Academia Journal of Agricultural Research 4(12): 675-690, December 2016 DOI: 10.15413/ajar.2016.0147 ISSN: 2315-7739 ©2016 Academia Publishing

Research Paper

Determination of the Weed Species Frequence and Density in Apple Orchards in Kahramanmaras Region

Accepted 5th April, 2016

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to determine the range and frequencies of weed species in apple orchards in Kahramanmaraş. In apple orchards, 133 weed species belonging to 31 families were determined. The average density of weeds was 112.486 plant/m2. From these, one of them belonged to Pterydophyta, 21 species of Monocotyledoneae and 111 species of Dicotyledoneae. Densities of these species were 13.761 plant/m2 for Agropyron repens, 12.173 for Chenopodium album, 12.103 for Bromus arvensis and 10.758 for Amaranthus retroflexus. According to the occurrence frequency of the weeds; C. album was found to be more than 56% in 6 subregion excluding Andırın, Pazarcık, Türkoğlu and Center. A. repens was found to be more than 50% in the 10 subregions. A. retroflexus was detected to be more than 54% in the other 7 subregions excluding Center, Türkoğlu and Pazarcık. Cynodon dactylon was found only in Tamer Üstüner Afşin (50.1%), Çağlayancerit (50.9%), Andırın (76.9%) and it was below 50% in the other 7 subregions. In terms of coverage, Alopecurus myosuroides, A. University of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam, retroflexus, A.repens, B. arvensis, C. album, Convolvulus arvensis, C. dactylon and Facılty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Lactuca serriola were determined to be within a range of 20.2 to 48.2% in the Protection, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. study area while other species were below 20%. *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] Key words: Apple, weed, density, frequency and general coverage. Tel: 90 344 2802060.

INTRODUCTION

Turkey has a considerably fruit production potential due narrow-leaved weeds and C. arvensis L., Acroptilon repens to its suitable ecological condition and it is ranked at the (L.) DC., Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Sinapis arvensis L. third place after China and USA with its 69.492.000 tons Daucus carota L., C. album L. and Tribulus terrestris L. were annual apple production (Anonim, 2012). In apple farming, founded densely as broad-leaved weeds in the apple Isparta is ranked at the first place with its 634,795 tons orchards at the region of Ankara, Adana, Samsun in İzmir. output and then Karaman and Niğde followed with their Weeds such as A. myosuroides Huds., Amaranthus spp., production 388,400 tons and 317.271, respectively. Anagallis arvensis L., Anthemis spp., Avena spp., Bromus Kahramanmaraş is ranked at the 10th place with the area spp., Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik, C. album L., of 56.060 ha, and it is ranked at the 12th place with the Convolvulus arvensis L., C. dactylon L., Cyperus rotundus L., production of 97.673 tons (Anonim, 2013). Lolium spp., Malva spp., Poa spp., Rumex crispus L., S. Many factors affect the productivity and quality of the arvensis L. and S. halepense (L.) Pers. caused problems in apple production and one of the most important of these is fruit orchards in Turkey (Tepe, 1997). According to Yazlık weed. Zeki et al. (1994) reported that Cynodon dactylon L., and Tepe (2001), there were 82 species of weeds Digiteria saguinalis (L.) Scop., Alopecurus spp., B. tectorum belonging to 28 different families in apple orchards in Van L., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. were founded densely as region and they consisted of 137.1 weeds per square

