DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter Seventeen Defining the Dreadful: Remarks on the Greek Child-Killing Demon

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter Seventeen Defining the Dreadful: Remarks on the Greek Child-Killing Demon CHAPTER SEVENTEEN DEFINING THE DREADFUL: REMARKS ON THE GREEK CHILD-KILLING DEMON Sarah Iles Johnston At the beginning of his fifteenth Idyll, Theocritus portrays two women who are trying to get out of the house and have some fun at the annual festival for Adonis. 1 What holds them back is a child who, in the manner of all children about to be left behind with babysitters, is protesting loudly. Finally, in line 40, his exasperated mother says to him, "I will not take you with me, child. Mormo, the horse, bites!" (ouK a~ro tu, tEKVOV. MOPIJ.cO &ilcvet i1t1t0<;). The reference to Mormo is intended to scare the child into quieting down. The scholiast on the passage implies that the mother is reminding the child that demons such as Mormo lurk outside in the dark; another scholiast explains that Mormo was the name of a phasma who killed children. 2 In this essay, I will discuss not magic per se, but rather the na­ ture of the beast against whom magic was directed-or at least, the nature of one beast: the child-killing demon.J I will react in par­ ticular to the works of two other scholars. The first is Walter Burkert's monograph on Oriental influences on Greek culture. Burkert briefly suggested there that two Greek child-killing demons named Lamia and Gello were derived from Near Eastern demons 1 I am grateful for the helpful conunents made by participants in the Kansas conference on Magic in the Ancient World after I delivered the oral version of this paper, particularly conunents by David Frankfurter and JoAnn Scurlock. Work on the written version was facilitated by grants from The Melton Center for Jewish Studies at The Ohio State University and Ohio State's College of Hu­ manities. This essay is offered to Oliver Phillips in thanks for his encouragement and instruction during my years at the University of Kansas. 2 Schol. on Theoc. 15.40: ['H J.u\trtp] mrmtpelll£ t0v lhyov lfpb:; m ~tatliov 'to ICAdiov, ml ~mv, oiJK iil;ro ae, 'ttlCVOv, ~'t' tJ.wu, lm it J.WPJ.!d> 'bmo; 8tiJCVet. Schol. on Aristid. p. 41 Dindorf. Mormo frequently is identified with Lamia and Gello, two other child-killing demons (below, note 18). C£ also the remarks ofErinn., Distaff line 25; Lib. Or. 30.38.12 and 33.42.7; Str. Geo. 1.2.8. 25 and 43; and Xen. Hell. 4.4.17.7, attesting to children's fear of Mormo. 3 I include, however, an afterword on magical means of combatting this type of demon. 362 CHAPTER SEVENTEEN such as Lamashtu and Galh1.4 One of my goals will be to evaluate Burkert's suggestion: can the origin of any of the Greek child­ killing demon's traits securely be traced to the East? Need we seek them there? The second work is Jonathan Z. Smith's 1978 article "Towards Interpreting Demonic Powers in Hellenistic and Roman Antiq­ uity."5 Smith suggested that the scholarly quest for the "roots" of Greek demonology among other cultures, including those of the Near East, was misguided; in fact, he noted, it placed scholars in the same situation as the ancient Greeks themselves, who sought to explain away anything dark or mysterious within their culture as having been borrowed from the Persians, Egyptians, Chaldeans, et cetera-as being anything but "Greek." Smith suggested that our energies would be better spent examining how Greek and Roman demonological beliefs functioned within those cultures themselves. In particular, he developed the precepts set forth by Mary Douglas in Purity and Danger by arguing that the demonic frequently serves as a classificatory marker that is part of a larger system of boundaries used to express or reinforce a society's values. Smith sees this as working in one of two ways: "negative valence is attached to things which escape place (the chaotic, the rebellious, the distant) or things found just outside the place where they properly belong (the hybrid, the deviant, the adjacent)." He goes on to note that: The most frequent form of demons is that of a hybrid or monster, a pro­ tean figure capable of a range of transformations or as a being with super­ fluous parts .... the demonic is frequently characterized by the