State-Of-The Art Study in Citizen Observatories: Technological Trends, Development Challenges and Research Avenues

STATE-OF-THE ART STUDY IN CITIZEN OBSERVATORIES: TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS, DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES AND RESEARCH AVENUES

AUTHORS:

LUT SYKE Maria Palacin Silva Timo Pyhälahti Ahmed Seffah Yrjö Sucksdorff Kari Heikkinen Saku Anttila Jari Porras Hanna Alasalmi Eeva Bruun

Sofia Junttila

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Lappeenranta University of Technology Department of Innovation and Software www.lut.fi Address: Skinnarilankatu 34, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland Tel: +358 294 462 111

SYKE Finnish Environment Institute www.syke.fi Address: Mechelininkatu 34a P.O.Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland

Legal Notice: Neither the Lappeenranta University of technology nor the Finnish Environment Institute is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication.

Reproduction is authorized when the source is acknowledged. Tel: +358 295 251 00

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Table of Contents Introduction ...... 3 Summary of Chapters and Key Findings ...... 8 Recommendations from the Study ...... 11 Chapter I: ...... 14 Trends in the World: Past, Present and Future ...... 14 Statistical Trends ...... 17 Major domains and applications of citizen observatories ...... 17 Environmental observatories commonalities and goals ...... 28 Who are running citizen observatories around the world? ...... 31 Challenges, Opportunities, Best Practices and Recommendations ...... 32 Standards, Networks and Initiatives ...... 42 Recommendations for Further Studies ...... 48 Literature Highlights ...... 49 Citizen repositories: architecture and infrastructure ...... 49 Framework for setting-up a citizen observatory ...... 51 Big data and urban sensing ...... 56 Social computing ...... 56 Pervasive ICT ...... 57 Open data ...... 57 From crowdsourcing to crowdsensing ...... 58 Mobile crowdsensing ...... 58 Internet of things ...... 58 Chapter II: ...... 59 Citizen Repositories: Current Initiatives in Finland and Europe ...... 59 Citizen Observatories in Europe ...... 61 Citizen Observatories in Finland ...... 66 Survey Study Results:...... 68 Chapter III ...... 78 Research Avenues: Citizen Motivations, Active Involvement and Awareness ...... 78 Who controls data collection, and who owns the data or benefits from them? – Privacy Issues and Concerns ...... 80 How is data collected? ...... 83 Participation? What does it involve? ...... 84 How to motivate citizen and stakeholders? ...... 86 How to measure motivation? What citizens want to report? ...... 87 Some Technologies That Can Be Used To Engage Citizens ...... 88 References ...... 91

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APPENDIX ...... 96 I. Survey Design ...... 96 II. Interview Design ...... 99 III. Feedback Forms ...... 101 IV. Workgroup topics and findings ...... 102 V. Data Collection Matrix ...... 106 5.1. Summary of Citizen Observatories ...... 106 5.2. Citizen Observatories’ Type of Data Gathering ...... 144 5.3. Citizen Observatories Contact Information ...... 155 5.4. Institutions Running Citizen Observatories ...... 166 5.5. Citizen Observatories’ Stakeholders ...... 175 5.6. Citizen Observatories’ Technology ...... 188 5.7. Citizen Observatories’ Challenges ...... 194 5.8. Citizen Observatories’ Best Practices ...... 199 5.9. Citizen Observatories’ Recommendations and Future Perspectives ...... 204 5.10. Citizen Observatories’ Used Standards and Networks ...... 208 5.11. Summary of reviewed publications (List of Most Relevant) ...... 212

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List of Terms and Definitions

Participatory data collection: Users are actively involved in the collection process by deciding on the spot when to report data. Opportunistic data collection: Sensor sampling occurs whenever the state of the device (e.g. geographic location) matches the application’s requirements described in a sensing task, without the knowledge of the individual phone user. Spectrum monitoring (In this report):

 The entire range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.  Used to classify something in terms of its position on a scale between two extreme points. BON: Biodiversity Observation Network LUKE: Natural Resources Institute Finland SYKE: Finnish Environment Institute LAJI: Finnish Biodiversity Info Facility FinBIF: Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility LUOMUS: Finnish Museum of Natural History Metadata: Data that provides information about other data. The main purpose of metadata is to facilitate in the discovery of relevant information, more often classified as resource discovery. IoT: Internet of things EnvO: Environment ontology

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Introduction

Citizen Science and Citizen Observatories: Key Findings from a State of Art Review

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Citizen Science: The Original Definition and Objective

The term citizen science has been introduced and used to describe a range of ideas, from a philosophy of engaging in scientific research to the work of scientists, or even politicians, driven by a social needs or awareness. Citizen science represents massive scale collaboration in science as seen nowhere else, providing an opportunity for understanding aspects of other massively distributed collaborations (15). Originally, citizen science typically refers to research collaborations between scientists and volunteers, particularly (but not exclusively) to expand opportunities for scientific data collection and to provide access to scientific information for community members. Citizen repositories emerged, first as the use of technology, to support this definition citizen science approach. In a broader definition, citizen repositories can be seen a platforms through which volunteers partner with scientists to answer real-world questions. This introductory chapter traces the evolution of citizens’ science and repositories in different domains, from natural science to sustainability development.

Citizen science has taken on several different meanings since it was coined in 1995. Many definitions exist about citizen science, making sometimes the concept very fuzzy. In a general sense, citizen science refers to the public participation in scientific activities and research projects related with environment and its biodiversity are taking advantage of new technologies such as internet and mobile phones with recording capabilities for an easy data collection and sharing (1).

We define citizen science as a range of collaborative activities between professional scientists and engaged laypeople (citizens) in the conduct of research(32). The key benefits of citizen science are (32):

 Citizen science is about citizen participation in research in order to provide a valuable resource for scientists  Citizen science serves as a vehicle for public engagement, education, and outreach  Citizen science aims to democratize the research process by giving laypeople a stake in the scientific issues of concern to them and their families

The basic idea of involving the public in data gathering has been termed ‘citizen science’ by natural scientists (e.g. ‘volunteered geographic information’ and ‘crowdsourcing geospatial data’ by geographers and ‘people-centric sensing’ and ‘participatory sensing’ by computer scientists(2). Participation approaches have progressed through a series of phases (Reed, 2008): awareness raising in the 1960s, incorporation of local perspectives in the 1970s, recognition of local knowledge in the 1980s, participation as a norm as part of the sustainable development agenda of the 1990s, subsequent critiques and recently a ‘post-participation’ consensus regarding best practice(3).

However, there is a difference between engaging the general public in a scientific project and entering an established expert community to conduct research(36). Research is underway extended the set engaged citizens to include other stakeholders. For example, diversity of vendor-designed “walled garden” repositories, ultimately repositioning individuals as producers, consumers, and remixes of a vast openly shared public data set. By empowering people to easily measure, report, and compare their own personal environments, such tools transform everyday citizens into reporting agents who uncover and visualize unseen elements of their own everyday experiences (4).

ICT: The Birthday to a Second Generation of Citizen Repositories

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The fast growth of ICT of services, namely the pervasive computer devices and social networking, are driving the environment for democracy innovation and societal transformations at all levels of our society. Citizens are becoming more knowledgeable and demanding in their needs. Civic collaboration and participation has been increasing, strengthening the commitment to the common good and the democratic dynamics, where general interests prevail over individual interests (5)(6).The IoT (Internet of things) is making it possible that everyday things are now connected to the internet. This phenomena is changing the way we live, work and interact. This creates not only technological opportunities for smarter cities but also interactional opportunities for the citizens (7).

Fundamentally, ICT creates a new model of public service delivery, where those who have been normally targeted as passive end-users now tend to become collaborative co- producers, as an alternative, if not in substitution, for local public authorities; and to a next generation of urban smart citizenship, where those who have traditionally been considered as parts of the problem become effective agents of the most appropriate solution (6). This makes it that collective interventions due to global issues like climate change should not exclusively rely on global approaches, but can also be undertaken on smaller scales(8).

In 2006, participatory sensing (PS) is a distributed data collection and analysis approach where individuals, acting alone or in groups, use their personal mobile devices to systematically explore interesting aspects of their lives and communities(9). For example, users of Earth observations have a wide range of data requirements and priorities that depend on their specific applications. Some users need both basic datasets of directly observed phenomena and derived forecasts and products, while others utilize only a particular type of dataset. Users have varying technical sophistication levels, ranging from researchers who work with raw datasets, to intermediate users who utilize processed data products, to end users who employ highly processed products, tools, or forecasts. Earth observation users also span a wide range of sectors, including the public sector, the private sector, academia, and the media(10).

The recent emergence of low-cost, easy-to-use, portable micro-sensors for air pollution applications, provides a platform for making observations at a high spatial density (20). ‘Citizens’ Observatory as being the citizens themselves observing and understanding environment related problems and, particularly, reporting and commenting on them (20). Citizen observatories raise awareness, enabling dialogues, promote data exchange (22). Collaborative participation demands that the citizens not only consume information, but also provide it, leading to the joint production of knowledge (22). This is the essence of citizen repositories.

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Related Concepts to Citizen Science and Repositories

Citizen repositories is not the only concept that aims to engage citizens in something (research among others). The following are concepts that also count for citizen science or at least share the same goal, citizen participation.

Crowdsourcing

Crowdsourcing is a type of participative online activity in which an individual, an institution, a non-profit organization, or company proposes to a group of individuals of varying knowledge, heterogeneity, and number, via a flexible open call, the voluntary undertaking of a task. The user will receive the satisfaction of a given type of need, be it economic, social recognition, self-esteem, or the development of individual skills, while the crowd-sourcer will obtain and utilize to their advantage what the user has brought to the venture, whose form will depend on the type of activity undertaken”(11)(12). The use of crowdsourcing to improve the engagement of volunteers with Science is known as ‘citizen science’, ‘crowdsourcing for science’, ‘networked science’, or ‘crowd science’ (12). Crowdsourcing is a growing area that is attracting attention from the academic community and the industry(12).

Thanks to the Internet, crowdsourcing is expanding its reach and establishing itself as a cheap and viable alternative for scientific work that was previously restricted to the limited capacity of professional teams (12). With more than half of the planet’s population residing in urban areas (38) and adapting to a lifestyle that demands more than meeting the basic needs of water, food and shelter, the promotion of an environmentally sustainable manner of living is becoming an important priority for policy makers and governments on a worldwide scale. Our everyday practices and interactions as city residents have consequences that reach beyond the quality of conditions in our immediate surroundings and furthermore, via complex processes, contribute, to some extent, to the environmental crisis (39).

Global debate

At the turn of the twenty-first century, we have become involved in a global debate about the nature and impact of climate change and our role as individuals and societies in managing this. To pursue this debate, we must address three key challenges. We need to gather information about the environment on a greater scale than ever before, including scientific measurements, documentation of local conditions and accounts of people’s behaviors. We need to inform debate by conveying environmental knowledge in new ways that engage the widest possible audience. Ultimately, we will also need to persuade people to change their behaviors(13).

E.Governance or the active participation of citizens in political issues e.Governance aspires to utilize ICTs to transform government towards efficient, effective, and citizen-centric service delivery (14). Citizens also need the desire to exercise their rights and the political space to do so without unreasonable resistance or harassment from authorities or others. Citizen participation programs – including support of civic and voter education, get-out-the-vote efforts, issue organizing and advocacy, budget oversight and government monitoring – help citizens master the techniques needed to initiate action, solve complex problems and become leaders in their own right.

For more than 20 years, NDI has conducted programs to activate and empower citizens and civic groups, establish strong civic cultures and achieve an appropriate balance of power between citizens and government.

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Sociotechnical systems (STC)

STC environments are needed because cultures of participation are not dictated by technology; they are the result of changes in human behavior and social organization, in which active contributors engage in the innovative design, adoption, and adaptation of technologies to their needs and in collaborative knowledge construction(18). Water governance therefore consists of the processes of decision-making and definition of goals by a range of actors, while water management (and flood risk management more specifically) consists of targeted activities to attain such goals(3). The quality of the environment within urban areas is of vital importance. Urban and peri-urban growth is increasing, and Europe is now one of the most urbanized continents in the world. Today, more than two thirds of the European population lives in urban areas and this proportion continues to grow (20)

Once solely the province of academic, industrial and military scientists and engineers, robotics and sensing technologies are increasingly being used in commercial products and systems. But research on how such technologies might be used by non-experts in everyday settings is still nascent(19).

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Summary of Chapters and Key Findings

In chapter I, Trends in the World: Past, Present and Future, the findings from the 108 observatories are presented which were studied in depth to identify trends in the focuses, engagement techniques, technologies, practices, stakeholders, standards, limitations and recommendations.

The key findings of this chapter are the following:

 Remarkably, 69% of the identified world observatories have an environmental goal which involves species, water, streams, snow, sea, biodiversity, air, spectrum and global monitoring.  The three domains that have most of the citizen observatories applications are: city management (25%), species (23%) and water, streams snow and sea monitoring (18%) projects.  USA, UK and Canada are the leaders in citizen observatories and environmental citizen observatories in the world.  The most common model for data collection is the participatory, in which citizens are actively involved as data providers.  There is a raise since 2000s in observatories using opportunistic data collection methods, such as automatic background data collection.

The top three stakeholders for citizen observatories are:

 Citizen: This group (represents 58% of the total), is mainly providing raw data (34%), installing sensors or apps that collect background information (9%), deploying their own observatories according to their interest (6%) and, its focus of all the types of observatories.  Academy and government: This cluster (represents 22% of the total), is providing data (4%), installing sensors or apps that collect data (4%), deploying their own observatories (2%), and using information from observatories for decision making, research and development (12%). The observatories that involve this type of stakeholder are: city management observatories, tools for citizen observatories, species monitoring and air and spectrum monitoring projects.  Nature enthusiasts: This stakeholder’s group (represents 10% of the total), is providing data (6%), installing sensors and apps to collect background information (2%) and, using the data for decision making (2%). information from observatories for decision making, research and development (12%). The observatories that involve this type of stakeholder are: biodiversity monitoring, species monitoring, water, streams, snow and sea observatories and city management observatories.

The most used techniques for engagement are:

1. Present Data Benefit: This cluster was the most common among citizen observatories and embraces the discussion with stakeholders, to present them the benefit of the data they will provide, for themselves such as: better roads and cities, better knowledge about the status of the environment –air, water, pollution, etc. - around their areas, solve their issues and, share their opinion about city concerns. 2. Citizens Interest based monitoring: This category, included techniques that allow citizens to set up and manage their own concern observatory. 3. Unify observatories with recreational activities: This group of techniques included to use recreational activities, competitions, learning games and, art campaigns that raise emotional feelings among the stakeholders, while they submit observations.

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4. There is a clear trend of dematerialization of the observations submission, which translates into the popular use of web (38%), mobile (23%) and both (2%) technologies to collect data. On the other hand, the least common technologies are: dedicated games (2%), phone-based (3%) - using Interactive voice response known as IVR – and public displays (5%).Remarkably, 69% of the identified world observatories have an environmental goal which involves species, water, streams, snow, sea, biodiversity, air, spectrum and global monitoring. 5. The common problems and limitations of citizen observatories are caused by: user practices, standardization issues, limited knowledge, limited resources, narrow focus, privacy issues, need for recognition of contributions, centralized data, data accessibility problems, data analysis and technology. 6. Common practices among observatories include: co-creation, data aggregation, environmental campaign in public spaces, feedback from observations, gamification, identify stakeholders and their motivations, interest based observatories, involve decision makers, measure motivation, observatory component based, open data for engagement, opportunistic data collection, participatory data collection, provide technology, provide training material, real time visualization, set common protocols for observers.

Chapter II, Citizen Repositories: Current Initiatives in Finland and Europe, brings a detailed overview about European citizen observatories, their focus areas, and practices; special detail is given to Finland where there a survey and interview studies were carried with key players running citizen observatories, focus, practices, challenges and trends were identified.

The key findings detailed in chapter ii include:  Most of the European observatories (up to 80%) have been collecting environmental information – about species, biodiversity, air and spectrum, water, streams, snow, sea, precipitations, climate change-  The top three focus area of European citizen observatories are: species monitoring, biodiversity monitoring and air and spectrum monitoring.  United Kingdom is by far the most active country in this field with 47.5% of the total citizen’s observatories in the continent, being followed by Ireland and Netherlands with 7.5% observatories each.  Among European citizen observatories the most common practice is to gather their data using participatory data collection method

In Finland:

 Over half of the sample had a positive – already implemented, maybe or ongoing- opinion about opening their data for public use, combination, reuse and redistribution.  Less than half of the surveyed sample uses social media to communicate with their users  The participatory method of collecting data is the most common in the country  Less than half of the sample use scientists to review and ensure the data quality. However, there is interest about techniques to generate automated classifications systems that are based on citizens’ contributions.  The biggest challenge for the surveyed observatories is technology management. Where the main issue is a lack of knowledge about the field.  The most common data type to store crowd-sourced data was XLS: Excel File Format and the last common were HTML: Hypertext Markup Language and XML: Extensible Markup Language.

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In chapter III, Research Avenues: Citizen Motivations, Active Involvement and Awareness, the top highlight is that: Citizens appreciate being given space and time to arrive at their own responses and interpretations. Therefore, persuasion might not be an accurate technique when it comes to involving citizens as data providers –since to persuade a solution must be known ahead -. However, co- creation of solutions that involve data transparency, gamification elements, social media and common goals with citizens, have the potential to co-create successful crowd-sensing applications.

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Recommendations from the Study

How to run Citizen Observatories: Key Recommendations from the State of Art Review

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About data collection (more details in Chapter I):

 Organizations that are currently forced to opt for non-technological approaches to gather citizen observations would benefit greatly from an approach in which they can build their own observatory and it is not focused only in data collection but also in citizen coordination and feedback.  Wearable technologies that can capture and propagate different information important for policy decision making, for example augmented reality support for citizens to match a real-life situation with a policy case and proceed according to the policy using the algorithmic instructions applied to the current use case and facilitated by the augmented reality annotations, all within their wearable device.  Factors such as context knowledge of community members, accountability and adherence to social norms, are key for successful reception of social engagement applications.  Mobile phones can help citizens engage directly with governments to provide feedback targeted at improving the performance of welfare schemes.  Setting protocols for observations increases the quality in the data from observers.

About Engagement:

 From our studies, there are seven reasons why a citizen participates actively in a citizen observatory: 1. The participant understand the data benefits from his/her contribution for society and in particular for himself/herself. 2. The participant has special interest about monitoring certain phenomena due to personal concerns such as activism, allergies or generate savings. 3. The participant practices particular recreational activities and, submit observations does not influence negatively its experience. 4. The participant appreciates public recognition and, in some cases is very eager to pursue it (e.g. citizen of the year in xyz town or certification as citizen observer of water). 5. The participant enjoys getting immersed in games (which can be of different types) and achieve goals on it that can translate into real awards. a. Story-based games can be a powerful tool for attracting participants to citizen science tasks. 6. The participant (citizen or organization) is eager to be a partner in a citizen science project, to receive responsibilities and gains from it. 7. The participant is looking for new ways to save/earn benefits.

 The most common practices to build, manage and disseminate a citizen observatory are: o co-creation, data aggregation, environmental campaign in public spaces, feedback from observations, gamification, identify stakeholders and their motivations, interest based observatories, involve decision makers, measure motivation, observatory component based, open data for engagement, opportunistic data collection, participatory data collection, provide technology, provide training material, real time visualization, set common protocols for observers. More details in Chapter I.

 Most of the feedback when building a citizen observatory is often received outside the context of the website – during walks, travelling to deploy recording devices and, discussions.

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 The motivation element has been little studied and should be taken seriously in the implementation of crowdsourcing systems, as with no participants the crowdsourcing platform is doomed to fail.

About Data Analysis and Visualization:  There is a need to develop tools for the analysis and further use of open government data as well as of big data and unstructured data conveying subjective opinions of individuals extracted e.g. from the social media.

About Standards:  There is a need to develop data collection and metadata standards for the different EBVs (Essential Biodiversity Variables) in order to promote a more varied collection of environmental data.  There is a need for a framework to build citizen observatories that can interoperate globally.

About ICT management:  For citizen science projects with few resources, technologies with the least complexity and lowest cost are the only sustainable choices. In this study such tools are classified under the cluster “Tools for citizen observatories” (more details in Chapter I and Appendix 5.1)

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Chapter I: Trends in the World: Past, Present and Future

Citizen observatories as data repositories for active monitoring of the environment have been used in a wide range of areas around the world since the 20th century –such as ornithology, astronomy, biology, biodiversity monitoring, and city management among others-. Citizen observatories can transform the relations between citizens, businesses, and other areas of government interested in the data and information collected by citizens. Yet, there are no standards that specify in which ways data should be collected, aggregated (from various formats) and analyzed (to deduce useful information) (24). Despite the differences citizen observatories might have regarding their practices, they seem to have vital common characteristics, such as(22):

(i) A CO should involve citizens as active partners in environmental monitoring and decision-making, since this is central for protecting and enhancing our environment; (ii) (CO-related environmental monitoring should target an array of natural resources and/or a range of environmental components; (iii) Generally, the involvement of citizens in CO has multiple purposes, with education and raising public awareness being the most common objectives associated with a CO; (iv) There is value in CO as a way to bring community groups together. CO, like other forms of civic engagement, can build social capital within the community; (v) Evaluation of the effectiveness of a CO as well as of the public involvement in environmental decision-making is generally lacking (22).

This study found 108 observatories which were studied in depth to identify trends in the focuses, engagement techniques, technologies, practices, stakeholders, standards, limitations and recommendations. This chapter is organized as follows:  Statistical Trends o Major domains and applications of citizen observatories o Environmental observatories commonalities and goals o Common: Challenges, Opportunities, Best Practices and Recommendations o Standards, Networks and Initiatives  Literature Highlights

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Key findings of the chapter:  Remarkably, 69% of the identified world observatories have an environmental goal which involves species, water, streams, snow, sea, biodiversity, air, spectrum and global monitoring.  The three domains that have most of the citizen observatories applications are: city management (25%), species (23%) and water, streams snow and sea monitoring (18%) projects.  USA, UK and Canada are the leaders in citizen observatories and environmental citizen observatories in the world.  The most common model for data collection is the participatory, in which citizens are actively involved as data providers.  There is a raise since 2000s in observatories using opportunities data collection methods, such as automatic background data collection.  The top three stakeholders for citizen observatories are: o Citizen: This group (represents 58% of the total), is mainly providing raw data (34%), installing sensors or apps that collect background information (9%), deploying their own observatories according to their interest (6%) and, its focus of all the types of observatories. o Academy and government: This cluster (represents 22% of the total), is providing data (4%), installing sensors or apps that collect data (4%), deploying their own observatories (2%), and using information from observatories for decision making, research and development (12%). The observatories that involve this type of stakeholder are: city management observatories, tools for citizen observatories, species monitoring and air and spectrum monitoring projects. o Nature enthusiasts: This stakeholder’s group (represents 10% of the total), is providing data (6%), installing sensors and apps to collect background information (2%) and, using the data for decision making (2%). information from observatories for decision making, research and development (12%). The observatories that involve this type of stakeholder are: biodiversity monitoring, species monitoring, water, streams, snow and sea observatories and city management observatories.  The most used techniques for engagement are: o Present Data Benefit: This cluster was the most common among citizen observatories and embraces the discussion with stakeholders, to present them the benefit of the data they will provide, for themselves such as: better roads and cities, better knowledge about the status of the environment –air, water, pollution, etc. - around their areas, solve their issues and, share their opinion about city concerns. o Citizens Interest based monitoring: This category, included techniques that allow citizens to set up and manage their own concern observatory. o Unify observatories with recreational activities: This group of techniques included to use recreational activities, competitions, learning games and, art campaigns that raise emotional feelings among the stakeholders, while they submit observations.  There is a clear trend of dematerialization of the observations submission, which translates into the popular use of web (38%), mobile (23%) and both (2%) technologies to collect data. On the other hand, the least common technologies are: dedicated games (2%), phone-based (3%) - using Interactive voice response known as IVR – and public displays (5%).Remarkably, 69% of the identified world

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observatories have an environmental goal which involves species, water, streams, snow, sea, biodiversity, air, spectrum and global monitoring.  The common problems and limitations of citizen observatories are caused by: user practices, standardization issues, limited knowledge, limited resources, narrow focus, privacy issues, need for recognition of contributions, centralized data, data accessibility problems, data analysis and technology.  Common practices among observatories include: co-creation, data aggregation, environmental campaign in public spaces, feedback from observations, gamification, identify stakeholders and their motivations, interest based observatories, involve decision makers, measure motivation, observatory component based, open data for engagement, opportunistic data collection, participatory data collection, provide technology, provide training material, real time visualization, set common protocols for observers.

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Statistical Trends

The trends that will be presented in this section, were result of the analysis of 108 citizen observatories around the world and their: focuses, engagement techniques, technologies, practices, stakeholders, standards, limitations and recommendations. Special emphasis is put on the environmental related observatories which represent the 69% of our findings. This section, is organized as follows:  Major domains and applications of citizen observatories  Environmental observatories commonalities and goals  Common: Challenges, Opportunities, Best Practices and Recommendations  Standards, Networks and Initiatives

Major domains and applications of citizen observatories

Our study classified the identified (108) observatories into eight categories according to their focus (Figure 1): 1. City management (25%): Grouped observatories that support decision makers managing city’s issues such as: transportation, bicycle routes, land usage, energy consumption, surroundings classification, environmental conditions, traffic and parking monitoring, citizen needs and perceptions. 2. Species monitoring (23%): Involving species and tropical species monitoring projects – such as bugs, bats, birds, butterflies, sea spice, and game animals, among others -. 3. Water, streams, snow, sea (18%): Grouped observatories that are collecting data about water quality, precipitations, streams, lakes, snow, ice and sea environments. 4. Biodiversity monitoring (12%): Included observatories that focused on monitoring biodiversity, flora, forests, mountains, biosphere and trees. 5. Air and spectrum monitoring (10%): Band together observatories that gather data about air quality, noise, sounds and radiation. 6. Tools for citizen observatories (8%): Involving tools that are useful for creation or integration of citizen observatories, such as: configurable citizen observatories (plug and play tools), image classification components and sensors monitoring components. 7. Global monitoring (2%): Included astronomy and climate change observatories that monitor global trends. 8. Disasters monitoring (2%): Grouped observatories that are looking at earthquake monitoring and early detection.

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Types of Observatories Global Monitoring Disasters Monitoring 2 % 2 %

Species Monitoring City management 23 % observatories 25 %

Biodiversity Monitoring 12 %

Water, Streams, Snow, Sea Air and spectrum observatories monitoring 18 % 10 % Tools for citizen observatories 8 % Figure 1: Types of Citizen Observatories

The geographic reach of a citizen observatories can go from local (in a specific country and city) to worldwide (with features that adapt for global needs). The (Figure 2) resumes the distribution of citizen observatories by location and type. The 13% of the total observatories has a global reach and has been defined under the location of “worldwide” with strong focus on: tools for citizen observatories (creation or integration), city management and species monitoring. While 5%, of the total observatories has a European reach and has been defined under the location of “Europe” with strong focus on air, spectrum and biodiversity monitoring. On the other hand, the three most active countries hosting citizen observatories are:

1. United States: Hosting 38% with a special wide number of observatories for: water quality, cities management and species monitoring. 2. United Kingdom: Having the 16% of the total observatories, where the most common types of observatories are for: species monitoring, biodiversity monitoring and city management. 3. Canada: With 8% of the total identified observatories, having special focus for: water, streams, snow, sea observatories, species and biodiversity monitoring.

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Citizen Observatories Focus by Location

Worldwide USA United States Eastern Europe Europe UK Switzerland Spain Serbia Norway Netherlands Mexico Japan Ireland India Greece Global France Finland Denmark Canada Brasil Belgium 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Air and spectrum monitoring Biodiversity Monitoring City management observatories Disasters Monitoring Global Monitoring Species Monitoring Tools for citizen observatories Water, Streams, Snow, Sea observatories

Figure 2: Citizen Observatories’ distribution by location and type.

Citizen science projects have been shown to enable large-scale data collection, increase scientific literacy, and monitor environmental quality(26), as either people-centric or environment-centric sensing. People-centric applications mainly focus on documenting activities (e.g., sport experiences) and understanding the behavior of individuals (e.g., eating disorders). In contrast, environment-centric sensing apps collect environmental parameters (e.g., air quality or noise pollution)(12).In addition, citizen-contributed data has high resolution and requires low calibration in contrast to official databases (low resolution, high calibration)(7).

There are two modern data collection models used by citizen observatories around the world: a) The participatory model, in which users are actively involved in the collection process by deciding on the spot when to report data and, b) the opportunistic model, where sensor sampling occurs whenever the state of the device (e.g., geographic location) matches the application’s requirements described in a sensing task, without the knowledge of the individual phone user (4). These two models were used to classify the identified observatories (108) of this study (Figure 3).

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Citizen Observatories - Participation Model

Participation Model

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

Others Opportunistic Participatory Participatory and Opportunistic

Figure 3: Citizen Observatories’ by participation model

In overall, the most used model for data collection is participatory (83%), which according to (Figure 4) has been used since 1900 and has become widely spread since 1960s and continues positively growing, while the opportunistic model is less common (10%) but, has been positively growing since 2000s (Figure 4) and it is expected to continue growing while the mobile technologies development keep developing. However, it is also feasible for citizen observatories combine this two approaches, the 6% of the identified observatories work under this approach which has emerged after 2005 and seems to be increasing (Figure 4).

Nonetheless, citizen observatories need to address the following dimensions: collection (huge amounts of data), aggregation (of data in various formats) and analysis (to deduce useful information). Addressing these challenges require a multipronged approach involving standardization of data formats, data harmonization mechanisms, computational processing and storage infrastructure and mechanisms to ascertain contextual relevance of the data with its consumers(24). While it is true that the large amounts of data captured by sensors provide a “ground truth” base and though new tools and systems offer the power to capture more data, human collaboration, analysis and stewardship are required to extract useful information(36).

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CO Participation Model by Years 12 10

8 6 4 2

Number of COs of Number 0 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 -2 -4 Years

Others Opportunistic Participatory Both Lin. (Opportunistic) Lin. (Participatory)

Figure 4: Participation models by years

The citizen scientists that contribute with the citizen observatory projects, normally collect data but they may also help refine project design, analyze data, or disseminate findings; and co-creating projects, in which projects are code signed by scientists and volunteers(26). However, a citizen science project must consider multiple stakeholders that not only collect and use data but also support the project such as researchers and government.

Also, the citizen observatories present the potential for considerable improvements in terms of social innovations. Their features can enable a two-way communication paradigm between citizens and decision makers, potentially resulting in profound changes to existing governmental management processes(2).

This study clustered the stakeholders of the identified observatories according to their occupation in five categories: citizen, academy and government, nature enthusiasts, families plus specific individuals and developers.

Also, the activities these stakeholders perform were clustered in four types –according to the goal of the activity-, such as: provide data, install sensor/app and let them collect background data, deploy a private citizen observatory campaign, and get training and do classifications.

The (Figure 5) and (Figure 6) summarizes the stakeholder groups by their main activities and, which type of observatories are involving which cluster of stakeholders:

1. Citizen: This group (represents 58% of the total), is mainly providing raw data (34%), installing sensors or apps that collect background information (9%), deploying their own observatories according to their interest (6%) and, its focus of all the types of observatories (Figure 6).

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2. Academy and government: This cluster (represents 22% of the total), is providing data (4%), installing sensors or apps that collect data (4%), deploying their own observatories (2%), and using information from observatories for decision making, research and development (12%). The observatories that involve this type of stakeholder are (Figure 6): city management observatories, tools for citizen observatories, species monitoring and air and spectrum monitoring projects. 3. Nature enthusiasts: This stakeholder’s group (represents 10% of the total), is providing data (6%), installing sensors and apps to collect background information (2%) and, using the data for decision making (2%). information from observatories for decision making, research and development (12%). The observatories that involve this type of stakeholder are (Figure 6): biodiversity monitoring, species monitoring, water, streams, snow and sea observatories and city management observatories. 4. Families plus specific individuals: This stakeholder’s cluster (represents 10% of the total), is providing data (4%), installing sensors and apps that collect background information (4%), using the information for personal decision making and research (4%). The observatories that involve this type of stakeholder are (Figure 6): city management observatories, biodiversity monitoring and air and spectrum monitoring observatories. 5. Developers: This group (represents 2% of the total), is mostly using the data for research and development (2%) and the observatories that have involved them are the air and spectrum monitoring observatories. COs Stakeholders by Main Activity

Developers

Provide Data Families and Specific Individuals Install sensor/app and let them collect background data

Nature Enthusiasts Deploy a private citizen observatory campaign

Get training and do classifications Stakeholders Academy and Government Use for Decision Making

Use for R&D Citizen

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% Percentajes

Figure 5: Citizen Observatories’ stakeholders by main activity

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Citizen Observatories Type by Stakeholders

Water, Streams, Snow, Sea observatories

Tools for citizen observatories

Spices Monitoring

Global Monitoring

Disasters Monitoring CO CO Type City management observatories

Biodiversity Monitoring

Air and spectrum monitoring

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% Percentajes

Citizen Academy and Government Nature Enthusiasts Families and Specific Individuals Developers

Figure 6: Citizen Observatories’ Type by stakeholder

In overall, the types of data that stakeholders have been reporting for citizen observatories (Figure 7) is mainly data about measurements (69%) via their mobile devices, special devices or their own recordings, opinions (6%) about set topics or proposing topics and, both (25%) through classifications and ideas for new observatories.

Types of Collected Data 80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0% Both Measurements Opinions

Figure 7: Types of Collected Data

There is a rise in social computing (based on social production and mass collaboration) has facilitated a shift from consumer cultures (specialized in producing finished artifacts to be consumed passively) to cultures of participation (in which all people are provided

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with the means to participate and to contribute actively in personally meaningful problems) (18).

Social computing provides a new opportunity for citizens to reach out and change their world. HCI (Human Computing Interaction) researchers have begun to investigate on how social computing can increase citizen engagement and participation with government. In addition, researchers have recently begun to investigate how social computing can support planning activities around urban infrastructure, giving citizens a greater voice in the planning process that reshapes their world(14).

Furthermore, the citizen observatories present the potential for considerable improvements in terms of social innovations (as result of social computing). However, it is important to define what the social innovation in question consists of, to what extent it is being attained and under what conditions, and how it can be fostered(2).

In this context, citizen observatories are social computing applications that actively involve mass collaboration under common goals. This study, clustered the ways citizen observatories are currently being engaged to perform citizen science activities under seven clusters (Table 1):

1. Be an exceptional citizen: This cluster, grouped techniques that award the activeness of a particular citizen as an observer with social recognition in their communities, TV or schools/work places. 2. Citizens Interest based monitoring: This category, included techniques that allow citizens to set up and manage their own concern observatory. 3. Gamification Strategies: This cluster, grouped the gamified techniques that involve to incorporate game elements into their applications such as puzzles, avatars, competitions or story lines. 4. Partnership: The main focus of this cluster, are techniques that empower city managers to install sensors and apps in their cities, to collect background data about different concern issues. 5. Present Data Benefit: This cluster was the most common among citizen observatories and embraces the discussion with stakeholders, to present them the benefit of the data they will provide, for themselves such as: better roads and cities, better knowledge about the status of the environment –air, water, pollution, etc. - around their areas, solve their issues and, share their opinion about city concerns. 6. Save Money: This category focused on creating monetary saving for the users, due to their activeness using a particular observatory. It is key, to keep the users updated about of how much has been saved because of their actions. 7. Unify observatories with recreational activities: This group of techniques included to use recreational activities, competitions, learning games and, art campaigns that raise emotional feelings among the stakeholders, while they submit observations.