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meter. Poa annua L., Trifolium spp., Lolium perene L., Lotus environmental pollution of herbicide. The most susceptible corniculatus L. and Taraxacum spp. were densely phase of the weeds is their 3 to 5 leaf stages in the determined weeds. chemical control. So, recognizing the life sateges of the A total of 109 species of weeds belonging to 31 different weed will help in determining the control methods. families were determined in the apple orchards at the In this study, identification, densities, frequency of region of Karaman and their density was 98.06 m2 (Karaca occurence and coverage of weeds in the apple orchards in and Güncan, 2003). A. retroflexus L., C. album L.and C. Kahramanmaraş were detected. arvensis L. were highly densed and Seteria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. and S. arvensis (L.) P. Beauv. were densely detected. Akbolat et al. (2007) stated that some species such as A. MATERIALS AND METHODS retroflexus L., C. album L., Xanthium strumarium L. and C. arvensis L., were detected at the high density; Sonchus In the study, surveys were applied in the apple orchards in oleraceus L., T. terrestris L., S. arvensis L., A. repens (L.) DC. Kahramanmaraş region (Center, Afşin, Andırın, and A. repens (L.) P.Beauv. were at medium density in the Çağlayancerit, Ekinözü, Elbistan, Göksun, Nurhak, Pazarcık apple orchards at the region of Isparta. and Türkoğlu) in 2012 to 2013. Considering the According to Üstüner and Akyol (2007), 87 species of distribution and density of the apple orchards in the weeds belonging to 28 different families were detected region, 10 sub-region were selected and the samples and approximately 101.8 species of weeds was estimated obtained from these sub-regions. In the survey, it was per square meter in Nigde's apple orchards. From these 87 considered at least 3 km among the gardens and the weed species, 1 of them was fern plant (Pterydophyta), 11 samples were obtained from 15 m inside of the edge of the of them were monocot (Monocotyledon) and 75 of them garden. Within the 1 da area, 4 frames (1 m2) were used were dicots (Dicotyledon). In terms of density at the unit and weeds were obtained and counted (Odum, 1971). The area, A. repens (L.) P. Beauv., A. myosuroides Huds., B. number of weeds in the 1 m2 was calculated by dividing tectorum L., and C. dactylon (L.) Pers had high density and the total number of each species in 1 m2 to the survey area. related with the frequency of occurance, A. repens (L.) P. Weed density was calculated using the formula: Beauv. was the most occurring weed species (84.6%), B. tectorum L. (72.2%), A. myosuroides Huds. (54.9%) and Density =B/n formula (Güncan, 2001). Dactylis glomerata L. (49.2%) followed. Junk et al. (1997) reported that C. album L., C. bursa- Here; B= Total weeds number in the sample, n= Number of pastoris (L.) Medik, Alopecurus aequalis Sobol and Erigeron sample. canedensis L. had high density in Korea's apple orchards. According to Dastgheib and Frampton (2000), Malva spp., In the evaluation, broad-leaved weeds were considered as Solanum nigrum L., C.album L., A. retroflexus L. and C. whole plants while narrow leaved weed were considered arvense L. were densed at the region Nelson in New as their stems and recorded on the survey cards. Species, Zealand. Harrington et al. (2000) stated that annual weeds numbers and coverages of weeds were recorded and especially Solanum.nigrum L., C.album L., Veronica persica frequency of occurrence, number of plants and general Poir., Polygonum aviculare L. and Coronopus didymus (L.) coverages of obtained data were calculated using the Smith were highly densed and perennial weeds such as following formulas: Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr., Picris echioides L, Trifolium repens L., Plantago lanceolata L., Bromus willdenowii Kunth Frequency of occurrence (F.O.): The percent of the and Rumex obtusifolius L were densely found in New occurance of the weeds (%) in an area. Zealnd’s apple orchards. Perennial and annual weeds Frequency of occurrence (%) = n/m × 100 caused problems on the fruits and vegetables in Nigeria and perennial species were Commelina beghalensis, C. n: the number of the orchards containing species. dactylon (L.) Pers., Digitaria scalarum, Cyperus esculentus, M: total number of the orchard measured C. rotundus L., Eleusine indica, Solanum incanum, Imperata cylindrica, Panicum spp., Mimosa spp., Lantana camara, Species coverage (T.K.A.): It is expressed as the average and annual species were Maranthus spinosa, C.album L., S. value of any species of weed covered surface. This is nigrum L., Avena fatua L., Eleusine indica, E. colonum, calculated using the formula: Ageratum conyzoides and Polygonium ariculare (Hamma and Ibrahim, 2013). G.K.A (%) = T.K.A./m In order to determine the effect of the harms of weeds on the culture plants, the first step to be determined G.K.A.: General coverage, m: Total number of survey. should be weed species in control of the weeds. Different weed species respond to the different control methods. Table 1 shows the survey studies were applied. Because The challenge without recognizing weeds will be fruit trees are perennial, both summer and winter weeds unsuccessful and this will cause waste of time, money and grow in the apple orchards. Therefore, a total of 1666

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Table 1. Surveyed regions, in the area of apple plantation and the number of frame in the study.

Sub- regions Apple plantation area (da) (Anonim, 2013) Number of frames Afşin 4889 195 Andırın 182 60 Çağlayancerit 3878 155 Ekinözü 5395 215 Elbistan 6149 245 Göksun 29881 500 Merkez 3667 146 Nurhak 1271 53 Pazarcık 83 33 Türkoğlu 211 64 Total 55606 1666

samples were obtained in two different seasons. The first C. dactylon (L.) Pers. and L.serriola L., varied from 20.2 to survey was applied on April and May while the second 48.2%, while it was less than 20% for other species. survey was applied on August and September. The study area was divided into 10 sub-regions and the number of species and families were given in Table 3. The weeds in the apple orchards in Kahramanmaras were RESULTS evaluated according to the survey results.