extremes of being either hard and cold (e.g., Satan's penis which is often described in witchcraft literature as being made of hom or iron and icy to the touch) or squishy and rotten (i.e., overheated) .... To translate this range: de­ mons are perceived as being either overdefined or underdetermined. De­ mons serve as classificatory markers which signal what is strong and weak, controlled and exaggerated in a given society at a given moment. Smith's suggestions apply well to the study of demons in general. Before we consider the Greek child-killing demons, however, I 4 W. Burkert, The Orientalizing Revolution, trans. Margaret E. Pinder and W. Burkert (1984; Eng. trans. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992), 82-87. See also now David R. West, "Gello and Lamia: Two Hellenic Daemons of Semitic Origin," Ugarit-Forschung 23 (1991): 361-68 (volume 23 was available in early 1993; West's work kindly was brought to my attention by Richard Beat). 5 ANRW, 2.16.1 425-39. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Female Demon of Turkic Peoples
    Acta Ethnographica Hungarica 64(2), 413–424 (2019) DOI: 10.1556/022.2019.64.2.11 Albasty: A Female Demon of Turkic Peoples Edina Dallos Research Fellow, MTA–ELTE–SZTE Silk Road Research Group, Hungary Abstract: Albasty is one of the most commonly known malevolent beings among Turkic peoples from the Altay Mountains via the Caucasus and up as far as the Volga River. This article focuses on Turkic data from the Volga region (Chuvash, Tartar, Bashkir) and the Eurasian Steppe (Kazak, Kyrgyz, Nogay, Uzbek). Various areas can be ascertained on the basis of verbal charms and folk-belief narratives. On the Eurasian Steppe, for example, Albasty was first and foremost a puerperal demon. In this territory, specialists (kuuču) were called in to keep away or oust the demon at birth. Many recorded legends and memorates concern healing methods and the process of becoming a healer. In contrast, epic texts or narratives are rarer,in the Volga region, yet there are certain verbal incantations against the Albasty, which here is rather a push or disease demon. Keywords: Turkic beliefs, Turkic folklore texts, Turkic demonology, folklore of Inner Asia In this paper, I will endeavour to give an overview of a mythical creature, the concept of which is widespread among most Turkic peoples. This belief has a long history and can also be evidenced in the myths and beliefs of peoples neighbouring the Turks. No other Turkic mythical beast has such extensive literature devoted to it as the Albasty. Although most relevant literature deals with the possible etymologies of the term, there are plenty of ethnographic descriptions available as well.
    [Show full text]
  • De-Demonising the Old Testament
    De-Demonising the Old Testament An Investigation of Azazel , Lilith , Deber , Qeteb and Reshef in the Hebrew Bible Judit M. Blair Doctor of Philosophy University of Edinburgh 2008 Declaration I declare that the present thesis has been composed by me, that it represents my own research, and that it has not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification. ______________________ Judit M. Blair ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people to thank and acknowledge for their support and help over the past years. Firstly I would like to thank the School of Divinity for the scholarship and the opportunity they provided me in being able to do this PhD. I would like to thank my ‘numerous’ supervisors who have given of their time, energy and knowledge in making this thesis possible: To Professor Hans Barstad for his patience, advice and guiding hand, in particular for his ‘adopting’ me as his own. For his understanding and help with German I am most grateful. To Dr Peter Hayman for giving of his own time to help me in learning Hebrew, then accepting me to study for a PhD, and in particular for his attention to detail. To Professor Nick Wyatt who supervised my Masters and PhD before his retirement for his advice and support. I would also like to thank the staff at New College Library for their assistance at all times, and Dr Jessie Paterson and Bronwen Currie for computer support. My fellow colleagues have provided feedback and helpful criticism and I would especially like to thank all members of HOTS-lite I have known over the years.
