STATE-OF-THE ART STUDY IN CITIZEN OBSERVATORIES: TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS, DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES AND RESEARCH AVENUES AUTHORS: LUT SYKE Maria Palacin Silva Timo Pyhälahti Ahmed Seffah Yrjö Sucksdorff Kari Heikkinen Saku Anttila Jari Porras Hanna Alasalmi Eeva Bruun Sofia Junttila Version 3.0 Lappeenranta University of Technology Department of Innovation and Software www.lut.fi Address: Skinnarilankatu 34, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland Tel: +358 294 462 111 SYKE Finnish Environment Institute www.syke.fi Address: Mechelininkatu 34a P.O.Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland Legal Notice: Neither the Lappeenranta University of technology nor the Finnish Environment Institute is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication. © Lappeenranta University of Technology, 2015 Reproduction is authorized when the source is acknowledged. Tel: +358 295 251 00 Page | II Table of Contents Introduction .......................................................................................................... 3 Summary of Chapters and Key Findings .............................................................................. 8 Recommendations from the Study ........................................................................ 11 Chapter I: .............................................................................................................. 14 Trends in the World: Past, Present and Future ..................................................... 14 Statistical Trends ........................................................................................................................... 17 Major domains and applications of citizen observatories ............................................................ 17 Environmental observatories commonalities and goals ............................................................. 28 Who are running citizen observatories around the world? .......................................................... 31 Challenges, Opportunities, Best Practices and Recommendations ............................................ 32 Standards, Networks and Initiatives ........................................................................................... 42 Recommendations for Further Studies ....................................................................................... 48 Literature Highlights .................................................................................................................... 49 Citizen repositories: architecture and infrastructure .................................................................. 49 Framework for setting-up a citizen observatory .......................................................................... 51 Big data and urban sensing ......................................................................................................... 56 Social computing ......................................................................................................................... 56 Pervasive ICT ................................................................................................................................ 57 Open data ..................................................................................................................................... 57 From crowdsourcing to crowdsensing ........................................................................................ 58 Mobile crowdsensing ................................................................................................................... 58 Internet of things ......................................................................................................................... 58 Chapter II: ............................................................................................................ 59 Citizen Repositories: Current Initiatives in Finland and Europe ........................... 59 Citizen Observatories in Europe ........................................................................................... 61 Citizen Observatories in Finland ......................................................................................... 66 Survey Study Results:.............................................................................................................. 68 Chapter III ............................................................................................................ 78 Research Avenues: Citizen Motivations, Active Involvement and Awareness ........ 78 Who controls data collection, and who owns the data or benefits from them? – Privacy Issues and Concerns .......................................................................................................................... 80 How is data collected? .................................................................................................................. 83 Participation? What does it involve? ............................................................................................ 84 How to motivate citizen and stakeholders? .................................................................................. 86 How to measure motivation? What citizens want to report? ....................................................... 87 Some Technologies That Can Be Used To Engage Citizens .......................................................... 88 References ............................................................................................................ 91 Version 3.0 APPENDIX ........................................................................................................... 96 I. Survey Design ............................................................................................................. 96 II. Interview Design ........................................................................................................ 99 III. Feedback Forms ........................................................................................................ 101 IV. Workgroup topics and findings ........................................................................... 102 V. Data Collection Matrix ........................................................................................... 106 5.1. Summary of Citizen Observatories .............................................................................. 106 5.2. Citizen Observatories’ Type of Data Gathering ............................................................. 144 5.3. Citizen Observatories Contact Information .................................................................. 155 5.4. Institutions Running Citizen Observatories ................................................................. 166 5.5. Citizen Observatories’ Stakeholders ............................................................................. 175 5.6. Citizen Observatories’ Technology ............................................................................... 188 5.7. Citizen Observatories’ Challenges ................................................................................. 194 5.8. Citizen Observatories’ Best Practices ............................................................................ 199 5.9. Citizen Observatories’ Recommendations and Future Perspectives ........................... 204 5.10. Citizen Observatories’ Used Standards and Networks ................................................ 208 5.11. Summary of reviewed publications (List of Most Relevant) ......................................... 212 Page | 1 Version 3.0 List of Terms and Definitions Participatory data collection: Users are actively involved in the collection process by deciding on the spot when to report data. Opportunistic data collection: Sensor sampling occurs whenever the state of the device (e.g. geographic location) matches the application’s requirements described in a sensing task, without the knowledge of the individual phone user. Spectrum monitoring (In this report): The entire range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. Used to classify something in terms of its position on a scale between two extreme points. BON: Biodiversity Observation Network LUKE: Natural Resources Institute Finland SYKE: Finnish Environment Institute LAJI: Finnish Biodiversity Info Facility FinBIF: Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility LUOMUS: Finnish Museum of Natural History Metadata: Data that provides information about other data. The main purpose of metadata is to facilitate in the discovery of relevant information, more often classified as resource discovery. IoT: Internet of things EnvO: Environment ontology Page | 2 Version 3.0 Introduction Citizen Science and Citizen Observatories: Key Findings from a State of Art Review Page | 3 Version 3.0 Citizen Science: The Original Definition and Objective The term citizen science has been introduced and used to describe a range of ideas, from a philosophy of engaging in scientific research to the work of scientists, or even politicians, driven by a social needs or awareness. Citizen science represents massive scale collaboration in science as seen nowhere else, providing an opportunity for understanding aspects of other massively distributed collaborations (15). Originally, citizen science typically refers to research collaborations between scientists and volunteers, particularly (but not exclusively) to expand opportunities for scientific data collection and to provide access to scientific information for community members. Citizen repositories emerged, first as the use of technology, to