In the surveys of apple orchards in Kahramanmaraş region, a total of 133 species of weeds belonging to 31 Afşin sub-region families including 1 pterophyta (Pterydophyta), 21 monocots (monokotiledon) and 111 dicots (dikotiledon) A total of 69 different weeds belonging to 20 families were and 112.486 (piece/m2) per square meter were detected. determined in the apple orchards of Afşin subregion. In The average density of weeds in the unit area was this subregion, C. album, A. repens (L.) P. Beauv., A. 13.761 piece plant/m2 for A. repens (L.), 12.173 for C. retroflexus, C. dactylon, B. arvensis, A. myosuroides and D. album L., 12.103 for B. arvensis L., 10.758 for A. retroflexus sanguinalis (L) Scop. were determined to be highly densed L. and it had high density (avarege plant in m2>10). 9.248 (average plant in m2’>10). C. arvensis, C. arvense (L) Scop., for C. dactylon (L.) Pers., 9.064 for A. myosuroides Huds., L. serriola, C. galaticus, M. chamomilla L., A. cylindrica Host., 6.801 for C. arvensis L., 4.537 for D. glomerata L., 4.411 for B. tectorum, E. crus-galli, L. temulentum and P. rhoeas were B. tectorum L., 3.938 for L. serriola L., 2.502 for S. viridis determined to be densed (average plant in m2 1 to 10) (L.) P. Beauv., 2.280 for D. sangunialis (L.) Scop., 2.106 for (Table 4). L. temulentum L., 1.990 for S. halepense (L.) Pers., 1.331 for The most frequency of occurence for weed species were C. draba ssp draba (L.) Desv., 1.248 for A. cylindrica Host., 60.8% for C. album, 52.5% for B. arvensis, 42.3% for C. 1.071 for C.arvense (L.) Scop., 1.038 for C. galaticus Rost. arvensis L, 57.6% for A. retroflexus, 50.4% for A. repens (L.) ExChoisy and 1.032 for M. chamomilla L. was densely P.Beauv. and 50.1 % for C. dactylon. present (average plant in m2 1 to 10) (Annex: Table 2). General coverage of weeds were 48.2% for C. album, Frequency of occurrence for weeds in the region; C. 32.6% for A. retroflexus, 28.1% for B. arvensis, 27.9% for A. album L. was more than 56% in the 6 subregions except repens and 20.3% for C. dactylon. for Andırın, Pazarcık, Türkoğlu and Center. A. repens (L.) P. Beauv. was more than 50% in the 10 subregions. A. retroflexus L. was more than 54% in 7 subregions except Andirin sub-region from Center, Türkoğlu and Pazarcık. C. dactylon (L.) Pers. was less than 50.1% in Afşin, 50.9% in Çağlayancerit, A total of 49 different weeds belonging to 17 families were 76.9% in Andırın and 50% in the other 7 subregions. B. determined in the apple orchards of Andırın subregion. In arvensis L. was less than 50% in Center subregion, more this subregion, A. repens (L.) P. Beauv., C. dactylon, D. than 52% in the other 9 subregions. A. myosuroides Huds. glomerata L., B. arvensis and A. myosuroides were was detected to be more than 50% in Andırın, Center, determined to be highly densed (average plant in m2’>10). Çağlayancerit and Göksun and less than 50% in the other C. arvensis, A. cylindrica, E. crus-galli, B. tectorum and S. subregions. C.arvensis L. was only detected as 55.6% in viridis were determined to be densed (average plant in m2 Center and less than 50% in the other subregions. 1 to 10) (Table 5). The coverages for A. myosuroides Huds., A. retroflexus L., The most frequency of occurence for weed species were A.repens (L.) P. Beauv., B. arvensis, C. album L., C. arvensis L., 81.4% for A. repens (L.) P. Beauv., 76.9% for C. dactylon,

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Table 2. The distribution of weed species and density in the region of Kahramanmaras.

Regions Weed species Average 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pteridophyta Familya: Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense L. - - - - - 0.3 - - 0.22 0.06

Monocotyledoneae Familya: Liliaceae

(Amaryllidaceae) Allium rotundum - - - - 0.02 - - - - 0.01 Allium vineale L. ------0.2 - - - 0.02

Familya: Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundus L. ------1.2 - 0.2 1.9 0.33 Familya: Gramineae (Poaceae) Aegilops columnaris ZHUK. ------0.7 - 1.1 0.1 0.19 Aegilops cylindrica Host 2.1 1.7 0.28 1.5 2.8 4.1 - - 1.248 Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv. 15.8 19.8 10.46 13.8 13.25 21.5 11.4 11.2 10.1 10.3 13.761 Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. 10.9 10.4 11.23 10.1 10.11 11.2 10.9 10.3 2.4 3.1 9.064 Avena sterilis L. - - 0.9 - - 0.03 2.1 - 0.6 0.14 0.377 Bromus arvensis L. 11.4 12.5 14.61 15.4 14.62 16.9 1.4 12.8 10.5 10.9 12.103 Bromus tectorum L. 1.7 1.4 18.8 1.3 0.39 2.6 9.74 0.48 7.2 0.5 4.411 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 12.6 15.46 10.12 12.9 10.30 10.8 7.3 4.7 5.3 3.0 9.248 Dactylis glomerata L. - 13.3 2.47 - - 10.4 5.4 11.0 1.6 1.2 4.537 Digitaria sanguinalis (L) Scop. 10.5 - - - - 3.1 5.6 - 1.3 2.3 2.28 Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. 1.4 1.68 - 1.4 0.6 0.9 - 1.5 - - 0.748

Hordeum murinum L. 0.001 - - - 0.001 0.02 0.02 - - - 0.01 Lolium temulentum L. 1.2 0.64 1.41 0.3 3.3 10.7 0.58 1.28 1.19 0.46 2.106 Phalaris canariensis L. - - - - - 0.01 0.04 - - 0.01 0.01 Phragmites australis (CAV.) Trin. Ex - - - - - 0.002 1.06 - 0.1 0.05 0.1212 Steudel Poa trivialis L. - 0.27 - - - 0.41 2.0 0.6 0.02 0.03 0.333 Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. 0.7 1.29 1.35 5.3 0.8 3.8 1.68 5.0 1.2 3.9 2.502 Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. - - - - - 2.3 4.9 - 2.1 10.6 1.99

Dicotyledoneae Familya:Amaranthaceae Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. - - 0.01 1.0 - 0.004 0.01 - - 0.02 0.11 Amaranthus retroflexus L. 13.7 0.92 10.23 18.7 14.43 18.9 7.6 10.7 4.3 8.1 10.758