    [Show full text]
  • Orthographies in Early Modern Europe
    Orthographies in Early Modern Europe Orthographies in Early Modern Europe Edited by Susan Baddeley Anja Voeste De Gruyter Mouton An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org ISBN 978-3-11-021808-4 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-021809-1 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-021806-2 ISSN 0179-0986 e-ISSN 0179-3256 ThisISBN work 978-3-11-021808-4 is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License, ase-ISBN of February (PDF) 978-3-11-021809-1 23, 2017. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-021806-2 LibraryISSN 0179-0986 of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ae-ISSN CIP catalog 0179-3256 record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-3-11-028812-4 e-ISBNBibliografische 978-3-11-028817-9 Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliogra- fie;This detaillierte work is licensed bibliografische under the DatenCreative sind Commons im Internet Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs über 3.0 License, Libraryhttp://dnb.dnb.deas of February of Congress 23, 2017.abrufbar.
    [Show full text]
  • Katarzyna Wójcik-Owczarek a Few Words on the Sisinnios-Type of Gello Story
    Katarzyna Wójcik-Owczarek A few words on the Sisinnios-type of Gello story Scripta Classica 7, 73-83 2010 Katarzyna Wójcik ‑Owczarek University of Silesia, Katowice A Few Words on the Sisinnios­‍type of Gello Story Abstract: There is a family of late mediaeval Greek texts that records an history of Gello — a female demon from Byzantium. Gello is an example of a female demon who attacks women in the travail of childbirth and their new born babies. Because of demon’s adversary Gello story is divided into two types: Archangel Michael’s type and a legendary saint Sisinnios. This article concerns the Sisinnios type and reveals Gello’s connections to the demons of the ancient East as well as ancient Greece and Rome. Key words: Gello, Gellou, demon, demonology, Byzantium, Pseudo ‑Psellos, The Testament of Solomon here is a particular family of late mediaeval Greek texts which recounts Tthe story of Gello, a female demon who stole new ‑born babies and at‑ tacked pregnant women or women either in childbirth or immediately after they had given birth. She seems to have been very popular or maybe even the most popular female demon in Byzantium. There are two types of the Gello story. In one of them Archangel Michael appears and in the other type, it is the legendary saint Sisinnios, who figures. The most important work on this theme is the article “Saint Sisinnios, the Archangel Michael and the Female Demon Gyllou: the Typology of the Greek Literary Stories” by Richard P.H. Greenfield1. In this article Greenfield examines the thirty‑two extant Greek manuscripts of Gello.
    [Show full text]
  • From Written to Oral Tradition. Survival and Transformation 111 of St
    doi:10.7592/Incantatio2014_Passalis Laura Jiga Iliescu (coordinator, introductory study and critical edition) Anca Stere, Cristina Neamu. Bucuresti: Cheiron Jiga Iliescu, Laura 2004. O ipostază a “Scrisorii căzute din cer”, la începutul secolului al XX-lea [An hypostasis of the “Letter falled down from the Heaven”, at the beginning og the 21st century]. In: Xenopoliana. Buletinul Fundaţiei Academice “A. D. Xenopol” din Iaşi, XII, 1–4, Iaşi, pp. 165–178 FROM WRITTEN TO ORAL TRADITION. Kapaló, James A. 2011. Text, Context and performance: Gagauz Folk Religion in Dis- SURVIVAL AND TRANSFORMATION OF ST. course and Practice. Leiden: Brill Muşlea, Ion & Bîrlea, Ovidiu 2010. Tipologia folclorului din răspunsurile la Chestionarele SISINNIOS PRAYER IN ORAL GREEK CHARMS lui B. P. Hasdeu [The typology of folklore from the answers at the Question- naire of B. P. Hasdeu]. Cu un cuvânt înainte de Ion Taloş, ediţia a doua revăzută Haralampos Passalis şi întregită de Ioan. I. Muşlea. Bucureşti: Editura Academiei Române. [1970, Bucureşti: Editura Minerva.] Ofrim, Alexandru 2001. Cheia şi Psaltirea. Imaginarul cărţii în cultura tradiţională The Sisinnios prayer or Gylou story, part prayer part exorcism, is an ambigu- ous narrative enjoying an intercultural as well as a diachronic distribution. The românească [The Key and the Psaltery. The imaginary of the book in the Roma- text, which refers to the harmful influence and restraint – through the sacred nian traditional culture]. Cu un cuvânt înainte de Irina Nicolau. Pitesti: Editura intervention of Saints or an Angel – of a female demon bearing different names Paralela 45. (Lilith, Gyllo, Werzelya, Veshtitsa/Aveshtitsa etc., depending on the particular Ong, Walter 1982, Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word.