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Table 1: Citizen Observatories – Techniques to engage

Technique to Engage Source Be an exceptional citizen (6%) of Observatory Projects

Citizens Interest based monitoring (19%) of Observatory Projects

Gamification Strategies (6%) of Observatory Projects

Partnership (2%) of Observatory Projects

Present Data Benefit (53%) of Observatory Projects

Save Money (2%) of Observatory Projects Unify observatories with recreational (13%) of Observatory Projects activities

The fabric of contemporary cities increasingly incorporates ubiquitous networks of sensing and actuation devices. These systems allow for an unprecedented understanding of numerous aspects, relating to the urban environment itself and the processes that take place in it. Environmental conditions, air quality, occupancy levels, energy consumption, electricity usage, traffic flows, public transport frequency, noise levels, water management are among the few indicators that can nowadays be observed and, subsequently, controlled by such devices. In addition, every obtained observation synchronously constitutes a set of geo-located data, reflecting a minuscule piece of information about the city dynamics(30).

Pervasive computing can ultimately engage millions of people in mass participation environmental campaigns, raising awareness of environmental issues, supporting education, activism and democracy, and delivering environmental data on a scale never before possible(13). This study analyzed the technologies that are currently used to build citizen observatories (Figure 8). There is a clear trend of dematerialization of the observations submission, which translates into the popular use of web (38%), mobile (23%) and both (2%) technologies to collect data, which is followed by a strong use of sensors (8%) and sensors plus mobile apps or web platforms (4%). Finally, the least common technologies are: dedicated games (2%), phone-based (3%) - using Interactive voice response known as IVR – and public displays (5%).

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Citizen Observatories Technologies 40%

35%

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

Data Mining Game Mobile App Phone-Based Public Display Sensors Sensors and Mobile App Sensors and Web Web Web and Mobile App

Figure 8: Citizen Observatories’ by technology use

In addition, only 21% of the studied citizen observatories offer some services which anyone can use to analyze, reuse and redistribute (Figure 9). Within, the social media use (Figure 10), citizen observatories seem to prefer Facebook, Twitter and G+ for increasing their visibility. Yet, the citizen observatories are also present on Instagram, sound cloud, YouTube, RSS, Github and some even have their own web store. Citizen Observatories Services Use

Have Services

Doesn't have services

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Figure 9: Citizen Observatories’ by services use

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CO Social Media Use - Trend 45%

40%

35%

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

Figure 10: Citizen Observatories’ by social media use

The advances in computational storage and processing capacities have not only allowed for a finer granularity of the available information sets, but have also given the opportunity to synchronously analyze data of different types; besides that, these data sets are largely referenced in space and time, while reflecting human activities as well as monitoring city- related conditions and events the actual time during which they occur. Subsequently, they constitute invaluable sources for deriving an understanding about urban dynamics (30). But, what technologies in particular are used for building modern citizen observatories? This study analyzed the web platforms of observatories using the service of BuiltWith, which is service that counts with a website profiler tool that allowed us to find out what websites are built with. The (Figure 10) resumes the trending tools that are used by citizen observatories creators for their sensors and web platforms. The size of the font in the (Figure 11) is proportional to the relevance of certain tool in the field.

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Figure 11: Citizen Observatories’ word cloud of technical tools

Environmental observatories commonalities and goals

This study classified the identified (108) observatories into two categories according to their purpose: environmental and non-environmental (Figure 12). Remarkably, 69% of the identified world observatories have an environmental goal which involves species, water, streams, snow, sea, biodiversity, air, spectrum and global monitoring. Consequently, there is a 31% of observatories that are classified as non-environmental and involve city management observatories, disaster monitoring and tools for building/integrating citizen observatories.

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Citizen Observatories Environmental Focus

Environmental Not environmental

31 %

69 %

Figure 12: Citizen Observatories Environmental Focus

The geographic reach of an environmentally focus citizen observatories as for the non- environmental can go from local (in a specific country and city) to worldwide (with features that adapt for global needs). The (Figure 13) resumes the distribution of citizen observatories by location and type. The 5% of the total observatories has a global reach and has been defined under the location of “worldwide” with strong focus on species monitoring. While 7% of the total environmental observatories has a European reach and has been defined under the location of “Europe” with strong focus on air, spectrum and biodiversity monitoring. On the other hand, the three most active countries hosting environmental citizen observatories are:

1. United States: Hosting 37%, with a special wide number of observatories for water quality and species monitoring. 2. United Kingdom: Having the 23% of the total observatories, where the most common types of observatories are for species monitoring and biodiversity monitoring. 3. Canada: With 11% of the total identified observatories, having special focus for: water, streams, snow, sea observatories, species and biodiversity monitoring.

Collecting environmental data using observatories has been done since 1900 (Figure 14), and has grown rapidly since 1960s. While, non-environmental observatories have appeared only on the 2000s decade. However, both types of observatories are on the rise, though apparently environmental focused observatories have a faster growing rate. Then again, the participatory model (which involves actively people) is the most used by environmental citizen observatories (Figure 15).

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Environmental COs by Location

Worldwide USA UK Switzerland Spain Serbia Norway Netherlands Mexico Japan Ireland India Greece France Finland Europe Denmark Canada Brasil Belgium 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Environmental Non-Environmental

Figure 13: Environmental Citizen Observatories by Location

Environmental COs by Year 9

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Number Number ofnew COs 1 0 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 Years

Environmental Non Environmental

Figure 14: Environmental Citizen Observatories by Year

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COs Participation Model by Environmental Focus

Yes

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Others Opportunistic Participatory Both

Figure 15: Environmental Citizen Observatories by Participation Model

Who are running citizen observatories around the world?

A citizen observatory can be used for multiple fields and involve several types of stakeholders but, also it can be run by various types of organizations from universities, charities, companies, consortiums, government institutions, private pioneers (initiatives), NGOs to research institutes (Figure 16).

The most common runner of citizen observatories was private pioneers (citizens, consortiums, societies, foundations, networks) through initiatives (31%) that have as main focus a particular type of observatory. Followed by: Universities (26%) which operate with their research units handling COs, consortiums (12%) that refer to multidisciplinary joint initiatives started by different types of organizations which are supported by regional grants and networks, government (12%) through local authorities, national commissions/institutions, research units and initiatives, companies (11%) that run business or research units around the COs topic, research institutes (4%) that are highly focused on observations of different fields, NGOs(2%) which run a particular citizen observatory as their cause (and generate revenues), and charities (2%) that are sustained by multidisciplinary institutions through consortiums.

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Institutions Running Citizen Observatories

Charity 2 % University 26 % Company 11 %

Consortium 12 %

Research Institute Government 4 % 12 % NGO 2 %

Initiative 31 %

Figure 16: Institutions Running Citizen Observatories Worldwide

Challenges, Opportunities, Best Practices and Recommendations

Given the ubiquity of mobile devices and the high density of people in the world, citizen science can achieve an unprecedented level of coverage in both space and time for observing events of interest(31). Although, there are differences in the monitoring across different parts of the world, there is a large number of observatories which share features, practices, and challenges within the two aspects of citizen science: community- based monitoring and community-based management (25).

This study classified the reported problems and limitations from the identified citizen observatories (108) in 11 categories (Figure 17), which are the following:

1. User Practices (38%): The target stakeholders, are not always ready for start contributing with a citizen observatory, this challenge involves all the possible issues that constraint the observatory operation due to stakeholder practices or lack of practices. The (Figure 18) brings an overview of the reported issues in this category, more detailed information can be find in the appendix III. 2. Data Aggregation Issues (17%): This problem, is faced by the observatories that have multiple data formats and data structures which have to be used to extract joint information. 3. Technology (13%): This challenge refers to: issues with devices size, weight and reliability, power consumption limitations, calibration and configuration constraints, lack of systematic methods to reject false and spam observations. 4. Standardization (10%): This challenge involves: the lack of reusable methods or frameworks for creating new observatories, the lack of standards for inter- communication among observatories, semantic discrepancies, and lack of systematic evaluations.

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5. Limited Knowledge (7%): Several observatories face issues because of the lack of knowledge about how to build practically a citizen observatory. Specially, a lack of IT knowledge. 6. Limited Resources (7%): All resources in this world are limited and the development of a citizen observatory tends to have limited resources that are mostly spent during the setting up phases, thus there is a common need for extra resources to keep the monitoring up and well maintained. 7. Privacy Issues (3%): When there is the lack of adequate consideration of the various stakeholders’ viewpoints as one of the core issues, and point out that simple technological solutions are often not effective in capturing the interests and concerns of users. 8. Recognition of Contribution (3%): There is a need for social fairness when it comes to citizen observatories, which need to properly acknowledge the contributions and support of observers. 9. Data Accessibility (2%): This limitation includes projects that have reported that: making data available in a transparent way to the relevant stakeholders is fundamental. However, making raw data available is not sufficient, stakeholders should be able to access, explore and analyze relevant information (extracted from raw data) in a simple and transparent fashion.

Figure 17: Common Problems and Limitations among Citizen Observatories Citizen Observatories Problems and Limitations

Data Accesibilty 2 %

Data Aggregation Issues 17 %

User Practices 38 % Limited Knowledge 7 %

Limited Resources 7 %

Technology Privacy Issues 13 % Recognition of 3 % Contribution Standarization 3 % 10 %

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Figure 18: Common Problems and Limitations among Citizen Observatories word cloud

When it comes to practices, 54 practices were found from the available information of the identified (108) citizen observatories, common activities were notorious, which allowed to group them into 17 clusters (Figure 19): co-creation, data aggregation, environmental campaign in public spaces, feedback from observations, gamification, identify stakeholders and their motivations, interest based observatories, involve decision makers, measure motivation, observatory component based, open data for engagement, opportunistic data collection, participatory data collection, provide technology, provide training material, real time visualization, set common protocols for observers.

The top 2 most common practices among citizen observatories are: 1) CO-Creation practices which involve co-create solutions with citizens through direct talks with the stakeholders and highlight to their opinions and interests and, 2) feedback from observations, which refers to the active involvement of the stakeholders through constant feedback from the observatory application, provoking interpretation encourage competition or emotional feelings.

While, the least common practices are: 1) data Aggregation –meaning integration of different data sets with the collected data-, 2) interest based observatories –that allow stakeholders to set up their own observatory according to their concerns-, 3) involve decision makers –meaning the creation of a two-way communication channel between citizens and government using citizen observatories- and 4) measurements of motivation –measuring the motivation of volunteers to understand what factors drive participation-.

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Figure 19: Common Practices among Citizen Observatories word cloud

The identified practices were cross related with the citizen observatories’ participation model (Figure 20). The participatory model was the most common with 61% of the practices being part of an observatory using it, followed by the opportunistic model with 20% and, a mix of both of 19%.

Practices and Participation Models

Data Agreggation

Provide training material

Observatory Component Based

Set common protocols for observers

Open Data for Engagement

Interest based Observatories

Participatory data collection

Gamification

Co-Creation 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% Both Opportunistic Participatory

Figure 20: Practices and Participation Models

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Finally, 68 recommendations and future perspectives were found from the available information of the identified (108) citizen observatories, then again, common statements were notorious, which allowed to group them into the following 6 clusters (Figure 21):

1. Data Collection (43%): This group of recommendations and future perspectives include advices about ways to gather citizen observations, from whom, how and why? (Table 2) summarizes these comments. 2. Engagement (31%): This cluster, groups advices about how and why to engage certain stakeholders? and what types of stakeholders can feel more comfortable doing what? (Table 5) summarizes these recommendations. 3. Data Visualization (9%): This collection, gathers the recommendations and future perspectives about interfaces, technologies, and techniques to create visually engaging applications. (Table 3) summarizes these advices. 4. Standards (7%): This group, gather advices about of recommendations and future perspectives within standards for citizen observatories. (Table 7) summarizes these comments. 5. Data Analysis (6%): This cluster, brings together advices about requirements for performing data analysis of observatories based systems. (Table 6) summarizes these recommendations. 6. ICT management (4%): This collection, gathers the recommendations and future perspectives about what issues to have into account when selecting or managing technologies for citizen observatories, (Table 4) summarizes these advices.

Citizen Observatories Reccomendations

Standards Data Analysis 7 % 6 % ICT management 4 %

Engagement Data Collection 31 % 43 %

Data Visualization 9 %

Figure 21: Recommendations and Future Perspectives from Citizen Observatories

Table 2: Citizen Observatories – Recommendations about Data Collection Data Collection Recommendations Organizations that are currently forced to opt for non-technological approaches to gather citizen observations would benefit greatly Data Collection from an approach in which they can build their own observatory and it is not focused only in data collection but also in citizen coordination and feedback

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Data Collection Recommendations An aspiration is the promotion of informal learning within the urban context; they seek to educate citizens towards a more sustainable everyday life without predefining a set of objectives or the expected outcomes.

Communities are seeking alternative life-long free choice learning opportunities that go beyond basic scientific concepts and tap into the actual science being explored in research. These options need to provide a richness, diversity and flow of content equal to the video game industry, while delivering the breadth and depth of the science affecting society.

The requirement of future community learning centers is to provide an experience that increases public understanding of modern science. To do so, a center needs to combine real science with context relevant to its community and become a relational interaction with peers, parents, scientists and policy makers. Online citizen participation in local democracy depends on the opportunities offered by municipalities Children are easily immersed in pervasive software Earth observation priorities across multiple areas of societal benefit should be taken into account before building observatories With the creation of a meta-model, the steps and concepts that are common to projects of this nature can be reused and, should the need arise, be extended for a specific case. Future work will focus on enabling the surface vehicle to autonomously monitor portions of the Gowanus Canal to enable a continuous feed of image and sensor data to citizen scientists. Acoustic sensors are a recognized and cost effective way to monitor faunal biodiversity

Data Collection Data collection is about understanding how to effectively deploy audio recorders in the environment. Recorded audio must be presented in ways that nontechnical people can interpret and analyze. It is crucial to provide tools that allow audio and the visualizations created from audio to be easily understood and used.

Birders have collaborative and competitive tendencies. Collaboration is promoted for sharing discoveries of changed species compositions around local patches and documenting trends over time in significant environments. Competition becomes a prime motivation during official bird list championships. Being the first to observe a rare species or species in an unusual location can drive birders to invest large amounts of time and money. Our experiences indicate that it is important that researchers participate in the existing community and respect the established processes. A project needs to explicitly state what it wants from schools.

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Data Collection Recommendations combine social media and pervasive/ubicomp technologies in order to allow the discussion, provision, provenance and analysis of data relating to the environment Using multi-layered data collection to supplement volunteers’ data with complementary data from scientists, trained naturalists, and plantcam images was another promising strategy for ensuring data quality Sensing and robotics become more mainstream, they will have the same potential to support creative and participatory socio-technical environments. Wearable technologies that can capture and propagate different information important for policy decision making, for example augmented reality support for citizens to match a real-life situation with a policy case and proceed according to the policy using the algorithmic instructions applied to the current use case and facilitated by the augmented reality annotations, all within their wearable device. The production of data can be viewed not as a means of fact-collection, but a space for discourse, discussion, and argumentation. The results gained from the shaking table tests proved that iPhones (and soon other cellular phones and personal computers that contain accelerometers) can measure reliably the shaking produced by an earthquake. People understand the relationship between their actions and the environment better with the use of iconic images

Our results confirm prior findings that factors such as context Data Collection knowledge of community members, accountability and adherence to social norms, are key for successful reception of social engagement around energy consumption. Mobile phones can help citizens engage directly with governments to provide feedback targeted at improving the performance of welfare schemes. User participation for the IVR tools we developed and tested, can be much wider if appropriate publicity and branding is done, and evidence is presented to the users as benefits they can gain from participation. Participatory Design contributes to supporting continuous and iterative design-in-use. Global collaboration in terms of data collection is needed. Much government data is global in nature and can be used to prevent and solve global issues Share your scientific data, it is a trend and it will continue growing monitoring programmes should not overload volunteers and result in burnout

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Table 3: Citizen Observatories – Recommendations about Data Visualization Data Visualization Recommendations There should be user-friendly interfaces that allows the citizens to have more control on how their gathered data is processed, what type of feedback should be sent back to the user and when it should be sent. The use of the AR technology, which by itself provides more interactive and engaging way to present digital information in the real world, within existing loT services and solutions creating a new dimension in connecting people with things around them. more educational content and different ways of data (from observatories) Data presentation through AR should be explored and continuously tested Visualizat Thus we can envisage a situation where game players capture an image of a ion suitable gaming challenge (e.g. litter or graffiti) which can be initially verified on their mobile device. Real-time simulation models with integrated real-time traffic information and other data as a support tool for quick decisions in different situations, especially those of emergencies well-designed citizen science games with a purpose have the potential to attract large crowds of helpful volunteers, even in circumstances where the science task is difficult or uninteresting

Table 4: Citizen Observatories – Recommendations about Data Analysis Data Analysis Recommendations In this case, the artistic voice is not about presenting canonical interpretations of data, or about informing, or even about persuasion. Nor is it about activism. Rather, we have documented how our artists worked with scientific data recommended by a climate scientist, questioning it through different presentations but without adopting an explicit scientific or political position Tools for the analysis and further use of open government data as well as of big data and unstructured data conveying subjective opinions of Data Analysis individuals extracted e.g. from the social media Developers require secure, flexible, and reliable APIs to support rapid prototyping and building of robust applications on both the phones and servers.

Data Management systems need to handle real-time analysis. They need to manage real-time analysis of in-motion big data while protecting individual citizens’ privacy and security. They should also explore new technological playgrounds (such as cloud computing, advanced analytics, security technologies, and legislation).

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Table 5: Citizen Observatories – Recommendations about Engagement Engagement Recommendations The game elements of the application need to be fun, engage users socially and encourage a cooperative as well as competitive playing style. The higher degree of interactivity in the touch screen installation indicates that it engages the users more than a button and projection based installation. The motivation element has been little studied and should be taken seriously in the implementation of crowdsourcing systems, as with no participants the crowdsourcing platform is doomed to fail. Most of the feedback was often received outside the context of the website – during bird walks, travelling to deploy recording devices, or planning discussions Engagement The pupils were found to be engaged by the Google Earth visualizations and the data trails provoked considerable discussion about their routes Our analysis revealed three insights for designing social computing systems that support co-design of public services. (1) These systems can encourage citizens to share their rationale for current service offerings, revealing what citizens perceive to be the goals and motivators of the service. (2), these systems can encourage citizens to share the consequences of current and proposed service offerings as these help others better empathize with the impact design choices might have. (3), we see that co-design via social computing might best focus on searching for a shared citizen and service provider understanding of the goals and mission for the service as the outcome of this dialog system. We see a real opportunity for social computing technology to support the way people engage with and take ownership of public services, and we encourage other researchers to engage with this emerging topic. Creating an emotional response is an important part of reaching a wide audience and a first step towards enabling people to clarify their perspective on the data and the wider issues. Our study noted that visitors particularly appreciated being given space and time to arrive at their own responses and interpretations. There has been a growing focus on the role of environmentally engaged artworks in relation to sustainable HCI, especially how they may facilitate new forms of public engagement with sustainability issues. Students felt more comfortable with the mobile apps than the mobile Engagement alternative data collection tool. The project authors found two features very helpful: the campaign authoring tool that allows them to design a project without involving a technical person, and the campaign monitor page, which reports the deployment progress. Through our analysis, we point to three distinct roles the data from observatories plays at the planning events from local authorities —as authority, as evidence, and as ambivalent. In general, users preferred getting the information and instructions in the form of text and pictures instead of videos, as they experienced that videos are not so user-friendly and socially accepted since they could easily disturb other people. Value creation for users and first response may be seen as a great source of motivation and commitment for active use of the system.

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Engagement Recommendations New factors that affect social engagement around energy. These include the built environment, trust, and length of residence. Constructing more active notions of citizenship requires reformulating and making visible certain practices as a shared project in which more stakeholders take collective action and become aware of an existing shared situation and negotiate further what it means to all. We showed that mobile interfaces could motivate effective co-located collaboration by providing opportunities for discussion. Rewarding experience and social encounters is the essential element in citizen observatories Story-based games can be a powerful tool for attracting participants to citizen science tasks. The use of incentives was found to be an effective means of enhancing participation in citizen science networks. A threefold increase in the number of participating schools was recorded immediately after associating participation with an award scheme for schools involved in the Greenwave project.

Table 6: Citizen Observatories – Recommendations about ICT management ICT Management Recommendations ICT selection and development should focus primarily on project goals, known characteristics of the participant audience that influence recruitment and retention, and data quality requirements for scientific outcomes. ICT For citizen science projects with few resources, managing ICT can be managem burdensome due to low levels of technology expertise among project ent organizers. In most cases, technologies with the least complexity and lowest cost are the only sustainable choices A general, reusable PS platform can benefit many applications in multiple areas

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Table 7: Citizen Observatories – Recommendations about Standards Standards Recommendations The lack of a clear framework for public participation is highly related with the emphasis authorities put on prevention/mitigation issues A globally coordinated approach is needed for biodiversity monitoring that is linked to environmental data and covers all biogeographic regions A biodiversity observation network (BON) needs to develop data collection and metadata standards for the different EBVs in order to promote the Standards collection of data beyond the triplet species, location and date The success of many collaborative systems hinges on effectively supporting awareness of collaborators and their actions (e.g., assigning roles, making decisions, negotiating, or prioritizing tasks) Attention must be paid to the development of indicators for monitoring the plan and environmental performance

Standards, Networks and Initiatives

Citizen observatories need to address the following dimensions: collection (big amounts of data), aggregation (of data sets in various formats) and analysis (to deduce useful information). Addressing these challenges require a multipronged approach involving standardization, of at least: processes, methods, data formats and metadata harmonization(24). Standardized frameworks can help reconcile many of the challenges to Community Based Monitoring organizations(25):  Identify stakeholders (including governance analysis, consultation and outreach, identification of champions, partnership development, and selection of organizational structure.  Identify skills and resources (including fundraising and securing adequate future funding skills assessment, capacity building.  Create a communication plan (including achieving influence, feeding back results and management recommendations.

This study, recorded the standards, initiatives and networks that were reported by the identified (108) observatories and literature review. As result, 25 initiatives, international agreements, networks and standards were found (Figure 22):

1. Initiatives (36%): Among these initiatives (Table 8) the three most remarkable for citizen observatories are: 1) EnvO which is an environmental ontology, 2) WISER which is a European project for water bodies monitoring that have elaborated a WFD-compliant assessment system for lakes, transitional and coastal waters and, 3)HarmBio COST which is an European COST action that aims to harmonize the current biodiversity models and datasets in order to improve the reliability of environmental monitoring.

2. International agreements(24%): Among these international agreement (Table 9), the three most remarkable for citizen observatories are: 1) the open government partnership which involves 66 countries, aims to engage nations making their governments more open accountable and responsible to citizens through open data, 2) the Australian citizen science toolbox, provides detailed and practical methods to actively engage citizens and, 3) the Malmo eDeclaration on the joint eGovernment strategy which focus on prioritization of citizen participation into the government goals.

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3. Networks(12%): Among these networks (Table 10), the three most remarkable for citizen observatories are: 1) The GEO BON, which is closely cooperating with regional biodiversity observation networks (i.e. Arctic BON, EU BON, Asia-Pacific BON) to develop a framework for global biodiversity monitoring focused on a set of ecological variables, 2) Artic BON that has for goal to facilitate more rapid detection, communication, and response to the significant biodiversity-related trends and pressures affecting the Arctic and, 3) the national water quality monitoring council, what promoted the development and use of methods and protocols that support the collection of quality data about water across North America.

4. Standards (28%): Among these standards (Table 11), the three most remarkable for citizen observatories are: 1) The Sensor Web Enablement (SWE), which enable developers to make all types of sensors, transducers and sensor data repositories discoverable, accessible and useable via the Web, 2) the eXtensible Markup Language (XML), that is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format which is both human-readable and machine-readable and, 3) the Web Ontology Language (OWL ), which is a semantic markup language for publishing and sharing ontologies on the World Wide Web.

Standards, Initiatives and Networks

Standard 28 % Initiative 36 %

Network 12 % International Agreement 24 %

Figure 22: Recommendations and Future Perspectives from Citizen Observatories

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Table 8: Initiatives about Citizen Observatories, Environmental Monitoring and Data Standardization Initiatives about Citizen Observatories, Environmental Monitoring and Data Standardization Name Description Website Plazi Plazi is a repository of taxonomic treatments http://plazi.org/ wiki/Main_ Page EnvO Environmental ontology http://environm entontology. org/ DEVISE Developing, Validating, and Implementing Situated Evaluation http://www.info Instruments for Informal Science Education rmalscience. org/projects /ic-000- 000-001- 844/DEVIS E:_Developi ng,_Validati ng,_and_Im plementing_ Situated_Ev aluation_Ins truments WISER Water bodies in Europe: Integrative Systems to assess http://www.wis ecological status and Recovery'. They elaborated WFD- er.eu/ compliant assessment systems for lakes, transitional and coastal waters, which supported the European Inter calibration Exercise, estimated the sources and levels of uncertainty connected to the assessment methods analyzed restoration and rehabilitation studies and identified suitable measures to improve surface waters at the large scale and highlighted the role of global and climate change in aquatic ecosystem monitoring and management. MARS Managing Aquatic ecosystems and water Resources under http://www.mar Proje multiple Stress, their main objective areas: To understand s-project.eu/ ct the effects of multiple stressors on surface waters and ground waters, their biota, and the services they provide to humans, To understand how ecological status and ecosystem services are related – if at all To advise river basin management how to restore multiply stressed rivers and lakes. To advise the revision of the Water Framework Directive on new indicators for ecological status and ecosystem services To develop methods and software for the Programmes of Measures. We map the intensity of multi-stressor conditions across Europe to identify stressor hotspots and their effects on ecological status and ecosystem services, using several data sources ALARM aimed inter alia to establish socioeconomic risk indicators http://www.alar related to the drivers of biodiversity pressures as a tool to mproject.net support long-term mitigation policies

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Initiatives about Citizen Observatories, Environmental Monitoring and Data Standardization SCALES has as a general objective to provide the most appropriate http://www.scal assessment tools and policy instruments to foster the es- capacity for biodiversity conservation across spatial and project.net/ temporal scales and to disseminate them to a wide range of users HarmBio Aiming to harmonize current biodiversity models and datasets http://harmbio. COS in order to improve the reliability of future projections of eu/ T biodiversity change (e.g. under various policy options which may be used to assist environmental decision making). ENVIRO ENVIROFI is a co-funded research project within the Future http://www.env FI Internet Public Private Partnership (FI-PPP) Programme of irofi.eu/ the EU's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7). The project is dedicated to the environmental usage area of the Future Internet. It will explore environmental enablers and provide environmental sector requirements to FI-WARE, the FI-PPP core platform project. Thus, ENVIROFI will lay the foundation for an environmental observation web.

Table 9: International Agreements about Citizen Observatories, Environmental Monitoring and Data Standardization International Agreements about Citizen Observatories, Environmental Monitoring and Data Standardization Name Description Website Open An international platform for http://www.opengovpartnership.org/ Governm domestic reformers committed ent to making their governments Partnersh more open, accountable, and ip responsive to citizens. Malmo Prioritize citizen participation in https://ec.europa.eu/digital- eDeclarat government and politics agenda/sites/digital- ion on thorough technology agenda/files/ministerial- the joint declaration-on-egovernment- eGovern malmo.pdf ment strategy Public Framework for public participation OECD Participat ion in Policy Making (2001) Participation Framework for public participation Scottish Parliament Handboo k Citizen Framework for public participation Australian Coastal CRC Science Toolbox Aarhus Convention on Access to European Union conventio Information, Public Participation n in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental

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International Agreements about Citizen Observatories, Environmental Monitoring and Data Standardization Matter

Table 10: Networks about Citizen Observatories, Environmental Monitoring and Data Standardization Networks about Citizen Observatories, Environmental Monitoring and Data Standardization Name Description Website

GEO GEO is an international public http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/ repository that archives and freely distributes microarray, next-generation sequencing, and other forms of high- throughput functional genomics data submitted by the research community.

GEO BON GEO BON is closely cooperating http://geobon.org/ with regional biodiversity observation networks (i.e. Arctic BON, EU BON, Asia- Pacific BON) to develop a framework to form a basis for global biodiversity monitoring focused on a set of ecologically relevant variables known as Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs)

National The Council promotes the http://acwi.gov/monitoring/methods.html water development and use of Quality methods and protocols that Monito support the collection of data ring of known quality. Council

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Table 11: Standards about Citizen Observatories, Environmental Monitoring and Data Standardization Standards about Citizen Observatories, Environmental Monitoring and Data Standardization Name Description Website Sensor Web The OGC's Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) http://www.opengeos Enablement standards enable developers to make all patial.org/ogc/ma (SWE) types of sensors, transducers and sensor rkets- data repositories discoverable, accessible technologies/swe and useable via the Web. eXtensible Markup A markup language that defines a set of rules http://www.w3.org/X Language for encoding documents in a format which ML/ (XML) is both human-readable and machine- readable. JavaScript Object It is an open standard format that uses http://www.json.org/ Notation human-readable text to transmit data (JSON): RFC objects consisting of attributes. 7159 and ECMA-404. Resource RDF is a standard model for data interchange https://www.w3.org/ Description on the Web. RDF/ Framework (RDF) Web Ontology Is a semantic markup language for publishing http://www.w3.org/T Language and sharing ontologies on the World Wide R/owl-ref/ (OWL ) Web Keyhole Markup Notation for expressing geographic annotation Language and visualization within Internet-based, (KML) two-dimensional maps and three- dimensional Earth browsers. SPARQL Protocol Is an RDF query language, that is, a semantic http://www.w3.org/T and RDF Query query language for databases, able to R/sparql11-query/ Language retrieve and manipulate data stored in (SPARQL) Resource Description Framework (RDF) format

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Recommendations for Further Studies

 There are open possibilities to find more relations and co-relations in the collected information about, types of gathered data, institutions, stakeholders and roles, technological trends, challenges, best practices, standards and recommendations. Please, see appendix V, for the detailed data.  There is a need for further study to identify the specific role that companies play in the citizen observatories field, appendix 5.3 can be used to find the list of websites of the 108 observatories this study identified, information about the role of companies can be derived from those sites.  Regarding satellite data usage: this report didn’t extract specific information about the use of satellite data. However, appendix 5.3 can be used to find the list of websites of the 108 observatories this study identified and, information about the role of satellite data can be found in those sites.  The data from citizen observatories can be aggregated and used for research about emissions.

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Literature Highlights

Citizen repositories: architecture and infrastructure

As a software and information system, citizen repositories are made possible because of the current and future technologies (smartphone and tablet devices, the Internet/cloud of services, ambient Intelligence, Web semantics, Internet of things, among others). They can be classified under the following areas:  Service-oriented architecture: To create a foundation, general methods and processes are required to set up, manage, communicate, and design the services that will be offered to citizens.  Big data semantics and intelligence of big Data: It is sufficient to provide users with the services required in a particular situation; it takes that both the individual and the cross-components to “understand” each other. The meaning of a service-service, service-users and user-user interaction should be described using machine-readable coding of the information, making it understandable to all services and citizens.  User interfaces and interaction technologies: To be able to make informed decisions, citizens and managers must be quickly and adequately informed. Therefore, the “workplace of the future” in the sustainable management and development of natural resources and crisis/risks responses needs to enable optimum information visualization, delivery and discovery. The user interface of the platform must adapt to the current user and scenario and preferably supply information that may be useful in a specific particular situation (context-awareness). At the same time, it must be possible to request additional information upon request.  Networked sensors. Various networked sensors are deployed while connecting then virtually in the environment to capturing diverse information about the state of the natural resources usages and the driver experiences (past, current and expected)

As an ambient intelligence and smart service system, citizen observatories can been seen an implementation of the smart city concept that combines hardware (sensors, mobile phones, GPS, interactive panels cameras), network and software applications. Citizens in this ambient intelligence environment will not notice these devices, but they will benefit from the services they provide. The infrastructure we will be deploying has the five major characteristics of an ambient intelligence environment (Zelkha & Epstein 1998; Aarts, Harwig & Schuurmans 2001):

o Context aware: these devices and the whole environment can be statically and dynamically be adaptable o Personalized: they can provide warnings and other information based the citizen profile and behaviors o Sustainable: like an eco-system, the proposed can evolve based the modification of the regulations in using the resources o Anticipatory: the environment can anticipate the driver desires without conscious mediation and based on previous experiences

As a decision support system, the platform can be seen as a workflow of information crossing various sensors, detection, decision, information providers and brokers as well as prediction mathematical subsystems, in the given order, working in conjunction for:

o Forecasting and signaling road the best strategies in using natural resources and well as other useful information that may prevent natural resources crisis or may impact positively on the citizens behaviors and experiences

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o Giving sufficient time for the managers and authorities to adapt, for example, the use of alternative sources of energy o Minimize the impact on the stability of eco-system, on the human style of life and businesses/communities economy

As a service-based information system, the platform is seen as a collection set of geographically distributed Web, mobile and ambient services. We adopted the service orientation as an approach to the development, deployment and management of the proposed information system.

SOA has become a popular way to implement distributed, loosely coupled systems because it offers standardization protocols, platform independence, well-defined interfaces, and tool support that enables all the legacy systems and information sources to be easily integrated. From a quality perspective, the primary drivers for service orientation adoption are interoperability and sustainability.

The proposed architecture exploits the concept of the Internet of Things which is catchphrase for a collection of technologies that make it possible to connect things like sensors and actuators to the Internet, thereby allowing the physical world to be accessed through software.

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Framework for setting-up a citizen observatory

A standardized framework could help reconcile many of the challenges to Community Based Monitoring organizations(25), such as:

o Identify stakeholders (including governance analysis, consultation and outreach, identification of champions, partnership development, and selection of organizational structure. o Identify skills and resources (including fundraising and securing adequate future funding skills assessment, capacity building. o Create a communication plan (including achieving influence, feeding back results and management recommendations.

(Fung, 2006) developed a framework to undertake a comparative analysis across cases (Figure 23). The framework builds on the democracy cube to classify the different dimensions and ‘‘range of institutional possibilities for public participation’’. These dimensions are then adapted to fully capture the possibilities of ICT-enabled citizen observatories. The key aspect of these observatories is the direct involvement of user communities in the data collection process: it enables citizen involvement by collecting data via an innovative combination of easy-to-use sensors and monitoring technologies as well as harnessing citizens’ collective intelligence, i.e. the information, experience and knowledge embodied within individuals and communities communicated via social media (e.g. Twitter, Facebook, etc.) and dedicated mobile applications

Figure 23: Framework for analysis of citizen observatories dimensions (Fung, 2006)

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The Resource Description Framework (RDF) provides a more abstract analog, namely, a data model for web-based information (Berners-Lee et al., 2001). Web information can be expressed as collections of triples. An association between environmental variables is very similar to an RDF triple. Furthermore, in environmental science, causal webs are sometimes visually represented as collections of associations (23). Conceptual diagrams (Figure 24) are used to guide literature extractions (Eco Evidence). While, taxonomical cross tabulations (Figure 25) can help to understand the needs and targets of a citizen observatory.

Figure 24: Example of Conceptual Diagram by (23).

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Figure 25: Taxonomy of interaction and participation in urban sensing

However, citizen observatories are also target of interest from smart cities (Figure 26), which have an information perspective that highlights the dependencies between citizens, data, ICT tools, utilization and provisioning of municipal services, and effectively supporting participatory governance(24). In addition, there is a framework by (24) that cross tabulates the components, goals, operations, stakeholders and usefulness of services for smart cities that involve data collection through citizen observatories (Figures 27; 28; 29).

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Figure 26: Smart cities – Information perspective by (24).