Familya: Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Caucalis platycarpos L. - - - - - 0.003 0.001 - - - 0.0004 Daucus carota L. 0.8 0.01 0.82 - 0.3 4.6 0.04 - - 0.02 0.659 Eryngium billardieri Delar. 0.01 - - - 0.02 0.001 - - - - 0.001 Heracleum humile Sm. - - - - 0.002 - - - - 0.0002

Familya: Boraginaceae Anchusa officinalis L. 0.001 0.01 0.12 0.03 0.03 0.08 0.001 0.062 - - 0.0334 Heliotropium europaeum L. 0.004 - 0.85 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 - 0.1 - 0.1454

Familya: Brassicaceae Alyssum desertorum STAPF. 0.002 - - 0.003 - - 0.002 - - - 0.0007

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Table 2 Contd. The distribution of weed species and density in the region of Kahramanmaras.

Regions Weed species Average 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Familya: Caryophyllaceae Agrostemma githago L. - - - - - 0.001 0.021 - - - 0.0022 Dianthus coleocephalus BOISS ------0.002 - - - 0.0002 Saponaria kotschyi BOISS ------0.08 - - 0.008 Stelleria media (L) Vill. 0.004 - - - - - 0.03 - - 0.05 0.0084 Vaccaria pyramidata Medik. 0.001 - 0.34 0.02 0.001 0.003 0.1 - 0.6 - 0.1065

Familya: Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium album L. 16.2 0.83 12.90 21.8 19.40 17.8 8.2 10.5 4.9 9.2 12.173 Chenopodium foliosum (Moench) 0.001 - - - - 0.02 - - - - 0.0021 Aschers Chenopodium vulvaria L. ------0.02 - - - 0.002

Familya:Compositae (Asteraceae) Achillea biebersteinii Afan. - - - - - 0.002 0.01 - - - 0.0012 Achillea millefolium L. ------0.02 - - - 0.002 0.08 Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. 0.01 - 0.33 0.03 0.02 0.03 1.53 - - 0.2031 1 0.000 0.000 Carduus nutans L. 0.001 0.01 0.001 0.002 0.01 - - - 0.00242 1 1 Centaurea solstitialis subsp. 0.02 - 0.19 - 0.37 0.8 1.72 2.64 1.4 0.83 0.797 solstitialis Centaurea virgata Lam. ------0.02 - - - 0.002 Chondrilla juncea L. 0.6 0.42 0.01 0.4 0.38 0.43 0.01 0.27 0.25 - 0.246 Chrysanthemum segetum L. 0.002 - 0.001 0.003 - - 0.001 - - 0.0007 Cichorium intybus L. 0.5 0.25 - 0.2 0.21 0.61 0.01 0.01 - - 0.179 Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. 2.6 0.01 0.45 1.1 2.1 1.9 0.6 0.74 0.81 0.4 1.071 Lactuca serriola L. 2.3 0.62 0.67 4.9 10.62 11.0 0.4 5.2 0.47 3.2 3.938 Matricaria chamomilla L. 2.1 0.01 0.82 0.9 0.8 0.6 1.25 0.74 0.6 2.5 1.032 Matricaria perforata Merat. 0.03 - 0.43 - 0.02 0.05 0.3 0.041 0.2 0.13 0.1201 0.000 0.000 0.000 Onopordum acanthium L. - - 0.002 - - - - 0.0003 2 3 5 0.000 0.000 Picnomon acarna (L.) CASS. - - 0.002 - - - - - 0.00022 1 1 Picris kotschyi Boiss. ------0.002 - 0.001 - 0.0003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Silybum marianum (L.) GAERT. ------0.00009 3 1 1 4 Senecio vernalis Waldst. Et Kit. ------0.01 - - - 0.001 Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. 0.06 0.03 0.40 0.07 0.04 0.06 0.12 0.049 0.2 1.4 0.2429 Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg. ------0.14 - 0.1 0.13 0.037 Taraxacum scaturiginosum G.Hagl. ------0.2 - - - 0.02 Taraxacum serotinum 0.00 ------0.0002 (Waldst.EtKit) Poriet. 2 Xanthium strumarium L. 0.25 0.47 0.76 0.6 0.30 0.28 0.45 0.36 0.32 0.62 0.441 Xanthium spinosum L. - - 0.15 - - - 0.01 - - 0.01 0.017

Familya: Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis L. 7.4 2.63 6.28 8.3 9.8 8.6 10.8 3.8 3.2 7.2 6.801 Convolvulus betonicifolius MILL ------0.24 - - - 0.024 Convolvulus galaticus Rost. 2.2 0.7 0.3 1.6 3.4 1.7 0.46 - - 0.02 1.038 ExChoisy.

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Table 2 Contd. The distribution of weed species and density in the region of Kahramanmaras.