    [Show full text]
  • Protecting Against Child-Killing Demons: Uterus Amulets in the Late Antique and Byzantine Magical World
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto Department of World Cultures University of Helsinki Finland Protecting Against Child-Killing Demons: Uterus Amulets in the Late Antique and Byzantine Magical World Heta Björklund ACADEMIC DISSERTATION Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by due permission of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Helsinki in lecture room 6, on the 9th of June, 2017 at 12 o’clock. Helsinki 2017 © Heta Björklund University of Helsinki 2017 ISBN 978-951-51-3103-4 (pbk.) ISBN 978-951-51-3104-1 (PDF) Unigrafia Helsinki 2017 Abstract This doctoral dissertation examines medicinal-magical amulets pertaining to the uterus and the protection of women and children, the accompanying tradition of magical texts, and the mythology and folktales of demons believed to kill children and parturient women. The amulets and the folktales of the demons they were believed to protect against are intertwined. The amulets cannot be studied merely as archaeological or art historical objects, but must be taken together with folktales and narrative charms. The amulets discussed in this dissertation are from Late Antiquity (250–750 CE) and the Middle Byzantine period (843–1204 CE), and they come from the areas of Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Greece, and Asia Minor. The stories of the demons these amulets protected against are even earlier; the first mentions date to the time of Sappho in Archaic Greece (6th–7th centuries BCE), and they still appear in manuscript copies as late as the 15th century CE.
    [Show full text]
  • This Pdf Is a Digital Offprint of Your Contribution in C. Laes, K
    This pdf is a digital offprint of your contribution in C. Laes, K. Mustakallio & V. Vuolanto (eds), Children and Family in Late Antiquity: Life, Death and Interaction (Interdisciplinary Studies in Ancient Culture and Religion 15), ISBN 978-90-429-3135-0. The copyright on this publication belongs to Peeters Publishers. As author you are licensed to make printed copies of the pdf or to send the unaltered pdf file to up to 50 relations. You may not publish this pdf on the World Wide Web – including websites such as academia.edu and open-access repositories – until three years after publication. Please ensure that anyone receiving an offprint from you observes these rules as well. If you wish to publish your article immediately on open- access sites, please contact the publisher with regard to the payment of the article processing fee. For queries about offprints, copyright and republication of your article, please contact the publisher via [email protected] Interdisciplinary Studies in Ancient Culture and Religion 15 CHILDREN AND FAMILY IN LATE ANTIQUITY LIFE, DEATH AND INTERACTION BY CHRISTIAN LAES, KATARIINA MUSTAKALLIO AND VILLE VUOLANTO PEETERS Leuven – Walpole, MA 2015 997209_Mustakallio_Voorwerk.indd7209_Mustakallio_Voorwerk.indd IIIIII 114/01/154/01/15 112:332:33 CONTENTS Preface and Acknowledgements . VII List of Figures . IX Abbreviations . XI Contributors . XIII 1. Limits and Borders of Childhood and Family in the Roman Empire . 1 Christian LAES, Katariina MUSTAKALLIO and Ville VUOLANTO I. THE DEMOGRAPHIC REGIME AND ECOLOGICAL FACTORS 2. A Time to Die: Preliminary Notes on Seasonal Mortality in Late Antique Rome . 15 Kyle HARPER 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparing Greco-Roman Uterus Votives and Byzantine Uterus Amulets