Figure 27: Context-aware citizen services framework for smart cities – part 1 of 3 by (24)

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Figure 28: Context-aware citizen services framework for smart cities – part 2 of 3 by (24)

Figure 29: Context-aware citizen services framework for smart cities – part 3 of 3 by (24)

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Big data and urban sensing

The present-day abundance of raw data streams and information constitutes part of what has come to be called Big Data. Every short message service (SMS) sent via mobile phones, every email, and each seemingly insignificant daily transaction we make, collectively contribute single pieces of information to an immense global data cloud. In an attempt to aptly describe this wealth of data, Richard S. Wurman uses the example of the New York Times newspaper in which it appears that an average weekday edition contains more information than a 17th century person was likely to come across in an entire lifetime(30).

Social computing

The rise in social computing (based on social production and mass collaboration) has facilitated a shift from consumer cultures (specialized in producing finished artifacts to be consumed passively) to cultures of participation (in which all people are provided with the means to participate and to contribute actively in personally meaningful problems) (18).

Also emerging is the combination of citizen sensors using mobile and pervasive computing environments with other non-mobile sensors, enabling research areas and novel business opportunities (e.g. combining data from fixed webcams with cameras on mobile phones) (27).

Social computing provides a new opportunity for citizens to reach out and change their world. HIC researchers have begun to investigate on how social computing can increase citizen engagement and participation with government. In addition, researchers have recently begun to investigate how social computing can support planning activities around urban infrastructure, giving citizens a greater voice in the planning process that reshapes their world(14).

Citizen observatories and their underlying participatory sensing applications all share a similar structure(28)(29):

1. Information is gathered collaboratively (implicitly or explicitly) by mobile users and uploaded to a server for aggregation, global analysis, and visualization. 2. Feedback is sent back to the users so that they are made aware of the status of the observatory, ideally in a continuous manner. This feedback loop is important to reward contributing users, to motivate them to increase their participation, to help them convince others to join in as well, and, more generally, to steer collaborative efforts

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The citizen observatories present the potential for considerable improvements in terms of social innovations. Their features can enable a two-way communication paradigm between citizens and decision makers, potentially resulting in profound changes to existing flood risk management processes(2).

Hence it is important to define what the social innovation in question consists of, to what extent it is being attained and under what conditions, and how it can be fostered. In the current case of citizen observatories of water with their focus on local flood risk management, the social innovation of these observatories may span expected societal benefits ranging from generally improving sustainability to fostering the resilience of communities, to enhancing local governance processes (e.g. in terms of transparency and accountability)(2)

Pervasive ICT

The great technological advances in embedded systems and sensor-riches have increased the interest of people in creating their own instrumentation equipment. Moreover, these new developers share the collected data with the community by using existing communication infrastructures (web pages)(31).

The data collected by the volunteers are reliable and robust and citizens can gather data relatively quickly and cost-effectively(21). Urban sensing, data management, knowledge fusion across heterogeneous data, and data visualization(7).

Open data

Open data [5] is increasingly becoming a reference paradigm to stimulate innovation by making freely available large data sets to anyone interested in using them. There are many examples of open data, including everything from demography and population data over geographic, economic, education and health data to transport, travel and mobility data. The idea is that there is great value in this data, but this value can only be unlocked by making it available (33)

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From crowdsourcing to crowdsensing

Crowdsourcing is a way of organizing work that involves an information system coordinating and monitoring tasks conducted by people. Crowdsourcing has been recently extended to crowd based sensing tasks, described as crowdsensing (33).

Community crowdsensing is based on enrolling a community of users by offering them a benefit from monitoring their environment (for example being able to measure their mobile signal strengths, radiation levels or air pollution in their locality) or embedding the monitoring in another application. The users then collectively become a Citizen Observatory and the data can be collected, collated and published forming a Virtual Observatory (33).

Mobile crowdsensing

Mobile consumer devices are increasingly used as personal sensing instruments. Mobile crowdsensing is, the development of tools and architectures to enable the ubiquitous sharing of experiences (4).

Mobile Crowdsensing applications can span a broad spectrum of subjects, such as public health and wellness, environmental monitoring, sustainability, urban planning, and cultural expression(4).

Eventually, researchers envision the creation of a unified data-sharing infrastructure, where people and their mobile devices provide their collected data streams in accessible ways to third parties interested in integrating and remixing the data for a specific purpose (4). In mobile crowdsensing data can be anonymized to location and time (33)

Internet of things

Urban computing projects include the use of: smartphones, public displays, cyber physical systems and internet of things (7).

Citizens, collectively can benefit from the data from smartphone sensors, there data, if analyzed and mined, could provide individual and community based information about the trends and historic and emerging patterns of the city, such as traffic congestion, mobility patterns and environmental conditions (7).

A smart city attempts to make the best use of innovative ICT solutions to manage urban issues related to mobility, people, economy, security, public health, environment and resource management, etc. With continuous increase in urban population, the need to plan and implement smart city solutions for better urban governance is becoming more evident. These solutions are driven, on the one hand, by innovations in ICT and, on the other hand, to increase the capability and capacity of cities to mitigate environmental, social inclusion, economic growth and sustainable development challenges. In this respect, citizens’ science or public participation provides a key input for informed and intelligent planning decision and policy-making(24).

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Chapter II: Citizen Repositories: Current Initiatives in Finland and Europe

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This chapter brings a detailed overview about European citizen observatories, their focus areas, data collection methods and practices; special detail is given to Finland where there a survey and interview studies were carried with key players running citizen observatories, focus, practices, challenges and trends were identified. It is organized as follows: - Citizen Observatories in Europe - Citizen Observatories in Finland o Survey Study Results

Citizen science opens several opportunities to bring citizens together with decision makers and researchers to jointly address common concern issues. European Commission has a concrete vision in this field: "science for the people, by the people" under their “Digital Agenda for Europe 2020”, which supports through multiple funds projects running all over Europe in the field of digital science to support this new approach to scientific practice enabled by ICT, in particular by high performance computing, networking infrastructures, large-scale data facilities and social media.

The key findings of this chapter are the following:

 Most of the European observatories (up to 80%) have been collecting environmental information – about species, biodiversity, air and spectrum, water, streams, snow, sea, precipitations, climate change-

 The top three focus area of European citizen observatories are: species monitoring, biodiversity monitoring and air and spectrum monitoring.

 United Kingdom is by far the most active country in this field with 47.5% of the total citizen’s observatories in the continent, being followed by Ireland and Netherlands with 7.5% observatories each.

 Among European citizen observatories the most common practice is to gather their data using participatory data collection methods.

 In Finland, from a survey and interview study :

o Over half of the studied population had a positive – already implemented, maybe or ongoing- opinion about opening their data for public use, combination, reuse and redistribution. o Less than half of the studied population uses social media to communicate with their users o The participatory method of collecting data is the most common in the country o Less than half of the studied population use scientists to review and ensure the data quality. However, there is interest about techniques to generate automated classifications systems that are based on citizens’ contributions. o The biggest challenge for the studied population regarding their observatories is technology management, inside which the main issue is a lack of knowledge about the field. o The most common data type to store crowd-sourced data was XLS: Excel File Format and the last common were HTML: Hypertext Markup Language and XML: Extensible Markup Language.

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Citizen Observatories in Europe

Our study identified 40 citizen observatories in Europe that have started since 1966 and have had a peak in 2012 with 6 observatories launched during that year (Figure 30). In Addition, 80% of the identified observatories have been collecting environmental information – about species, biodiversity, air and spectrum, water, streams, snow, sea, precipitations, climate change- and the remaining 20% have had focus on: cities management, tools for create and improve citizen observatories (Figure 31). Environmental Citizen Observatories in Europe Across the Years

18% 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4%

2% Percentaje ofCitizen Observatories

´ 0%

% 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Years

Figure 30: Citizen Observatories in Europe – Years of Start

Environmental Citizen Observatories in Europe

20 %

Yes No

80 %

Figure 31: Citizen Observatories in Europe – Environmental Monitoring

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The focus area of the European citizen observatories is environmental monitoring (Figure 32) with special interest in species monitoring (22%) – e.g. birds, bats, butterflies and bumblebees - biodiversity monitoring (22%) –e.g. mountains, forests, biodiversity and biosphere – air and spectrum monitoring (20%) – air quality, pollution and sound – water, streams, snow, sea monitoring (10%) – e.g. sea, water quality, aquatic species, precipitations – and, global monitoring (3%) – climate change – also, other areas have been developed such as tools for citizen observatories (5%)- e.g. automatic classification and configurable citizen observatories- and, city management monitoring (18%) – e.g. Smart transportation, energy consumption, mobility issues, urban issues management and environmental campaigns and conditions-. European Citizen Observatories

3 %

Species Monitoring

18 % 22 % Biodiversity Monitoring

Air and spectrum monitoring

Tools for citizen observatories 10 %

Water, Streams, Snow, Sea 5 % monitoring 22 % City management monitoring

20 % Global Monitoring

Figure 32: Citizen Observatories Focus Areas in Europe

Over 16 countries in Europe are actively involved running some type of environmental citizen observatory (Table 12; Figure 33); United Kingdom is by far the most active country in this field with 38% of the total citizens observatories in the continent, being followed by Ireland with 13% of observatories and, Spain, Switzerland and, Denmark with 5% each. However, there is a 15% of citizen observatories that are not strictly connected to one country but rather to the whole Europe.

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Table 12: Citizen Observatories in Europe – Countries Distribution by percentages (%) Country % Belgium 3 % Denmark 5 % Finland 3 % France 3 %

Greece 3 % Ireland 13 % Netherlands 3 % Norway 3 %

Serbia 3 % Spain 5 % Switzerland 5 % UK 38 %

Eastern 3 % Europe Europe 15 %

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Figure 33: Citizen Observatories in Europe – Most Active Countries (green: most active country; purple: medium activity; red: moderate activity)

The European citizen observatories characterize for being of the type community-based monitoring –mainly -and community-based management. The monitoring activities under this type of monitoring include many different types of assessments of ecosystems such as: 1) status assessment (i.e., population monitoring), 2) impact assessment (i.e., effect of pollution), or 3) adaptive management (i.e., managing based on monitoring) (25).

With the proliferation of sensor and actuator networks in the urban environment there are increased opportunities for data related to various aspects of a city to be collected by citizen observatories (30), in this sense, there are two data collection methods (4):

1. Participatory data collection: Users are actively involved in the collection process by deciding on the spot when to report data 2. Opportunistic data collection: Sensor sampling occurs whenever the state of the device (e.g., geographic location) matches the application’s requirements described in a sensing task, without the knowledge of the individual phone user

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Citizen science projects, across the world have shown the capability of large-scale data collection, increased scientific literacy, and monitoring of environmental quality (26). Among European citizen observatories the most common practice is to gather their data using participatory data collection methods (Figure 34). Meaning that they actively involve the citizens providing data. The value of citizen-contributed data has high resolution and needs low calibration in contrast to official databases which have low resolution and need high calibration(7).

Participation Models in Europe 2 % 8 %

15 %

None

Opportunistic

Participatory

75 %

Figure 34: Citizen Observatories in Europe – Participatory Practices

Citizen Science aims to expand the range of levels of engagement: from being merely informed about to actually participating in the (scientific) process itself by observing, gathering or processing data. This is called Collective Awareness Platforms for Sustainability and Social Innovation (CAPS). Under CAPS umbrella there is already 36 funded projects (list can be found from https://ec.europa.eu/digital- agenda/node/66639), some of which are important from Citizen Observatory perspective. However, projects solely linked to Citizen Observatories were in FP7 funded by Environment calls. European Commission has successfully founded the following citizen science projects: 1. CITI-SENSE "Development of Sensor-based Citizens' Observatory Community for Improving Quality of Life in Cities" (citisense.nilu.no), 2. WeSenseIt: "Citizen Observatory of Water" (www.wesenseit.eu), 3. COBWEB: "Citizen (Biosphere) Observatory Web" (cobwebproject.eu), 4. Citclops: "Citizens' Observatory for Coast and Ocean Optical Monitoring" (www.citclops.eu) and, 5. 5) OMNISCIENTIS: "Odor Monitoring and Information System based on Citizen and Technology Innovative Sensors", (www.omniscientis.eu).

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Citizen Observatories in Finland

Citizen science has been present in Finland for a while, organizations such as LUOMUS (National History Museum of Helsinki) have received data from citizens that dates up to 1900s. This section is based on a literature review, a survey and interviews to key Finnish players in the area of citizen observatories.

Key findings indicate that:

. 67% of the sample had a positive – already implemented, maybe or ongoing- opinion about opening their data for public use, combination, reuse and redistribution. . Only 42% of the surveyed sample uses social media to communicate with their users . The participatory method of collecting data is the most common in the country . 42% of the sample use scientists to review and ensure the data quality. However, there is interest about techniques to generate automated classifications systems that are based on citizens’ contributions. . The biggest challenge for the surveyed observatories is technology management. Where the main issue is a lack of knowledge about the field. . The most common data type to store crowd-sourced data was XLS: Excel File Format and the last common were HTML: Hypertext Markup Language and XML: Extensible Markup Language.

In total the literature review identified 108 citizen observatories around the world from which, the 5.5% were working in Finland or had Finland as part of their plans for deployment (Figure 35). These observatories follow the European trend for using participatory methods to collect data (Table 13) and use remarkably modern web technologies. In addition, Finland has a remarkable legislation that supports the initiatives that involve collecting data about the environment and species.

Summary of Citizen Observatories World, Europe and Finland

57%

37%

Other parts of the world Europe Finland

Figure 35: Citizen Observatories in Finland

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Table 13: Citizen Observatories in Finland – Data Collection Practices: Open Answers How do you collect your data? Map surveys of species, but only occasionally (we are a magazine published by the Finnish Association for Nature Conservation (FANC). As we have good coverage (180 000 readers plus 66 000 in Facebook plus coverage in other FANC channels) We do not collect data of our own, but we coordinate working groups for government and other needs. We have a subgroup for checking rare questionable observations Using databases (Hertta, laji.fi, Hatikka, Kastikka), Using field-observing peoples data (observations, notebooks, museum collections), Collecting my own data along the survey work With browser based systems to a database, excel sheets and paper forms With customized web and native mobile applications for Android, iOS and Windows Phone. Our service is called "Oma riista", http://oma.riista.fi We ask citizens to report their findings. We take samples, analyze them and store data as documents We make measurement (e.g. noise) and store data in db. We collect open data from different sources and combine them with our findings and measurements. In Järviwiki users can establish observation sites and upload observations using html forms. Observations can also be uploaded to Järviwiki using an app-like web interface called the Havaintolähetti (~Observation messenger). asking observations by webropol enquiry, and asking animal samples from citizen Voluntary hunters do the field work: count wildlife triangles in summer and winter time. Summer count: groude, a three person chain and winter track count usually by skiing. Every observation is located on the map. About 25 species covered. Volunteers send results to LUKE (Natural Resources Institute Finland). Using mobile phone application and iQwtr device. By taking photos. The volunteers send the data mostly through internet, but part of data arrive through paper forms. So far: through geo location-enabled mobile applications that are made publicly available.

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Survey Study Results:

The survey study had as respondents (Figure 36): executive directors or presidents (17%), field experts (25%), ICT specialists (25%) and project managers (33%) from organizations that have one or more citizen observatories running in Finland. The division of the survey is detailed in (Table 14).

Roles Executive director or President 17 %

Project Manager 33 %

Field Expert 25 %

ICT Specialist 25 %

Figure 36: Survey Responses – Roles

Table 14: Survey Division # Topic Goal Gather basic contact information from a Section 1 Basic Information Finnish Citizen Observatory Identify the practices among Finnish Aspects of Data Collection and Citizen Observatories regarding the Section 2 Analysis data management and quality checks Understand what are the common challenges and expectations among Finnish Citizen Observatories for Section 3 Challenges and Future Perspectives further development

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Citizen Observatories Purpose and Data Collection Practices

Our studies show that in Finland, most of the citizen observatories have their focus (Figure 37) on species monitoring (37%), tools to support research and decision making (27%), biodiversity monitoring (18%), water quality monitoring (9%) and tools for citizen engagement (9%). Yet, 9% of the survey respondents didn’t state the purpose of their citizen observatory therefore, those answers were excluded. These observatories, are collecting data about environment (Figure 38), ecology, hydrology, birds, wildlife, weather, noise, transport and others – such as exclusively plants biodiversity and a game to monitor traffic accidents.

Citizen Observatories Purpose

Water quality 8 % 17 % Research and decision making 25 % Biodiversity

Spices 33 %

17 % Citizen engagement

Figure 37: Survey Responses – Citizen Observatories Purpose

What types of data you use or collect? 5 % 3 % 3 % Environment 3 % 17 % Ecology Hydrology Birds Wildlife 25 % 19 % Weather Noise

8 % Transport 17 % Other

Figure 38: Survey Responses – Data Collection

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The 42% of the respondents, indicated that their citizen observatories has a metadata format in current usage (Figure 39) – such as Map data transferred to Excel, Hertta excel-files, EML (or custom made for biological collections), case dependent, collected data saved in database - The responses show that there is a need for a common understanding of what metadata1 is in the context of citizen observatories, although this result might be driven by respondents fields of specialty. In addition, surprisingly only 42% of these citizen observatories have some type of social media presence to connect with their users (Figure 40).

Do you use a defined metadata format?

Yes 42 %

No 58 %

Figure 39: Survey Responses – Metadata usage

Does your citizen observatory have a social media?

Yes 42 %

No 58 %

Figure 40: Survey Responses – Citizen Observatories Social Media

1 Metadata: data that provides information about other data. The main purpose of metadata is to facilitate in the discovery of relevant information, more often classified as resource discovery.

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Data Storage and Usage Practices

The survey respondents were asked to rate their data storage processes according to a list of statements where (1= Close to this, 2 = Leaning towards this, 3 = Not performed yet, 4 = Leaning towards this, 5 = Close to this). According to the average rate of the results (Table 15) which was 3, Finnish citizen observatories seem to not be using certain data storage strategies –such as: cloud storages, aggregate data sets, use open source databases, have ontology definition, and standardized data sets.

Table 15: Citizen Observatories in Finland – Data Storage Practices: Survey Responses We are able to combine multiple We actively use We use open data-sets Our data-sets cloud source easily - Our follow clear Our data-sets are storage database data-sets ontology standardized databases - solutions - are in classifications - Our data- Each citizen We use different - We do not sets are not observatory commercial formats have ontology standardized uses a local database and we classifications database solutions cannot combine them easily 3 3 3 3 3

Not performed Not performed Not performed Not performed Not performed yet yet yet yet yet

Data from citizen observatories is rich and requires low calibration and, therefore, it can have multiple uses. The respondents were asked to select from a set of practices the ones that they are performing. The most common use for crowd-sourced data was the analysis to extract specific useful information, while the least common was to convert the data for a public API. Among another uses feedback to the citizens was highlighted (Figure 41).

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What uses you give to your data?

Other: We will provide feedback loop to emprove data quality

We publish the data through services

We combine it with other data

We convert the data for a public API

We analyse the data to extract useful information

We analyse the data to find patterns

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Figure 41: Survey Responses – Citizen Observatories Data Usage

On the other hand, the most common data types (Figure 42) to store crowd-sourced data was XLS: Excel File Format and the last common were HTML: Hypertext Markup Language and XML: Extensible Markup Language. However, other data types and database solutions –and combinations of data those- were highlighted, such as: xml-rdf, PostegreSQL, SQL, Oracle. Which data types do you use to store your data?

HTML: Hypertext 5 % Markup Language 5 %

10 % XML: Extensible Markup 35 % Language

15 % JSON: JavaScript Object Notation

CSV: Comma Separated 30 % Values

Figure 42: Survey Responses – Citizen Observatories Data Storage

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The survey respondents were asked to rate their data usage processes according to a list of statements where (1= Close to this, 2 = Leaning towards this, 3 = Not performed yet, 4 = Leaning towards this, 5 = Close to this). According to the average rate of the results (Table 16), the sampled citizen observatories do not publish their data – but rather use it for private usage- Logically, not everyone has access to this data to use, combine, reuse and redistribute; also, there seems to be a moderately strong need to collect more diversified data to meet their goals. Finally, the observatories are becoming more efficient using the data they collect to minimize the data that is not usable and useful for their purposes.

On the other hand, 67% of the sample had a positive – already implemented, maybe or ongoing- opinion about opening their data for public use, combination, reuse and redistribution –open data- still, the main concern to publish their data is: data privacy and country regulations. Table 17 and 18 resume the open answers and results.

Table 16: Citizen Observatories in Finland – Data Usage Practices: Survey Responses Our data is Everybody is able to available to use, combine, re-use We collect download and redistribute our enough data The data we over the data - Specific for our collect is internet - groups are able to goals - We necessary - Our data is use, combine, re-use need to We don't use for private and redistribute our collect more all the data we usage data data collect 3 3 3 2 Not performed yet Not performed yet Not performed yet Leaning towards this

Table 17: Citizen Observatories in Finland – Opening Data Open already 8% Maybe 33% Ongoing 25% None 8%

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Table 18: Citizen Observatories in Finland – Opening Data Opinions

Opinion Status The data is already visible to everybody, and we plan to transfer scientifically interesting observations to the Finnish Museum Open of Natural History. already We do not have data like this None There are some difficulties with classified data concerning threatened species observations. Some of our data goes very slowly to the Finnish Hertta-database which is a big problem; the data does not "exist" until it is part of the Hertta-Database. Some of our data is not qualified to be part of the Hertta-database; the filters are the local input- personnel (local ELY-centers, Metsähallitus). Maybe It's the ultimate goal of our work. We are currently working with open data policy which will define when (and how) there is a legal mandate to withdraw or make data more granular in public interface. Ongoing In the long term we're moving to this direction. However, we need to balance between (users') private data and public data, because practically all data is crowd sourced. Ongoing Some of our organization wants to do this immediately, some do not understand the meaning of open data and some key persons do not know, what data is and how to open it. Ongoing I'm all for it. Yes As a scientists, we like to make the scientific contribution first by ourselves Maybe We have larger opportunities use the data and much more possibilities do the research. Everyone can use it when needed and combine data large. Abuse also. Maybe Yes but not all, laws prevent to publish all detailed data Yes Our institute is a member in Lajitietokeskus (www.laji.fi) Yes Opening of data is understood to be generally beneficial. However, restrictions include: a) data being produced in the context of a project where the customer is in charge of such decisions, b) privacy issues regarding the data contents, and regarding the privacy of the citizen observers, and c) unassured or undetermined quality of data due to the experimental nature of many of the observation campaigns, and d) missing models for benefitting from opening of the data. Maybe

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Data quality plays an important role when collecting crowd-sourced observations, because the goal is that the collected data meets certain standards of integrity and coherence. From our sample in Finland, the most common data quality validation method (Figure 43) appears to be direct review from scientists (42%) while, among the less common are citizens based classifications (16%) and others (16%) such as accepting all data and define fitness-for-purpose. How do measure the quality of the collected data?

16 % Scientists classify and review the data Citizens classify the data, 42 % then scientists review it Automated algorithms 26 % classify and review the data Other

16 %

Figure 43: Survey Responses – Citizen Observatories Data Quality

Among the biggest challenges in Finland for citizen observatories (Figure 44) found from the studies: technology – regarding map and geo location interfaces issues, analytics tools, different mobile and web platforms that are changing constantly, wrong infrastructure choices, databases complexity, failures with automation – funding sources –involving big goals with short term funding and a strong lack of funding for constant development - data standardization – regarding lack of quality on observations, need of more education about standards, lack of an IT head, lack of knowledge - social awareness – concerning a need for, larger sets of users, more marketing and, a strong understanding about motivations and appropriate engagement methods - and partners –about a strong need for a better synchronization in cooperation and communication-.

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Biggest Challenges for Citizen Observatories

Social Awareness 25%

Funding organizations 50%

Partners 17%

Data Standardization 42%

Technology 67%

Figure 44: Survey Responses – Citizen Observatories Challenges

Finally, the expectations for the future of crowd-sourced observatories in Finland are (Figure 45): a raise in social awareness – such as open sources actively distributed on social networks, more observers and a raise in environmental education- active public involvement – more campaigns and competitions to gather observations, provide services to involve people in decision making and development of motivational/rewarding approaches to enable large-scale observatories operations- advanced useful technology – questionnaires on social media, capable and affordable mobile sensors and apps, smarter apps highly interconnected, satellite monitoring of species - grow in funding opportunities – attracting more EU funding for citizen science projects, need of stable funding, develop business models based on attracting data end-user organizations as customers through being able to offer adequate data amount/coverage, data quality and reliability of operation from citizen observatories- and other –such as more education for decision makers, members, citizens and more interconnected systems, include gaming elements in applications to create better experiences-.

What are your expectations for the future of citizen observatories?

Raise in social awareness 12 % 25 % Active public involvement

21 % Advanced useful technology Grow in funding 21 % opportunities 21 % Other

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Figure 45: Survey Responses – Future Expectations

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Chapter III

Research Avenues: Citizen Motivations, Active Involvement and Awareness

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This chapter is a review of highlighted literature that show importance of the questions like below while paving the road for research agenda and more investigations

1. Why citizen should be involved and how it can be engaged in environmental data monitoring. 2. How to make citizen more aware about the importance of data collection and his/her contributions in decision-making today and in building new services that will support environmental sustainability development today and tomorrow. 3. What are the human concerns that can be a barrier for the success and failures with CR and citizen science tools and approaches?

This chapter is organized as follows:

Who controls data collection, and who owns the data or benefits from them? – Privacy Issues and Concerns  Trust in data and risks  Fairness and social justice  Ethical concerns  Security concerns  How is data collected?  Crowd-sensing and Data Collection  Crowd-sensing and Cities

Participation? What does it involve?  E-Participation?  Cultures of participation

How to motivate citizen and stakeholders?  How to measure motivation? What citizens want to report?  Possible approaches to identify citizens and for inviting them to participate

Some Technologies That Can Be Used To Engage Citizens  Gamification  Participatory Sensing  Data Transparency  The social web as a platform for citizen engagement

The top highlight of this chapter is that: Citizens appreciate being given space and time to arrive at their own responses and interpretations. Therefore, persuasion might not be an accurate technique when it comes to involving citizens as data providers. However, co-creation of solutions that involve data transparency, gamification elements, social media and common goals with citizens, have the potential to co-create successful crowd-sensing applications.

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Who controls data collection, and who owns the data or benefits from them? – Privacy Issues and Concerns

The first phase of citizen participation is to understand and answer this question. Providers typically collected, stored, and analyze the data out of view of the individual whose life they describe. The collection of the data is not always restricted to the purpose for which they were collected (4). Recent studies have shown that people frequently report preferences that they do not act upon in practice, and that their privacy concerns are highly sensitive to contextual factors. The decision of whether a particular piece of information is private or not depends on who is using the information (information receiver) and for what purposes (information usage) (4).

Trust in data and risks by (4):

Today’s social networking tools are modeled around two distinct sharing states: “limited” and “public.” Users typically have to consciously decide which group a certain information can be shared with. There are two broad factors that would influence people’s disclosure preferences and decisions:

- Degree of trust in the information receiver o influenced by past experience (or the absence of it) o degree of trust that other community members have placed in the information receiver o his intentions regarding how to use the information - The individual’s assessment of the risk/benefit trade-off associated with information usage o Depend on the perceived value of incentives (for example. money) o Social context (the reputation of the individual and the information receiver in the community) o Reputation is key . Due to that systems should collect, aggregate, and transmit all relevant reputation information accurately and reliably. This can be achieved by maximizing incentives and minimizing workload for users. With proper incentives and highly configurable options for users.

Instead of setting access control rules on classes of objects (e.g., photos, “wall entries,” comments sections), users often require a “translation” of the implication of such settings. For example, in order to understand the effects of allowing others to “tag” oneself in a photograph, users need to understand that their personal pictures can now be found using a simple web query (4).

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Fairness and social justice by (4):

Ubiquitous sensing and information sharing may impact justice and fairness in a number of social domains, with a positive impact for health, support for elder citizen, community integration, increase transparency and accountability of powerful organizations to the citizen (4). However, there are also areas where participatory sensing might aggravate existing social problems and disparities: reduce individual autonomy by digital vigilantism, quantifying student learning outcomes, and expanded tracking in criminal justice and impact “second chances”, increasing inequality in social sectors that involve profiling and demographic sorting.

Ethical concerns by (4):

1. Data quality and integrity: data collected by citizens may not meet scientific standards. a. Solution: Before data collection begins, scientists can provide citizens with appropriate training on how to make observations, use scientific instruments (if used), and record data and manage research records. They can instruct citizens on how to keep records that are thorough, complete, accurate, well organized, and backed-up 2. Data Sharing and intellectual property: Data sharing allows others to build on completed work and promotes dialog, debate, and critical feedback. The methods used and data collected by citizen scientists should be available to the public following the conclusion of the study a. Solution: Scientists who work with citizens should clearly discuss data ownership and other intellectual property issues with citizen volunteers at the beginning of the project, and periodically and as needed, to ensure mutual understanding 3. Conflict of interest: some citizen scientists may have relationships with private, non- profit, political organizations that sponsor research a. Solution: A common strategy for dealing with conflict of interest is disclosure. Disclosure embodies the virtues of openness and transparency. While disclosure is not a panacea. 4. Exploitation: Because citizen scientists are usually providing assistance to researchers without the expectation of financial compensation, there is the potential for exploitation a. Solution: Though citizen scientists may not require authorship for career advancement, it is still important for professional scientists to give citizens appropriate credit to demonstrate gratitude for their work and as a matter of basic fairness.

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Security concerns by (4):

With this important new shift in mobile device usage — from a communication tool to a ubiquitous “experience sharing instrument” — comes a new dimension in trust and privacy challenges. Today’s privacy and trust tools that address web surfing and simple location-based services already struggle to be adopted in practice.

These novel paradigms open up a wealth of concerns for personal privacy: gathering and sharing one’s own activities allows others intimate insights into one’s work performance, health status, physiological development, professional and leisure activities, and even psychological wellbeing(4). In this context, sensing the perception of citizens on urban security is a key point in Smart City management (35)

Architectures taking a more user-centric approach started to appear. What these architectures try to do is to enable individuals to supervise and limit personal data disclosure and exercise access control to their data by third parties. Mobile phones sense and upload data to this vault, which is owned and controlled by the individual. The process of storing personal data streams is decoupled from the sharing of that information. After the collection and archival of data, users can define their own privacy policies and review/control who can see which kind of data. This is possible using for example PDS (personal data service) where Users are in control of all data stored in the PDS, which includes the option to share or sell parts of this data. One of the benefits of this approach is that it increases transparency, awareness, and engagement of users with their data, and gives them an opportunity to validate the integrity of their data (4) (Figure 46).

Figure 46: Approaches for collecting and sharing personal data streams (4)

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How is data collected?

A citizen observatory should demonstrate the main aspects needed to effectively address citizen’s participation: A) Identifying what citizens want and what citizens can offer; B) Exploring what products and services a CO can provide for the citizens; C) Recruiting and retaining citizens to participate in and contribute to environmental governance; D) Providing tools that support citizens to report their observations, inference and concerns; and E) Supplying tools to access/ receive timely information on the environment in a manner that is both easily understood and useful.

Crowd-sensing and Data Collection

Citizen science projects have been shown to enable large-scale data collection, increase scientific literacy, and monitor environmental quality(26). Along with this, the proliferation of sensor and actuator networks in the urban environment is directly associated with an increasing volume of data, relating to various aspects of the city(30). The large amounts of data captured by sensors provide a “ground truth” base. However, even though new tools and systems offer the power to capture more data, human collaboration, analysis and stewardship are required to extract useful information(36).

There are two data collection models under which data collection happens. A participatory model, in which users are actively involved in the collection process by deciding on the spot when to report data, while in an opportunistic model, sensor sampling occurs whenever the state of the device matches the application’s requirements described in a sensing task, without the knowledge of the individual phone user (4). The value of citizen-contributed data is of high resolution and requires low calibration in contrast to official databases (low resolution, high calibration)(7).

However, aggregating these immense amounts of data feeds from different networks is not necessarily sufficient for providing a better understanding about the processes taking place in the city. Instead, it is essential to extract knowledge patterns that are correlated and integrated in meaningful stories about the urban environment(30).

Crowd-sensing and Cities

Smart cities are urban environments in which the municipality fosters the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) to engage citizens in city management and development. These cities allow citizens to signal these potential warnings to the local administrators through Web portals, apps, emails, and contact centers. To profitably analyze the citizens’ perception on urban security, non-emergency data are acquired, enriched with additional information about the context of the warning reports (e.g., the related city area), and stored into a unique data repository.

In the majority of cities around the globe, air pollution is monitored by a network of static measurement stations usually operated by the public authorities. These fixed stations are highly reliable and able to accurately measure a wide range of air pollutants. However, they are expensive and require significant effort in maintenance(37). The broad range of new sensing applications can also be categorized as either people-centric or environment-centric sensing. People-centric applications mainly focus on documenting activities (e.g., sport experiences) and understanding the behavior of

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individuals (e.g., eating disorders). In contrast, environment-centric sensing apps collect environmental parameters (e.g., air quality or noise pollution)(12).

Community crowdsensing has two different data sources that can be used to engage citizen providing observations:

 Self-report data. Self-report data refers to data captured by a prompted experience sampling method where participants are asked to record their observations and experiences in the form of surveys (9).  Passive data. Passive data refers to data streams that are passively and continuously collected from mobile apps (9).

Participation? What does it involve?

Participation can take four forms: consultative (public contributes information to a central authority); functional (public contributes information and is also engaged in implementing decisions); collaborative (public works with government to decide what is needed and contributes knowledge) and transformative (local people make and implement decisions with support from “experts” where needed).

E-Participation

Citizens are demanding greater transparency and accountability from their governments, and seek to participate in shaping the policies that affect their lives(8). Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and, particularly, Internet-based technologies, are often considered a potential solution to these problems. In this context, in the last decade, governments have started to sponsor e-participation initiatives that seek to improve citizen engagement in the political process(8).

E-participation aims to support active citizenship with the latest technology developments, increasing access to and availability of participation in order to promote fair and efficient societies and governments (8).

E-participation efforts can take many forms(8):  e-informing (informing citizens),  e-consulting (limited input from citizens on a defined topic),  e-involvement (development of open communication processes between government and citizens),  e-collaboration (participation in the development of policy alternatives and solutions),  E-empowerment (transfer of control over policy to citizens).

Online spaces are open public spaces (generally, no geographical or temporal limitations exist) that allow for a non-centralized communication of many-to-many (each participant is normally equally entitled to make a comment or raise a new question), where participants are free to express their opinions (in general, no censure and limits to expressing opinions are established)(8).

Cultures of participation

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These developments represent unique and fundamental opportunities, challenges, and transformative changes for innovative research and practice in human-centered computing, as we move away from a world in which a small number of people define rules, create artifacts, and make decisions for many consumers toward a world in which everyone has interests and opportunities to actively participate(18).

Cultures of participation offer important and interesting opportunities to address major problems our societies are facing today, including(18):

 Problems of a magnitude for individuals and large teams  Problems of a systemic nature, requiring the collaboration of many different minds from a variety of backgrounds (e.g., urban planning problems) or poorly understood and defined problems requiring high level involvement because they cannot be delegated to others (e.g., software-design problems as tackled by open source software developments)  Problems modeling unique, changing worlds that are dependent on open, living information repositories and tools (e.g., the unique needs of people with disabilities).

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How to motivate citizen and stakeholders?

The research on methodologies for encouraging pro-environmental behavior has been central to a variety of disciplines, for quite some time. A wide spectrum of approaches with varying effectiveness to influencing environment-relevant behaviors has been identified. Information strategies and education are regarded as important components in the effort to induce change towards more sustainable practices (42) . They aim at affecting our attitudes via raising problem awareness, informing about the impact of our choices and increasing knowledge about the alternatives (39).

People are not only united by geographical and administrative territory, but also by the emotional relationship, in which individual identity is built through the bond of meaning and distinctive cultural values(43) -participation is built on public awareness-. For which, increased public access to environmental information can contribute to a greater awareness of environmental matters(47).

