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Crowd Science: the Organization of Scientific Research in Open ଝ Collaborative Projects
Research Policy 43 (2014) 1–20 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Research Policy jou rnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/respol Crowd science: The organization of scientific research in open ଝ collaborative projects a,∗ b Chiara Franzoni , Henry Sauermann a Department of Management, Economics and Industrial Engineering (DIG), Politecnico di Milano, P. Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy b Georgia Institute of Technology, Scheller College of Business, 800 W. Peachtree St., Atlanta, GA 30308, USA a r t a b i s c l e i n f o t r a c t Article history: A growing amount of scientific research is done in an open collaborative fashion, in projects sometimes Received 15 November 2012 referred to as “crowd science”, “citizen science”, or “networked science”. This paper seeks to gain a more Received in revised form 12 July 2013 systematic understanding of crowd science and to provide scholars with a conceptual framework and Accepted 13 July 2013 an agenda for future research. First, we briefly present three case examples that span different fields Available online 14 August 2013 of science and illustrate the heterogeneity concerning what crowd science projects do and how they are organized. Second, we identify two fundamental elements that characterize crowd science projects Keywords: – open participation and open sharing of intermediate inputs – and distinguish crowd science from Crowd science other knowledge production regimes such as innovation contests or traditional “Mertonian” science. Citizen science Crowdsourcing Third, we explore potential knowledge-related and motivational benefits that crowd science offers over Community-based production alternative organizational modes, and potential challenges it is likely to face. -
Laboratory Astrophysics Is the Rosetta Stone That Symposium Enables Astronomers to Understand and Interpret the Distant Cosmos
IAU Symposium IAU IAU Symposium Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union Laboratory astrophysics is the Rosetta Stone that Symposium enables astronomers to understand and interpret the distant cosmos. It provides the tools to interpret and 350 guide astronomical observations and delivers the numbers needed to quantitatively model the processes 350 taking place in space, providing a bridge between 350 Laboratory 14-19 April 2019 observers and modelers. IAU Symposium 350 was 14-19 April 2019 Cambridge, United Kingdom organized by the International Astronomical Union's Cambridge, United Kingdom Laboratory Astrophysics Commission (B5), and was the Interpretation Observations to From Astrophysics: rst topical symposium on laboratory astrophysics Laboratory sponsored by the IAU. Active researchers in observational astronomy, space missions, experimental From Observations Astrophysics: and theoretical laboratory astrophysics, and Laboratory Astrophysics: From Observations astrochemistry discuss the topics and challenges facing astronomy today. Five major topics are covered, to Interpretation to Interpretation spanning from star- and planet-formation through stellar populations to extragalactic chemistry and dark matter. Within each topic, the main themes of laboratory studies, astronomical observations, and theoretical modeling are explored, demonstrating the breadth and the plurality of disciplines engaged in the growing eld of laboratory astrophysics. Edited by Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union Salama and Linnartz Farid Salama Editor in Chief: Professor Maria Teresa Lago This series contains the proceedings of major scienti c Harold Linnartz meetings held by the International Astronomical Union. Each volume contains a series of articles on a topic of current interest in astronomy, giving a timely overview of research in the eld. With contributions by leading scientists, these books are at a level suitable for research astronomers and graduate students. -
First Results from Planet Hunters: Exploring the Inventory of Short Period Planets from Kepler
EPSC Abstracts Vol. 6, EPSC-DPS2011-1226, 2011 EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2011 c Author(s) 2011 First Results from Planet Hunters: Exploring the Inventory of Short Period Planets from Kepler C. J. Lintott (1,2), M. E. Schwamb(3,4), D. A. Fischer(5), M. J. Giguere(5), S. Lynn(1), J. M. Brewer(5), K. Schawinski(3,4), R. J. Simpson(1), A. Smith(1), J. Spronck(5) (1) Department of Physics, University of Oxford, (2) Adler Planetarium, Chicago, (3) Department of Physics, Yale University, (4) Yale Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Yale University, (5) Department of Astronomy, Yale Abstract suited to picking out outliers and can find most transits that cannot be detected in periodograms and We present the first results and planet candidates identify transit signals that may be missed by the from Planet Hunters, part of the Zooniverse sophisticated TPS. It is unrealistic to expect a single collection of citizen science projects. [3,4]. Planet individual or a small group of experts to review the Hunters enlists more than 40,000 members of the entire Kepler dataset, but with over 40,000 volunteers general public to visually identify transits in the examining the light curves on the Planet Hunters publicly released Kepler data via the World Wide interface, we have the ability to visually inspect the Web in order to provide a completely independent entire public dataset for signatures of exoplanet assessment of planet frequencies derived from the transits. Kepler light curves. We examine the abundance of large planets (> 2 earth radii) on short period (< 15 2. -