    Studia Antiqua Volume 16 Number 1 Article 1 August 2017 Comparing Greco-Roman Uterus Votives and Byzantine Uterus Amulets Heta Björklund Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studiaantiqua Part of the Biblical Studies Commons, Classics Commons, History Commons, and the Near Eastern Languages and Societies Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Björklund, Heta. "Comparing Greco-Roman Uterus Votives and Byzantine Uterus Amulets." Studia Antiqua 16, no. 1 (2017): 9-20. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studiaantiqua/vol16/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Studia Antiqua by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. COMPARING GRECO-ROMAN UTERUS VOTIVES AND BYZANTINE UTERUS AMULETS HETA BJÖRKLUND Heta Björklund completed her PhD in Classical studies in 2017 at the University of Helsinki. INTRODUCTION his paper will examine two groups of archaeological finds to see if common elements T behind their use can be identified. The first group is Greco-Roman uterus votives from Classical (510–323 BCE) and Hellenistic (323–146 BCE) periods, and the second group is Byzantine uterus amulets from tenth and twelfth centuries CE.1 The purpose of both the uterus votives and uterus amulets has been thought to be aiding the donor of the votive or the wearer of the amulet in pregnancy and childbirth. The votives have been seen as part
    [Show full text]
  • A Holy Land for the Catholic Monarchy: Palestine in the Making of Modern Spain, 1469–1598
    A Holy Land for the Catholic Monarchy: Palestine in the Making of Modern Spain, 1469–1598 A dissertation presented by Adam G Beaver to The Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts May 2008 © 2008 Adam G Beaver Advisor: Prof. Steven E. Ozment Adam G Beaver A Holy Land for the Catholic Monarchy: Palestine in the Making of Modern Spain, 1469–1598 ABSTRACT Scholars have often commented on the ‘biblicization’ of the Spanish Monarchy under Philip II (r. 1556–1598). In contrast to the predominantly neo-Roman image projected by his father, Charles I/V (r. 1516/9–1556), Philip presented himself as an Old Testament monarch in the image of David or Solomon, complementing this image with a program of patronage, collecting, and scholarship meant to remake his kingdom into a literal ‘New Jerusalem.’ This dissertation explores how, encouraged by the scholarly ‘discovery’ of typological similarities and hidden connections between Spain and the Holy Land, sixteenth-century Spaniards stumbled upon both the form and content of a discourse of national identity previously lacking in Spanish history. The dissertation is divided into four chapters. In the first chapter, I examine three factors—the rise of humanist exegesis, a revitalized tradition of learned travel, and the close relationship between the crown and the Franciscan Order—that contributed to the development of a more historicized picture of the Holy Land in sixteenth-century Spanish sources. In Chapter Two, I focus on the humanist historian Ambrosio de Morales’ efforts to defend the authenticity of Near Eastern relics in Spanish collections.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vampire in Slavic Cultures
    The Vampire in Slavic Cultures Included in this preview: • Copyright Page • Table of Contents • Excerpt of Chapter 1 UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS–AUSTIN Copyright © 2010 by Th omas J. Garza. All rights reserved. No part of this publica- tion may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfi lming, and recording, or in any information retrieval system without the written permission of University Readers, Inc. First published in the United States of America in 2010 by Cognella, a division of University Readers, Inc. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation without intent to infringe. 14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-934269-67-1 Contents 1. Introduction By Th omas J. Garza 1 DEFINITIONS OF VAMPIRE 5 2. A Defi nition of Vampire from Funk and Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology, and Legend Edited by Maria Leach 7 3. A Defi nition of Vampire from Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable Edited by Ivor H. Evans 9 4. A Defi nition of Vampire from Th e Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits By Rosemary Guiley 11 5. Defi nitions of Upyr’ and Vampire By Th omas J. Garza 13 6. What Is a Vampire? By Dudley Wright 15 7. Vampires By Brad Steiger 23 ORIGINS OF THE VAMPIRE 29 8. Heretics as Vampires and Demons in Russia By Felix Oinas 31 9.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving Diets and Nutrition: Food-Based Approaches (Eds B