Citizen feedback on the implementation of government schemes can help tune their design, understand problems, and assess the benefits and impact from these schemes(45). However, it is very important that citizens are being given space and time to arrive at their own responses and interpretations (34) as, recent studies indicate that people understand the relationship between their actions and the environment better with the use of iconic images (44).

Researchers found that Internet use can increase: community attachment and engagement; social contacts for those with high social use of the Internet; a sense of belonging, and community activism (44). As well as, mobile applications which are valuable devices for data collection (46) A crowd of volunteers can be attracted to participate in citizen science project by including community building, competitions, reward systems, and more (51). Also, when it comes to pro-environmental behavior domains, these can be grouped under the following classifications by (50):

 Social environmentalism: These behaviors typically include some type of interaction or communication designed to inform (or teach) others about the importance of conservation and the value of pro-environmental actions.  Land stewardship: Directly related to improving the local landscape, including wildlife and habitat conservation actions. Such behaviors often centered on various forms of habitat enhancement.  Conservation lifestyle: For many people, conservation lifestyle behaviors were among the first things that came to mind when asked how an individual could help to protect his/her environment  Environmental citizenship: Environmental citizenship behaviors were less commonly mentioned. The simplest and most common form of civic engagement

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How to measure motivation? What citizens want to report?

Motivation can be measured by asking volunteers three questions(26): 1) the primary reason(s) for participating as a volunteer with citizen observatories, 2) personal time and money expended to volunteer with the citizen observatory and 3) self-reported levels of concern about environmental issues. Previous studies (26) reported three primary reasons for citizens to volunteer collecting data for citizen observatories: 1) concern for the environment and wildlife conservation, 2) opportunity to spend time in nature, and 3) opportunity to see wildlife. On the other hand, other studies reported the willingness of data provisioning of local residents’ to participate in community monitoring (49): a) Data regarding mostly previous mapping and other relevant projects, if any; b) Data on species/habitats if it is made simple enough to collect; and c) Data on main occupations and economic activities (i.e. ecotourism activities, farming etc.).

Possible approaches to identify citizens and for inviting them to participate

There are varying scales of participation which have traditionally been categorized into so- called top–down and bottom–up governance structures(Figure 47) (25). Citizen participation requires a bottom-up process for identifying problems and ways of finding solutions. That will include public meetings, workshops, events, etc.(20).

In many cases top-down is used as a synonym of analysis or decomposition, and bottom-up of synthesis. Top-down and bottom-up approaches exist in CO-related programmes (e.g., CITI-SENSE, Citi-Sense-MOB). Top-down approaches are typically research-led (expert) and often start with the formulation of visions of future direction(22). In addition, the top-down approach may be considered to be management driven, and the bottom-up approach may be considered as driven by the needs of the clients.

Figure 47: Bottom-up and top-down approaches for citizen observatories management by (4)

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Some Technologies That Can Be Used To Engage Citizens

There is a need to engage citizens to find out how they can inform the community, and to empower citizens to improve their own health and wellbeing through actively making informed choices via the Citizens’ Observatory (CO) process (22). According to sociological research, the recent increase in pro-active participants of social IT media, with a particular focus on environmental issues, results from a shift from materialism to post-materialism (22).

As more and more people choose to migrate and live in cities, local governments and city administrations need to solve increasingly complex issues to ensure sustainable development and adequate quality of life. Increasing demands for affordable housing, more efficient public transport, environmental issues, in particular air pollution and climate change are examples of the more high-profile critical conversations our cities need to tackle. In order to efficiently address these issues, the smart cities are engaging general public in the city development and management processes leading to more inclusive choices answers and a deeper public ownership of the future developments. However, to ensure large scale involvement and buy-in of citizens, the cities have to come up with new and innovative community engagement methods, including those that embrace new technologies, social media, and collaborative design methods(37).

One of the methods to achieve this goal, still to be more widely exploited is the serious gaming concept. Serious Games are currently used in various domains like emergency services training, military training, corporate education, health care as well as education at schools and universities around the world (37).

To encourage the reduction of home energy use, researchers are moving toward understanding consumption beyond the individual and among the collective. In doing so, researchers have leveraged social techniques such as historical and neighborhood comparisons competition, and features such as message boards (44) .

Gamification

User Engagement is seen as a typical outcome of Gamification, and the concept has been successfully applied to a wide range of businesses. For example, Frequent Flyer Programs use Gamification as a Loyalty Program.

As has been frequently reiterated in the last years, gamified designs encourage technology adoption, motivate user behavior and enhance user satisfaction. This is because game- like activities and ludic interfaces tend to make technology more engaging, by encouraging users to adopt desired behaviors, by taking advantage of humans’ psychological predisposition to engage in game and by leveraging people’s natural desires for competition, achievement, self-expression and enjoyment (39).

Also, in the area of mobile social reporting, gamification is becoming a popular means to encourage people to share information about where they are and what they are doing, usually through a points and trophies system whereby awards are made based on activity levels and context. Gamification is the use of game design elements in non-game contexts(27). Moreover, games have been used in an attempt to engage people with green issues previously (13).

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Finally, Story-based games can be a powerful tool for attracting participants to citizen science tasks. Well-designed citizen science games with a purpose have the potential to attract large crowds of helpful volunteers, even in circumstances where the science task is difficult or uninteresting(51).

Participatory Sensing

Participatory sensing provides the enabling technology to deploy community-based environmental monitoring and information systems, also known as citizen observatories, which can be used as a policy making and evaluation instrument for improving the quality of life of citizens (29).

This approach to data collection and interpretation relies on individuals, acting alone or in groups, along with their personal smartphones to systematically monitor personal information (e.g. health) and/or environmental information (e.g. noise levels, traffic conditions).

A key concept in the operation of citizen observatories is the idea of a campaign, a series of systematic operations to gather a particular type of data. Campaigns usually specify a stakeholder’s concern by defining the types of data that need to be collected and by describing the goal, expected feedback and analysis outcome in terms of maps, statistical results, and so on (52). The observatory’s role is, amongst others, to ensure that the execution of the campaign is properly orchestrated, i.e. that sufficient data is gathered, both qualitatively and quantitatively(29).

The notion of engaging with individuals and groups through participatory design and cooperative inquiry to explore the possibilities of technology is well established(19).

Data Transparency

Publishing of open transparent data increases the willingness of citizens to enroll as they can see that the system is trustworthy and that they are contributing to the common wealth. Users can be the main providers of objective data (observations) and subjective feedback (data out of observations). That can help to (33):  Raise awareness: about the relevance/need of the observations.  Empower users: with the ability to check directly, in an easy-to-understand way.  Promote active involvement: in the observation campaigns.

But provide users with transparent open data require (33):  The usage of a transparent and well-defined methodology for assessment.  A provisioning of a freely downloadable client.  The publication of open data, enabling anyone to analyze the experimental data collected.  The ability to present to the observations’ stakeholders information (extracted from the measurements data) which is most relevant for them.

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The benefits of involving citizen scientists in scientific projects extend beyond the cost- effective science itself, and have been shown to be important in fostering ‘earth stewardship’ (48).

The social web as a platform for citizen engagement

The explosion of user-generated content on the Social Web published from mobile devices has seen reporting applications grow in popularity from self-reporting style workout tracking applications to community reporting applications(27). The Social Web has enabled people to connect to others through shared objects of interest (for hobbies, work topics, socializing, etc.) or for shared motivations (for political campaigns, volunteerism, community activism, etc.), through applications such as blogs, wikis and “life streaming” or microblogging (27) (41).

The types of interaction in the social web (40) are: queries, reactions and crisis requests. Where responsiveness, becomes in very practical terms as the ability of being “fast and right”. Responsiveness in the social web refers to the speed of completing citizens requests (e.g., transactions, requests for information, agenda setting) but, at the later stage, also involves the capability to listen to the public and engage proactively (40).

A study identifies, three key themes that are relevant to address when using the social web for engagement(40):

1. Engaging on multiple channels and establishing information flows both to manage incoming messages and monitoring content. This involves selection of channels, using specialized software to manage multiple accounts and creating content to promote awareness campaigns or information about topics of interest. 2. Identifying networks of stakeholders and developing audience awareness across different channels. 3. Managing interactions with consideration to resources processes and structures, for example, how different interactions need to trigger different response processes.

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APPENDIX

I. Survey Design

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II. Interview Design

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III. Feedback Forms

Feedback Form

On behalf of The Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) and Lappeenranta University of Technology we thank you for attending this presentation about the first draft on the: State of the Art Study on Citizen Observations around the world and Finland and, we would like to kindly ask you to fill this anonymous feedback form about the presentation.

1. Please, indicate your field of experience:

______

2. Please rate the presentation (1= Poor; 5=Excellent):

a. The presentation was clear and concise __

b. The content was interesting and easy to understand __

3. In your opinion, please detail:

a. What has been the most interesting findings of this study?

b. What topics of this study should be investigated deeper?

4. Please check, what is your primary motivation for attending this presentation?

 Learn about the topic  Interest in specific findings  Lean techniques for my own citizen observatory  Interest in know what is happening around the world in the topic  Networking with peers  Other (Specify):

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Notes for Workshop

This section is designed to help you taking notes, during and after the presentation about the first draft on the: State of the Art Study on Citizen Observations around the world and Finland. Please, have into account that this notes will be useful for the workshop discussion, feel free to write your answers in Finnish or English.

a) What topics SYKE should focus on to develop their observatories?

b) What type of motivation techniques do you consider relevant for SYKE observatories?

c) What benefits can be created from SYKE’s observatories? And How to bring them to the Finnish context?

IV. Workgroup topics and findings

A workshop after the presentation of results of the state of the art study on citizen observatories, was organized on December 7th, 2015 at SYKE Offices in Helsinki with the

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participation of field experts within Finland. The outcomes of this workgroup is presented below: 4.1. Ideas about potential focus areas for SYKE

a) What topics SYKE should focus on to develop citizen observatories?

Most popular ideas: a. SYKE should focus on the parameters that are most important (e.g. parameters that meet the requirements of the Water Framework Directive) or parameters that are impossible to detect otherwise (e.g. non-native/ invasive species). (10 votes) b. CO should use social media. (6 votes) c. Steering the citizen observatories. SYKE may guide and instruct the citizens about where and when they should make the measurements. (6 votes) d. Co-operation between various institutes and organizations. (6 votes)

Other ideas e. It is important to build a practical/workable system, where uploading and downloading data is easy, the data quality is OK, the data has proper metadata files etc. (5 votes) f. An open API for uploading CO data. Citizens may build their own application to make measurements. E.g. Open311 API. (5 votes) g. CO data collecting system should be dynamic and easy to edit. One place where can leave all kind of observations. (5 votes) h. Subjective place-related information. Where citizens feel safe/unsafe, bad/good, happy/unhappy etc. (4 votes) i. Catalogue of species. Citizens may take a photo of a plant, send it and receive the name of the species, area of distribution and other information (3 votes) j. Users as designers, not necessarily dedicated observers (3 votes) k. Observations of toxic or hazardous waste (2 votes) l. Participation is important (1 vote) m. Observations of phonological events

b) What type of motivation techniques do you consider relevant for SYKE observatories? How to get more observations on the long run, how to encourage new observers and include new observer groups?

Most popular ideas: a. Can see the influence (8 votes) b. Personal benefits (6 votes) c. Feedback (6 votes) d. If the observation is part of everyday life it would be remembered better (6 votes) e. People want good (3 votes) f. To have better knowledge of environment (3 votes) g. People feel useful (2 votes) h. If the system to report observations works well (2 votes)

Other ideas: i. People are interested of the environment (1 vote) j. Protection area planning (1 vote)

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k. Land value (1 vote) l. Shore property owners m. Protection pressure (1 vote) n. The desire to influence the environment (1 vote) o. Information on what was done by observations, what was the effects and benefits p. Public awareness q. Social responsibility public private (pp) cooperation r. Conversation with other observers s. Owner flow, get the appreciation in the community t. Money, when it is in accordance with the purpose u. Try different technologies v. Sustainable consumption, why do people evaluate products, green consumption w. Game or some kind of counter, according from the users

c) What benefits can be created from SYKE’s citizen observatories? How to make them work in the Finnish context?

Most popular ideas: a. Open decision making (4 votes) b. Direct and transparent link to planning and decision making (4 votes) c. Corporate social responsibility (4 votes)

Other ideas: d. AKK e. Military servicemen may observer f. Village associations as partners or resource integrators (2 votes) g. Online results from the mutual data available for all users (1 vote) h. Cottage owners (4 votes) i. Forest owners j. Decentralized k. CO affects consumer behavior (1 vote) l. Carbon neutrality data m. Building heat budgets vs local weather data (1 vote) n. To make a concrete functioning system for multiple observations, feedback etc. o. Noise p. Combining CO and conventional science (cost-effectiveness) (1 vote) q. My back yard (1 vote) r. People who grow veggies etc. on their yard or farm – to get to know the pests s. Biodiversity information t. Better measurement devices u. Pilots (1 vote) v. Data aggregation for different stakeholders -> third-party applications (3 votes) w. Better apps x. Phosphorus y. Help individuals and communities to act systematically for public interest (society and environment) z. Calibration and validation data for researchers. Environmental administrations need the data for environmental monitoring and reporting. Public and private co-

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operation: The public sector publishes research results as open data. Private companies may utilize the results. aa. Long-term behavior (attitudes?). Change on participation. bb. Trek skaters cc. Summer house owners could observe water quality and phonological events dd. Pupils in school may observe under the guidance of a teacher of geography/biology ee. Teachers for getting their pupils explore the environment (3 votes) ff. Learn from: how excellent our home area is -> increase in value gg. Situational awareness (1 vote) hh. Learn new things to share or teach to others ii. The [hobby] enthusiasts collect data nationwide, e.g. hunters collect data from stock of game jj. Municipality (1 vote) kk. Maintenance of roads and constructions, and cleaning litter ll. City, monitoring the built environment (2 votes) mm. Communication with society. Company/ factory explaining smells etc. from factory nn. Divers are interested in water quality and underwater nature. (3 votes) oo. Non-professional fishermen are interested in things that affect fish (and possibility to catch them.) Associations are good contacts. (2 votes) pp. Sailing/boarding community, interested in the state of the sea qq. SME (small and medium-sized enterprises) companies participating in the ecosystem. (3 votes)

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V. Data Collection Matrix

5.1. Summary of Citizen Observatories Types of Observatories – Color Classification

Water, Streams, Air and spectrum Biodiversity Species Monitoring Snow, Sea monitoring Monitoring Monitoring

City Management Disasters Global Monitoring Tools for Citizen Monitoring Observatories

Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model A local biodiversity survey is going to be conducted by citizens as generic non-experienced users, high school OBSEA costal- students, and Participator Biodiversity Biodiversity cabled video- Yes Spain amateur divers y Monitoring monitoring observatory helping to identify and classify fishes appearing within different digital products such as time-lapse images and footages.

Average citizens collect environmental data such as noise and air pollution in an effort to improve both their Air and Noice and air individual lives Common Participator Yes spectrum pollution in USA (e.g., by mapping sense y monitoring cities pollution-free bike routes) and their community. Using a handheld device with their mobile phones or a vehicular platform.

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model Project to encourage citizens to install apps on their Android phones to build a Tools for map of mobile Opportunisti citizen Network Glassnost No UK data download c observatori Traffic speeds that could es then be visualized as independent maps of speed for each service provider Safecast is a global project to empower people with data, primarily by Air and Radiation and Opportunisti mapping radiation SafeCast Yes spectrum Air Japan c levels and building monitoring monitoring a sensor network, enabling people to contribute and freely use the data collected. DisCoPar enables users to set up their own observatory to collect, analyze and evaluate a specific type of data. Each observatory has a corresponding Tools for Configurable mobile app, which Participator citizen citizen DisCoPar No Belgium the creator of the y observatori observatory observatory can es tool design using a visual programming language. Within each observatory, users can deploy campaigns to aggregate data for a particular goal and/or concern.

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model The Citclops project aims to develop systems to retrieve and use data on seawater color, transparency and Water, fluorescence, using Streams, Aquatic Opportunisti low-cost sensors Citclops Yes Snow, Sea Environmenta Spain c combined with observatori l Observatory people acting as es data carriers, contextual information (e.g. geo referencing) and a community- based Internet platform MITOS exploited existing sensor sources in order to deliver intelligent transportation services to the end users, while promoting a sustainable urban mobility City paradigm. MITOS manageme Smart Participator is a digital maps MITOS No nt Transportatio Greece y service that observatori n effectively uses es Google Maps and in combination with Greek geographical data, provides users with high quality geographic information services and navigation. CyclePhilly is a smartphone app for recording your bicycle trips. Data City from the app can manageme be used by Opportunisti CiclePhilly No nt Bicycle Trips USA regional c observatori transportation es planners in the Philadelphia area to make Philly a better place to ride.

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model Real-time data feeds from the ekoNET service (air quality measurements taken at a Air and particular location, Participator Air ekoNET Yes spectrum Serbia i.e. from a y monitoring monitoring particular device) are fed into the ARvatar, a serious game designed for smart phones using appropriate web services. OntoPolis is an open participatory platform, focused on leveraging meaningful environmenta City interrelations l conditions, manageme between Participator energy OntoPolis Yes nt heterogeneous y consumption observatori real-time and mobility es data streams, issues pertinent to environmental, energy- and mobility-related aspects of the city. Users enter a City postcode and manageme report a problem Participator Urban Issues FixMyStreet No nt UK on the map of the y Monitoring observatori area and that is es sent to the city council SeeClickFix is a communications platform for citizens to report non-emergency City issues, and manageme governments to Participator Urban Issues SeeClickFix No nt USA track, manage, and y Monitoring observatori reply--ultimately es making communities better through transparency, collaboration, and cooperation.

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model A tool to report a local problem to the correct department of the City local authority in manageme Participator Urban Issues charge. All reports FixMyArea No nt Ireland y Monitoring and updates are observatori posted online so es that other people living in the area can view and support them. Global Earth Observation System of Systems, it builds on national, regional, and international observation systems and Participator Biodiversity Environmenta Switzerla data from GEOSS No y Monitoring l Monitoring nd thousands of instruments with focus in: Agriculture, Biodiversity, Climate, Disasters, Ecosystems, Energy, Health, Water, and Weather. participants must submit data on the number of bees Great Participator Species Species Yes USA visiting the SunFlower y Monitoring Monitoring sunflower to analyze data on pollination uses the smartphone sound Air and recorder to map Opportunisti Noise NoiseTube Yes spectrum France the noise level of c Monitoring monitoring the various areas of the globe

Where the goal is to collect information on the Participator Species Species Worldwid eBird Yes location and y Monitoring Monitoring e species of sighted birds, among others

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model It is an integrated citizen science project consisting of a mechatronics- based system and an online peer- production Water, platform. Streams, Volunteers Brooklying Participator Water Quality Yes Snow, Sea USA participatein Atlantis y Monitoring observatori Brooklyn Atlantis es by analyzing water quality data and wildlife images on the project website, which are uploaded remotely by an aquatic surface vehicle. Participants use their personal computers to help with the computational load of analyzing extensive amounts Tools for of data gathered Participator citizen Computationa Worldwid SETI Live No from outer space. y observatori l Load Sharing e SETILive uses data es provided by the Allen Telescope Array and presents it visually so that the public can collectively search for radio signals The Quake- Catcher Network is a collaborative initiative for developing the Tools for world’s largest, Quake- Participator citizen Computationa Worldwid No low-cost strong- Catcher y observatori l Load Sharing e motion seismic es network by utilizing sensors in and attached to internet-connected computers.

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model Participants work doing classification of galaxies according to their shape by looking at pictures from NASA’s telescope archive. Before users can participate, they must first go through a tutorial and take a test in Participator Global Space Worldwid Galaxy zoo No which their y Monitoring Monitoring e classification of galaxies is assessed. Galaxy Zoo is now the world’s best- known online citizen science project, and is the one with the largest number of publications based on citizen scientists input. It harnesses the reach of television to recruit hundreds of thousandsof Climate people to record Participator Global Springwatch Yes Change UK the first signs of y Monitoring Monitoring spring in their gardens, each contributing to an evolving national map of climate change. The aim was to explore how the convergence of mobile, online and City broadcast media manageme might enable a Participator Environmenta Participate Yes nt UK broad cross y l Campaigns observatori section of the es public to contribute to, as well as access, environmental information

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model Allows citizens and urban planners to create and share topics. Tools for It uses a digital The Urban Participator citizen Traffic participatory No Finland Mediator y observatori Monitoring design approach to es engage citizens in discussing traffic issues and to share their ideas about design proposals. Is a service that allows users to report on problems with city parks. ParkScan has a feedback City loop that allows manageme Participator Parking users to see how ParkScan No nt USA y Monitoring the problems they observatori report have been es addressed. In addition, it helps to track the relationship between funding and services.

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model (1) Environmental sensor data is captured and streamed live from each tree, to be visualized on two large displays that face each other across the gallery. (2) Juxtaposed between these visualizations is located the ‘climate machine’, an unusual device that visualizes recorded and predicted global CO2 levels by slowly burning A circular graphs Conversation Opportunisti Biodiversity Forest onto large circular Yes UK Between Trees c Monitoring Monitoring disks of recycled (ACBT) paper. These are subsequently hung up and displayed in the gallery space. (3)Visitors can also elect to experience a walk in the local UK forest during which they enact being a sensor, using a mobile phone to capture and visualize images of the forest and answering questions about their sensation of being in the forest. Mountain Watch has enlisted hikers in evaluating air Mountain Participator Biodiversity Mountains quality through Yes UK Watch y Monitoring Monitoring visibility measurement and in collecting observations Is a census of birds in the Western Hemisphere, performed Christmas Participator Species Species Yes USA annually in the Bird Count y Monitoring Monitoring early Northern- hemisphere winter by volunteer birdwatchers.

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model is a modular and extensible open- source, mobile to Web PS platform that records, stores, behavioral, City analyzes, and Participator health, manageme visualizes data y and wellness, and Ohmage No nt USA from both Opportunisti education observatori prompted self- c research es report and projects continuous data streams about behavioral, health, wellness, and education research projects Green GPS is a novel service that computes fuel- efficient routes for vehicles between arbitrary end- points. Similar to City how Google maps manageme Opportunisti Vehicular or MapQuest GreenGPS No nt USA c Monitoring compute the observatori shortest or the es fastest routes, Green GPS finds the “green” route between two end- points that consumes the least amount of fuel. Was originally designed for Kenyans to report violence incidents, primarily via SMS, on feature phones. Since then, it has Tools for Configurable become a more Participator citizen citizen Worldwid general platform Ushahidi Yes y observatori observatory e for gathering, es tool analyzing, and visualizing user- reported data (text, photos, or other multimedia) from various data streams like SMS, email, Twitter, and Web forms.

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model A tool to create, share, and manage citizen science projects. Sensr provides a Tools for Configurable phone UI widget- Participator citizen citizen Sensr Yes USA based survey y observatori observatory authoring tool es tool with limited supported data types (i.e., photo, text, and radio buttons). An ecological data management infrastructure providing Web- based tools for creating scripted citizen science projects, managing participants, choosing the data Tools for Configurable to study, analyzing Participator citizen citizen the data, and CitSci.org Yes USA y observatori observatory gathering feedback es tool from users. It enables data sharing between projects with standard data formats with vetted lists of organisms and their attributes, as well as site characteristics. Funf in a Box helps you create your own mobile sensing android app - no programming required. Simply connect your dropbox account, check off the data Tools for Configurable you want to Participator citizen citizen Worldwid collect, and the Funf Yes y observatori observatory e app (and later, es tool your data) will appear in your Dropbox. Take the app, distribute it manually or through the Android Market for a study. Then forget about managing a server for data collection.

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model It's all in your Dropbox. Wherever you are.

The app uses your phone's GPS record your routes in real-time, allowing the City of Atlanta to know which routes cyclists prefer. The app will also allow City users to report manageme problems along Participator Urban Routes Cycle Atlanta No nt USA their route such as y Monitoring observatori potholes, es obstructed bike lanes, etc. The information collected by the app will be used by the City of Atlanta to make strategic improvements to bicycle infrastructure.

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model The app uses a smartphone’s accelerometer to automate the detection and reporting of City pavement issues manageme around the city. Opportunisti Pavement Street Bump No nt USA When using the c Monitoring observatori app, geo-located es street quality data is automatically uploaded to the city and connected to Boston’s processes for fixing potholes. Citizens applied their local knowledge in an online world. Physically copresent participants explored a virtual recreation of their neighborhood and could redesign the space to experience it from other perspectives. Each participant City was given a manageme character and Participatory Participator Urban Issues No nt USA quest to guide Chinatown y Monitoring observatori their experience, es such as finding an apartment to rent, or securing a job. The social conditions of the neighborhood, including a high immigrant population and increasing gentrification, were also recreated to give social context to the virtual environment.

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model A media facade on the city hall tower in Aarhus, City Denmark and an manageme online/mobile City Bug Participator Urban Issues No nt Denmark platform for Report y Monitoring observatori citizen feedback es and reporting issues within the city, regarding any facet of city life. the iShake project uses people’s smartphones to bridge this gap and occupy a third space, as phones Opportunisti Disasters Earthquake can provide iShake No USA c Monitoring Monitoring immediate post- earthquake information with a potentially large number of relatively good quality sensors Uses human observations Did you feel Participator Disasters Earthquake Worldwid voluntarily No it? y Monitoring Monitoring e submitted through the Internet after an earthquake. The application was built into an Internet tablet to City build energy Participator manageme Energy awareness into Community y and No nt Consumption USA daily routines and Monitor Opportunisti observatori Monitoring habits, and to c es create a social experience with our application.

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model A social media over voice platform. It runs on IVR and can be accessed over mobile and fixed line telephones. Mobile Vaani instance is tied to a phone number. When a person City calls the number manageme Community Participator of a Mobile Vaani Moile Vaani No nt Perceptions India y instance, the call is observatori Monitoring immediately es disconnected and the system makes a call back to that number.During the call a person can record a voice post, listen to posts recorded by other users or comment on individual posts. Is an IVR (Interactive voice response) platform to provide small scale farmers with a voice forum to share information City and resolve manageme Community Participator queries in a peer- Avaaj Otalo No nt Communicati India y to-peer manner. It observatori on is structured es as a question- answer forum where farmers can ask questions and respond to others' questions and answers.

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model It is a pervasive environment that utilizes handheld and tabletop interfaces to mediate collaborative inquiry. GreenTouch City enables manageme Participator undergraduate GreenTouch Yes nt Education USA y students to engage observatori in authentic es scientific inquiries in phenology – the study of how periodic plant and animal life cycle events are influenced by variations in climate

iNaturalist provides a place to record and organize nature Participator Biodiversity Nature iNatural Yes USA findings, meet y Monitoring Monitoring other nature enthusiasts, and learn about the natural world.

Creek Watch is an iPhone application that enables you to help monitor the health of your local watershed. Whenever you pass by a waterway, spend a Water, few seconds using Streams, the Creek Watch Participator Water Quality Creek Watch Yes Snow, Sea USA application to snap y Monitoring observatori a picture and es report how much water and trash you see. We aggregate the data and share it with water control boards to help them track pollution and manage water

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model resources

Engages citizen scientists in phenology data collection. It provides online reference, allowing users to collect Participator Species Species data in different BudBurst Yes USA y Monitoring Monitoring locations using standard paper- based journals or mobile phones. The focus is monitoring plats at the seasons change.

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model WeSenseIt citizen observatories and their interactive ICT enabledfeatures (an integrated web-based and mobile environment powered by new sources of aggregated information and two-way communication such as the Water, Participator UK, Italy, integration of data Streams, y and Water Quality The captured from WeSenseIt Yes Snow, Sea Opportunisti Monitoring Netherla various sources, observatori c nds news feeds and es alerts about flood warnings during emergencies as well as planning- related documents during mitigation, fora and chats for discussions e.g. about decisions taken during emergencies as well as consultations during the recovery and mitigation phases GLOBE hosts a shared repository of local studies that are linked with global data to City assess their global manageme contexts and avoid Participator GLOBE No nt Land Usage Global biases, enabling y observatori more rapid and es continuous global knowledge generation across the community of land change researchers. This ambitious program is devoted to monitoring long- Tropical TEAM Participator Species term trends in Yes Species Brazil Network y Monitoring biodiversity, land Monitoring cover change, climate and ecosystem services in tropical forests.

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model It is the Spanish version of eBird. It Participator Species Birds focuses on a Ver Aves Yes Mexico y Monitoring Observations collecting bird observations from citizens. Bird watchers of Great all ages count Participator Species Birds Worldwid Backyard Bird Yes birds to create a y Monitoring Observations e Count real-time snapshot of where birds are. The ESP Game is a human-based computation game Tools for developed to Participator citizen Image Worldwid ESP Game No address the y observatori classification e problem of es creating difficult metadata through image labeling Foldit is a revolutionary crowdsourcing computer game Tools for enabling citizens Participator citizen Protein Worldwid Fold.it No to contribute to y observatori classification e important es scientific research, solving puzzles of simulated protein string folding. VizWiz is an iPhone app that allows blind users to receive quick answers to questions about their City surroundings. manageme VizWiz combines Participator Surroundings Worldwid VizWiz No nt automatic image y classification e observatori processing, es anonymous web workers, and members of the user's social network in order to collect fast and accurate answers to their questions.

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model Citi-Sense-MOB is to support green growth and sustainable Participator development in Air and Citi-Sense- y and Air Oslo, Norway, by Yes spectrum Norway MOB Opportunisti monitoring providing citizens monitoring c and authorities with information on transport, CO2 emissions and air quality. Citizens' Observatories for outdoor air quality that employ personal sensors Participator Air and carried by people y and Air CitiSense Yes spectrum Europe to monitor air Opportunisti monitoring monitoring pollution, c deployed in 9 European cities for indoor and outdoor air monitoring. Promotes user- friendly information services that draw upon multiple information channels including mobile technologies. This portal will provide APNEE (Air online Pollution visualization Network for means about real- Air and Early warning Opportunisti Air time air pollution, Yes spectrum Europe and online c monitoring and special monitoring information features like Exchange in discussion boards, Europe) online newsletters and early warning systems. Dissemination of information will be based on highly sophisticated technology standards like WAP, GSM, SMS, WEB and GIS

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model Enables access to Web environmental services (e.g. real time air, noise and traffic data measures) that are also available to OASI mobile clients, air, sound, (Environment Air and following the Opportunisti traffic and Switzerla al Observatory Yes spectrum need to monitor c meteorologica nd of Southern monitoring the evolution of l monitoring Switzerland) environmental loads in both time and space, with specific attention to atmospheric and noise pollution along the mass transit backbones. a citizen science program that documents wildlife sightings by Road Watch in Participator Species Wildlife Yes Canada volunteers along the Pass y Monitoring monitoring Highway 3 in the Crowsnest Pass area (CNP) in Alberta, Canada Get the best route with real-time help City from other drivers manageme and report traffic Participator Traffic Worldwid Waze No nt incidents. Waze is y Monitoring e observatori the world's largest es community-based traffic and navigation app. A platform for storing and sharing internet of things data from a variety of sensors Participator Tools for and y and citizen Sensors Worldwid Pachube No interconnected Opportunisti observatori monitoring e devices, sensor c es data is streamed in real time to the cloud. It is a Platform as a service. volunteers across a number of United European Kingdom's countries drive Participator Species Bats National Bat Yes UK along roads at y Monitoring monitoring Monitoring night, using more Programme expensive time- expansion broadband detectors to

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model record bats

iBats monitors bat populations globally by listening to the sounds bats use to navigate and find food. Volunteers Participator Species Bats around the world iBats Yes UK y Monitoring monitoring collect bat sounds and together we keep track of any changes in abundance or distribution of these amazing species. enable members of the public to have access to passive real time bat detectors UK, which they could Eastern place in a location Europe, The Norfolk Participator Species Bats of their choice Yes Ukraine, Bat Survey y Monitoring monitoring within Norfolk to Russia automatically and trigger and record Japan the calls to a memory card every time a bat passes throughout a night Enable amateur birders to get Breeding Bird Participator Species Birds training in their Yes UK Survey y Monitoring Observations website and then submit their bird observations. Scientists and citizens work together ro Water, improve the Streams, Participator Sea conservation of Sea Watch Yes Snow, Sea UK y monitoring cetaceans in UK observatori waters. Citizens es use their website to submit observations

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model Using citizen science to engage members of the public (local citizens and tourists) and Great Whale Participator Species Sea Species promote Yes USA Count y Monitoring monitoring environmental stewardship, while contributing toward a long- term humpback whale sighting dataset. Supports volunteers to monitor the presence and absence of coastal cetaceans over Moray Firth Participator Species Sea Species Yes UK time by Shorewatch y Monitoring monitoring conducting effort- based watches from shore at specified local sites around Scotland It is an all- volunteer conservation project dedicated to the protection of migratory birds through rescue, Chicago Bird advocacy and Participator Species Birds Collision Yes USA outreach. They y Monitoring Observations Monitors work to protect and recover migratory birds that are killed and injured in the downtown Chicago area each spring and fall migration. They offer meaningful volunteer opportunities for local residents to take action in the conservation of Calgary Fatal wildlife. Light Participator Species Birds Yes Canada Volunteers have to Awareness y Monitoring Observations transport injured Program birds to wildlife rehabilitation centers. When the birds recover, these drivers should release them into the wild.

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model Gather volunteers to pick injured birds and transport them to wildlife rehabilitation centers and release Participator Species Birds Lights Out Yes USA them to wild when y Monitoring Observations they are free. This project works in many city in the USA and was inspired by the Canadian FLAP Program They offer a wide range of volunteering opportunities from rescuing Night Participator Species Birds collisioned birds, Yes USA Guardians y Monitoring Observations adopting birds, report collisions by phone, help birds to heal, transport birds, etc. The Biodiversity Information System for Europe (BISE) is a single entry point for data and information on biodiversity supporting the implementation of the EU strategy and the Aichi targets in Europe. Bringing together facts and figures on biodiversity Biodiversity Biodiversity and ecosystem BISE Yes - Europe Monitoring monitoring services, it links to related policies, environmental data centers, assessments and research findings from various sources. It is being developed to strengthen the knowledge base in support of the implementation of the EU biodiversity strategy and the assessment of

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model progress in achieving the 2020 targets.

Odor monitoring and information system based on citizens and technology innovative sensors. It allows Air and Participator Air citizen feedback, Omniscientis Yes spectrum Europe y monitoring deepens monitoring knowledge on odor measurement and management and aims to support harmonized legislation at EU level

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model The goal here is to enable citizens living within Biosphere Reserves to collect environmental data using mobile devices. Information of use for policy formation and Participator Biodiversity Biosphere COBWEB Yes Europe delivery will be y Monitoring monitoring generated by quality controlling the crowd sourced data and aggregating with Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) type reference data from authoritative sources. Volunteers are called to support the project by reporting pollution Water, violations or Streams, enrolling in Participator Water Quality Riverkeeper Yes Snow, Sea USA several volunteer y Monitoring observatori activities for the es organization such as speak out, educating, cleaning rivers, and donating. Volunteers are called to support Water, the project by Streams, reporting pollution Participator Water Quality Baykeeper Yes Snow, Sea USA violations or y Monitoring observatori enrolling as es photographers, office or outreach volunteers. Volunteers are called to support the project by reporting pollution Water, violations or Streams, Participator Water Quality enrolling as Coastkeeper Yes Snow, Sea USA y Monitoring volunteers for observatori cleanups in es beaches and gardens, officers, and event organizers.