RADIAL VELOCITIES in the ZODIACAL DUST CLOUD
A SURVEY OF RADIAL VELOCITIES in the ZODIACAL DUST CLOUD Brian Harold May Astrophysics Group Department of Physics Imperial College London Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy to Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine London · 2007 · 2 Abstract This thesis documents the building of a pressure-scanned Fabry-Perot Spectrometer, equipped with a photomultiplier and pulse-counting electronics, and its deployment at the Observatorio del Teide at Izaña in Tenerife, at an altitude of 7,700 feet (2567 m), for the purpose of recording high-resolution spectra of the Zodiacal Light. The aim was to achieve the first systematic mapping of the MgI absorption line in the Night Sky, as a function of position in heliocentric coordinates, covering especially the plane of the ecliptic, for a wide variety of elongations from the Sun. More than 250 scans of both morning and evening Zodiacal Light were obtained, in two observing periods – September-October 1971, and April 1972. The scans, as expected, showed profiles modified by components variously Doppler-shifted with respect to the unshifted shape seen in daylight. Unexpectedly, MgI emission was also discovered. These observations covered for the first time a span of elongations from 25º East, through 180º (the Gegenschein), to 27º West, and recorded average shifts of up to six tenths of an angstrom, corresponding to a maximum radial velocity relative to the Earth of about 40 km/s. The set of spectra obtained is in this thesis compared with predictions made from a number of different models of a dust cloud, assuming various distributions of dust density as a function of position and particle size, and differing assumptions about their speed and direction. -
Panoptes, a Project Building Tool for Citizen Science
Panoptes, a Project Building Tool for Citizen Science Alex Bowyer Chris Lintott Greg Hines Campbell Allen Ed Paget [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Zooniverse / Zooniverse / Zooniverse / Zooniverse / Zooniverse / University of Oxford University of Oxford University of Oxford University of Oxford Adler Planetarium Abstract and supporting projects from ecology to planetary science2. An early test project, Snapshot Supernova(Campbell and et. We will demonstrate the newly deployed Panoptes sys- al. 2015), showed that the system was able to cope with large tem for building citizen science projects which involve spikes in traffic, receiving more than a million classifications the public in the crowdsourced analysis of images. Panoptes supports projects built by the Zooniverse, the in under twenty minutes. world’s most successful collection of such projects, and Unlike previous crowdsourcing platforms, Panoptes pro- allows end users - typically scientists and researchers duces more than a list of raw classifications for project sci- with large data sets - to construct advanced classifica- entists. Standard algorithms (e.g (Hines and et. al. 2015)) ag- tion workflows using simple, browser based tools. A gregate individual users’ input into combined results. These particular strength of Panoptes is its ability to support algorithms can be used to implement complex retirement complex retirement and aggregation tools and proce- rules and task assignment, increasing the efficiency of clas- dures, as well as a mechanism for sending notifications sification. As an example of this kind of more advanced task to users as they classify. It thus provides a valuable 3 testbed for those wishing to build their own projects for assignment, we have integrated the SWAPR code devel- the purposes of investigating the behaviour of human- oped by the SpaceWarps ((et. -
A Citation Study of Citizen Science Projects in Space Science and Astronomy
Odenwald, S. 2018. A Citation Study of Citizen Science Projects in Space Science and Astronomy. Citizen Science: Theory and Practice, 3(2): 5, pp. 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/cstp.152 RESEARCH PAPER A Citation Study of Citizen Science Projects in Space Science and Astronomy Sten Odenwald This paper presents a citation study of 143 publications in refereed journals resulting from 23 citizen science (CS) projects in space science and astronomy. The projects generated a median of two papers during their average of six years of operation. The 143 papers produced 4,515 citations for a median of 10 citations/paper. These papers were compared to a uniform group of papers published in the year 2000 in refereed space science journals. The CS papers have an average annual peak citation rate that is about four times the average of the year-2000 sample. The CS citation history profiles peak within 3 years after paper publication but decline thereafter at a faster pace than the average paper published in 2000. This suggests that CS papers “burn brighter” but remain of interest for only half as long as other papers in space science and astronomy. Nevertheless, CS papers compare well with some of the most highly ranked “Top-1000” research papers of the modern era. The proportion of CS papers surpassing 200 citations is one-in-26, which is 40-fold higher than the proportion for the typical paper published in 2000. The study concludes that CS projects are not only as good as conventional non-CS research projects in generating publishable results, but can actually outperform the citation rates of the typical non-CS papers in space science and astronomy. -
