remote Sensing Contribution to Flood Modelling 3 in an Inaccessible Mountainous River Basin 4 Alamgeer Hussain1, Jay Sagin2*, Kwok P. Chun3 5 1 Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Department, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan 6 2Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan 7 3Hong Kong Baptist University, Baptist University Rd, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 8 9 * Correspondence: [email protected]; WhatsApp: +7-702-557-2038, +1-269-359-5211 10 11 Abstract: Flash flooding, a hazard which is triggered by heavy rainfall is a major concern in many 12 regions of the world often with devastating results in mountainous elevated regions. We adapted 13 remote sensing modelling methods to analyse one flood in July 2015, and believe the process can be 14 applicable to other regions in the world. The isolated thunderstorm rainfall occurred in the Chitral 15 River Basin (CRB), which is fed by melting glaciers and snow from the highly elevated Hindu Kush 16 Mountains (Tirick Mir peak’s elevation is 7708 m). The devastating cascade, or domino effect, 17 resulted in a flash flood which destroyed many houses, roads, and bridges and washed out 18 agricultural land. CRB had experienced devastating flood events in the past, but there was no 19 hydraulic modelling and mapping zones available for the entire CRB region. That is why modelling 20 analyses and predictions are important for disaster mitigation activities. For this flash flood event, 21 we developed an integrated methodology for a regional scale flood model that integrates the 22 Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, Geographic Information System (GIS), 23 hydrological (HEC-HMS) and hydraulic (HEC-RAS) modelling tools.
    [Show full text]
  • Irrigation in Southern and Eastern Asia in Figures AQUASTAT Survey – 2011
    37 Irrigation in Southern and Eastern Asia in figures AQUASTAT Survey – 2011 FAO WATER Irrigation in Southern REPORTS and Eastern Asia in figures AQUASTAT Survey – 2011 37 Edited by Karen FRENKEN FAO Land and Water Division FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2012 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-107282-0 All rights reserved. FAO encourages reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Non-commercial uses will be authorized free of charge, upon request. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes, including educational purposes, may incur fees. Applications for permission to reproduce or disseminate FAO copyright materials, and all queries concerning rights and licences, should be addressed by e-mail to [email protected] or to the Chief, Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy.
    [Show full text]
  • PAKISTAN WATER and POWER DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (April
    PAKISTAN WATER AND POWER DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (April 2011) April 2011 www.wapda.gov.pk PREFACE Energy and water are the prime movers of human life. Though deficient in oil and gas, Pakistan has abundant water and other energy sources like hydel power, coal, wind and solar power. The country situated between the Arabian Sea and the Himalayas, Hindukush and Karakoram Ranges has great political, economic and strategic importance. The total primary energy use in Pakistan amounted to 60 million tons of oil equivalent (mtoe) in 2006-07. The annual growth of primary energy supplies and their per capita availability during the last 10 years has increased by nearly 50%. The per capita availability now stands at 0.372 toe which is very low compared to 8 toe for USA for example. The World Bank estimates that worldwide electricity production in percentage for coal is 40, gas 19, nuclear 16, hydro 16 and oil 7. Pakistan meets its energy requirement around 41% by indigenous gas, 19% by oil, and 37% by hydro electricity. Coal and nuclear contribution to energy supply is limited to 0.16% and 2.84% respectively with a vast potential for growth. The Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) is vigorously carrying out feasibility studies and engineering designs for various hydropower projects with accumulative generation capacity of more than 25000 MW. Most of these studies are at an advance stage of completion. After the completion of these projects the installed capacity would rise to around 42000 MW by the end of the year 2020. Pakistan has been blessed with ample water resources but could store only 13% of the annual flow of its rivers.
    [Show full text]
  • Lucy Morgan Edwards to the University of Exeter As a Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Politics by Publication, in March 2015
    Western support to warlords in Afghanistan from 2001 - 2014 and its effect on Political Legitimacy Submitted by Lucy Morgan Edwards to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Politics by Publication, in March 2015 This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certifythat all the material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted or approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. !tu ?"\J�� Signature. ... .......................L�Uv) ......... ...!} (/......................., ................................................ 0 1 ABSTRACT This is an integrative paper aiming to encapsulate the themes of my previously published work upon which this PhD is being assessed. This work; encompassing several papers and various chapters of my book are attached behind this essay. The research question, examines the effect of Western support to warlords on political legitimacy in the post 9/11 Afghan war. I contextualise the research question in terms of my critical engagement with the literature of strategists in Afghanistan during this time. Subsequently, I draw out themes in relation to the available literature on warlords, politics and security in Afghanistan. I highlight the value of thinking about these questions conceptually in terms of legitimacy. I then introduce the published work, summarising the focus of each paper or book chapter. Later, a ‘findings’ section addresses how the policy of supporting warlords has affected legitimacy through its impact on security and stability, the political settlement and ultimately whether Afghans choose to accept the Western-backed project in Afghanistan, or not.
    [Show full text]