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model The Open Air Laboratories (OPAL) network is a UK-wide citizen science initiative that allows you to get hands-on with Air and nature, whatever The Open Air Participator Air Yes spectrum UK your age, Laboratories y monitoring monitoring background or level of ability. They work with universities and high schools and monitor bugs, water, air, soil and metals. Users are invited to download their app and their butterfly chart to start learning how to classify butterflies and then report them Big Butterfly Participator Species Butterfly Yes UK through the Count y Monitoring monitoring mobile apps the organization has. Later, this results are showed in a map so, users can go and see butterflies in certain sports. The UKBMS consists of a network of sites throughout the UK, covering 71 species. The Butterfly Participator Species Butterfly UKBMS mission is monitoring Yes Ireland y Monitoring monitoring to assess the status scheme and trends of UK butterfly populations for conservation, research and quality of life. Volunteers are asked to record bumblebees along a 1-2km fixed route walk once a Bumblebee month from Participator Species Bumblebee monitoring Yes Ireland March until y Monitoring Monitoring scheme October, the submissions need to be sightseeing or photos. Also, they offer 10 challenges for the

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model volunteers to complete.

It tracks the timing of spring phenology of common plants, has successfully demonstrated the impact of rising spring temperature, due to climate warming, on the Participator Biodiversity Biodiversity timing of plant Plant Watch Yes Canada y Monitoring monitoring development. It records flowering times for selected plant species and reporting these dates to researchers, who work to identify ecological changes that may be affecting our environment. IceWatch volunteers contribute to a scientific understanding of climate change. By analyzing citizen Water, records, scientists Streams, have found that Participator Ice Ice watch Yes Snow, Sea Canada the freeze-thaw y Monitoring observatori cycles of Northern es water bodies are changing. They have to submit observations about ice events: the freeze and thaw dates of lakes and rivers mainly.

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model Focus in identifying rare organisms including new invasive organisms and disappearing native species via Lost Ladybug Participator Species Bugs photo uploads. Yes USA Project y Monitoring monitoring Also, volunteers have material on their site to learn to identify bugs and submit accurate descriptions with their observation. Project FeederWatch is a winter-long survey of birds that visit feeders at backyards, nature centers, community areas, and other locales in North America. Employs an opportunistic Project Feeder Participator Species Birds approach to bird Yes USA Watch y Monitoring Observations monitoring whereby the number of birds at feeders, in winter, are periodically submitted. Whereas these surveys employ different methods of data collection both gather valuable scientific information. Nature's Calendar is the home for thousands of volunteers who record the signs of the seasons where they live. It is designed to collect Nature’s Participator Biodiversity Biodiversity Yes UK data on the timing Calendar UK y Monitoring monitoring of a range of phenophases of common plant and animal species to demonstrate the impact of climate change on local wildlife.

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model Nature’s Calendar is a citizen science project which means that the general public is asked to participate in the research by the monitoring Netherlands’s Participator Biodiversity Biodiversity Netherla Yes phonological Nature’s y Monitoring monitoring nds events like the Calendar start of flowering, leaf unfolding, leaf coloring, leaf fall and the first appearance of migratory birds, butterflies or dragonflies. Has several programmes in which volunteers can enroll and be Participator Biodiversity Trees active reporting Leaf Watch Yes USA y Monitoring monitoring leaf color changes in certain parks using certain hashtags in social networks The Seabird Monitoring Programme (SMP) is an ongoing annual monitoring Programme, of 26 species of seabird that regularly breed in Britain and Ireland. It Seabird aims to ensure Participator Species Birds Monitoring Yes Ireland that sample data y Monitoring Observations Programme on breeding numbers and breeding success of seabirds are collected, both regionally and nationally, to enable their conservation status to be assessed.

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model The Irish Wetland Bird Survey (I- WeBS) is the scheme that monitors wintering water birds in Ireland. The survey runs from September to Irish Irish Wetland Participator Species March each Yes wintering Ireland Bird Survey y Monitoring winter. Wetlands water-birds of all types and sizes are monitored, including estuaries, coastlines, bays, rivers, lakes, streams and flooded fields. They monitor, analyze, lend equipment, assist others (in sessions The for volunteers), Community- Water, and provide Based Streams, information Participator Water Quality Environmenta Yes Snow, Sea Canada monitoring y Monitoring l observatori protocols and offer MonitoringNe es long-term support twork for individuals who want to document environmental problems. They are part of the community based environmental monitoring network in Canada and, focus on water monitoring Water, in order to Streams, Participator Water Quality implement a CURA H20 Yes Snow, Sea Canada y Monitoring training program observatori of water quality es monitoring for citizens. They lend equipment Wet- pro to volunteers, train them to do the monitoring and offer them long term support.

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model

The Alliance for Aquatic Resource Monitoring engage communities to use science as a tool to monitor water streams, shale gas monitoring and quality control and Water, to use the data Streams, Participator Water Quality United they generate for ALLARM Yes Snow, Sea y Monitoring States aquatic protection observatori and restoration es efforts. ALLARM has provided capacity building assistance to Pennsylvania communities to monitor, protect and restore local waterways since 1986.

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model Florida LAKEWATCH is a volunteer lake- monitoring program that facilitates "hands- on" citizen participation in the management of Florida water bodies through monthly sampling activities. In return for participating in the Florida LAKEWATCH Program, volunteers receive: 1). A free Water, newsletter Streams, subscription 2). Participator Water Quality United LAKEWATCH Yes Snow, Sea Free sampling y Monitoring States observatori supplies and the es use of provided sampling equipment 3). Free training in lake monitoring procedures 4). Periodic updates of your monthly data, including an annual report 5). Access to experts in lake management who can help with questions 6). Invitations to free Florida LAKEWATCH volunteer appreciation meetings

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model The Bucket Brigade allows industrial neighbors to collect valid scientific data which can then be used to win impressive reductions of pollution, safety improvements and increased Air and Air and water enforcement of Bucket Participator United Yes spectrum quality environmental Brigades y States monitoring monitoring laws. Through Global Community Monitor which utilizes a wide variety of monitoring techniques and toolkits which can be easily adapted to each community in order to get the most accurate data. It is a program focused in providing volunteers with Water, the training and Streams, support required Pacific Stream Participator Lake Yes Snow, Sea Canada to protect and keepers y Monitoring observatori restore local es aquatic habitat, they have a handbook that volunteers have to read. After a few days of training in habitat mapping and species identification, volunteers can use these step-by-step Water, protocols to Streams, Participator Sea routinely monitor Shorekeepers Yes Snow, Sea Canada y monitoring sites of interest or observatori concern. They es focus in marine life, plant and shoreline that might be affected by human or industrial activities.

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model The Secchi Dip-In monitors water transparency, which provides so much information. Transparency is sensitive to changes in nutrient levels and to changes in the temperature structure of the lake. Transparency Water, and turbidity can Streams, be measured by a Participator Lake United Secchi Dip-In Yes Snow, Sea variety of y Monitoring States observatori instruments in es most every aquatic habitat. (The Dip- In also welcomes measurements of water temperature.) Volunteers take a secchi measurements during July and monitor lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, rivers or streams. Provides support and aggregates resources for project developers, participants, practitioners, Tools for Configurable educators, Citizen Participator citizen citizen United researchers, Science No y observatori observatory States information Central es tool technology specialists, and evaluators. It provides a toolkit for project development with tips and tools.

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model

Data Observation Network for Earth (DataONE) is the foundation of new innovative environmental science through a distributed Data Tools for Configurable framework and Observation Participator citizen citizen United sustainable cyber No Network for y observatori observatory States infrastructure that Earth es tool meets the needs of science and society for open, persistent, robust, and secure access to well-described and easily discovered Earth observational data.

Represents an online community that develops and applies open The public source tools to laboratory for environmental Participator Biodiversity Biodiversity United open Yes exploration, y Monitoring monitoring States technology providing and science participants with inexpensive and accessible "do it yourself" tools and techniques Aggregates information, videos and blogs about citizen- science projects: allows researchers Participator Biodiversity Biodiversity SciStarter Yes UK access to the y Monitoring monitoring community of doers through targeted marketing of participation opportunities

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model Supports expansion and increases in the capacity of existing extension volunteer monitoring network; supports development of new programs. It aggregates information and support materials for water-quality Water, monitoring across Volunteer Streams, Participator Water Quality United the US. Volunteer Water quality Yes Snow, Sea y Monitoring States water monitors monitoring observatori build community es awareness of pollution problems, help identify and restore problem sites, become advocates for their watersheds and increase the amount of needed water quality information available on our waters. StreamWatch uses rigorous science to monitor and report on the Water, quality of streams Streams, Participator Stream United in the Rivanna Streamwatch Yes Snow, Sea y monitoring States River watershed in observatori support of es community efforts to maintain and restore healthy waterways.

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Participati Project Title Env Area Detail Area Country Description on Model

CoCoRaHS is now the largest provider of daily precipitation observations in the United States. CoCoRaHS (pronounced KO- ko-rozz) is a grassroots volunteer network of backyard weather observers of all ages and backgrounds working together Water, to measure and Streams, Snow Network Participator Snow United map precipitation Yes Snow, Sea (CoCoRaHS) y monitoring States (rain, hail and observatori snow) in their es local communities. By using low-cost measurement tools, stressing training and education, and utilizing an interactive Web- site, our aim is to provide the highest quality data for natural resource, education and research applications

The Globe at Night program is an international citizen-science campaign to raise public awareness of the impact of light pollution by GLOBE at Participator Global Pollution United inviting citizen- No Night y Monitoring monitoring States scientists to measure their night sky brightness and submit their observations to a website from a computer or smart phone.

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5.2. Citizen Observatories’ Type of Data Gathering

Types of Data Gathering – Color Classification

Opinions Measurements Both

Project Title Description Type A local biodiversity survey is going to be conducted by citizens as generic non-experienced users, high school OBSEA costal-cabled students, and amateur divers helping to identify and classify Measurement video-observatory fishes appearing within different digital products such as time-lapse images and footages. Average citizens collect environmental data such as noise and air pollution in an effort to improve both their individual lives (e.g., by mapping pollution-free bike routes) Common sense and their community (e.g., by alerting Measurement city officials to excessive traffic levels in a neighborhood). Using a handheld device with their mobile phones or a vehicular platform. Project to encourage citizens to install apps on their Android phones to build a map of mobile data download Glassnost Measurement speeds that could then be visualized as independent maps of speed for each service provider Safecast is a global project to empower people with data, primarily by mapping radiation levels and building a sensor SafeCast Measurement network, enabling people to contribute and freely use the data collected. DisCoPar enables users to set up their own observatory to collect, analyze and evaluate a specific type of data. Each observatory has a corresponding mobile app, which the DisCoPar creator of the observatory can design using a visual Measurement programming language. Within each observatory, users can deploy campaigns to aggregate data for a particular goal and/or concern. The Citclops project aims to develop systems to retrieve and use data on seawater color, transparency and fluorescence, Citclops using low-cost sensors combined with people acting as data Measurement carriers, contextual information (e.g. geo referencing) and a community-based Internet platform MITOS exploited existing sensor sources in order to deliver intelligent transportation services to the end users, while promoting a sustainable urban mobility paradigm. MITOS MITOS is a digital maps service that effectively uses Google Maps Measurement and in combination with Greek geographical data, provides users with high quality geographic information services and navigation. CyclePhilly is a smartphone app for recording your bicycle trips. Data from the app can be used by regional CiclePhilly Measurement transportation planners in the Philadelphia area to make Philly a better place to ride. Real-time data feeds from the ekoNET service (air quality measurements taken at a particular location, i.e. from a ekoNET Measurement particular device) are fed into the ARvatar, a serious game designed for smart phones using appropriate web services.

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Project Title Description Type OntoPolis is an open participatory platform, focused on leveraging OntoPolis meaningful interrelations between heterogeneous real-time Opinions data streams, pertinent to environmental, energy- and mobility-related aspects of the city. Users enter a postcode and report a problem on the map of FixMyStreet Both the area and that is sent to the city council SeeClickFix is a communications platform for citizens to report non-emergency issues, and governments to track, SeeClickFix Both manage, and reply--ultimately making communities better through transparency, collaboration, and cooperation. A tool to report a local problem to the correct department of the local authority in charge. All reports and updates are FixMyArea Both posted online so that other people living in the area can view and support them. Global Earth Observation System of Systems, it builds on national, regional, and international observation systems and GEOSS Measurement data from thousands of instruments with focus in: Agriculture, Biodiversity, Climate, Disasters, Ecosystems, Energy, Health, Water, and Weather. participants must submit data on the number of bees Great SunFlower visiting the sunflower to Measurement analyze data on pollination uses the smartphone sound recorder to map the noise level NoiseTube of the various areas of Measurement the globe Where the goal is to collect information on the location and eBird species of Measurement sighted birds, among others It is an integrated citizen science project consisting of a mechatronics-based system and an online peer-production platform. Volunteers participate Brooklying Atlantis Measurement in Brooklyn Atlantis by analyzing water quality data and wildlife images on the project website, which are uploaded remotely by an aquatic surface vehicle. Participants use their personal computers to help with the computational load of analyzing extensive amounts of data gathered SETI Live Measurement from outer space. SETILive uses data provided by the Allen Telescope Array and presents it visually so that the public can collectively search for radio signals The Quake-Catcher Network is a collaborative initiative for developing the world’s largest, low-cost strong-motion Quake-Catcher Measurement seismic network by utilizing sensors in and attached to internet-connected computers. Participants work doing classification of galaxies according to their shape by looking at pictures from NASA’s telescope archive. Before users can participate, they must first go through a tutorial and take a test in which their Galaxy zoo Measurement classification of galaxies is assessed. Galaxy Zoo is now the world’s best-known online citizen science project, and is the one with the largest number of publications based on citizen scientists input.

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Project Title Description Type It harnesses the reach of television to recruit hundreds of thousands Springwatch of people to record the first signs of spring in their gardens, Measurement each contributing to an evolving national map of climate change. The aim was to explore how the convergence of mobile, online and broadcast media might enable a broad cross Participate Both section of the public to contribute to, as well as access, environmental information Allows citizens and urban planners to create and share topics. It uses a digital participatory design approach to The Urban Mediator Both engage citizens in discussing traffic issues and to share their ideas about design proposals. A service that allows users to report on problems with city parks. ParkScan has a feedback loop that allows users to see ParkScan how the problems they report have been addressed. In Both addition, it helps to track the relationship between funding and services. (1) Environmental sensor data is captured and streamed live from each tree, to be visualized on two large displays that face each other across the gallery.(2) Juxtaposed between these visualizations is located the ‘climate machine’, an unusual device that visualizes recorded and predicted global CO2 levels by slowly burning circular A Conversation graphs onto large circular disks of recycled paper. These are Measurement Between Trees (ACBT) subsequently hung up and displayed in the gallery space. (3)Visitors can also elect to experience a walk in the local UK forest during which they enact being a sensor, using a mobile phone to capture and visualize images of the forest and answering questions about their sensation of being in the forest. Mountain Watch has enlisted hikers in evaluating air Mountain Watch quality through visibility measurement and in collecting Measurement observations A census of birds in the Western Hemisphere, performed Christmas Bird Count annually in the early Northern-hemisphere winter by Measurement volunteer birdwatchers. A modular and extensible open-source, mobile to Web PS platform that records, stores, analyzes, and visualizes data Ohmage from both prompted self-report and continuous data Measurement streams about behavioral, health, wellness, and education research projects Green GPS is a novel service that computes fuel-efficient routes for vehicles between arbitrary end-points. Similar to GreenGPS how Google maps or MapQuest compute the shortest or the Measurement fastest routes, Green GPS finds the “green” route between two end-points that consumes the least amount of fuel. Was originally designed for Kenyans to report violence incidents, primarily via SMS, on feature phones. Since then, it has become a more general platform for gathering, Ushahidi Both analyzing, and visualizing user-reported data (text, photos, or other multimedia) from various data streams like SMS, email, Twitter, and Web forms. A tool to create, share, and manage citizen science projects. Sensr provides a phone UI widget-based survey authoring Sensr Both tool with limited supported data types (i.e., photo, text, and radio buttons).

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Project Title Description Type An ecological data management infrastructure providing Web-based tools for creating scripted citizen science projects, managing participants, choosing the data to study (species and environments), analyzing the data, and CitSci.org Both gathering feedback from users. It enables data sharing between projects with standard data formats with vetted lists of organisms and their attributes, as well as site characteristics. Funf in a Box helps you create your own mobile sensing android app - no programming required. Simply connect your dropbox account, check off the data you want to collect, and the app (and later, your data) will appear in Funf Both your Dropbox. Take the app, distribute it manually or through the Android Market for a study. Then forget about managing a server for data collection. It's all in your Dropbox. Wherever you are. The app uses your phone's GPS record your routes in real- time, allowing the City of Atlanta to know which routes cyclists prefer. The app will also allow users to report Cycle Atlanta problems along their route such as potholes, obstructed Measurement bike lanes, etc. The information collected by the app will be used by the City of Atlanta to make strategic improvements to bicycle infrastructure. The app uses a smartphone’s accelerometer to automate the detection and reporting of pavement issues around the city. When Street Bump Measurement using the app, geo-located street quality data is automatically uploaded to the city and connected to Boston’s processes for fixing potholes. Citizens applied their local knowledge in an online world. Physically present participants explored a virtual recreation of their neighborhood and could redesign the space to experience it from other perspectives. Each participant was Participatory given a character and quest to guide their experience, such Opinions Chinatown as finding an apartment to rent, or securing a job. The social conditions of the neighborhood, including a high immigrant population and increasing gentrification, were also recreated to give social context to the virtual environment. A media facade on the city hall tower in Aarhus, Denmark and an online/mobile platform for citizen feedback and City Bug Report Opinions reporting issues within the city, regarding any facet of city life. the iShake project uses people’s smartphones to bridge this gap and occupy a third space, as phones can provide iShake Measurement immediate post-earthquake information with a potentially large number of relatively good quality sensors Uses human observations voluntarily submitted through Did you feel it? Measurement the Internet after an earthquake. The application was built into an Internet tablet to build energy awareness into daily routines and habits, and to Community Monitor Measurement create a social experience with our application.

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Project Title Description Type A social media over voice platform. It runs on IVR and can be accessed over mobile and fixed line telephones. Mobile Vaani instance is tied to a phone number. When a person calls the number of a Mobile Vaani instance, the call is Moile Vaani immediately disconnected and the system makes a call back Opinions to that number. During the call a person can record a voice post, listen to posts recorded by other users or comment on individual posts. An IVR platform to provide small scale farmers with a voice forum to share information and resolve queries in a peer-to- Avaaj Otalo peer manner. It is structured Opinions as a question-answer forum where farmers can ask questions and respond to others' questions and answers. It is a pervasive environment that utilizes handheld and tabletop interfaces to mediate collaborative inquiry. GreenTouch enables undergraduate students to engage in GreenTouch Both authentic scientific inquiries in phenology – the study of how periodic plant and animal life cycle events are influenced by variations in climate iNaturalist provides a place to record and organize nature findings, meet other nature enthusiasts, and learn about the natural world. It encourages the participation of a wide variety of nature enthusiasts, including, but not exclusive to, hikers, hunters, birders, beach combers, mushroom iNatural Measurement foragers, park rangers, ecologists, and fishermen. Through connecting these different perceptions and expertise of the natural world, iNaturalist hopes to create extensive community awareness of local biodiversity and promote further exploration of local environments. Creek Watch is an iPhone application that enables you to help monitor the health of your local watershed. Whenever you pass by a waterway, spend a few seconds using the Creek Watch Creek Watch application to snap a picture and report how Measurement much water and trash you see. We aggregate the data and share it with water control boards to help them track pollution and manage water resources Engages citizen scientists in phenology data collection. It provides online reference, allowing users to collect data in BudBurst different locations using standard paper-based journals or Measurement mobile phones. The focus is monitoring plats at the seasons change. WeSenseIt citizen observatories and their interactive ICT enabled features (an integrated web-based and mobile environment powered by new sources of aggregated information and two-way communication such as the integration of data captured from various sources, news WeSenseIt Measurement feeds and alerts about flood warnings during emergencies as well as planning-related documents during mitigation, fora and chats for discussions e.g. about decisions taken during emergencies as well as consultations during the recovery and mitigation phases

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Project Title Description Type GLOBE hosts a shared repository of local studies that are linked with global data to assess their global contexts and avoid biases, enabling more rapid and continuous global knowledge generation across the community of land change GLOBE researchers. GLOBE (Global Collaboration Engine) is an Both online collaborative environment that enables land change researchers to share, compare and integrate local and regional studies with global data to assess the global relevance of their work. This ambitious program is devoted to monitoring long-term TEAM Network trends in biodiversity, land cover change, climate and Measurement ecosystem services in tropical forests. It is the Spanish version of eBird. It focuses on collecting a Ver Aves Measurement bird observations from citizens. Great Backyard Bird Bird watchers of all ages count birds to create a real-time Measurement Count snapshot of where birds are. The ESP Game is a human-based computation game ESP Game developed to address the problem of creating difficult Both metadata through image labeling Foldit is a revolutionary crowdsourcing computer game Fold.it enabling citizens to contribute to important scientific Measurement research, solving puzzles of simulated protein string folding. VizWiz is an iPhone app that allows blind users to receive quick answers to questions about their surroundings. VizWiz VizWiz combines automatic image processing, anonymous Opinions web workers, and members of the user's social network in order to collect fast and accurate answers to their questions. Citi-Sense-MOB is to support green growth and sustainable development in Oslo, Norway, by providing citizens and Citi-Sense-MOB authorities Measurement with information on transport, CO2 emissions and air quality. Citizens' Observatories for outdoor air quality that employ personal sensors carried by people to monitor air pollution, CitiSense Measurement deployed in 9 European cities for indoor and outdoor air monitoring. Promotes user-friendly information services that draw upon multiple information channels including mobile APNEE (Air Pollution technologies. This portal will provide online visualization Network for Early means about real-time air pollution, and special features warning and online Both like discussion boards, online newsletters and early warning information Exchange systems. Dissemination of information will be based on in Europe) highly sophisticated technology standards like WAP, GSM, SMS, WEB and GIS Enables access to Web environmental services (e.g. real time air, noise and traffic data measures) that are also OASI (Environmental available to mobile clients, following the Observatory of Both need to monitor the evolution of environmental loads in Southern Switzerland) both time and space, with specific attention to atmospheric and noise pollution along the mass transit backbones. a citizen science program that documents wildlife sightings Road Watch in the by volunteers along Highway 3 in the Crowsnest Pass area Measurement Pass (CNP) in Alberta, Canada

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Project Title Description Type Get the best route with real-time help from other drivers Waze and report traffic incidents. Waze is the world's largest Measurement community-based traffic and navigation app. A platform for storing and sharing internet of things data from a variety of sensors and interconnected devices, sensor Pachube Measurement data is streamed in real time to the cloud. It is a Platform as a service. United Kingdom's volunteers across a number of European countries drive National Bat along roads at night, using more expensive time-expansion Measurement Monitoring broad-band detectors to record bats Programme iBats monitors bat populations globally by listening to the sounds bats use to navigate and find food. Volunteers iBats around the world collect bat sounds and together we keep Measurement track of any changes in abundance or distribution of these amazing species. enable members of the public to have access to passive real time bat detectors which they could place in a location of The Norfolk Bat Survey their choice within Norfolk to automatically trigger and Measurement record the calls to a memory card every time a bat passes throughout a night Enable amateur birders to get training in their website and Breeding Bird Survey Measurement then submit their bird observations. Scientists and citizens work together to improve the Sea Watch conservation of cetaceans in UK waters. Citizens use their Measurement website to submit observations Using citizen science to engage members of the public (local citizens and tourists) and promote environmental Great Whale Count Measurement stewardship, while contributing toward a long-term humpback whale sighting dataset. Supports volunteers to monitor the presence and absence of Moray Firth coastal cetaceans over time by conducting effort-based Measurement Shorewatch watches from shore at specified local sites around Scotland It is an all-volunteer conservation project dedicated to the protection of migratory birds through rescue, advocacy and Chicago Bird Collision outreach. They work to protect and recover migratory birds Measurement Monitors that are killed and injured in the downtown Chicago area each spring and fall migration. They offer meaningful volunteer opportunities for local residents to take action in the conservation of wildlife. Calgary Fatal Light Volunteers have to transport injured birds to wildlife Both Awareness Program rehabilitation centers. When the birds recover, these drivers should release them into the wild. Gather volunteers to pick injured birds and transport them to wildlife rehabilitation centers and release them to wild Lights Out Both when they are free. This project works in many city in the USA and was inspired by the Canadian FLAP Program They offer a wide range of volunteering opportunities from Night Guardians rescuing collisioned birds, adopting birds, report collisions Both by phone, help birds to heal, transport birds, etc.

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Project Title Description Type The Biodiversity Information System for Europe (BISE) is a single entry point for data and information on biodiversity supporting the implementation of the EU strategy and the Aichi targets in Europe. Bringing together facts and figures on biodiversity and ecosystem services, it links to related BISE Measurement policies, environmental data centers, assessments and research findings from various sources. It is being developed to strengthen the knowledge base in support of the implementation of the EU biodiversity strategy and the assessment of progress in achieving the 2020 targets.

Odor monitoring and information system based on citizens and technology innovative sensors. The project allows for Omniscientis citizen feedback, deepens knowledge on odor measurement Measurement and management and aims to support harmonized legislation at EU level The goal here is to enable citizens living within Biosphere Reserves to collect environmental data using mobile devices. Information of use for policy formation and COBWEB delivery will be generated by quality controlling the crowd Measurement sourced data and aggregating with Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) type reference data from authoritative sources. Volunteers are called to support the project by reporting pollution violations or enrolling in several volunteer Riverkeeper Both activities for the organization such as speak out, educating, cleaning rivers, and donating. Volunteers are called to support the project by reporting Baykeeper pollution violations or enrolling as photographers, office or Both outreach volunteers. Volunteers are called to support the project by reporting Coastkeeper pollution violations or enrolling as volunteers for cleanups Both in beaches and gardens, officers, and event organizers. The Open Air Laboratories (OPAL) network is a UK-wide citizen science initiative that allows you to get hands-on The Open Air with nature, whatever your age, background or level of Both Laboratories ability. They work with universities and high schools and monitor bugs, water, air, soil and metals. Users are invited to download their app and their butterfly chart to start learning how to classify butterflies and then Big Butterfly Count report them through the mobile apps the organization has. Measurement Later, this results are showed in a map so, users can go and see butterflies in certain sports. The UKBMS consists of a network of sites throughout the Butterfly monitoring UK, covering 71 species. The UKBMS mission is to assess Measurement scheme the status and trends of UK butterfly populations for conservation, research and quality of life. Volunteers are asked to record bumblebees along a 1-2km Bumblebee monitoring fixed route walk once a month from March until October, Measurement scheme the submissions need to be sightseeing or photos. Also, they offer 10 challenges for the volunteers to complete.

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Project Title Description Type Plant Watch tracks the timing of spring phenology of common plants, has successfully demonstrated the impact of rising spring temperature, due to climate warming, on the timing of plant development. It enables citizen scientists Plant Watch Measurement to get involved by recording flowering times for selected plant species and reporting these dates to researchers, who work to identify ecological changes that may be affecting our environment. IceWatch volunteers contribute to a scientific understanding of climate change. By analyzing citizen records, scientists have found that the freeze-thaw cycles of Ice watch Measurement Northern water bodies are changing. They have to submit observations about ice events: the freeze and thaw dates of lakes and rivers mainly. Focus in identifying rare organisms including new invasive organisms and disappearing native species via photo Lost Ladybug Project uploads. Also, volunteers have material on their site to learn Measurement to identify bugs and submit accurate descriptions with their observation. Project FeederWatch is a winter-long survey of birds that visit feeders at backyards, nature centers, community areas, and other locales in North America. Employs an opportunistic approach to bird monitoring whereby the Project Feeder Watch Measurement number of birds at feeders, in winter, are periodically submitted. Whereas these surveys employ different methods of data collection both gather valuable scientific information. Nature's Calendar is the home for thousands of volunteers who record the signs of the seasons where they live. It is Nature’s designed to collect data on the timing of a range of phenol Measurement Calendar UK phases of common plant and animal species to demonstrate the impact of climate change on local wildlife. Nature’s Calendar is a citizen science project which means that the general public is asked to participate in the the Netherlands’s research by monitoring phonological events like the start of Measurement Nature’s Calendar flowering, leaf unfolding, leaf coloring, leaf fall and the first appearance of migratory birds, butterflies or dragonflies. Has several programmes in which volunteers can enroll and Leaf Watch be active reporting leaf color changes in certain parks using Opinions certain hashtags in social networks The Seabird Monitoring Programme (SMP) is an ongoing annual monitoring Programme, of 26 species of seabird that Seabird Monitoring regularly breed in Britain and Ireland. It aims to ensure that Measurement Programme sample data on breeding numbers and breeding success of seabirds are collected, both regionally and nationally, to enable their conservation status to be assessed. The Irish Wetland Bird Survey (I-WeBS) is the scheme that monitors wintering water birds in Ireland. The survey runs Irish Wetland Bird from September to March each winter. Wetlands of all types Measurement Survey and sizes are monitored, including estuaries, coastlines, bays, rivers, lakes, streams and flooded fields. They monitor, analyze, lend equipment, assist others (in The Community-Based sessions for volunteers), and provide information Environmental monitoring protocols and offer long-term support for Measurement Monitoring individuals who want to document environmental Network problems.

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Project Title Description Type They are part of the community based environmental monitoring network in Canada and, focus on water monitoring in order to implement a training program of CURA H20 Measurement water quality monitoring for citizens. They lend equipment Wet-pro to volunteers, train them to do the monitoring and offer them long term support. The Alliance for Aquatic Resource Monitoring engage communities to use science as a tool to monitor water streams, shale gas monitoring and quality control and to use the data they generate for aquatic protection and restoration efforts. ALLARM has provided capacity building ALLARM assistance to Pennsylvania communities to monitor, protect Measurement and restore local waterways since 1986. In order to make technical assistance resources more widely available to monitoring watershed organizations, ALLARM has placed a number of its workshop tools and technical resources online. Florida LAKEWATCH is a volunteer lake-monitoring program that facilitates "hands-on" citizen participation in the management of Florida water bodies through monthly sampling activities. In return for participating in the Florida LAKEWATCH Program, volunteers receive: 1). A free newsletter subscription 2). Free sampling supplies and the LAKEWATCH Measurement use of provided sampling equipment 3). Free training in lake monitoring procedures 4). Periodic updates of your monthly data, including an annual report 5). Access to experts in lake management who can help with questions 6). Invitations to free Florida LAKEWATCH volunteer appreciation meetings The Bucket Brigade allows industrial neighbors to collect valid scientific data which can then be used to win impressive reductions of pollution, safety improvements and increased enforcement of environmental laws. Through Bucket Brigades Measurement Global Community Monitor which utilizes a wide variety of monitoring techniques and toolkits which can be easily adapted to each community in order to get the most accurate data. It is a program focused in providing volunteers with the Pacitific training and support required to protect and restore local Measurement Streamkeepers aquatic habitat, they have a handbook that volunteers have to read. After a few days of training in habitat mapping and species identification, volunteers can use these step-by-step Shorekeepers protocols to routinely monitor sites of interest or concern. Measurement They focus in marine life, plant and shoreline that might be affected by human or industrial activities. The Secchi Dip-In monitors water transparency, which provides so much information. Transparency is sensitive to changes in nutrient levels and to changes in the temperature structure of the lake. Transparency and Secchi Dip-In turbidity can be measured by a variety of instruments in Measurement most every aquatic habitat. (The Dip-In also welcomes measurements of water temperature.) Volunteers take a secchi measurement during July and monitor lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, rivers or streams.

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Project Title Description Type Provides support and aggregates resources for project developers, participants, practitioners, educators, Citizen Science Central researchers, information technology specialists, and Both evaluators. It provides a toolkit for project development with tips and tools. Data Observation Network for Earth (DataONE) is the foundation of new innovative environmental science Data Observation through a distributed framework and sustainable cyber Measurement Network for Earth infrastructure that meets the needs of science and society for open, persistent, robust, and secure access to well- described and easily discovered Earth observational data Represents an online community that develops and applies The public laboratory open source tools to environmental exploration, providing for open technology Both participants with inexpensive and accessible "do it yourself" and science tools and techniques Aggregates information, videos and blogs about citizen- science projects: allows researchers access to the SciStarter Both community of doers through targeted marketing of participation opportunities Supports expansion and increases in the capacity of existing extension volunteer monitoring network; supports development of new programs. It aggregates information and support materials for water-quality monitoring across Volunter Water quality the US. Volunteer water monitors build community Both monitoring awareness of pollution problems, help identify and restore problem sites, become advocates for their watersheds and increase the amount of needed water quality information available on our waters. StreamWatch uses rigorous science to monitor and report on the quality of streams in the Rivanna River watershed in Streamwatch Measurement support of community efforts to maintain and restore healthy waterways. CoCoRaHS is now the largest provider of daily precipitation observations in the United States. CoCoRaHS (pronounced KO-ko-rozz) is a grassroots volunteer network of backyard weather observers of all ages and backgrounds working together to measure and map precipitation (rain, hail and snow) in their local communities. By using low-cost Snow Network measurement tools, stressing training and education, and Measurement (CoCoRaHS) utilizing an interactive Web-site, our aim is to provide the highest quality data for natural resource, education and research applications. The only requirements to join are an enthusiasm for watching and reporting weather conditions and a desire to learn more about how weather can affect and impact our lives. The Globe at Night program is an international citizen- science campaign to raise public awareness of the impact of GLOBE at Night light pollution by inviting citizen-scientists to measure their Both night sky brightness and submit their observations to a website from a computer or smart phone.