    Improving Diets and Nutrition FOOD-BASED APPROACHES Edited by Brian Thompson and Leslie Amoroso Improving Diets and Nutrition Food-based Approaches In memoriam Michael Latham Photo courtesy of Cornell University Photography Michael Latham, who died on 1 April 2011 aged 82, was one of the founders of the field of international nutrition that deals with the nutrition problems of low-income countries. Born and raised in Tanganyika of British parents – his father was a colonial doctor in the 1920s and 1930s – he obtained a medical degree from Trinity College Dublin, Ireland, before returning to Tanganyika in 1955 to work first as a ‘bush doctor’ and later as leader of the Nutrition Unit in the Ministry of Health of the new country of Tanzania. In 1965, he was awarded the Order of the British Empire for these efforts. He then obtained postgraduate degrees from London and Harvard and began teaching at Cornell University in 1969, heading its International Nutrition Department for 25 years and maintaining a substantial workload – even as Emeritus Professor – until his death. Latham was a lifelong champion of the underprivileged and marginalized and an advo- cate of the right to food and nutrition, tirelessly calling for measures to redress inequities in global resource allocation and poverty. Generations of the students he both trained and inspired went on to be scientists, academics or technocrats, but also pursued careers dedicated to doing something practical to redress the injustices of this world. Professor Latham did important research (authoring or co-authoring some 450 articles, including two FAO books (Human Nutrition in Tropical Africa, first published in 1965 and revised in 1979; and Human Nutrition in the Developing World, published in 1997 and reprinted in 2004) that changed programme and policy orientation related to infant feeding, the control of parasitic dis- eases in humans, and combating micronutrient malnutrition, particularly food-based approaches.
    [Show full text]
  • GREEK FOLK RELIGION HARPER TORCHBOOKS / the Cloister Library
    Please handle this volume with care. The University of Connecticut Libraries, Storrs » » » »» » » » » » era Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from LYRASIS members and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/greekfolkreligioOOnils GREEK FOLK RELIGION HARPER TORCHBOOKS / The Cloister Library Tor Andrae mohammed : The Man and His Faith tb/62 Augustine/Przywara AN AUGUSTINE SYNTHESIS TB/35 Roland H. Bainton THE TRAVAIL OF RELIGIOUS LIBERTY TB/30 Karl Barth DOGMATICS IN OUTLINE TB/56 Karl Barth THE WORD OF GOD AND THE WORD OF MAN TB/13 Nicolas Berdyaev THE BEGINNING AND THE END TB/14 Nicolas Berdyaev THE DESTINY OF MAN TB/6l J. H. Breasted DEVELOPMENT OF RELIGION AND THOUGHT IN ANCIENT EGYPT TB/ Martin Buber eclipse of god : Studies in the Relation Between Religion Philosophy TB/12 Martin Buber moses : The Revelation and the Covenant TB/27 Martin Buber THE PROPHETIC FAITH TB/73 Martin Buber TWO TYPES OF FAITH TB/75 Jacob Burckhardt THE CIVILIZATION OF THE RENAISSANCE IN italy [Illustrated I] tion] : Vol. I, TB/40 ; Vol. II, TB/41 Edward Conze buddhism : Its Essence and Development TB/58 Frederick Copleston MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY TB/76 F. M. Cornford from religion to philosophy : A Study in the Origins of Weshu Speculation TB/20 G. G. Coulton medieval faith and symbolism [Part I of "Art and the Reforr tion"] TB/25 G. G. Coulton THE FATE OF MEDIEVAL ART IN THE RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATIO [Part II of "Art and the Reformation"] TB/26 H. G. Creel CONFUCIUS AND THE CHINESE WAY TB/63 Adolf Deissmann paul: A Study in Social and Religious History TB/15 C.
    [Show full text]