Planet Hunters, Zooniverse Evaluation Report
Planet Hunters | Evaluation Report 2019 Planet Hunters, Zooniverse Evaluation report Authored by Dr Annaleise Depper Evaluation Officer, Public Engagement with Research Research Services, University of Oxford 1 Planet Hunters | Evaluation Report 2019 Contents 1. Key findings and highlights ..................................................................................... 3 2. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 4 3. Evaluating Planet Hunters ....................................................................................... 5 4. Exploring impacts and outcomes on citizen scientists ............................................. 6 4.1 Increased knowledge and understanding of Astronomy ..................................................................... 7 4.2 An enjoyable and interesting experience ......................................................................................... 12 4.3 Raised aspirations and interests in Astronomy ................................................................................ 13 4.4 Feeling of pride and satisfaction in helping the scientific community ............................................... 17 4.5 Benefits to individual wellbeing ...................................................................................................... 19 5. Learning from the evaluation ................................................................................ 20 5.1 Motivations for taking part in Planet Hunters -
Planet Hunters. VI: an Independent Characterization of KOI-351 and Several Long Period Planet Candidates from the Kepler Archival Data
Accepted to AJ Planet Hunters VI: An Independent Characterization of KOI-351 and Several Long Period Planet Candidates from the Kepler Archival Data1 Joseph R. Schmitt2, Ji Wang2, Debra A. Fischer2, Kian J. Jek7, John C. Moriarty2, Tabetha S. Boyajian2, Megan E. Schwamb3, Chris Lintott4;5, Stuart Lynn5, Arfon M. Smith5, Michael Parrish5, Kevin Schawinski6, Robert Simpson4, Daryll LaCourse7, Mark R. Omohundro7, Troy Winarski7, Samuel Jon Goodman7, Tony Jebson7, Hans Martin Schwengeler7, David A. Paterson7, Johann Sejpka7, Ivan Terentev7, Tom Jacobs7, Nawar Alsaadi7, Robert C. Bailey7, Tony Ginman7, Pete Granado7, Kristoffer Vonstad Guttormsen7, Franco Mallia7, Alfred L. Papillon7, Franco Rossi7, and Miguel Socolovsky7 [email protected] ABSTRACT We report the discovery of 14 new transiting planet candidates in the Kepler field from the Planet Hunters citizen science program. None of these candidates overlapped with Kepler Objects of Interest (KOIs) at the time of submission. We report the discovery of one more addition to the six planet candidate system around KOI-351, making it the only seven planet candidate system from Kepler. Additionally, KOI-351 bears some resemblance to our own solar system, with the inner five planets ranging from Earth to mini-Neptune radii and the outer planets being gas giants; however, this system is very compact, with all seven planet candidates orbiting . 1 AU from their host star. A Hill stability test and an orbital integration of the system shows that the system is stable. Furthermore, we significantly add to the population of long period 1This publication has been made possible through the work of more than 280,000 volunteers in the Planet Hunters project, whose contributions are individually acknowledged at http://www.planethunters.org/authors. -
January 2019, the Role of Citizen Scientists in New Discoveries
Astrobiology News January 2019: The Role of Citizen Scientists in New Discoveries Zooniverse is the world’s largest and most popular platform for online citizen science.1 Last month, I mentioned the launch of Planet Hunters TESS; this month, I want to tell you about two exciting new discoveries by citizen scientists participating in Exoplanet Explorers, which uses data from the Kepler Observatory’s Second Mission.2 Both discoveries are described extensively in Zooniverse blogs posted on January 7th.3 Exoplanet K2-288b orbits in the habitable zone of the smaller of two low- mass red dwarf stars that form a binary system. Its size places it in a rare category of planets being dubbed “sub-Neptunes” – worlds thought to lie in a transition region between potentially habitable “super-Earths” and worlds more like the gas giants in our Solar System. K2-138g, just a bit smaller than Neptune, is the 6th planet discovered in the K2-138 system, which harbors a somewhat more massive “orange dwarf” star. The K2- 138 system shares some similarities with the TRAPPIST-1 system, which you can read more about in the Astrobiology News posts from March and May 2017.4 What makes the K2-138 and TRAPPIST-1 systems similar is that the planets all orbit close to their stars, with very short periods. Five of the 6 planets in K2-138, and all 7 planets in the TRAPPIST-1 system, form a so- called resonant chain, where the planet orbits are related by the ratios of small integers. The orbiting bodies in such systems exert periodic gravitational influence on each other. -