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5.3. Citizen Observatories Contact Information

A S c t Project Countr t Institution a Contact Site Title y i r v t e Centre Tecnològic de Vilanova i la Geltrú Rambla Exposició 24, Edifici VG5 OBSEA 08800 Vilanova i la costal- Geltrú (Barcelona, cabled 2 Spain) video- Y Sarti Research Group, 0 Tel: +34 93 896 72 00 http://www.upc.e observato e Universitat Politecnica 1 Fax: +34 93 896 72 01 du/cdsarti/OBSEA ry Spain s de Catalunya 3 Web: www.cdsarti.org / 2 Y 0 http://www.comm Common e 0 info@communitysensi unitysensing.org/t sense USA s Intel Labs Berkeley 9 ng.org echnology.php 2 http://broadband. Y 0 mpi- e Max Planck Institute 1 broadband@mpi-sws sws.org/transpare Glassnost UK s for Software Systems 1 org ncy/bttest.php 2 Y 0 e 1 [email protected] http://blog.safecas SafeCast Japan s SafeCast 1 [email protected] t.org/ 2 Y 0 e Software Languages 1 https://discopar.n DisCoPar Belgium s Lab at Vrije University 5 [email protected] et/ Dr. Luigi Ceccaroni Barcelona Digital Technology Centre Roc Boronat 117, 5th floor MediaTIC building 2 08018 Barcelona Y 0 (Spain) e 1 Phone: +34 93 553 45 http://www.citclo Citclops Spain s European Union 3 40 ps.eu/ 2 Y 0 http://smartsanta e 1 Contact form on their nder.eu/index.php MITOS Greece s Smart Santander 4 website /mitos 2 0 CiclePhill N 1 [email protected] http://www.cyclep y USA o Ciziten Community 4 rg hilly.org/ 2 Y 0 e 1 [email protected],k http://www.citi- ekoNET Serbia s dunavNET 2 [email protected] sense.eu/ 2 Achilleas Psyllidis, 0 Nimish Biloria N 1 [email protected], OntoPolis o TU Delft 4 [email protected] -

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A S c t Project Countr t Institution a Contact Site Title y i r v t e mySociety, 483 Green 2 Lanes, London, N13 Y 0 4BS, UK. FixMyStr e Mysociety.org UK 0 [email protected] https://www.fixm eet UK s Project 7 om ystreet.com/ +1 800-369-9060 [email protected] m 2 746 Chapel Street Y 0 Third Floor SeeClickF e 0 New Haven, CT 06510 http://en.seeclickf ix USA s SeeClickFix, Inc. 8 USA ix.com/ keepusbusy@FixMyAr ea.com [email protected] om FixMyArea.com 2 27, South Frederick Y 0 Street, FixMyAre e 1 Dublin 2, http://fixmyarea.c a Ireland s RateLocate Online Ltd 2 Ireland om/ [email protected] GEO Secretariat 2 7 bis, avenue de la Paix Y 0 Case postale 2300 http://www.geopo Switzerla e GEO - Group on Earth 0 CH-1211 Geneva 2 rtal.org/web/guest GEOSS nd s Observations 8 Switzerland /geo_home_stp https://www.greatsunf lower.org/contact Great Sunflower Project San Francisco State 2 University Great Y 0 1600 Holloway Avenue SunFlowe e Great Sunflower 0 San Francisco, CA https://www.great r USA s Project 8 94132 sunflower.org/ Sony Computer 2 Y Science Laboratory 0 [email protected] NoiseTub e Paris & Software 0 .be;[email protected] http://www.noiset e France s Languages Lab 8 e ube.net/ 2 http://help.ebird.org/c Y 0 ustomer/portal/emails Worldwi e Cornell Lab of 0 /new?b_id=1928&q=c eBird de s Ornithology 8 ontact http://ebird.org/ 2 Y Brooklying Atlantis - 0 http://www.brook Brooklyin e National Science 1 info@brooklynatlantis. lynatlantis.poly.ed g Atlantis USA s Foundation 4 poly.edu u/ 2 SETI Institute, TED, 0 Worldwi N Science Channel and 1 http://www.setiliv SETI Live de o Zooniverse 2 [email protected] e.org/ Quake- Worldwi Y 2 Elizabeth S. Cochran http://qcn.caltech. Catcher de e Standford University 0 PROJECT LEADER edu/

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A S c t Project Countr t Institution a Contact Site Title y i r v t e s 1 AND PROJECT CO- 1 FOUNDER USGS (626) 583-7238 [email protected] Chris Lintott - Principal Investigator 2 [email protected] Y 0 x.ac.uk Galaxy Worldwi e The Citizen Science 0 http://www.galaxy zoo de s Alliance 7 [email protected] zoo.org/ [email protected] k Springwatch BBC Natural History 2 Unit Y 0 Broadcasting House http://www.bbc.co Springwa e 0 Whiteladies Road .uk/programmes/ tch UK s BBC 5 Bristol BS8 2LR b007qgm3 Alan Chamberlain BBC, BT, Microsoft, alan.chamberlain@not Science Scope, Blast 2 tingham.ac.uk Theory, University of 0 Wollaton Road, http://www.partic Participat N Nottingham and, 1 Nottingham NG8 1BB, ipateschools.co.uk e UK o University of Bath 1 UK / 2 The University of Art and 0 Joanna Saad-Sulonen Urban N Design Helsinki - 0 joanna.saad- http://mlab.taik.fi Mediator Finland o Media Lab 9 [email protected] /urbanmediator/ 1663 Mission St., Suite 320 San Francisco CA 2 94103 Y 0 415.621.3260 e Neighborhood Parks 0 feedback@sfparksallia http://www.parks ParkScan USA s Council (NPC) 3 nce.org canpdx.org/ A Conversat ion 2 Between Y 0 Trees e A Conversation 0 01392 832277 http://hello- (ACBT) UK s Between Trees (ACBT) 9 [email protected] tree.com/ Research and Mountainwatch Education 681 Barrenjoey Rd Y departments of the Avalon NSW 2107 Mountain e Appalachian Mountain Justine.elderfield@coa http://www.moun Watch UK s Club (AMC) stalwatch.com tainwatch.com/ 1 https://www.audu Christma Y 9 1-844-428-3826 bon.org/conservati s Bird e National Audubon 0 audubon@emailcusto on/science/christ Count USA s Society 1 merservice.com mas-bird-count Y 2 e 0 http://ohmage.org Ohmage USA s Cornell Tech 1 [email protected] /

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A S c t Project Countr t Institution a Contact Site Title y i r v t e 5 Prof. Tarek Abdelzaher- zaher @ illinois dot edu Raghu Kiran Ganti - rganti2 @ illinois dot 2 edu Y 0 Nam Pham - http://green- GreenGP e 1 nampham2 at illinois way.cs.illinois.edu S USA s Illionois University 0 dot edu /GreenGPS.html 2 Y 0 Worldwi e 0 http://www.ushahidi.c http://www.ushah Ushahidi de s Ushahidi 9 om/contact idi.com/ 2 Y 0 e Carnegie Mellon 1 [email protected] http://www.sensr. Sensr USA s University 3 om org/ [email protected] Greg Newman Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory Colorado State University Natural Resources 2 Fort Collins, Colorado Y Ecology Lab (NREL) at 0 80523-1499 e Colorado State 1 Phone: (970) 491-0410 CitSci.org USA s University 1 FAX: (970) 491-1965 http://citsci.org/ 2 Y Massachusetts 0 Worldwi e Institute of 1 Funf de s Technology 1 [email protected] http://funf.org/ City of Atlanta Department of Planning & Community Development, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 2 Y Bicycle Coalition and 0 Cycle e Atlanta Regional 1 http://cycleatlanta Atlanta USA s Commission (ARC). 2 [email protected] .org/ 2 Y the Mayor's Office of 0 Street e New Urban Mechanics 1 http://www.street Bump USA s in Boston 0 - bump.org/ Participat Asian Community 2 ory Y Development 0 http://www.partic Chinatow e Corporation 1 contact@participatory ipatorychinatown. n USA s 1 chinatown.org org/ 2 Martin Brynskov Y Media Architecture 0 Associate professor City Bug Denmar e Institute (MAI) and 1 Phone: +45 8716 1962 http://citybugrepo Report k s Aarhus University 2 Email: rt.projects.cavi.dk/

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A S c t Project Countr t Institution a Contact Site Title y i r v t e [email protected] Jonathan D. Bray, Alexandre Bayen, Steven Glaser [email protected] u University of 2 California, Berkeley 0 453 Davis Hall, MC- N University of 1 1710 Berkeley, CA iShake USA o California, Berkeley 0 94720-1710 - 2 Y 0 Did you Worldwi e U.S. Department of the 0 sis_eq_questions@usg http://earthquake. feel it? de s Interior 7 s.gov usgs.gov/ Tawanna Dillahunt School of Information, 2 University of Michigan Communi 0 105 S. State Street, ty N 1 Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Monitor USA o University of Michigan 3 [email protected] - [email protected] g Gram Vaani Community Media Pvt. 2 Ltd. Y 0 5/11, Ground Floor, Moile e Gram Vaani and Alfaz- 1 Sarvapriya Vihar, New http://www.gramv Vaani India s e-Mewat 4 Delhi 110 016 aani.org/ UC Berkeley School of Information, Stanford HCI Group, IBM India 2 Y Research Laboratory 0 http://hci.stanford Avaaj e and Development 0 Neil Patel (neil at .edu/research/voic Otalo India s Support Center (DSC) 8 awaaz dot de) e4all/ 2 0 Consuelo Valdes GreenTou N 1 Wellesley College ch USA o Wellesley College 2 [email protected] - 2 Y 0 e California Academi of 0 Ken-ichi Ueda http://www.inatur iNatural USA s Sciences 8 [email protected] alist.org/ 2 Y 0 http://creekwatch. Creek e 1 [email protected] researchlabs.ibm.c Watch USA s IBM Corporation 0 m om/ 2 Y NEON and the 0 e Chicago Botanic 0 budburstinfo@neoninc http://budburst.or BudBurst USA s Garden 7 .org g/ UK, Y UNESCO-IHE 2 WeSenseI Italy, e Institute for Water 0 u.wehn@unesco- http://wesenseit.e t The s Education, Integrated 1 ihe.org u/

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A S c t Project Countr t Institution a Contact Site Title y i r v t e Netherla Water Systems and 2 nds Governance - Department 2 0 1 6 Y e http://globe.umbc.edu http://globe.umbc GLOBE Global s GLOBE Project /contact/ .edu/ 2 Y 0 TEAM e 0 http://www.teamnetw Network Brasil s TEAM Network 9 ork.org/ [email protected] Y onabio.gob.mx a Ver e programaaveraves@xo http://averaves.or Aves Mexico s CONABIO - lo.conabio.gob.mx g/ Great Cornell Lab of 1 Backyard Y Ornithology and 9 Bird Worldwi e National Audubon 9 http://gbbc.birdco Count de s Society 8 - unt.org/ 2 0 ESP Worldwi N Carnegie Mellon 0 Game de o University 3 [email protected] UW Center for Game Science, UW Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UW 2 Y Baker Lab, DARPA, 0 Worldwi e NSF, HHMI, 1 https://fold.it/portal/f Fold.it de s Microsoft, and Adobe 1 eedback/all http://fold.it/ Email: [email protected] Y ROC HCI Group at Twitter: @rochci Worldwi e University of ROC HCI: http://www.vizwiz VizWiz de s Rochester hci.cs.rochester.edu .org/ Administrative Leader (rg@kjellerinnovasjon. 2 no) Scientific Leader Citi- Y 0 ([email protected]) Work Sense- e Citi-Sense-MOB 1 Package Leader http://www.citi- MOB Norway s Project 5 ([email protected]) sense-mob.eu/ Alena Bartonova 2 (alena.bartonova@nilu Y 0 .no) Sonja Grossberndt e 1 (Sonja.Grossberndt@n http://www.citi- CitiSense Europe s CITI-SENSE project 2 ilu.no) sense.eu/ APNEE http://cordis.europa.e (Air Air Pollution Network u/mailanon/form_en? Pollution for Early warning and 2 address=Y0xsQWRla Network on-line information 0 WV2MnpjWkwrMDBT for Early N exchange in Europe 0 SkYvdENVbkNleFZyQ http://www.faw.u warning Europe o 1 3NOSitBSlh2SURZZz0 ni-ulm.de/apnee

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A S c t Project Countr t Institution a Contact Site Title y i r v t e and %2C&name=+Gertrau online d+PEINEL informati on Exchange in Europe) OASI (Environ http://www.supsi. mental ch/isin_en/ricerca Observat - ory of servizi/Environme Southern Giancarlo Corti nt--- Switzerla Switzerla giancarlo.corti@supsi. Energy/Projects/O nd) nd SUPSI ch ASI.html 2 Road Y 0 [email protected], http://www.rockie Watch in e 0 rob.roadwatch@telus. s.ca/roadwatch/ab the Pass Canada s Miistakis Institute 4 net out.php 2 Y 0 Worldwi e 0 https://www.waze.co Waze de s Waze Mobile 9 m/about/contact www.waze.com 2 0 http://www.haque Worldwi N 0 .co.uk/pachube.ph Pachube de o LogMeIn Inc 8 [email protected] p United Kingdom' s National Bat Monitori 1 ng Y 9 Program e The Bat Conservation 9 me UK s Trust 1 [email protected] www.ibats.org.uk 2 Y The Zoological Society 0 e of London and the Bat 0 [email protected] http://www.ibats. iBats UK s Conservation Trust 5 om org.uk/ UK, Newson at BTO, The Eastern Nunnery, Thetford, Europe, Norfolk, IP24 2PU, The Ukraine, 2 Tel: 01842 750050, Norfolk Russia Y 0 Email: Bat and e The Norfolk Bat 1 norfolkbatsurvey@gm http://www.batsur Survey Japan s Survey 3 ail.com vey.org/ https://www.pwrc U.S. Geological .usgs.gov/bbs/ind Survey's Patuxent ex.cfm?CFID=987 Wildlife Research 7258&CFTOKEN= Center and 1 e23606a6846160b Breeding Y Environment Canada's 9 5-1141D61F-C508- Bird e Canadian Wildlife 6 https://www.pwrc.usg B2AA- Survey UK s Service 6 s.gov/bbs/contactus/ 9FE67307D18B4D

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A S c t Project Countr t Institution a Contact Site Title y i r v t e B7 1 Y 9 http://www.seawa Sea e 9 info@seawatchfoundat tchfoundation.org. Watch UK s Sea Watch Foundation 1 ion.org.uk uk/ 1 Great Y 9 http://www.pacificwh Whale e Pacific Whale 9 ale.org/content/contac www.pacificwhale. Count USA s Foundation 7 t-us org Email: [email protected] Moray 2 g http://www.wdcs. Firth Y 0 Mobile: 07918 739 636 org/national_regi Shorewat e Scottish Dolphin 0 WDC Scottish Dolphin ons/scotland/shor ch UK s Centre in Spey Bay 5 Centre: 01343 820 339 ewatch/ Chicago 2 Bird Y 0 Collision e Chicago Audubon 1 http://www.birdm Monitors USA s Society 2 [email protected] onitors.net/ Calgary Fatal Light 1 Awarenes Y The Fatal Light 9 s e Awareness Program 9 [email protected] http://www.flap.o Program Canada s (FLAP) 3 rg/ https://www.googl e.com/maps/d/vie wer?oe=UTF8&cli ent=firefox- 1 a&msa=0&ie=UTF Y 9 8&mid=z9BaX1zre Lights e Audubon Society and 9 CSheppard@abcbirds. TW0.keAyEnZA8 Out USA s Partners 9 org Kks Night Y http://www.wihu Guardian e Wisconsin Humane mane.org/wildlife/ s USA s Society - [email protected] wings http://www.eea.europ 2 a.eu/help/infocentre/p Y European 0 ortal_factory/Enquiry e Environment Agency 1 /enquiry.2015-11- http://biodiversity BISE Europe s and European Union 0 18.3535755808/edit .europa.eu 2 Y 0 http://www.omniscien Omniscie e OMNISCIENTIS 1 tis.eu/index.php?choic http://www.omnis ntis Europe s Project 2 e=contact cientis.eu/ Email: [email protected] 2 Phone: +44 (0)7595 Y 0 116 991 e 1 Fax: +44 (0)131 650 https://cobwebpro COBWEB Europe s COBWEB Project 3 3308 ject.eu Y 2 Riverkeep e 0 http://www.riverk er USA s RiverKeeper 0 [email protected] eeper.org/

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A S c t Project Countr t Institution a Contact Site Title y i r v t e 9 2 Y 0 Baykeepe e SAN FRANCISCO 0 https://baykeeper. r USA s BAYKEEPER 8 [email protected] org/ 1 Y 9 Coastkee e 9 http://www.coastk per USA s Coastkeeper 9 [email protected] eeper.org/ The Open 2 Air Y 0 Laborator e The Open Air 0 http://www.opale ies UK s Laboratories 7 [email protected] xplorenature.org/ 2 Big Y 0 Butterfly e 1 http://www.bigbut Count UK s Butterfly Conservation 0 Just Social Media terflycount.org/ 2 Butterfly Y 0 monitorin e National Biodiversity 0 transect@butterfly- http://www.ukbm g scheme Ireland s Data Centre 7 conservation.org s.org/ http://www.biodiv ersityireland.ie/pr ojects/irish- pollinator- Bumblebe 2 initiative/get- e Y 0 involved/bumbleb monitorin e National Biodiversity 1 ufitzpatrick@biodivers ee-monitoring- g scheme Ireland s Data Centre 1 ityireland.ie scheme/ 2 Y 0 Plant e 0 naturewatch@uottawa https://www.natur Watch Canada s Nature Canada 0 .ca ewatch.ca 2 Y 0 https://www.natur e 0 naturewatch@uottawa ewatch.ca/icewatc Ice watch Canada s Nature Canada 0 .ca h/ 2 Lost Y 0 Ladybug e 0 http://www.lostla Project USA s Cornell University 0 [email protected] dybug.org/ 1 Project Y 9 Feeder e 8 [email protected] http://feederwatc Watch USA s Cornell University 8 du h.org/ 2 Nature’s Y 0 Calendar e Centre for Ecology and 0 naturescalendar@woo http://www.natur UK UK s Hydrology 0 dlandtrust.org.uk escalendar.org.uk/ the Netherlan 2 ds’s Y 0 Nature’s Netherla e 0 http://www.natuu Calendar nds s Wageningen UR 1 web form rkalender.nl

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A S c t Project Countr t Institution a Contact Site Title y i r v t e Y Leaf e National Botanic http://gastatepark Watch USA s Gardens - web form s.org/LeafWatch Seabird Monitori 1 ng Y Joint Nature 9 Program e Conservation 8 [email protected] http://jncc.defra.g me Ireland s Committee 6 .uk ov.uk/page-1550 Irish 1 Wetland Y BirdWatch Ireland and 9 Bird e the National Parks and 9 iwebs@birdwatchirela http://www.birdw Survey Ireland s Wildlife Service 4 nd.ie atchireland.ie/ The Communi ty-Based Dr. Catherine Conrad Environm Research Coordinator ental Department of 2 Associate Professor, Monitori Y Geography at 0 Department of ng e SaintMary’s University 0 Geography www.envnetwork.s Network Canada s in Halifax 4 [email protected] mu.ca Dr. Cathy Conrad Principal Investigator Saint Mary’s Y Geography University CURA e Department - Saint 902-420-5686 http://curah2o.co H20 Canada s Mary’s University - [email protected] m/ 1 Y Environmental Studies 9 www.dickinson.ed United e Department at 9 u/about/sustainab ALLARM States s Dickinson College 6 [email protected] ility/allarm University of Florida’s Institute of Food and Agricultural Science 1 Y and Fisheries and 9 LAKEWA United e Aquatic Science 8 http://lakewatch.if TCH States s programs 6 [email protected] as.ufl.edu/ http://www.gcmo nitor.org/commun ities/start-a- 1 bucket- Y 9 brigade/communit Bucket United e Global Community 9 y-monitoring-tool- Brigades States s Monitor 5 [email protected] kit/ 1 Pacitific Y The Pacific 9 Streamke e Streamkeepers 9 http://www.pskf.c epers Canada s Federation 3 [email protected] a/ 2 Y 0 kevin.conley@dfo- Shorekee e Canadian Community 0 mpo.gc,ca http://www.keepe pers Canada s Mapping Network 6 [email protected] rsweb.org/ Y 1 Secchi United e North American Lake 9 [email protected] http://www.secchi Dip-In States s Management Society 9 g dipin.org/

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A S c t Project Countr t Institution a Contact Site Title y i r v t e 4 Citizen Y Science United e [email protected] www.citizenscienc Central States s Cornell University - du e.org Data Observati on Y Network United e https://www.dataone. for Earth States s DataONE - org/contact www.dataone.org The public laborator y for open 2 technolog Y 0 y and United e 1 https://publiclab.o science States s Public Lab 0 [email protected] rg/ Y e Science for Citizens www.scistarter.co SciStarter UK s LLC - [email protected] m Volunter Water 2 quality Y 0 http://water.epa.g monitorin United e Environmental 1 ov/type/rsl/monit g States s Protection Agency 2 webform oring/ 2 Y 0 Streamwa United e 1 dhannah@streamwatc http://streamwatc tch States s StreamWatch 4 h.org h.org/ Snow 1 Network Y 9 (CoCoRa United e 9 http://www.cocor HS) States s CoCoRaHS 8 [email protected] ahs.org/ 2 Y National Optical 0 GLOBE at United e Astronomy 0 [email protected] http://www.globe Night States s Observatory 6 u atnight.org/

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5.4. Institutions Running Citizen Observatories

Type Project Institution Institutio Funds Contact Title n Centre Tecnològic de Vilanova i la Geltrú Rambla Exposició 24, Edifici VG5 08800 Vilanova i la Geltrú OBSEA (Barcelona, Spain) costal-cabled Sarti Research Group, Tel: +34 93 896 72 00 Fax: video- Universitat Politecnica +34 93 896 72 01 observatory de Catalunya University Research Unit Web: www.cdsarti.org Common [email protected] sense Intel Labs Berkeley Company Research Unit rg Max Planck Institute for Glassnost Software Systems Company Research Unit broadband@mpi-sws org

[email protected] SafeCast SafeCast NGO Main Activity [email protected] Software Languages Lab DisCoPar at Vrije University University Research Unit [email protected] The 7th Framework Dr. Luigi Ceccaroni Programme Barcelona Digital funded Technology Centre European Roc Boronat 117, 5th floor Research and MediaTIC building Consortiu Technological 08018 Barcelona (Spain) Citclops European Union m Development Phone: +34 93 553 45 40 The 7th Framework Programme funded European Research and Consortiu Technological Contact form on their MITOS Smart Santander m Development website CiclePhilly Ciziten Community Initiative Citizens [email protected] [email protected],krco ekoNET dunavNET Company Business Unit @dunavnet.eu Achilleas Psyllidis, Nimish Biloria [email protected], OntoPolis TU Delft University Research Unit [email protected] mySociety, 483 Green Lanes, London, N13 4BS, Mysociety.org UK UK. FixMyStreet Project NGO Main Activity [email protected] +1 800-369-9060 [email protected] 746 Chapel Street Third Floor SeeClickFix SeeClickFix, Inc. Company Main Activity New Haven, CT 06510 USA

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Type Project Institution Institutio Funds Contact Title n [email protected] om [email protected] FixMyArea.com 27, South Frederick Street, Dublin 2, FixMyArea RateLocate Online Ltd Company Main Activity Ireland

[email protected] GEO Secretariat 7 bis, avenue de la Paix Case postale 2300 GEO - Group on Earth Consortiu CH-1211 Geneva 2 GEOSS Observations m Network Switzerland https://www.greatsunflow er.org/contact Great Sunflower Project San Francisco State University Great 1600 Holloway Avenue SunFlower Great Sunflower Project Initiative Citizens San Francisco, CA 94132 Sony Computer Science Laboratory Paris & [email protected];e

NoiseTube Software Languages Lab Company Research Unit [email protected] http://help.ebird.org/custo Cornell Lab of mer/portal/emails/new?b eBird Ornithology University Research Unit _id=1928&q=contact

Brooklying Atlantis - Brooklying National Science [email protected] Atlantis Foundation University Research Unit .edu SETI Institute, TED, Science Channel and SETI Live Zooniverse Initiative Consortium [email protected]

Elizabeth S. Cochran PROJECT LEADER AND PROJECT CO-FOUNDER USGS Quake- (626) 583-7238 Catcher Standford University University Research Unit [email protected]

scientists, [email protected]. software uk The Citizen Science developers [email protected] Galaxy zoo Alliance Initiative and educators [email protected] Springwatch BBC Natural History Unit Broadcasting House Whiteladies Road Bristol Springwatch BBC Company Business Unit BS8 2LR

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Type Project Institution Institutio Funds Contact Title n

BBC, BT, Microsoft, Alan Chamberlain Science Scope, Blast alan.chamberlain@notting Theory, University of ham.ac.uk Nottingham and, Wollaton Road, Participate University of Bath Initiative Consortium Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK University of Art and Joanna Saad-Sulonen The Urban Design Helsinki - Media joanna.saad- Mediator Lab University Research Unit [email protected] 1663 Mission St., Suite 320 Alfred P. San Francisco CA 94103 Sloan 415.621.3260 Neighborhood Parks Foundation feedback@sfparksalliance. ParkScan Council (NPC) Initiative Project org A Conversation Between Trees A Conversation Between 01392 832277 (ACBT) Trees (ACBT) Initiative Councils [email protected] Mountainwatch Research and Education 681 Barrenjoey Rd departments of the Avalon NSW 2107 Mountain Appalachian Mountain Justine.elderfield@coastal Watch Club (AMC) Initiative Citizens watch.com 1-844-428-3826 Christmas National Audubon audubon@emailcustomers Bird Count Society Initiative Society ervice.com

Ohmage Cornell Tech University Research Unit [email protected] Prof. Tarek Abdelzaher- zaher @ illinois dot edu Raghu Kiran Ganti - rganti2 @ illinois dot edu Nam Pham - nampham2 at GreenGPS Illionois University University Research Unit illinois dot edu http://www.ushahidi.com/ Ushahidi Ushahidi Company Business Unit contact Carnegie Mellon Sensr University University Research Unit [email protected]

[email protected] Greg Newman Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory Colorado State University Natural Resources Fort Collins, Colorado Ecology Lab (NREL) at 80523-1499 Colorado State Phone: (970) 491-0410 CitSci.org University University Research Unit FAX: (970) 491-1965 Massachusetts Institute

Funf of Technology University Research Unit [email protected]

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Type Project Institution Institutio Funds Contact Title n

City of Atlanta Department of Planning & Community Development, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta Bicycle Department of Coalition and Atlanta Planning & Regional Commission Governmen Community

Cycle Atlanta (ARC). t Development [email protected] the Mayor's Office of New Urban Mechanics Governmen Street Bump in Boston t Mayor's Office -

Asian Community Development Participatory Corporation contact@participatorychin

Chinatown Initiative Society atown.org Martin Brynskov Associate professor Media Architecture Phone: +45 8716 1962 City Bug Institute (MAI) and Email: Report Aarhus University University Research Unit [email protected] Jonathan D. Bray, Alexandre Bayen, Steven Glaser [email protected] University of California, Berkeley 453 Davis Hall, University of California, MC-1710 Berkeley, CA iShake Berkeley University Research Unit 94720-1710 U.S. Did you feel U.S. Department of the Governmen Department of [email protected]

it? Interior t the Interior v Tawanna Dillahunt School of Information, University of Michigan 105 S. State Street, Ann Community Arbor, MI 48109 Monitor University of Michigan University Research Unit [email protected] [email protected] Gram Vaani Community Media Pvt. Ltd. 5/11, Ground Floor, Gram Vaani and Alfaz- Sarvapriya Vihar, New

Moile Vaani e-Mewat Company Business Unit Delhi 110 016 UC Berkeley School of Information, Stanford HCI Group, IBM India Research Laboratory and Development Neil Patel (neil at awaaz Avaaj Otalo Support Center (DSC) University Research Unit dot de) Consuelo Valdes Wellesley College GreenTouch Wellesley College University Research Unit [email protected]

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Type Project Institution Institutio Funds Contact Title n

California Academi of Ken-ichi Ueda iNatural Sciences University Research Unit [email protected]

Creek Watch IBM Corporation Company Research Unit [email protected] NEON and the Chicago Consortiu

BudBurst Botanic Garden m Network [email protected] The 7th Framework UNESCO-IHE Institute Programme for Water Education, funded Integrated Water European Systems and Research and Governance Consortiu Technological WeSenseIt Department m Development [email protected] Global Consortiu Collaboration http://globe.umbc.edu/con

GLOBE GLOBE Project m Engine tact/ TEAM Consortiu http://www.teamnetwork.

Network TEAM Network m Network org/ [email protected] bio.gob.mx Governmen National [email protected] a Ver Aves CONABIO t Comission nabio.gob.mx Cornell Lab of Great Ornithology and Backyard National Audubon Bird Count Society University Research Unit - Carnegie Mellon

ESP Game University University Research Unit [email protected] UW Center for Game Science, UW Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UW Baker Lab, DARPA, NSF, HHMI, Microsoft, and https://fold.it/portal/feedb

Fold.it Adobe Initiative Consortium ack/all Email: [email protected] Twitter: @rochci ROC HCI Group at ROC HCI: VizWiz University of Rochester University Research Unit hci.cs.rochester.edu Administrative Leader ([email protected]) Scientific Leader ([email protected]) Work Citi-Sense- Package Leader MOB Citi-Sense-MOB Project Initiative Consortium ([email protected]) The 7th Framework Programme funded Alena Bartonova European ([email protected]) Research and Sonja Grossberndt Consortiu Technological ([email protected] CitiSense CITI-SENSE project m Development o)

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Type Project Institution Institutio Funds Contact Title n APNEE (Air Pollution Network for http://cordis.europa.eu/m Early ailanon/form_en?address= warning and Air Pollution Network Y0xsQWRlaWV2MnpjWk online for Early warning and wrMDBTSkYvdENVbkNleF information on-line information ZyQ3NOSitBSlh2SURZZz0 Exchange in exchange in Europe %2C&name=+Gertraud+P

Europe) Initiative Network EINEL OASI (Environme ntal Observatory of Southern Research Giancarlo Corti Switzerland) SUPSI Institute Research Unit [email protected] Road Watch Research [email protected], in the Pass Miistakis Institute Institute Research Unit [email protected] https://www.waze.com/ab

Waze Waze Mobile Company Business Unit out/contact

Pachube LogMeIn Inc Company Business Unit [email protected] United Kingdom's National Bat Monitoring The Bat Conservation Governmen National

Programme Trust t Comission [email protected]

The Zoological Society of London and the Bat

iBats Conservation Trust Initiative Society [email protected] Newson at BTO, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk, IP24 2PU, Tel: 01842 750050, Email: The Norfolk [email protected] Bat Survey The Norfolk Bat Survey Initiative Research Unit m U.S. Geological Survey's Patuxent Wildlife Research Center and Environment Canada's Breeding Canadian Wildlife Governmen https://www.pwrc.usgs.go

Bird Survey Service t Research Unit v/bbs/contactus/ info@seawatchfoundation.

Sea Watch Sea Watch Foundation Initiative Foundation org.uk Great Whale Pacific Whale http://www.pacificwhale.o

Count Foundation Initiative Foundation rg/content/contact-us Email: [email protected] Mobile: 07918 739 636 Moray Firth Scottish Dolphin Centre WDC Scottish Dolphin Shorewatch in Spey Bay Initiative Research Unit Centre: 01343 820 339

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Type Project Institution Institutio Funds Contact Title n Chicago Bird Collision Chicago Audubon

Monitors Society Initiative Society [email protected] Calgary Fatal Light The Fatal Light Awareness Awareness Program [email protected] Program (FLAP) Initiative Citizens Audubon Society and

Lights Out Partners Initiative Society [email protected] Night Wisconsin Humane

Guardians Society Initiative Society [email protected] http://www.eea.europa.eu/ European Environment help/infocentre/portal_fac Agency and European Governmen tory/Enquiry/enquiry.2015

BISE Union t Network -11-18.3535755808/edit The 7th Framework Programme funded European Research and http://www.omniscientis.e Consortiu Technological u/index.php?choice=conta

Omniscientis OMNISCIENTIS Project m Development ct The 7th Framework Programme funded Email: European [email protected] Research and Phone: +44 (0)7595 116 Consortiu Technological 991 COBWEB COBWEB Project m Development Fax: +44 (0)131 650 3308

Riverkeeper RiverKeeper Initiative Consortium [email protected] SAN FRANCISCO

Baykeeper BAYKEEPER Initiative Citizens [email protected]

Coastkeeper Coastkeeper Initiative Citizens [email protected] The Open First Big Air The Open Air Consortiu Lottery Fund

Laboratories Laboratories m grant [email protected] Big Butterfly Count Butterfly Conservation Initiative Citizens Just Social Media Butterfly monitoring National Biodiversity Governmen National transect@butterfly-

scheme Data Centre t Comission conservation.org Bumblebee monitoring National Biodiversity Governmen National ufitzpatrick@biodiversityir

scheme Data Centre t Comission eland.ie Plant Watch Nature Canada Charity Consortium [email protected] Ice watch Nature Canada Charity Consortium [email protected] Lost Ladybug Project Cornell University University Research Unit [email protected]

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Type Project Institution Institutio Funds Contact Title n Project Feeder Watch Cornell University University Research Unit [email protected] Nature’s Centre for Ecology and Research naturescalendar@woodlan

Calendar UK Hydrology Institute Main Activity dtrust.org.uk the Netherlands’ s Nature’s Calendar Wageningen UR Initiative Consortium web form National Botanic Governmen National Leaf Watch Gardens t Comission web form Seabird Joint Nature Monitoring Conservation Governmen Programme Committee t Network [email protected] Irish BirdWatch Ireland and Wetland the National Parks and Bird Survey Wildlife Service Initiative Main Activity [email protected] The Community- Based Dr. Catherine Conrad Environment Department of Research Coordinator al Geography at Associate Professor, Monitoring SaintMary’s University Department of Geography Network in Halifax University Research Unit [email protected]

Dr. Cathy Conrad Principal Investigator Geography Department Saint Mary’s University - Saint Mary’s 902-420-5686 CURA H20 University University Research Unit [email protected] Environmental Studies Department at

ALLARM Dickinson College University Research Unit [email protected] University of Florida’s Institute of Food and Agricultural Science and LAKEWATC Fisheries and Aquatic

H Science programs University Research Unit [email protected] Bucket Global Community

Brigades Monitor Initiative Network [email protected]

Pacitific The Pacific Streamkeepe Streamkeepers rs Federation Initiative Citizens [email protected] kevin.conley@dfo- Shorekeeper Canadian Community mpo.gc,ca s Mapping Network Initiative Network [email protected] Secchi Dip- North American Lake

In Management Society Initiative Society [email protected] Citizen Science

Central Cornell University University Research Unit [email protected]

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Type Project Institution Institutio Funds Contact Title n Data Observation US National Network for Consortiu Science https://www.dataone.org/c

Earth DataONE m Foundation ontact The public laboratory for open technology Consortiu and science Public Lab m Main Activity [email protected] SciStarter Science for Citizens LLC Initiative Consortium [email protected] Volunter Water quality Environmental Governmen monitoring Protection Agency t Research Unit webform Governmen [email protected]

Streamwatch StreamWatch t Initiative g Snow Network

(CoCoRaHS) CoCoRaHS Initiative Network [email protected] GLOBE at National Optical Research

Night Astronomy Observatory Institute Main Activity [email protected]

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5.5. Citizen Observatories’ Stakeholders

Activities Technique Activities Technique Project Stakeholder Classificati to Engage Description To Engage on Type User navigation in four phases: Early marine Phase 0: first time biodiversity registration of the user monitoring in the web portal. projects tried Phase 1: selection of to unify the video frame where research the animal is better with recognized: options recreational citizens as for training or activities, generic non- research. thanks to OBSEA experienced Phase 2: identification scuba divers costal- users (high of the animal. recruited Unify cabled school Phase 3: select options Get training that research video- students, and for the picture sending and do completes a with observator amateur for scientific classification survey after recreational y divers) validation. s a dive. activities City of San Francisco: Office of the Mayor City of San They put their air Francisco: quality sensing system Department of on street sweepers in Public Works San Francisco. With Install City of San the goal to leverage sensor/app Francisco: mobile infrastructure and let them Department of to collect street-by- collect Collaboratio Common the street readings background n sense Environment throughout the city. data Partnership Partnership Let users know that knowledge is Test their ISP to Install important to understand the service sensor/app help them they are receiveing by and let them make a more Citizen with their ISP provider collect informed android regarding their background choice of Present them Glassnost phones download speed. data their ISP Data Benefit Look to empower people with data, mapping radiation levels and building a sensor network that They enroll as Install enable volunteers and get the sensor/app people to devices, then they and let them contribute have to turn them on collect and freely and let them share background use the data Present them SafeCast Citizen data data collected. Data Benefit

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Activities Technique Activities Technique Project Stakeholder Classificati to Engage Description To Engage on Type Allow citizens to set up their own citizen observatory by enabling them to specify the types of data that have to be gathered, how this data should be aggregated, and what type of feedback should be sent back to the participants. An important feature of DisCoPar’s design is that it is a reactive, data-driven system, which provides the means for Deploy a participants 1. Create an private to interact Citizens observatory citizen and Interest 2. Design a mobile app observatory collaborate based DisCoPar Citizen 3. Deploy a Campain campaign in real-time. monitoring The role of the Through participants is to act campaings of as “data carriers”: sensibilizatio whenever they are n to citizens People close enough to the in their involved in moored sensor system target, aquatic (cBuoy hereafter), highlighting activities such within the the as sailing, communication importante artisanal connectivity-range, of earth fishing or sea- data will be observations kayaking, automatically to keep their carrying a transmitted to their environment mobile device mobile devices in good state with a (cCarrier hereafter). Install they offer to dedicated The mobile devices sensor/app their wireless will automatically and let them observers: be personal area retransmit the data collect more network once they have the background informed Present them Citclops application possibility to connect data about the Data Benefit

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Activities Technique Activities Technique Project Stakeholder Classificati to Engage Description To Engage on Type to a data center. sea, Thanks to this be communication environment system, it will not be ally active necessary to pay for doing coast- any additional watching, connection (3G, enjoy more GPRS). your favorite water activities. The basic goal of the app(which incorporated gamification elements) is to accumulate as many points as possible. Points can be users are prompted to exchanged act as sensors and for several provide relevant traffic kinds of and travel information tangible in the form of free text rewards such or predefined as free messages and/or tickets or Gamification MITOS Citizen images Provide Data free parking Strategies raise awareness about these issues within a wider community in a fun and educational way (using AR Vatar, a serious game designed for smartphons and fed from the webservices ok ekoNET), stimulating and initiating further discussions Citizens play with with the ekoNET and with the Get training relevant data the sensors have and do authorities gathered using an AR classification related to the Present them ekoNET Citizen vatar s air quality in Data Benefit

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Activities Technique Activities Technique Project Stakeholder Classificati to Engage Description To Engage on Type the cities.