Regions Weed species Average 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Familya: Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) Alyssum desertorum Stapf. - - - - 0.001 0.001 0.001 - - - 0.0003 Brassica nigra (L.) Koch - - - - 0.001 0.001 0.001 - - - 0.0003 Boreava orientalis Jaub. Et Spach. ------0.001 0.001 0.001 - 0.0003 Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. 0.03 0.001 0.35 0.09 0.5 0.004 0.63 0.062 0.46 0.47 0.2597 Cardaria draba ssp draba (L.) Desv. 0.63 0.02 0.62 1.9 3.2 3.92 1.59 0.41 0.7 0.32 1.331 Fibigia clypeata (L.) Medik. ------0.001 0.001 - 0.0002 0.00 Lepidium latifolium L. ------0.0001 1 Lepidium perfoliatum L. ------0.001 - - - 0.0001 0.000 0.00 Raphanus raphanistrum L. 0.002 - 0.001 0.003 0.001 0.003 - - 0.00122 2 2 Sinapis arvensis L. 0.4 0.081 0.23 0.3 0.68 0.02 0.67 0.24 0.52 2.1 0.5241

Familya: Cuscutaceae Cuscuta campestrisYuncker - - 2.4 - - - 1.82 - 0.93 0.16 0.531

Familya: Dipsacaceae Dipsacus laciniatus L. ------0.001 - - 0.01 0.0011

Familya: Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia helioscopia L. 0.03 - - 0.02 0.02 0.001 0.001 0.01 0.72 0.2 0.1002 Euphorbia orientalis L. - - - 0.04 0.03 0.002 - - - - 0.0072 Euphorbia serpyllifolia Pers. ------0.01 - - - 0.001

Familya: Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Alhagi pseudalhagi (Bieb.) Desv. - - - 0.001 - - 0.003 - - 0.01 0.0014 Astragalus microcephalus Willd. 0.02 0.001 - - 0.001 0.003 - - - 0.0025 0.00 Lathyrus annuus L. 0.001 - - - - 0.01 0.05 0.001 - 0.0063 1 0.000 Lathyrus sylvestris L. 0.002 - - - 0.001 0.04 0.001 - - 0.00441 1 Medicago turbinata (L.) All. - - - - - 0.001 0.01 - 0.2 0.01 0.0221 Medicago minima (L.) Bart. - - - - - 0.001 0.07 - - - 0.0071 Medicago orbicularis (L.) Bart. - - - - - 0.001 0.59 - - - 0.0591 Medicago radiata L. 0.01 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.01 0.68 0.002 0.001 - 0.071 Medicago rigidula (L.) All. 0.001 - 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.02 0.34 0.001 - 0.0366 0.000 Medicago truncatula Gaerth. 0.002 0.001 - 0.003 - 0.15 0.29 - - 0.04462 2 Medicago turbinata (L.) All. 0.001 0.1 0.02 0.01 0.001 - 0.47 0.003 - - 0.0605 0.000 Melilotus elegans Salzm. - 0.01 - 0.001 - 0.002 0.06 - - 0.00732 2 0.000 Melilotus officinalis (L.) Desr. - - - 0.002 - 0.001 0.02 - - 0.00231 1 Trifolium campestre Schreb. - - 0.16 - - 0.003 0.03 - 0.3 - 0.0493 Trifolium carescens Wılld. 0.001 - - - - 0.003 0.29 - - - 0.0294 Trifolium fragiferum L. 0.002 0.001 - - - 0.002 0.57 - - - 0.0575 0.000 0.000 Trifolium lappaceum L. - 0.001 0.02 0.01 0.64 - - - 0.06713 2 1 Trifolium medium L. 0.001 0.001 - 0.03 - 0.07 0.08 - - - 0.0182

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Table 2 Contd. The distribution of weed species and density in the region of Kahramanmaras.

Regions Weed species Average 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0.000 Trifolium pauciflorum DA’URV. 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.01 0.79 - - - 0.08081 1 Trifolium pratense L. 0.002 - - - - 0.02 0.86 - - - 0.0882 0.000 Trifolium repens L. 0.002 - - 0.001 0.001 0.001 - - 0.01 0.00153 3 Trifolium stellatum L. ------0.25 - - 0.04 0.029 0.00 Trifolium tomentosum L. 0.006 0.04 - - 0.005 - 0.43 - - 0.0488 7 Prosopis farcta (Banks and Sol.) 0.02 ------0.012 - - 0.0033 Mac. 1 Vicia sativa L. - - 0.43 - 0.2 0.02 0.04 - - 0.02 0.0071 Vicia narbonensis L. 0.2 - - 0.3 0.2 0.04 - 0.023 - - 0.0763

Familya: Geraniaceae Erodium cicutarium (L.) Lâ´Herit. ------0.001 - - - 0.0001 Geranium lucidum L. ------0.001 - - - 0.0001

Familya: Hypericaceae (Guttiferae) Hypericum perforatum L. - 0.003 - 0.01 0.02 0.001 0.002 - 0.2 - 0.0236

Familya: Labiatae (Lamiaceae) Lamium amplexicaule L. 0.1 0.001 0.08 0.3 0.01 0.005 0.06 0.48 1.12 0.04 0.2196 Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson 0.01 0.02 - 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.07 1.12 - 0.06 0.133 0.00 Salvia sclarea L. ------0.0002 2

Familya: Malvaceae Malva neglecta Wallr. 0.06 0.01 0.65 0.06 0.003 0.41 0.52 0.26 0.81 0.33 0.3113 Malva sylvestris L. 0.03 - - - 0.004 0.23 0.43 - - 0.15 0.0844

Familya: Papaveraceae - Fumaria officinalis L. 0.08 - 0.04 0.07 0.03 0.009 0.12 0.25 - 0.62 0.1219 Papaver rhoeas L. 1.2 0.03 - 0.4 0.58 0.82 0.8 0.21 0.52 0.38 0.494