2008 Smithsonian Folklife Festival
Smithsonian Folklife Festival records: 2008 Smithsonian Folklife Festival CFCH Staff 2017 Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage 600 Maryland Ave SW Washington, D.C. [email protected] https://www.folklife.si.edu/archive/ Table of Contents Collection Overview ........................................................................................................ 1 Administrative Information .............................................................................................. 1 Historical note.................................................................................................................. 2 Scope and Contents note................................................................................................ 2 Arrangement note............................................................................................................ 2 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 3 Names and Subjects ...................................................................................................... 4 Container Listing ............................................................................................................. 6 Series 1: Program Books, Festival Publications, and Ephemera, 2008................... 6 Series 2: Bhutan: Land of the Thunder Dragon....................................................... 7 Series 3: NASA: Fifty Years and Beyond............................................................. -
Future Directions for Citizen Science and Public Policy
FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR CITIZEN SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY Edited by Katie Cohen and Robert Doubleday Centre for Science and Policy June 2021 FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR CITIZEN SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY Edited by Katie Cohen and Robert Doubleday Centre for Science and Policy Future directions for citizen science and public policy Open access. Some rights reserved. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International (CC BY- NC 4.0) licence. You are free to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and remix, transform, and build upon the material, under the following terms: you must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. To view the full licence, visit: www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode The Centre for Science and Policy gratefully acknowledges the work of Creative Commons in inspiring our approach to copyright. To find out more go to:www.creativecommons.org The Centre for Science and Policy was set up at the University of Cambridge in 2009 with the mission to improve public policy through the more effective use of evidence and expertise. CSaP does this by creating opportunities for public policy professionals and academics to learn from each other. CSaP has a unique network of over 450 Policy Fellows and 1,750 experts contributing to more dynamic and diverse scientific input to the most pressing public policy challenges. -
Abstracts Connecting to the Boston University Network
20th Cambridge Workshop: Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun July 29 - Aug 3, 2018 Boston / Cambridge, USA Abstracts Connecting to the Boston University Network 1. Select network ”BU Guest (unencrypted)” 2. Once connected, open a web browser and try to navigate to a website. You should be redirected to https://safeconnect.bu.edu:9443 for registration. If the page does not automatically redirect, go to bu.edu to be brought to the login page. 3. Enter the login information: Guest Username: CoolStars20 Password: CoolStars20 Click to accept the conditions then log in. ii Foreword Our story starts on January 31, 1980 when a small group of about 50 astronomers came to- gether, organized by Andrea Dupree, to discuss the results from the new high-energy satel- lites IUE and Einstein. Called “Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun,” the meeting empha- sized the solar stellar connection and focused discussion on “several topics … in which the similarity is manifest: the structures of chromospheres and coronae, stellar activity, and the phenomena of mass loss,” according to the preface of the resulting, “Special Report of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.” We could easily have chosen the same topics for this meeting. Over the summer of 1980, the group met again in Bonas, France and then back in Cambridge in 1981. Nearly 40 years on, I am comfortable saying these workshops have evolved to be the premier conference series for cool star research. Cool Stars has been held largely biennially, alternating between North America and Europe. Over that time, the field of stellar astro- physics has been upended several times, first by results from Hubble, then ROSAT, then Keck and other large aperture ground-based adaptive optics telescopes.