By entering data feeds following specific standards. In addition, they can instigate the formulation of new applications or urban installations that With the augment the city promise of environment, based being able to on OntoPolis©’s monitor constant update of their Present them Citizen information flow. Provide Data environment Data Benefit Architects and urban designers can also benefit from OntoPolis©, by immediately informing the design process with meaningful Use for interpretations of real- Decision Present them OntoPolis municipalities time data feeds. Making Data Benefit Users are prompted to: (1)Enter a nearby UK postcode, or street name and area, (2) Locate the problem on a map of the area, (3)Enter details of the problem, (4)They send Get issues in FixMyStree citizen, city the reports to the your area Present them t council council Provide Data fixed Data Benefit It lets citizens to report non-emergency issues, and governments to track, manage, and reply-- ultimately making communities better through transparency, Get issues in citizen and collaboration, and your area Present them SeeClickFix government cooperation. Provide Data fixed Data Benefit citizen and departments It lets citizen to report in the Local issues in their loical Get issues in governments / areas taking advantage your area Present them FixMyArea city planners of their mobile devices Provide Data fixed Data Benefit Users can participate by watching a plant Monitor the and recording how health of Great many pollinators visit, their close Present them SunFlower Citizen or recording Provide Data environment Data Benefit

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Activities Technique Activities Technique Project Stakeholder Classificati to Engage Description To Engage on Type pollinators as you take a hike

(1) Measure your daily sound exposure in dB(A) with your mobile phone (2)Tag noisy sources to inform the community about them (3)Visualize your measuremen ts on a map and contribute to the creation of collective, By installing the free city-wide app on your noise maps smartphone, users are (4) Compare able to measure the your level of noise in dB(A), experience and tag the with that of measurements others obtained. When (5)Privacy: uploaded to the all website users can measuremen check the sound ts are citizens and trajectory of your yours.You communities recorded decide to concerned measurements on make them Present them with noice Google Maps. Provide Data public or not Data Benefit (1)Improve decision- making by understandi ng local and global noise pollution in (1)Improve decision- your city making by using maps understanding local and statistics and global noise (2)Get pollution in your city immediate using maps and feedback and statistics (2)Get opinions immediate feedback from citizens and opinions from (3)Give Local citizens (3)Give Use for immediate governments / immediate feedback to Decision feedback to Present them NoiseTube city planners citizens Making citizens Data Benefit

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Activities Technique Activities Technique Project Stakeholder Classificati to Engage Description To Engage on Type (1)Get access to and analyze (anonymized (1)Get access to and ) collective analyze (anonymized) noise collective noise data(2)Find data(2)Find out what out what is Citizens is important in important in Interest soundscape soundscape based Researchers perception Use for R&D perception monitoring (1)Extend our mobile app in whichever way you see fit(2)Use our (1)Extend our mobile environment app in whichever way al sensor you see fit(2)Use our web API to Citizens environmental sensor do your own Interest web API to do your web based Developers own web mashups Use for R&D mashups monitoring Help scientists to complete the puzzle about Users access the site birds and select the location movements, of the observations which cannot and then provide all be done the measurements and without details of their collective Gamification eBird Citizen observation Provide Data help Strategies volunteers perform classifications of animal species living underwater and on the surface, including fish, rodents, birds, and reptiles; recognition of pipes’ type, location, activity, and junctions; Get training and classification of and do Monitor Brooklying Citizens, underwater debris, classification their Present them Atlantis Scientists flora, and objects s environment Data Benefit SETILive uses data provided by the Allen Telescope Array and presents it visually so that the public can collectively search for Monitor the radio signals. space and Scientists get access to Get training have a active Citizens and analyze large and do role as Interest Citizens, amounts of collective classification citizen based SETI Live Scientists data. s scientist monitoring

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Activities Technique Activities Technique Project Stakeholder Classificati to Engage Description To Engage on Type With your help, the Quake- Catcher Network can provide Users request a sensor better which is attached to understandi personal computers ng of and then it starts earthquakes, detecting earthquakes give early and trasmiting data to Install warning to the QCN site. sensor/app schools, Scientists get access to and let them emergency Citizens and analyze large collect response Interest Quake- Citizens, amounts of collective background systems, and based Catcher Scientists data. data others. monitoring Monitor the space and have a active role as User gets a training citizen and then can start scientist classifying galaxies giving direct according to their feeback to shape, looking at space pictures from NASA's organization telescopes. Scientists Get training s to improve get access to and and do their Be an Citizens, analyze large amounts classification measuremen exceptional Galaxy zoo Scientists of collective data. s ts citizen They use TV to invite citizens to participate Citizens are prompted and, in to send photos, audio exchange and videos of their citizens' gardens and the captures species they see in appear in those when the spring their website Be an Springwatc Citizens with arrives, to document and in their exceptional h Gardens the climate change Provide Data TV show. citizen The observer activities are: (1) Collecting Young environmental data in people can their local area using be especially data logging and GPS passionate equipment as well as about the digital cameras. Data environment collected will then be , and schools visualized in the 3D are animated Google frequently Earth, (2) the focal Participating in the points of production of a 60 their Be an Young people second film about communities exceptional Participate from Schools science based issues, Provide Data . citizen

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Activities Technique Activities Technique Project Stakeholder Classificati to Engage Description To Engage on Type and (3) Participating in the production of an exciting digital online science poster.

To create, obtain, and share location-based information that is Help city Citizens and organized according to planners City topics of traffic issues make a The Urban Administrator and maintained by the better city Present them Mediator s users themselves. Provide Data for them Data Benefit Users report on problems with city parks. ParkScan has a feedback loop that allows users to see how the problems they report have been addressed. In Help city addition, it helps to planners track the relationship make a Families and between funding and better city Present them ParkScan Parks visitors services. Provide Data for them Data Benefit They arrive to the exhibition and while they walk they see projections of data taken from the sensors in the trees. Also, they can observe slow motions of climate change generated by global open data. Finally they can go for A a walk in the forest Unify Conversati with a borrowed research on Between device which takes Create with Trees automatic emotional recreational (ACBT) Visitors measurements Provide Data feelings activities Hikers locate monitoring plots using provided maps and text descriptions, and indicate which species are present and whether they are in any of the indicated People who phenophases does skiing to (e.g.,before flowering, snowboarding, flowering, after Unify hiking to flowering.) The research biking, at completed data sheets Monitor with Mountain white are then dropped off their recreational Watch mountains in collection boxes at Provide Data environment activities

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Activities Technique Activities Technique Project Stakeholder Classificati to Engage Description To Engage on Type any of the eight huts or the visitor centers. Observations can also be submitted online

Each individual count is performed in a "count circle" with a diameter of 15 miles or 24 kilometres. At least ten volunteers, including a compiler to manage things, count in each circle. They break up into small parties and follow assigned routes, which change little from year to year, counting every bird they see. In most Unify count circles, some research people also watch Monitor with Christmas feeders instead of their recreational Bird Count Birdwatchers following routes. Provide Data environment activities Citizens interested in monitoring their behavioral, health, Participants use their wellness, and phones to participate in systematically collect Citizens education data relevant to Manage Interest research themselfs or their observatorie based Ohmage projects community Provide Data s monitoring Once a user agrees to participate, he/she is provided with a system that consists of an OBD-II scanner, a GPS device, and an SD card. They are assisted with the installation of these devices. The above system measures vehicle parameters such as Install speed, fuel consumed sensor/app and the location of the and let them user which will be collect Save money recorded on the SD background using green GreenGPS Vehice owners card. data routes Save Money

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Activities Technique Activities Technique Project Stakeholder Classificati to Engage Description To Engage on Type Ushahidi, which translates to “testimony” in Swahili, was developed to For people map reports who need to of violence in gather data on Kenya after a map (1) Gather the post- For submissions from election organizations anyone, anytime, violence in that need to anywhere(2)Manage 2008. Since manage their and triage reports with then, data workflow filters and thousands For workflows(3)Map have used enterprises submissions and chart our managing what crowdsourci Citizens large, sensitive happened(4)Receive ng tools to Interest data sets alerts about changes raise their based Ushahidi and updates Provide Data voice. monitoring (1)Create a project that requires contributions from citizen scientists (2) The project you created is deployed in the mobile SENSR application as well as in this website (3) Citizen scientists can now subscribe and Deploy a For people contribute data to private Citizens who need to your project remotely citizen Monitor Interest gather data though the SENSR observatory their based Sensr using mobiles mobile application campaign environment monitoring (1) Build your own datasheets and Deploy a protocols (2)Get free private Citizens Researchers or data management, citizen Monitor Interest Curiours storage, software & observatory their based CitSci.org Citizens support campaign environment monitoring (1) Build your own Deploy a mobile sensing private Citizens Researchers or android app (2)Get citizen Manage Interest Curiours the data in your observatory observatorie based Funf Citizens dropbox to analyse campaign s monitoring Riders carry a sensor Install that records their bike sensor/app trips, afterwards this and let them Get better data is plotted in a collect roads for Cycle Riders, Local map and showerd to background their biking Present them Atlanta Government city planners data trips Data Benefit Citizens install the app Install in their phones and sensor/app Get better Street Citizens, Local this collects and let them roads in Present them Bump Government automatically data collect their city Data Benefit

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Activities Technique Activities Technique Project Stakeholder Classificati to Engage Description To Engage on Type using the background accelerometer from data the device You assume the role of one of 15 virtual residents and you Unify work to complete their research Participato assigned quest - Create with ry Neighborhood finding a job, housing, emotional recreational Chinatown s, Citizens or place to socialize. Provide Data feelings activities The citizens can report any issue (called bug) they perceive as a Get a better matter for the city city government. Also, regarindg all they can visualize the matters of City Bug records on the city hall public Present them Report Citizens tower. Provide Data concern Data Benefit The application also provides users with other useful and interesting iShake users are asked information to simply turn on the related to application when they earthquakes, plug in their phone, and offers a for example at night detailed when they go to sleep. “handbook” Then any possible of earthquake triggers earthquake measured by the Install preparednes phone will instantly be sensor/app s compiled streamed back to and let them from various iShake servers for collect reliable and Citizens in further processing and background official Present them iShake California shake map generation. data sources. Data Benefit Individuals asked to respond to questions that lead to a value that best represents the local shaking at their location. A single MMI is assigned to each zip code and zip codes that have no Monitor response are shown as their grey. The result is a environment Community Internet and calculate Intensity Map (CIIM) damages Did you Citizens in summarizing the after a Present them feel it? USA responses. Provide Data earhquake Data Benefit

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Activities Technique Activities Technique Project Stakeholder Classificati to Engage Description To Engage on Type Families got installed the application in a tablet. Also, they got measuring sensors installed, the tablet would show their consumption visually (increasing or reducing the amount of polar bears in the wallpaper of the screen of the tablet according to their consumption at the Install time ). Finally, users sensor/app could access a and let them leaderboard to see collect Communit Households which neighborhood background Gamification y Monitor families was doing better. data Competition Strategies When a person calls the number of a Mobile Vaani instance, the call is immediately disconnected and the system makes a call back to that number. During the call a person can record a voice post, listen to posts recorded by other users or Monitor Moile comment on their Present them Vaani Citizens individual posts. Provide Data environment Data Benefit By dialing a phone number and navigating through simple audio prompts, farmers can record, browse, and respond to agriculturual questions and answers. In addition to the Q&A forum, the service includes an announcements board of headline-like snippets updated regularly by DSC staff, and a radio archive to listen to past episodes Use for of DSC's popular Decision Solving their Present them Avaaj Otalo Farmers weekly radio program. Making issues Data Benefit GreenTouch enables undergraduate Unify students to engage in research authentic scientific with GreenTouc Undergraduat inquiries in phenology Learn and recreational h e students – the study of how Use for R&D have fun activities

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Activities Technique Activities Technique Project Stakeholder Classificati to Engage Description To Engage on Type periodic plant and animal life cycle events are influenced by variations in climate Nature enthusiasts, including, but not exclusive Adding observations to, hikers, and helping other hunters, community members birders, beach identify their combers, unidentified mushroom observations. If you Unify foragers, park know how to code and research rangers, want to help work on Monitor with ecologists, and some features that their recreational iNatural fishermen help is also welcomed. Provide Data environment activities Whenever you pass by a waterway, spend a few seconds using the Creek Watch application to snap a picture and report Monitor Creek how much water and their Present them Watch Citizens trash you see. Provide Data environment Data Benefit (1) Register Online (2) Learn how to observe (3) Select a plant (4) Go outside and observe, print a report form and fill it (5) Report signing in to Monitor Busburst and submit their Present them BudBurst Citizens your observation Provide Data environment Data Benefit In WeSenseIt, participation features consist of allowing the community to provide feedback about the delivered information services and about policies, plans and Improve decisions being their generated. The project environment facilitates knowledge and rests on and experience a range of sharing among communicati citizens. In this on modes respect, a two-way (from communication listening as a citizen groups channel (e.g. to upload spectator to (volunteers, information, stream expressing elected video, tweet or use and citizens, forums) has been developing citizen created as part of the preferences scientists and whole data on specific Present them WeSenseIt communities) management platform Provide Data issues). Data Benefit

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Activities Technique Activities Technique Project Stakeholder Classificati to Engage Description To Engage on Type within an e- collaboration environment. This facilitates two-way communication, which is the essential component for effective participation, among a range of stakeholders including experts, the general public and decision- makers. Short term monitoring programmes targeted Use for Scientist and at imapact assessment Decision Present them GLOBE City Plannets and mitigation Making Data Benefit TEAM Present them Network Scientists Use for R&D Data Benefit For specific subsets of the population with special sensitivity to air pollution (e.g., children, persons suffering from asthma, the elderly, etc.) or individuals particularly concerned with environmental Use for Citi-Sense- or health Decision Present them MOB issues Making Data Benefit

5.6. Citizen Observatories’ Technology

Project Servi Social Application Goal Technology Title ces Media OBSEA costal- cabled video- Facebook, observatory Web-Based No PHP Twitter

Data EPIC, monoxide, ozone, Common Collectio NOx, temperature, and sense None n No humidity sensors, Maps No

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Project Servi Social Application Goal Technology Title ces Media

Data EPIC, monoxide, ozone, Common Collectio NOx, temperature, and sense None n No humidity sensors, Maps No

Open FIWARE Tools such as Data SpagoBI, CAP Context NED None Mining No Broker and, RapidMiner No Data Collectio n & Visualiza Glassnost Web-Based tion No PHP No Data Open source Arduino-based Collectio radiation monitors and the Mobile App (for n & data freely published as Facebook, AppStore), Web- Visualiza open data under a Creative Twitter, SafeCast Based tion Yes Commons public dedication. G+

HTML5 and Javascript Configur implementation using able noflo.js, Bacon.jssocket.IO citizen and, Nodejs for server. All Web-Based (Mobile observat using flow-based DisCoPar Friendly) ory tool Yes programming. No tool for building Mobile App (for participa Javascript, AppStore and tory scriptaculo.us,ExtJS,Mapstr GooglePlay), Web- sensing action,Google Maps, Google Epicollect Based apps No Charts, KML Specification No Engage Neighbo urs to connect with each other and share resources , such as time, assets and Javascript, Nodejs, REST MyNeighbou knowledg API Web Services, Facebook Facebook, rhood Web-Based e Yes API, Google API Twitter Mobile App (for Data Facebook, AppStore and Collectio Twitter, Citclops GooglePlay) n No Mobile Apps, Arduino G+

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Project Servi Social Application Goal Technology Title ces Media Provide traffic informati on and collect data about real time traffic Facebook, Web and Mobile (for from PHP, Javascript, Google Twitter, MITOS GooglePlay) users No Maps API Linkedin Collect data and visualize it as a Aumented Reality, SLAM ekoNET Mobile App game Yes Method, No

Javascript, OpenGL, RDF Collect Schema, Arduino sensor OntoPolis Web-Based Data No boards Twitter Collect Data and FixMyStreet Platform is an Mobile App (for Show it open source technology that AppStore and to City allow you to launch websites FixMyStreet GooglePlay) Council Yes to report problems - Commun icate issues Web and Mobile App between (for citizens AppStore,GooglePlay and Facebook, ,Windows Phone and governm Twitter, SeeClickFix Blackberry Apps) ent No JSON, Javascript, HTML5 G+ Collect Data and Show it to City Web and Mobile App Hall (for AppStore and Responsi XML, Javascript, Facebook, FixMyArea GooglePlay) bles Yes AmazonAWS Twitter Data Great Collectio Facebook, SunFlower Web-Based n No HTML5, Javascript, Jquery Twitter Web and Mobile App Data (for AppStore and Collectio NoiseTube GooglePlay) n No Java, XML - Facebook, Data Twitter , Collectio eBird eBird Web-Based n Yes Javascript, Jquery, Nodejs Store Data Collectio Brooklying n and BOSSA open-source Atlantis Web-Based Analysis No framework, PHP, javascript -

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Project Servi Social Application Goal Technology Title ces Media Data Collectio n and SETI Live Web-Based Analysis No Javascript, Jquery, HTML5 - Data Mechatronics System Collectio Facebook, Quake- and Web-Based n and Twitter, Catcher Interface Analysis Yes QCN Sensor G+ Data Collectio Facebook, n and Twitter, Galaxy zoo Web-Based Analysis Yes HTML5, Javascript G+, RSS Facebook, Data Twitter, Collectio Instagra n and m, Flickr, Visualiza soundclo Springwatch Web-Based tion No REST, HTML5, Javascript ud, RSS Data Collectio Zserver, Python, Participate Web-Based n No SWFObject, FreeBSD - Data Collectio ParkScan Web-Based n No PHP, Apache, Drupal, jquery Facebook A Conversatio Arduino, Nexus One, n Between Data Sensors of CO2, Trees Sensors and Mobile Collectio temperature, humidity, (ACBT) App n No decibel levels - Data Mountain Collectio IIS, jQuery, ASP.NET, Watch Web-Based n No Wordpress Facebook Audubon Data Christmas Collectio Bird Count Web-Based n No Drupal 7, jQuery, Javascript -

Web and Mobile App Data UCLA Mobile Web (for AppStore and Collectio Framework, jQuery, Github Ohmage GooglePlay) n No Hosting, XML, PhoneGap - Data Collectio GreenGPS None n No Google Maps - Data Collectio n, Data Manage ment, Apache, Microsoft Facebook, Data Azure,Ubuntu Server, Twitter, Visualiza HTML5, PHP, jQuery, G+, Ushahidi Ushahidi tion No AJAX, meetup Configur able citizen Web and Mobile App observat Apache, jQuery, PHP, Sensr (for AppStore) ory tool No Javascript, Ubuntu Server -

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Project Servi Social Application Goal Technology Title ces Media Configur able Web and Mobile App citizen (for AppStore and observat IIS 7 Server, PHP, ASP.NET, Facebook, CitSci.org GooglePlay) ory tool Yes jQuery, HTML 4 Twitter Configur able citizen On their website: jQuery, Mobile App for observat AJAX, HTML5, QUIC Funf GooglePlay ory tool No Protocol Twitter

Mobile App for Data Cycle GooglePlay and Collectio Atlanta AppStore n No - - Data Mobile App for Collectio Ruby on Rails, HTML5, Street Bump AppStore n No Heroku Twitter Citizen Participator 3-D immersive game Engagem 3-D immersive game for y Chinatown for PCs ent No Windows Twitter Data City Bug Collectio Facebook, Report Web-Based n No Apache, PHP, HTML5 Twitter Data Mobile App for Collectio iShake AppStore n No - - Data Facebook, Did you feel Collectio Twitter, it? Web-Based n No jQuery,HTML5,Javascript G+ Data Collectio n and Data Community Visualiza Android, The Energy Monitor Tablet-Based tion No Detective, StepGreen API - Data Collectio n and Data Interactive Voice Response Moile Vaani Phone-Based Analysis No (IVR) - Data Collectio n and Data Interactive Voice Response Avaaj Otalo Phone-Based Analysis No (IVR) - Big Data IBM InfoSphere Manage - Stream ment - - - Big Data Manage - IBM Big Data ment - - - Data Collectio n and Web, Mobile, Engagem JSON,Surface 2.0 SDK, GreenTouch Tabletop ent No ASP.net, -

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Project Servi Social Application Goal Technology Title ces Media Ruby on Rails, MySQL, jQuery, Google Maps, and Facebook, Web and Mobile App Data Flickr. It also utilizes the Twitter, (for AppStore and Collectio Catalogue of Life and uBio Github, iNatural GooglePlay) n No data G+ Data On their website: Apache Mobile App for Collectio Server, Red Hat OS, AJAX, Facebook, Creek Watch AppStore n No Javascript Youtube Data Collectio Apache Sever, jQuery, BudBurst Web-Based n No HTML5, Javascript - Sensors: Gauge boards, Low-cost sensible heat flux sensor, Soil Moisture Data System, Acoustic rain gauge. Collectio On progress: Prototype Sensors n Raingauge Umbrella Data Mobile App for Collectio GooglePlay n - Data Visualiza Web-Based tion Kite web stack Apache CloudStack, HBase Data (Hadoop database), big data store Store PostGIS, Geohash Data Visualiza Swagger tion Swagger TRIDS (Tracking Real Time Data Intelligence in Data Facebook, WeSenseIt TRIDS Analysis Yes Streams) Twitter HTML 5, Apache, jQuery, Data Modernizr, Retina JS, Collectio jQuery, Google Maps API, GLOBE Web-Based n No Leaflet Twitter Data Apache, Drupal, PHP, TEAM Collectio Google Analytics, jQuery, Facebook, Network Web-Based n No Purl Twitter

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5.7. Citizen Observatories’ Challenges

Type Problem Problem or Limitation Cause However, various scholars have repeatedly identified the lack of adequate consideration of the various stakeholders’ viewpoints as one of the core issues, and point out that simple technological solutions are often not effective in capturing the interests and Privacy Issues Privacy engineering concerns of users “Sharing” is the central activity of mobile crowdsensing applications. It is thus a central requirement of any privacy and trust tool to “fit” the user’s actual sharing practices and needs. Two main research thrusts can be identified: behavioral privacy and consequence- User Practices Sharing practices based protection approaches. We might tend to think that the development of new applications in the area of mobile crowd sensing would have only a positive impact on society, but there might be also negative ones. In particular, we discuss the broader concerns about the impact of sensing on social justice, and how this might be impacted — positively or negatively — in a variety of Recognition of Contribution Fairness and social justice social domains. the sensing data collected from the mobile phones are stored in centralized servers, creating massive databases of individuals’ locations, movements, images, and even Data Aggregation Issues Centralized Collected Data health data. A crowdsensing app needs to be designed with the appropriate mechanisms for getting users to sign up to the service and use it. While a number of mechanisms have been Crowdsensing fully rely on proposed to involve citizens in sensing the active involvement of activities, the most effective process is User Practices user still unclear. Making data available in a transparent way to the relevant stakeholders is fundamental. However, making raw data available is not sufficient. Stakeholders should be able to access, explore and analyze relevant Making raw open data information (extracted from raw data) Data Accessibility available is not sufficient in a simple and transparent fashion. The lack of coordination (among participants) can have a big impact on the quality of the resulting output (e.g. a Lack of coordination low measurement density can result in User Practices among observers incomplete and/or inaccurate maps). there is currently no systematic, easy No reusable methods for and reusable method for setting up new Standardization new observatories citizen observatories

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Type Problem Problem or Limitation Cause Usually communities and organizations lack the specific technical ICT-skills and programming knowledge needed to create the necessary server Lack of knowledge to build infrastructure and mobile applications Limited Knowledge citizen observatories from scratch Several frameworks already exist that provide a reconfigurable and reusable framework for mobile sensing applications, they focus more on the data gathering (typically form-based) Data Gathering as main and neglect other roles of a citizen focus of tools to create observatory such as feedback and Data Aggregation Issues citizen observatories coordination. When using sensors that transmit background data to mobiles with a special When using sensors that transmit app, the power background data to mobiles with a consumption needs to be special app, the power consumption Technology as efficient as possible needs to be as efficient as possible When sensors are used for observations, they need to When sensors are used for observations, have an algorithm for auto they need to have an algorithm for auto Technology calibration calibration The challenge is to provide mechanisms to mitigate the abundance of information and derive meaningful knowledge for the problem of too much data but Data Aggregation Issues the city insufficient coevolving knowledge lack of standardization and inter-communication The lack of standardization and inter- amongst the information communication amongst the Data Aggregation Issues streams information streams When combining various data from different sources of a complex system, such that of a city, we not only encounter syntactic, but also semantic discrepancies. These relate to differences in meaning of the initial raw Semantic discrepancies in information that might refer to spatial, Data Aggregation Issues data from various sources temporal and/or thematic diversities. The OECD has highlighted the lack of systematic evaluation of citizen participation, concluding that lack of systematic there is an “evaluation gap” and that the evaluation of citizen “evaluation of public participation is still Standardization participation in its infancy” Their study results have shown that the development of eparticipation regarding environmental topics seems to be related to the level of development of egovernment and e-participation at central level, the level of corruption, the the Internet might not level of access of citizens to the Internet foster a revitalization of and the level of use of e-government by User Practices the public sphere citizens.

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Type Problem Problem or Limitation Cause Users of mobile devices often need to focus on more than one task and when An App/website doesn't using a mobile application, have the full attention of a may have their attention divided across User Practices user several activities. Birders have extensive knowledge of the behaviors and likely locations to find particular birds. They do not have the knowledge of the recording devices to decide where best to place them. Researchers have extensive experience and knowledge of the Birders and Scientists functionality of recording devices, but both have a lack of do not know the likely knowledge of things that places to find particular birds or the best Limited Knowledge the other knows seasons and times to go looking. Participants have very little inherent incentive to participate in citizen science projects designed for User Practices laypeople The appropriate allocation of a teacher’s time and resources is an issue, along with the need for more full-time project Teachers have other activites as focus management support and they did not have enough time to within the Participate explain in detail this project to their User Practices Schools team. students Standard problems such as sunlight on Environmental issues the screen made the map difficult to impacted on the view, busy places were hard to record in Technology experience and the audio was difficult to hear. There have been challenges in encouraging public trust and confidence in government and in employing transparent decision- has been linked with an overreliance on making processes that technical and organizational enable citizens to imperatives, with insufficient understand the impact of involvement of the public in design and User Practices their participation implementation Despite the increasing popularity of citizen science, there are few guides to project design and implementation issues, such as selecting technologies there are few guides to and designing participation tasks to project design and ensure the best possible outcomes for Standardization implementation issues both the research and the participants. Most citizen science project organizers are not well positioned to acquire adequate funding to build new ICT or improve existing tools, as their resources are consumed by project Limited resources to pick management and working to meet Limited Resources advanced ICT scientific research goals.

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Type Problem Problem or Limitation Cause After the first few weeks the where flooded by spam in spite of the Technology Spam Recaptcha filter. Practices that encourage openness of interactions, where the exchange of the information is not merely part of a unidirectional stream of information toward either the city or the citizens, need to be exercised more by all parties. These require negotiation, scaffolding and seeding strategies in the Participatory Design approach that need Practices that encourage to continue after the concept design User Practices openness of interactions stage ends. These include (a) how to understand better new sustainability models for such participatory infrastructures. Given that in-between infrastructures The conditions for the are not under “control” of a particular success of these practices actor, it might mean also that it is also depend on the nobody’s business to keep them alive. It institutional and also (b) includes the larger participatory organizational frameworks and objectives of the User Practices arrangements in place. participant stakeholders. We neither provided participants with the opportunity to engage in iterative analysis nor measured learning utcomes They didn't let in a way that enables to assess participants follow their individual learning and participants’ User Practices progress ability to apply their learning. The variety in public participation approaches may be due to the lack of a clear framework for, and conceptualization of, public or stakeholder participation in the EU white paper on governance (2001) and the Standardization EU directives many previous biodiversity monitoring schemes have been limited by poor survey design, lack of data interoperability, inadequate plans for data storage and quality assessment, and lack of alignment between data and policy information Data Aggregation Issues needs Currently, reliable sensors are still too large and heavy to be carried by people as they go about Technology their daily activities

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Type Problem Problem or Limitation Cause The volunteers have a positive bias toward reporting relatively rare species such as bighorn User Practices sheep and moose Urban computing research needs to acknowledge that cities are complex, Limited Knowledge dynamic, and messy A high level of commitment is necessary from volunteers and the project coordinator to achieve the quality and quantity of effort required User Practices for robust trend analysis Data that has received internal program scrutiny may still require post- processing and verification prior to use in Data Aggregation Issues large-scale analyses A worrying finding was that where biodiversity diminishes, local people may to lose interest in the User Practices natural environment Be aware that citizen science projects have to deal with weekend bias that happens when the observers are only reporting in their User Practices weekends. Although often successful in the short term, consultative and functional groups are often funding dependent and cannot continue on their own without Limited Resources government assistance Having enough funding for the cyber- Limited Resources infrastructure is hard

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5.8. Citizen Observatories’ Best Practices

Participation Model Type Practice Practice

A protocol for the web-based species identification supervised by scientists, in order to evaluate the different Participatory Provide training material performances for each group.

Data Collection Model: participatory Participatory Participatory data collection model

Data Collection Model: opportunistic Opportunistic Opportunistic data collection model

Opportunistic Open Data for Engagement OpenData to engage people

Opportunistic Feedback from observations Actively involve citizen as main element

Allow citizens to set up their own citizen Participatory Interest based Observatories observatory

Reusable and composable citizen Participatory Observatory Component Based observatory components The solutions are co-designed and co- created bottom-up by the citizens in collaboration and with the support of Participatory Co-Creation Public Authorities.

Keep users updated about the Participatory Feedback from observations observatory activities and achievements

Integrate data from participatory sensing (observations) with existing Participatory Data Aggregation data sources

Incorporating simple game elements and mechanics within the very design of Opportunistic Gamification the platform

Opportunistic Real Time Visualization Provide real scientific visualization Make creative leaps within the Participatory Co-Creation application

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Raise awareness about these issues within a wider community in a fun and educational way which is simple and Participatory Gamification intuitive

Find the most potential urban context Participatory Opportunistic data collection information collection available tools

Direct two-way communication with Participatory Involve Decision Makers government

Participatory Gamification Gameplay design in social reporting Have well documented help sections Participatory Feedback from observations with many practical examples

Use gamification techniques to engage Participatory Gamification volunteers

Set common protocols for Set a biodiversity monitoring protocol Participatory observers for communities

Participatory Participatory data collection Embrace participatory design

The tools were developed with great participations of citizen observers and Participatory Co-Creation scientists who would use the data

Participatory Participatory data collection Use Virtual Birding approach

Environmental Campaign in Aim for creating visitor attractions to Participatory Public Spaces collect data

Use a game character that entertain and Participatory Gamification challenge users daily

Visitors have to head into the local forest with a borrowed mobile phone to Opportunistic Provide Technology make observations

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Visualization of climate changes based on open data through a projection in Opportunistic Real Time Visualization the exposition

Visitors listen audios while they make Opportunistic Feedback from observations their observations

Opportunistic Feedback from observations Provoke engagement and interpretation

Both Real Time Visualization Highly available apps

Both Real Time Visualization Mobile app usability

Both Observatory Component Based Modular and extensible APIs ohmage Provides a set of tools that facilitate data exploration, visualization, and analysis for different usage Both Observatory Component Based scenarios

Co-develop solutions using charette Participatory Co-Creation techniques

Environmental Campaign in Participatory Public Spaces Explore and Use Digital Public Spaces

The openness in the categorization is an Participatory Participatory data collection opportunity to collect diversified data The potential users were encountered Identify stakeholders and their face-to-face when promoting the Opportunistic motivations application Identify stakeholders and their Carry brainstorming sessions with the Opportunistic motivations users

Motivate visually, showing what their acts are causing and encourage Both Feedback from observations competition

Recruit participants directly or use your Both Co-Creation participants networks to get more users

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A design strategy combines user- centered and participatory design Participatory Participatory data collection methods Uses graphs to explain processes of Participatory Real Time Visualization observations

Follow this design principles: (1) Reducing complexity, (2) Supporting reflection, (3) Design for large amounts Participatory Observatory Component Based of data (4) Utilize iconology of devices Citi-Sense-MOB will involve citizens that will also be able to conduct their own measurements by using a bicycle equipped with sensors instead of Both Co-Creation carrying the sensor platform First step in the project is ask: who should be involved; when should they be involved; how should they be Identify stakeholders and their involved; and what is the information Both motivations and knowledge base The procedure to set a citizen observatory that involves the whole city was: 1)Presentation of the Global Urban Observatory project; 2)Application of a questionnaire about major city problems and their opinion about them;3)Setting the topics of the local Participatory Co-Creation agenda Once an observation is entered, the participants are prompted with additional questions regarding their Participatory Feedback from observations observation People contribute to crowdsensing activities because they collectively Both Co-Creation benefit from the information shared To structure large-scale participation in urban computing projects, the following steps are needed: 1) identify needs and dilemmas 2) identify stakeholders 3) identify incentives 4) gather evidence Identify stakeholders and their and experience 5) provide tools and Both motivations affordance Measurement of motivation to volunteer by asking three questions: (1) the primary reason(s) for participating as a volunteer with CWS-WCS, (2) personal time and money expended to volunteer with CWS-WCS and (3) self- reported levels of concern about Participatory Measure Motivation environmental issues. A three-step process whereby highly motivated individuals, or environmental opinion leaders: (1) seek citizen science opportunities because they are interested in one or more environmental issues; (2) gain a certain level of expertise through participation in citizen science projects, and (3) pass Identify stakeholders and their on their skills and knowledge to other Participatory motivations individuals within their social network.