Familya: Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata L. - 0.05 0.68 0.2 1.30 2.30 0.8 0.32 - 0.65 0.63 Plantago media L. - - - - - 1.10 0.01 - - 0.01 0.112

Familya: Polygonaceae Polygonum aviculare L. - 0.06 0.33 - - 0.76 0.4 - - 0.4 0.195 Rumex acetosella L. 0.3 0.07 0.47 0.5 0.8 0.41 0.01 0.14 0.6 - 0.33 Rumex crispus L. ------0.04 - - 0.01 0.005

Familya: Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea L. - 0.04 - - - 0.20 0.62 0.063 - 0.4 0.1323

Familya: Primulaceae Anagallis arvensis L. - - - - - 0.003 0.53 - - 0.01 0.0543

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Table 2 Contd. The distribution of weed species and density in the region of Kahramanmaras.

Regions Weed species Average 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Familya: Ranunculaceae Adonis flammea Jacq. - - - - - 0.07 0.28 - - 0.02 0.037 Consolida orientalis (Gay) Schröd. - - - - - 0.08 - - - - 0.008 Ranunculus repens L. - - - - - 0.04 0.69 - - 0.01 0.074 Ranunculus argyreus BOISS. 0.1 - 0.1 - - 0.2 - - - - 0.04

Familya: Rubiaceae Galium aparine L. 0.02 - - 0.01 0.01 0.003 0.02 - - 0.01 0.0073

Familya: Scrophulariaceae

(Scrophyllaceae) Verbascum sinuatum var. 0.001 0.02 0.61 0.002 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.18 0.02 0.02 0.0933 adenosepalum MURB.

Familya: Solanaceae 0.000 0.00 Solanum nigrum 0.002 - 0.001 - - 0.001 0.001 - 0.00062 2 1 Physalis angulata L. ------0.002 0.001 0.001 - 0.0004

Familya: Zygophyhllaceae Tribulus terrestris L. -- - 0.02 - - 0.02 0.24 - 0.04 0.01 0.033 120.3 85.91 114.8 125.9 126.1 177.2 117.9 97.75 69.50 89.1 Total 112.486 42 5 98 46 29 98 43 3 5 38

Sub-regions: 1) Afşi; 2) Andırın; 3) Çağlayancerit; 4) Ekinözü; 5) Elbistan; 6) Göksun; 7) Merkez İlçe; 8) Nurhak; 9) Pazarcık; 10) Türkoğlu. As suggested by Üstüner and Güncan (2002), density scale was used as follows: Density scale: A) High dense (average more than 10 in per square meter); B) Dense (average between 1 to 10 in per square); C) Less dense (average between 0.1 to 1 in per square meter); D) Rarely observed (average between 0.01 to 0.1 in per square meter).

Table 3. The number of species and families of the weeds caused problems on the apple orchards in Kahramanmaras.

Sub-regions Number of families Number of species Afşin 20 69 Andirin 17 49 Çağlayancerit 18 53 Ekinozu 18 58 Elbistan 20 64 Goksun 24 93 Merkez 30 115 Nurhak 16 50 Pazarcik 19 48 Turkoglu 25 70

69.3% for D. glomerata L., 63.2% for B. arvensis, and 40.1% Çağlayancerit district for A. myosuroides. General coverage of weeds were 42.3% for A. repens (L.) P. A total of 53 different weeds belonging to 18 families were Beauv., 35.6% for C. dactylon, 28.4% for D. glomerata L. determined in the apple orchards of Çağlayancerit and 24.8% for B. arvensis. subregion. In this subregion, B. tectorum, B. arvensis, C.

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Table 4. Weed densites, frequency occurrence (%) and general coverage (%) of weeds in Afşin.

Weed species Density (plant/m2) Frequency (%) Coverage (%) Chenopodium album L. 16.2 60.8 48.2 Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv. 15.8 50.4 27.9 Amaranthus retroflexus L. 13.7 57.6 32.6 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 12.6 50.1 20.3 Bromus arvensis L. 11.4 52.5 28.1 Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. 10.9 48.6 19.5 Digitaria sanguinalis (L) Scop. 10.5 39.2 11.8 Convolvulus arvensis L. 7.4 42.3 14.7 Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. 2.6 0.9 9.1 Lactuca serriola L. 2.3 0.8 6.5 Convolvulus galaticus Rost.Ex Choisy. 2.2 0.13 1.9 Matricaria chamomilla L. 2.1 0.45 1.1 Aegilops cylindrica Host 2.1 0.11 1.8 Bromus tectorum L. 1.7 0.15 2.0 Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. 1.4 0.02 2.3 Lolium temulentum L. 1.2 0.23 1.4 Papaver rhoeas L. 1.2 0.6 2.2 Others 5,042 - - Total 120,342 - -

Table 5. Weed densites, frequency occurrence (%) and general coverage (%) of weeds in Andırın.