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It is cost-effective to set up a network of centers across a survey area of interest from which anyone can borrow a passive detector for Participatory Provide Technology a few days. Attribute credit and authorship to Participatory Co-Creation citizen observers Volunteers can sign on as field assistants for short, educational travel Participatory Provide training material experiences

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5.9. Citizen Observatories’ Recommendations and Future Perspectives

Type Future Perspective/Recommendation In this case, the artistic voice is not about presenting canonical interpretations of data, or about informing, or even about persuasion. Nor is it about activism. Rather, we have documented how our artists worked with scientific data recommended by a climate scientist, questioning it through different Data Analysis presentations but without adopting an explicit scientific or political position Tools for the analysis and further use of open government data as well as of big data and unstructured data conveying subjective opinions of individuals Data Analysis extracted e.g. from the social media Developers require secure, flexible, and reliable APIs to support rapid Data Analysis prototyping and building of robust applications on both the phones and servers. Data Management systems need to handle real-time analysis. They need to manage real-time analysis of in-motion big data while protecting individual citizens’ privacy and security. They should also explore new technological playgrounds (such as cloud computing, advanced analytics, security Data Analysis technologies, and legislation) Organizations that are currently forced to opt for non-technological approaches to gather citizen observations would benefit greatly from an approach in which they can build their own observatory and it is not focused only in data collection Data Collection but also in citizen coordination and feedback An aspiration is the promotion of informal learning within the urban context; they seek to educate citizens towards a more sustainable everyday life without Data Collection predefining set of objectives or the expected outcomes. Communities are seeking alternative life-long free choice learning opportunities that go beyond basic scientific concepts and tap into the actual science being explored in research. These options need to provide a richness, diversity and flow of content equal to the video game industry, while delivering the breadth Data Collection and depth of the science affecting society. The requirement for future community learning centers is to provide an experience that increases public understanding of modern science. To do so, a center needs to combine real science with context relevant to its community and Data Collection become a relational interaction with peers, parents, scientists and policy makers. Online citizen participation in local democracy depends on the opportunities Data Collection offered by municipalities Data Collection Children are easily immersed into pervasive software Earth observation priorities across multiple areas of societal benefit should be Data Collection taken into account before building observatories With the creation of a meta-model, the steps and concepts that are common to projects of this nature can be reused and, should the need arise, be extended for Data Collection a specific case. Future work will focus on enabling the surface vehicle to autonomously monitor portions of the Gowanus Canal to enable a continuous feed of image and sensor Data Collection data to citizen scientists. Acoustic sensors are a recognized and cost effective way to monitor faunal Data Collection biodiversity Data collection is about understanding how to effectively deploy audio recorders in the environment. Recorded audio must be presented in ways that Data Collection nontechnical people can interpret and analyze. It is crucial to provide tools that allow audio and the visualizations created from Data Collection audio to be easily understood and used. Birders have collaborative and competitive tendencies. Collaboration is promoted for sharing discoveries of changed species compositions around local patches and documenting trends over time in significant environments. Competition becomes a prime motivation during official bird list championships. Being the first to observe a rare species or species in an unusual Data Collection location can drive birders to invest large amounts of time and money. Data Collection Our experiences indicate that it is important that researchers participate in the

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existing community and respect the established processes. Data Collection A project needs to explicitly state what it wants from schools. Combine social media and pervasive/ubicomp technologies in order to allow the discussion, provision, provenance and analysis of data relating to the Data Collection environment Using multi-layered data collection to supplement volunteers’ data with complementary data from scientists, trained naturalists, and plantcam images Data Collection was another promising strategy for ensuring data quality Sensing and robotics become more mainstream, they will have the same Data Collection potential to support creative and participatory socio-technical environments. Wearable technologies that can capture and propagate different information important for policy decision making, for example augmented reality support for citizens to match a real-life situation with a policy case and proceed according to the policy using the algorithmic instructions applied to the current use case and facilitated by the augmented reality annotations, all within their wearable Data Collection device. The production of data can be viewed not as a means of fact-collection, but a Data Collection space for discourse, discussion, and argumentation. The results gained from the shaking table tests proved that iPhones (and soon other cellular phones and personal computers that contain accelerometers) can Data Collection measure reliably the shaking produced by an earthquake. People understand the relationship between their actions and the environment Data Collection better with the use of iconic images Our results confirm prior findings that factors such as context knowledge of Data Collection community members, accountability and Mobile phones can help citizens engage directly with governments to provide Data Collection feedback targeted at improving the performance of welfare schemes. User participation for the IVR (Interactive voice response) tools we developed and tested, can be much wider if appropriate publicity and branding is done, Data Collection and evidence is presented to the users so they can gain from participation. Participatory Design contributes to supporting continuous and iterative design- Data Collection in-use. Global collaboration in terms of data collection is needed. Much government Data Collection data is global in nature and can be used to prevent and solve global issues Data Collection Share your scientific data, it is a trend and it will continue growing Data Collection Monitoring programmes should not overload volunteers and result in burnout Data Collection monitoring programmes should not overload volunteers and result in burnout There should be user-friendly interfaces that allow the citizens to have more control on how their gathered data is processed, what type of feedback should be Data Visualization sent back to the user and when it should be sent. The use of the AR (Augmented Reality) technology, which by itself provides more interactive and engaging way to present digital information in the real world, within existing loT services and solutions creating a new dimension in Data Visualization connecting people with things around them. More educational content and different ways of data (from observatories) Data Visualization presentation through AR should be explored and continuously tested Thus we can envisage a situation where game players capture an image of a suitable gaming challenge (e.g. litter or graffiti) which can be initially verified on Data Visualization their mobile device. Real-time simulation models with integrated real-time traffic information and other data as a support tool for quick decisions in different situations, especially Data Visualization those of emergencies Well-designed citizen science games with a purpose have the potential to attract large crowds of helpful volunteers, even in circumstances where the science task Data Visualization is difficult or uninteresting well-designed citizen science games with a purpose have the potential to attract Data Visualization large crowds

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The game elements of the application need to be fun, engage users socially and Engagement encourage a cooperative as well as competitive playing style. The higher degree of interactivity in the touch screen installation indicates that Engagement it engages the users more than a button and projection based installation. The motivation element has been understudied and should be taken seriously in the implementation of crowdsourcing systems, as with no participants the Engagement crowdsourcing platform is doomed to fail. Most of the feedback was often received outside the context of the website – during bird walks, travelling to deploy recording devices, or planning Engagement discussions The pupils were found to be engaged by the Google Earth visualizations and the Engagement data trails provoked considerable discussion about their routes Our analysis revealed three insights for designing social computing systems that support co-design of public services. (1) These systems can encourage citizens to share their rationale for current service offerings, revealing what citizens perceive to be the goals and motivators of the service. (2), these systems can encourage citizens to share the consequences of current and proposed service offerings as these help others better empathize with the impact design choices might have. (3), we see that co-design via social computing might best focus on searching for a shared citizen and service provider understanding of the goals Engagement and mission for the service as the outcome of this dialog system. We see a real opportunity for social computing technology to support the way people engage with and take ownership of public services, and we encourage Engagement other researchers to engage with this emerging topic. Creating an emotional response is an important part of reaching a wide audience and a first step towards enabling people to clarify their perspective on the data Engagement and the wider issues. Our study noted that visitors particularly appreciated being given space and Engagement time to arrive at their own responses and interpretations. There has been a growing focus on the role of environmentally engaged artworks in relation to sustainable HCI, especially how they may facilitate new forms of Engagement public engagement with sustainability issues. Students felt more comfortable with the mobile apps than the mobile alternative Engagement data collection tool. The project authors found two features very helpful: the campaign authoring tool that allows them to design a project without involving a technical person, Engagement and the campaign monitor page, which reports the deployment progress. Through our analysis, we point to three distinct roles the data from observatories plays at the planning events from local authorities —as authority, Engagement as evidence, and as ambivalent. In general, users preferred getting the information and instructions in the form of text and pictures instead of videos, as they experienced that videos are not so Engagement user-friendly and socially accepted since they could easily disturb other people. Value creation for users and first response may be seen as a great source of Engagement motivation and commitment for active use of the system. New factors that affect social engagement around energy. These include the built Engagement environment, trust, and length of residence. Constructing more active notions of citizenship requires reformulating and making visible certain practices as a shared project in which more stakeholders take collective action and become aware of an existing shared situation and Engagement negotiate further what it means to all. We showed that mobile interfaces could motivate effective collocated Engagement collaboration by providing opportunities for discussion. Rewarding experience and social encounters is the essential element in citizen Engagement observatories Story-based games can be a powerful tool for attracting participants to citizen Engagement science tasks.

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The use of incentives was found to be an effective means of enhancing participation in citizen science networks. A threefold increase in the number of participating schools was recorded immediately after associating participation Engagement with an award scheme for schools involved in the Greenwave project. Rewarding experience and social encounters is the essential element in citizen Engagement observatories Story-based games can be a powerful tool for attracting participants to citizen Engagement science tasks. The use of incentives was found to be an effective means of enhancing participation in citizen science networks. A threefold increase in the number of participating schools was recorded immediately after associating participation Engagement with an award scheme for schools involved in the Greenwave project. ICT selection and development should focus primarily on project goals, known characteristics of the participant audience that influence recruitment and ICT management retention, and data quality requirements for scientific outcomes. For citizen science projects with few resources, managing ICT can be burdensome due to low levels of technology expertise among project organizers. In most cases, technologies with the least complexity and lowest cost are the ICT management only sustainable choices A general, reusable PS (Play Station) platform can benefit many applications in ICT management multiple areas The lack of a clear framework for public participation is highly related with the Standards emphasis authorities put on prevention/mitigation issues A globally coordinated approach is needed for biodiversity monitoring that is Standards linked to environmental data and covers all biogeographic regions A biodiversity observation network (BON) needs to develop data collection and metadata standards for the different EBVs in order to promote the collection of Standards data beyond the triplet species, location and date The success of many collaborative systems hinges on effectively supporting awareness of collaborators and their actions (e.g., assigning roles, making Standards decisions, negotiating, or prioritizing tasks) Attention must be paid to the development of indicators for monitoring the plan Standards and environmental performance The success of many collaborative systems hinges on effectively supporting Standards awareness of collaborators and Attention must be paid to the development of indicators for monitoring the plan Standards and environmental performance

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5.10. Citizen Observatories’ Used Standards and Networks

Issuing Type Name Description Website Institution The OGC's Sensor Web Enablement http://www.o (SWE) standards enable developers pengeospatial. to make all types of sensors, Open org/ogc/mark Sensor Web transducers and sensor data Geospatial ets- Enablement repositories discoverable, accessible Consortium technologies/s Standard (SWE) and useable via the Web. (OGC) we eXtensible A markup language that defines a set World Wide Markup of rules for encoding documents in a Web Language format which is both human- Consortium http://www.w Standard (XML) readable and machine-readable. (W3C) 3.org/XML/ JavaScript Internet Object Engineering Notation Is an open standard format that uses Task Force (JSON): RFC human-readable text to transmit (IETF) and 7159 and data objects consisting of pair ECMA http://www.js Standard ECMA-404. attributes. International on.org/ Resource World Wide Description Web Framework RDF is a standard model for data Consortium https://www. Standard (RDF) interchange on the Web. (W3C) w3.org/RDF/ Web World Wide Ontology Is a semantic markup language for Web http://www.w Language publishing and sharing ontologies on Consortium 3.org/TR/owl- Standard (OWL ) the World Wide Web (W3C) ref/ Notation for expressing geographic Keyhole annotation and visualization within Markup Internet-based, two-dimensional Language maps and three-dimensional Earth Keyhole, Inc., Standard (KML) browsers. Google Is an RDF query language, that is, a SPARQL semantic query language for Protocol and databases, able to retrieve and RDF Query manipulate data stored in Resource http://www.w Language Description Framework (RDF) 3.org/TR/spar Standard (SPARQL) format W3C ql11-query/ GEO is an international public repository that archives and freely distributes microarray, next- generation sequencing, and other forms of high-throughput functional http://www.n genomics data submitted by the cbi.nlm.nih.go Network GEO research community. GEO v/geo/ GEO BON is closely cooperating with regional biodiversityobservation networks (i.e. Arctic BON, EU BON, Asia-Pacific BON) todevelop a framework to form a basis for global biodiversity moni-toring focused on a set of ecologically relevant variables known asEssential http://geobon.

Network GEO BON Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) GEO BON org/ National water The Council promotes the Quality development and use of methods http://acwi.go Monitoring and protocols that support the v/monitoring/ Network Council collection of data of known quality. USGS methods.html

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An international platform for domestic reformers committed to Internation Open making their governments more http://www.o al Government open, accountable, and responsive to USA pengovpartner Agreement Partnership citizens. Administraton ship.org/ https://ec.eur opa.eu/digital- agenda/sites/ digital- agenda/files/ Malmo ministerial- eDeclaration declaration- Internation on the joint Prioritize citizen participation in on- al eGovernmen government and politics thorough European egovernment- Agreement t strategy technology Union malmo.pdf Public Participation Internation in Policy al Making Agreement (2001) Framework for public participation OECD Internation al Participation Scottish Agreement Handbook Framework for public participation Parliament Internation Citizen al Science Australian Agreement Toolbox Framework for public participation Coastal CRC Convention on Access to Internation Information, Public Participation in al Aarhus Decision-making and Access to European Agreement convention Justice in Environmental Matter Union http://plazi.or Plazi is a repository of taxonimic g/wiki/Main_ Initiative Plazi treatments Plazi Page http://environ mentontology. Initiative EnvO Environmental ontology EnvO org/ http://www.in formalscience. org/projects/i c-000-000- 001- 844/DEVISE: _Developing,_ Validating,_an Developing, Validating, and d_Implementi Implementing Situated Evaluation ng_Situated_ Instruments for Informal Science Cornell Evaluation_In Initiative DEVISE Education University struments Water bodies in Europe: Integrative Systems to assess ecological status and Recovery'. They elaborated WFD-compliant assessment systems for lakes, transitional and coastal waters, which supported the European Intercalibration Exercise, estimated the sources and levels of uncertainty connected to the assessment methods analysed restoration and rehabilitation European http://www.wi Initiative WISER studies and identified suitable Union ser.eu/

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measures to improve surface waters at the large scale and highlighted the role of global and climate change in aquatic ecosystem monitoring and management.

ManagingAquatic ecosystems and water Resources under multiple Stress, their main objective areas: To understand the effects of multiple stressors on surface waters and ground waters, their biota, and the services they provide to humans, To understand how ecological status and ecosystem services are related – if at all To advise river basin management how to restore multiply stressed rivers and lakes. To advise the revision of the Water Framework Directive on new indicators for ecological status and ecosystem services To develop methods and software for the Programmes of Measures. We map the intensity of multi-stressor conditions across Europe to identify stressor hotspots and their effects on MARS ecological status and ecosystem European http://www.m Initiative Project services, using several data sources Union ars-project.eu/ Aimed inter alia to establish socioeconomic risk indicators related to the drivers of biodiversity pressures as a tool to support long- http://www.al

Initiative ALARM term mitigation policies ALARM armproject.net Has as a general objective to provide the most appropriate assessment tools and policy instruments to foster the capacity for biodiversity conservation across spatial and http://www.sc temporal scales and to disseminate ales- Initiative SCALES them to a wide range of users SCALES project.net/ Aiming to harmonize current biodiversity models and datasets in order to improve the reliability of future projections of biodiversity change (e.g. under various policy HarmBio options which may be used to assist European Cost http://harmbi Initiative COST environmental decision making). Action o.eu/ ENVIROFI is a co-funded research project within the Future Internet Public Private Partnership (FI-PPP) programme of the EU's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7). The project is dedicated to the environmental usage area of the Future Internet. It will explore http://www.e Initiative ENVIROFI environmental enablers and provide ENVIROFI nvirofi.eu/

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environmental sector requirements to FI-WARE, the FI-PPP core platform project. Thus, ENVIROFI will lay the foundation for an environmental observation web.

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5.11. Summary of reviewed publications (List of Most Relevant)

Study ID Author Title What Where Del Rio, J.; Aguzzi, J.; Hidalgo, A.; Citizen science and marine Bghiel, I.; community monitoring by Manuel, A.; video cabled Sbragaglia, V.; observatories: The OBSEA OBSEA costal-cabled 1 Sarda, F Citizen Science project video-observatory Spain Trust and privacy in Krontiris, I.; mobile experience sharing: Langheinrich, future challenges and Security and examples of 2 M.; Shilton, K avenues for research crowsensing applications USA Miso, S.; Homos, Adaptive geolocated M.J.; Rodriguez, cultural information App for cultural 3 M.L system for mobile devices information in mobiles Spain Cagliero, L.; Cerquitelli, T.; Chiusano, S.; Garino, P.; Monitoring the citizens' Sensing the perception of Nardone, M.; perception on urban citizens on urban security Pralio, B.; security in Smart City for Smart City 4 Venturini, L environments management Italy A crowdsensing approach, coupled with Miorandi, D.; Open Data philosophy, as Carreras, I.; Measuring net neutrality the way to build a “citizen Gregori, E.; in mobile Internet: observatory” on net Graham, I.; Towards a crowdsensing neutrality in mobile 5 Stewart, J based citizen observatory Internet. Italy, UK DisCoPar is a component-based system aimed to enable a flexible composition of citizen observatory features. It allows citizens to set up their own citizen observatory by enabling them to specify the types of data that have to be gathered, how this data should be aggregated, DisCoPar: Distributed and what type of Zaman, J.; De components for feedback should be sent 6 Meuter, W. participatory campaigning back to the participants. Belgium They have developed new models to engage citizens and public authorities in the co- design and co-creation of services to solve their Human Smart Cities: A needs under the concept Human centric model of Human Smart City. Oliveira, A.; aiming at the wellbeing They implemented an Campolargo, M.; and quality of life of example called 7 Martins, M. citizens MyNeighbourhood. Portugal

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Study ID Author Title What Where Citclops European project aims to develop Low cost moored systems to retrieve and instrumentation for use data on seawater citizens' education and optical properties using participation low-cost sensors Bardaji, R.; inenvironmental combined with 8 Piera, J. stewardship contextual information Spain The design and evaluation of an application (MITOS- Multi-Input TranspOrt planning System) that Enhancingcitizens'environ sought to promote a mental awareness through more environmentally Charitos, D.; the use of a mobile and conscious urban mobility Theona, I.; pervasive urban paradigm, via the Rizopoulos, C.; computing provision of advanced Diamantaki, K.; systemsupporting smart transportation services in 9 Tsetsos, V. transportation a Smart City context. Greece Details the implementation of a Mixed Reality experiential learning application that expands our ability to provide dynamic content structures for venues to engage the user’s physical environment and interactive imagination by incorporating the conventions of story, play Stapleton, C.; The art of nurturing and game employed in Smith, E.; citizen scientists through competing leisure time 10 Hughes, C.E mixed reality activities. USA Focus on engaging citizen communities around the air pollution and environmental monitoring issues utilizing loT ekoNET service, an approach in engaging citizen communities based on serious gaming incorporating integration Engaging citizen of the physical and digital communities in worlds through Pokric, B.; Krco, smartcities using IoT, aggregation of Internet of S.; Pokric, M.; serious gaming and fast Things (loT) service with Knezevic, P.; markerless Augmented Augmented Reality (AR) 11 Jovanovic, D. Reality data visualization. Serbia OntoPolis©: A Semantic A semantic participatory Participatory Platform for platform for performance Performance Assessment assessment and The Psyllidis, A.; and Augmentation of augmentation of urban Netherland 12 Biloria, N Urban Environments environments s

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Study ID Author Title What Where Analyze of the level of development of e- participation in European local E Participation and governments in relation Climate Change: Are Local to environmental topics GovernmentsActively and climate change Promoting Responsible specifically and the Behaviors and Offering factors that explain the Royo, S.; Yetano, Opportunities for Citizen level of development of 13 A.; Acerete, B. Involvement these practices. Spain Present many examples of observatories and introduce the concept of social mobile Crowley, D.N.; reporting where a Breslin, J.G.; Gamification of citizen community of people Corcoran, P.; sensing through mobile report on issues within 14 Young, K social reporting their environment. Ireland This work explores the relationship between pervasive software and user engagement towards environmental issues, it gives an example of an Evaluation of user interactive project Aasbakken, M.; engagement and implemented to raise Jaccheri, L.; messagecomprehension in awareness in kids about Chorianopoulos, a pervasive software water importance for Norway, 15 K. installation plants. Greece This work presents a list of the 10 highest ranked A UserDriven Approach to observations needs due Zell, E.; Huff, Determining Critical Earth to its priority for our A.K.; Carpenter, Observation Priorities for world. Also, it presents 16 A.T.; Friedl, L.A Societal Benefit some observatories. USA this paper proposes a meta-model which aims to fit generic solutions related to a specific subset of crowdsourcing designed to accomplish a specific task: Data Collection and Dallora Moraes, Participatory Sensing to A.L.; Fonseca, F.; A metamodel for leverage the Esteves, M.G.P.; crowdsourcing platforms engagement of volunteers Schneider, D.; de in Data Collection and with Science and 17 Souza, J.M Participatory Sensing Environmental issues Brasil They present Brooklyn Atlantis, an integrated citizen science project consisting of a mechatronics-based Development of a system and an online MechatronicsBased peer-production Laut, J.; Henry, Citizen SciencePlatform platform. Volunteers E.; Nov, O.; for Aquatic Environmental participate in Brooklyn USA, UK, 18 Porfiri, M Monitoring Atlantis by analyzing Italy

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Study ID Author Title What Where water quality data and wildlife images on the project website, which are uploaded remotely by an aquatic surface vehicle.

This paper report Mark Cottman- observations and lessons Fields, Margot Collaborative extension of on the design of Brereton, Jason biodiversity monitoring extensions to established Wimmer, Paul protocols in the bird biodiversity monitoring 19 Roe watching community protocols. Australia Alan Chamberlain, Mark Paxton, Kevin Glover, Martin Flintham, Dominic Price, Chris Greenhalgh, This papers presents the Steve results of a Participate a Benford,Peter 3-year collaboration Tolmie, Eiman between industry and Kanjo, Amanda academia to explore how Gower, Andy mobile, Web and Gower, Dawn Understanding mass broadcast technologies Woodgate, participatory pervasive could combine to deliver Danaë Stanton computing systems for environmental UK, Saudi 20 Fraser environmental campaigns campaigns. Arabia This study investigates how social computing Daisy Yoo, John Probing bus stop for might support citizen’s Zimmerman, insights on transit co- co-design their transit 21 Tad Hirsch design service. USA This study shows how artists engaged the public with scientific climate change data. The artwork Rachel Jacobs, visualised live Steve Benford, environmental data Mark Selby, collected from Michael remote trees, alongside Golembewski, both historical and Dominic Price, A conversation between forecast global CO2 data. Gabriella trees: what data feels like Visitors also took part in 22 Giannachi in the forest a mobile sensing. UK Presents citizen science projects detailing their Free as in puppies: techniques and ICT and compensating for ict highlighting the constraints in citizen technological gaps each 23 Andrea Wiggins science one faces USA six creativity support tools (Neighborhood Carl DiSalvo, Local issues, local uses: Sensor Walks, Canary Marti Louw, tools for robotics and Test Kits, Collage in Julina Coupland, sensing in community Context, Robot 24 MaryAnn Steiner contexts Storyboarding, Concept USA

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Study ID Author Title What Where Mock-Ups, and System Mapping) were developed to foster community engagement and expression with robotics and sensing, assessing the benefits and shortcomings of each tool. This study presents: eGovPoliNet through 6 scenarios, scholars have developed visionary scenarios to envisage how ICT-supported open Dragana and public governance Majstorovic, Future scenarios of ICT and policy making might Maria A. solutions for governance emerge in the years to 25 Wimmer and policy modelling come. Germany H. Tangmunarunkit , C. K. Hsieh, B. Longstaff, S. Nolen, J. This paper presents Jenkins, C. Ohmage which is a Ketcham, J. modular and extensible Selsky, F. open-source, mobile to Alquaddoomi, D. Web PS platform that George, J. Kang, records, stores, analyzes, Z. Khalapyan, J. Ohmage: A General and and visualizes data from Ooms, N. Extensible End-to-End both prompted self- Ramanathan, D. Participatory Sensing report and continuous 26 Estrin Platform data streams. USA In this paper, they look at how data from a purpose- built smartphone app Christopher A. Planning with (Cycle Atlanta)they Le Dantec, Crowdsourced Data: deployed were Mariam Asad, Rhetoric and incorporated into a three Aditi Misra, Kari Representation in day urban planning event 27 E. Watkins Transportation Planning from the local goverment. USA This paper explores the wider contexts of digital policy, transparency, digitisation and how this changes city City bug report: urban administration and the Henrik prototyping as role of the (digital) Korsgaard, participatory process and publics, using City Bug 28 Martin Brynskov practice Report as a design case. Denmark Understanding factors of Paper about the cultures successful engagement of participation, the Tawanna R. around energy opportunities and Dillahunt, consumption between and drawbacks this can have 29 Jennifer Mankoff among households in our mordern societies. USA

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Study ID Author Title What Where This paper presents the “iShake” system which uses smartphones as Mari Ervasti, seismic sensors to Shideh Dashti, measure and deliver Jack Reilly, ground motion intensity Jonathan D. parameters produced by Bray, Alexandre iShake: mobile phones as earthquakes more rapidly Bayen, Steven seismic sensors -- user and accurately than Finland, 30 Glaser study findings currently possible. USA They deployed a social- energy monitoring application across 15 households, in two distinct locations and monitored how Understanding, fostering, competition can engage and supporting cultures of users to reduce their 31 Gerhard Fischer participation energy consumption USA They leveraged the deep penetration of mobile phones in India to design a suite of IVR (Interactive Voice Response) tools that can help capture community perceptions, Dipanjan Building citizen improve awareness of the Chakraborty, engagement into the people, and verify o cial Aaditeshwar implementation of welfare records directly by the 32 Seth schemes in rural India beneciaries themselves. India In this paper, they draw on material from a participatory design project (The Urban Mediator) that focused on the practices, infrastructures, and technologies used for Andrea Botero, Enhancing citizenship: the creating and sharing Joanna Saad- role of in-between information about the 33 Sulonen infrastructures urban environment. Finland They evaluate the bigdata innitiatives from governments and compare their implementations with the Gang-Hoon Kim, business ones to find Silvana Trimi, Ji- Big-data applications in possible gaps for 34 Hyong Chung the government sector improvement Korea, USA This paper presents Green-Touch, which Consuelo Valdes, consists of a mobile user Michelle interface for capturing Ferreirae, Taili data in the field, a web Feng, Heidi A collaborative application for data Wang, Kelsey environment for engaging curation in the “cloud,” Tempel, Sirui novices in scientific and a tabletop interface 35 Liu, Orit Shaer inquiry for exploratory analysis USA

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Study ID Author Title What Where of heterogeneous data.

This paper analyses the The social innovation social innovation potential of ICT-enabled potential of such ICT- citizen observatories to enabled citizen increase eParticipation in observatories to increase The Uta Wehn, Jaap local flood risk eParticipation in local Netherland 36 Evers management flood risk management. s This paper introduces a Participation in flood risk framework for analysing Uta Wehn, Maria management and the the potential for Rusca, Jaap potential of citizen participacion via ICT- The Evers, Vitavesca observatories: A enabled citizen Netherland 37 Lanfranchi governance analysis observatories s C. Richard Ziegler, J. Angus Webb, Susan B. Digital repository of Norton, Andrew associations between This paper proposes S. Pullin, environmental variables: A open-access and online Andreas H. new resource to facilitate sharing of environmental United 38 Melcher knowledge synthesis variables associations. States Dirk S. Schmeller, Romain Julliard, Peter J. Bellingham, Monika Böhm, Neil Brummitt, Alessandro Chiarucci, Denis Couvet, Sarah Elmendorf, David M. Forsyth, Jaime García Moreno, Richard D. Gregory, William E. Magnusson, Laura J. Martin, Melodie A. McGeoch, Jean- Baptiste Mihoub, Henrique M. Pereira, Vânia Proença, Chris A.M. van Swaay, Tetsukazu Towards a global The paper proposes a Yahara, Jayne terrestrial species global terrestrial species 39 Belnap monitoring program monitoring program Germany António Correia, Putting “Human Crowds” This paper reports on a Jorge Santos, in the Loop of bibliographic Diogo Azevedo, Bibliography Evaluation: A information system for Hugo Paredes, Collaborative Working semantic analytics Benjamim Environment for CSCW focused on what scientific 40 Fonseca Publications research data means and Portugal

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Study ID Author Title What Where how it can be interpreted through a division of intellectual labot among social, computer and citizen scientist This work presents The Citi-Sense-MOB Citizens’ Observatory will be part of an environmental health monitoring system and environmental health knowledge base, created Nuria Castell, from information Mike Kobernus, provided by GNSS Hai-Ying Liu, (Global Philipp Navigation Satellite Schneider, Mobile technologies and Systems) signals such as William Lahoz, services for environmental GPS (Global Positioning Arne J. Berre, monitoring: The Citi- System) and Citizens’ 41 Josef Noll Sense-MOB approach Observatory data. Norway This paper presents a local urban observatory for waste management and compares it with the R.I. Rojas- Urban observatories global habitat agenda Caldelas, E.A. opportunities for and the local agenda of Corona environmental the region where it is 42 Zambrano monitoring: Solid wastes implemented Mexico Explores the use of Multimedia mobile mobile multimedia Joana Ferreira services with applications services for boosting 43 Hipólito in environment citizens participation Portugal They investigated whether the opportunistic observations of live animals by volunteers along a 46-km section of Highway 3 in the Crowsnest Pass area (“RoadWatch in the Pass” data collection Kylie Paul, program) in Alberta, Michael S. Canada, had a similar Quinn, Marcel P. An evaluation of a citizen spatial pattern as Huijser, science data collection systematically collected Jonathan program for recording data by the researchers Graham, Len wildlife observations along along the same road 44 Broberg a highway section. Canada This paper proposes a Urban computing in the taxonomy for wild: A survey on large categorising and scale participation and characterising urban citizen engagement with computing technologies ubiquitous computing, and approaches with Flora Salim, cyber physical systems, regards to the level of Australia, 45 Usman Haque and Internet of Things participation UK

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Study ID Author Title What Where They examined the multi-dimensional Understanding structure of pro- the multi- environmental behavior dimensional Understanding the multi- (PEB) in a mixed- structure of pro- dimensional structure of methods study of rural environmental pro-environmental residents of New York, United 46 behavior behavior USA States This study identify a three-step process whereby highly motivated individuals, or environmental opinion leaders, seek out citizen science opportunities due to an interest in one or more environmental issues; gain expertise through citizen science participation; and diffuse McKenzie F. acquired skills and Johnson, Corrie knowledge to peers Hannah, Leslie through social networks, Acton, Ruxandra Network education of other non- Popovici, Krithi environmentalism: Citizen scientist Indian citizens, K. Karanth, scientists as agents for and/or changes in career United 47 Erika Weinthal environmental advocacy or education trajectories. States Waste Bank as This paper discusses an Community-based implementation of waste Dyah Retno Environmental bank as community- Wijayanti, Sri Governance: A Lesson based environmental 48 Suryani Learned from Surabaya governance. Indonesia This work describes a semi-automated step- wise method for A novel citizen science processing this large approach for large-scale volume of recordings to Stuart E. standardised monitoring assign identity to species Newson, Hazel of bat activity and or genus level with low E. Evans, Simon distribution, evaluated in error rates using citizens 49 Gillings eastern England as data collectors. UK This study proposes an application of the framework identifies three key capabilities that can frame the contribution of social media engagement in this context: (1) consistency in managing social interactions, (2) Panos creating content to Panagiotopoulos, engage with specific Liran Christine A framework of social audiences and (3) using Shan, Julie media engagement: Case social media as Barnett, Áine studies with food and information sources to Regan, Áine consumer organisations in develop network 50 McConnon the UK and Ireland alertness. Moving UK

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Study ID Author Title What Where They conducted an experiment to examine how people perceive Points, stories, worlds, and differences between Nathan R. diegesis: Comparing points-based and story- Prestopnik, Jian player experiences in two based gamification 51 Tang citizen science games approaches USA, China In this study they investigated how much effort is required by How much effort is citizen scientists to enough? The power of dectect trends in the C.B. Embling, citizen science to monitor cocurrence of a protected A.E.M. Walters, trends in coastal cetacean population of bottlenose 52 S.J. Dolman species dolphins. UK citizen science also raises ethical issues that should be addressed when projects begin and throughout the course of scientific investigation. To promote ethical research, scientists should develop guidelines for involvement of citizens in research, communicate effectively with participants and local communities at the David B. Resnik, A framework for outset of their Kevin C. Elliott, addressing ethical issues involvement in research United 53 Aubrey K. Miller in citizen science projects States We use the example of bird collisions with buildings in North America—an issue for which the majority of data have been collected by citizen science programs that each Linking place-based operate in a different citizen science with large- city—to outline simple scale conservation study design and data Scott R. Loss, research: A case study of collection steps that will Sara S. Loss, bird-building collisions ensure that data can Tom Will, Peter and the role of contribute to large-scale United 54 P. Marra professional scientists research syntheses States present the requirements and top level design of a decision support system that facilitates the Design of a data-driven exchange of environmental decision environmental Jason support system and testing information between Papathanasiou, of stakeholer data local level and higher 55 Robert Kenward collection levels of government Greece, UK

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Study ID Author Title What Where This study propose a conceptual framework for a Citizens’ Observatory programme as a system that supports and promotes community-based A conceptual approach to environmental Hai-Ying Liu, a citizens’ observatory – governance. Next, we Mike Kobernus, supporting community- discuss some of the David Broday, based environmental challenges involved in 56 Alena Bartonova governance developing this approach. Norway This paper describes our effort in designing and developing an ontology-driven, open, PODD: An Ontology- extensible data Yuan-Fang Li, Driven Data Repository for repository to support Gavin Kennedy, Collaborative Phenomics collaborative phenomics 57 Faith Davies Research research in Australia. Australia Compilationo of citizen engagement tools and techniques for particular contexts. Special focus is Leela Strategies for Citizen put in building capacity Damodaran and Engagement (ii) – Tools of stakeholders to 58 Wendy Olphert and Techniques contribute effectively. UK In this paper, an indicator framework is Biodiversity in my proposed that aims to (back)yard: towards a engage citizens in framework for citizen experiencing and engagement in exploring exploring biodiversity United biodiversity and ecosystem and ecosystem services in States, The Carijn Beumer, services in residential their own domestic Netherland 59 Pim Martens gardens outdoor spaces s Based on adaptive management literature, they developed a set of criteria for successfully addressing monitoring and stakeholder related failures in adaptive management Citizen Science as an and then used these Approach for Overcoming criteria to evaluate 83 Eréndira Aceves- Insufficient Monitoring citizen science case Bueno, Adeyemi and Inadequate studies from S. Adeleye, Darcy Stakeholder Buy-in in peerreviewed literature Bradley, W. Adaptive Management: and created a model to United 60 Tyler Brandt Criteria and Evidence boost engagement. States This paper focuses on studying how students in a year-4 primary classroom learnt about New Zealand butterflies Developing ‘Butterfly through thinking, talking, Junjun Chen, Warriors’: a Case Study of and acting as citizen New 61 Bronwen Cowie Science for Citizenship scientists. Zealand

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Study ID Author Title What Where This paper seek to augment urban space with public displays to promote civic engagement by Simo Hosio, Exploring Civic addressing local and Jorge Engagement on Public temporally and spatially 62 Goncalves… Displays relevant issues. Finland Paper focused in bringing Alison Donnelly, The role of citizen science examples of citizen Olivia Crowe, in monitoring biodiversity science projects in 63 Eugenie Regan in Ireland Ireland UK Kazjon Grace, A Process Model for This paper presents a Mary Lou Crowdsourcing Design: A process model for Maher, Jennifer Case Study in Citizen crowdsourcing United 64 Preece Science experience design. States In this paper, they highlight the issues that give rise to these multi- faceted challenges for citizens and public administrations of smart cities, identify the artefacts and stakeholders involved at both ends of the spectrum (data/service producers and Zaheer Khan, A framework for cloud- consumers) and propose Saad Liaquat based context-aware a conceptual framework Kiani, Kamran information services for to address these 65 Soomro citizens in smart cities challenges. UK They reviewed the last 10 years of relevant citizen science literature for areas of consensus, A review of citizen science Literature was examined and community-based for evidence of common environmental benefits, challenges, and Cathy C. Conrad, monitoring: issues and recommendations for 67 Krista G. Hilchey opportunities successful citizen science Canada This paper analyses the social innovation potential of such ICT- enabled citizen observatories to increase eParticipation in local Wehn, U (Wehn, Citizen observatories of governance processes The Uta); Evers, J water: Social innovation related to flood risk Netherland 68 (Evers, Jaap) via eParticipation? management. s They describe how a set of artists, concerned with environmental issues and community engagement, frame and enact Constructing and participation, and constraining participation describe how the nature in participatory arts and of this participation United 69 Holmer, HB HCI deviated from both States

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Study ID Author Title What Where artists’ and our ideas of what participation would be.

Presents how citizen science has been used as a tool for public participation and The current state of citizen environmental resources science as a tool for monitoring that ecological research and combines research and United 70 Bonter, David public engagement field activities. States

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