Weed species Density (plant/m2) Frequency (%) Coverage (%) Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv. 19.8 81.4 42.3 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 15.46 76.9 35.6 Dactylis glomerata L. 13.3 69.3 28.4 Bromus arvensis L. 12.5 63.2 24.8 Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. 10.4 40.1 19.2 Convolvulus arvensis L. 2.63 29.5 6.9 Aegilops cylindrica Host. 1.7 10.4 3.6 Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. 1.68 7.3 1.2 Bromus tectorum L. 1.4 5.6 1.1 Setaria viridis (L.) Pal. Beauv. 1.29 3.3 0.6 Others 5,755 - - Total 85,915 - -

album, A. myosuroides, A. repens, A retroflexus and C. Ekinözü sub-region dactylon were determined as highly densed (average plant in m2’>10). C. arvensis, D. glomerata, Cuscuta campestris, L. A total of 58 different weeds weeds belonging to 18 temulentum and S. viridis were determined as densely families were determined in the apple orchards of Ekinözü present (average plant in m2 1 to 10) (Table 6). town. In this district, C. album, A. retroflexus, B. arvensis, A. The most frequency of occurence for weed species were repens, C. dactylon and A. myosuroides were determined as 76.7% for B. tectorum, 73.3% for B. arvensis, 70.1% for C. highly densed (average plant in m2’>10). C. arvensis, S. album, 54.2% for A. retroflexus, 52.7% for A. myosuroides, viridis, L. serriola, C. draba ssp draba, C . galaticus, A. 50.9% for C. dactylon and 50.3%for A. repens. cylindrica, E. crus-galli, B. tectorum, C. arvense and General coverage of weeds were 47.3% for B. tectorum, Amaranthus blitoides were determined as densely present 41.2% for C. album, 40.8% for B. arvensis, 35.2% for A. (average plant in m2 1 to 10) (Table 7). retroflexus, 28.9% for C. dactylon and 26.3% for A. repens. The most frequency of occurence for weed species were

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Table 6. Weed densites, frequency occurrence (%) and general coverage (%) of weeds in Çağlayancerit.

Weed species Density (plant/m2) Frequency (%) Coverage (%) Bromus tectorum L. 18.8 76.7 47.3 Bromus arvensis L. 14.61 73.3 40.8 Chenopodium album L. 12.90 70.1 41.2 Alopecurus myosuroides Huds 11.23 52.7 22.5 Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv. 10.46 50.3 26.3 Amaranthus retroflexus L. 10.23 54.2 35.2 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers 10.12 50.9 28.9 Convolvulus arvensis L. 6.28 41.8 25.6 Dactylis glomerata L. 2.47 11.9 3.8 Cuscuta campestrisYuncker 2.4 9.45 0.24 Lolium temulentum L. 1.41 5.6 2.3 Setaria viridis (L.) Pal. Beauv. 1.35 3.8 1.2 Others 12,638 - - Total 114,898 - -

Table 7. Weed densites, frequency occurrence (%) and general coverage (%) of weeds in Ekinözü.

Weed species Density (plant/m2) Frequency (%) Coverage (%) Chenopodium album L. 21.8 65.4 46.8 Amaranthus retroflexus L. 18.7 60.7 41.3 Bromus arvensis L. 15.4 58.2 30.4 Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv. 13.8 50.1 22.6 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers 12.9 46.7 23.5 Alopecurus myosuroides Huds 10.1 43.5 28.4 Convolvulus arvensis L: 8.3 42.9 29.2 Setaria viridis (L.) Pal. Beauv. 5.3 16.3 12.4 Lactuca serriola L. 4.9 15.2 10.3 Cardaria draba ssp draba (L.) Desv. 1.9 10.4 4.8 Convolvulus galaticus Rost.Ex Choisy. 1.6 0.24 3.9 Aegilops cylindrica Host. 1.5 0.15 3.0 Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. 1.4 0.23 2.2 Bromus tectorum L. 1.3 0.16 0.8 Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. 1.1 0.4 2.0 Amaranthus blitoides S.Wats. 1.0 0.11 1.2 Others 4,946 - - Total 125,946 - -

65.4% for C. album, 60.7% for A. retroflexus, 58.2% for B. district, C. album, B. arvensis, A. retroflexus, A. repens, L. arvensis, 50.1% for A. repens and 46.7% for C. dactylon. serriola, C. dactylon and A. myosuroides were determined to General coverage of weeds were 46.8% for C. album, be highly densed present (average plant in m2’>10). C. 41.3% for A. retroflexus, 30.4% for B. arvensis, 29.2% for C. arvensis, L. temulentum, C. draba ssp draba, A. cylindrica, C. arvensis L. and 28.4 % for A. myosuroides. arvense and P. lanceolata were determined as densely present (average plant in m2 1-10) in Table 8. The most frequency of occurence for weed species were Elbistan sub-region 73.6% for C. album, 65.8% for B. arvensis, 62.4% for A. retroflexus, 51.7% for A. repens and 44.2% for Lactuca A total of 64 different weeds belonging to 20 families were serriola. determined in the apple orchards of Elbistan town. In this General coverage of weeds were 39.6% for C. album,

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Table 8. Weed densites, frequency occurrence (%) and general coverage (%) of weeds in elbistan.

Weed species Density (plant/m2) Frequency (%) Coverage (%) Chenopodium album L. 19.40 73.6 39.6 Bromus arvensis L. 14.62 65.8 30.2 Amaranthus retroflexus L. 14.43 62.4 29.8 Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv. 13.25 51.7 25.4 Lactuca serriola L. 10.62 44.2 21.3 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers 10.30 38.5 20.2 Alopecurus myosuroides Huds 10.11 36.3 19.6 Convolvulus arvensis L. 9.8 35.2 26.1 Convolvulus galaticus Rost.Ex Choisy 3.4 0.2 2.4 Lolium temulentum L. 3.3 18.9 8.2 Cardaria draba ssp draba (L.) Desv. 3.2 15.3 7.9 Aegilops cylindrica Host. 2.8 4.3 4.5 Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. 2.1 10.5 6.3 Plantago lanceolata L. 1.3 0.96 2.1 Others 7,499 - - Total 126,129 - -

Table 9. Weed densites, frequency occurrence (%) and general coverage (%) of weeds in Göksun.

Weed species Density (plant/m2) Frequency (%) Coverage (%) Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv. 21.5 68.6 43.2 Amaranthus retroflexus L. 18.9 70.9 38.1 Chenopodium album L. 17.8 71.4 33.4 Bromus arvensis L. 16.9 69.3 32.5 Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. 11.2 54.8 21.6 Lactuca serriola L. 11.0 49.9 20.8 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 10.8 38.5 19.9 Lolium temulentum L. 10.7 32.1 18.4 Dactylis glomerata L. 10.4 28.7 17.3 Convolvulus arvensis L. 8.6 47.2 30.0 Daucus carota L. 4.6 13.10 8.2 Aegilops cylindrica Host. 4.1 10.8 7.3 Cardaria draba ssp draba (L.) Desv. 3.92 9.2 6.5 Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. 3.8 7.5 6.2 Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. 3.1 8.6 6.1 Bromus tectorum L. 2.6 3.4 5.9 Plantago lanceolata L. 2.30 3.3 4.1 Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. 2.30 1.4 0.3 Cirsium arvense 1.9 2.8 3.4 Convolvulus galaticus Rost.Ex Choisy 1.7 2.6 3.8 Plantago media L. 1.1 2.4 2.0 Others 8,078 - - Total 177,298 - -

30.2% for B. arvensis, 29.8% for A. retroflexus, 26.1% for C. district, A. repens (L.) P. Beauv., A. retroflexus, C. album, B. arvensis and 25.4% for A. repens (L.) P. Beauv. arvensis, A. myosuroides, L. serriola, C. dactylon, L. temulentum, D. glomerata were determined to be highly densed present (average plant in m2’>10). C. arvensis, D. Göksun sub-region carota, A. cylindrica, C. draba ssp draba, S. viridis, D. sanguinalis, B. tectorum, P. lanceolata, C. arvense, C. A total of 93 different weeds belonging to 24 families were galaticus and P. media were determined as densely present determined in the apple orchards of Göksun district. In this (average plant in m2 1to 10) (Table 9).

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Table 10. Weed densites, frequency occurrence (%) and general coverage (%) of weeds in Center.

Weed species Density (plant/m2) Frequency (%) Coverage (%) Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv. 11.4 58.1 20.4 Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. 10.9 57.2 22.6 Convolvulus arvensis L. 10.8 55.6 30.2 Bromus tectorum L. 9.74 53.7 24.7 Chenopodium album L. 8.2 42.5 30.3 Amaranthus retroflexus L. 7.6 25.3 28.3 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 7.3 28.9 16.4 Digitaria sanguinalis (L) Scop. 5.6 8.4 2.1 Dactylis glomerata L. 5.4 28.7 12.8 Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. 4.9 34.3 8.9 Avena sterilis L. 2.1 12.4 3.5 Poa trivialis L. 2.0 6.2 0.89 Cuscuta campestrisYuncker 1.82 9.3 0.3 Centaurea solstitialis subsp. Solstitialis 1.72 1.3 0.92 Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. 1.68 1.4 1.03 Cardaria draba ssp draba (L.) Desv. 1.59 18.4 2.8 Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. 1.53 2.1 0.5 Bromus arvensis L. 1.4 22.8 2.1 Matricaria chamomilla L. 1.25 20.1 1.6 Cyperus rotundus L. 1.2 17.9 1.6 Phragmites australis (CAV.) Trin. Ex Steudel 1.06 3.2 2.8 Others 18,752 - - Total 117,942 - -

The most frequency of occurence for weed species were C. Nurhak sub-region album 71.4%, A. retroflexus 70.9%, B. arvensis L. 69.3%, A. repens 68.6% and A. myosuroides 54.8%. Fifty (50) different weeds belonging to 16 families were General coverage of weeds were 43.2% for A. repens, identified in the apple orchards of Nurhak district. In this 38.1% for A. retroflexus, 33.4% for C. album, 32.5% for B. area, B. arvensis, A. repens (L.) P. Beauv., D. glomerata, A. arvensis L., 30.0% for C. arvensis L. and 21.6% rate for A. retroflexus, C. album and A. myosuroides were determined myosuroides. to be highly densed (average plant in m2’>10). L. serriola, S. viridis, C. dactylon, C. arvensis, C. solstitialis subsp. solstitialis, E. crus-galli, L. temulentum and M. longifolia Center sub-region were determined as densely present (average plant in m2 1 to 10) (Table 11). A total of 115 different weeds belonging to 30 families The most frequency of occurence for weed species were were identified in the apple orchards of Center district. In 60.6% for B. arvensis, 59.4% for A. retroflexus, 56.2% for C. this area, A. repens, A. myosuroides and C. arvensis were album, 54.3% for A. repens (L.) P. Beauv. and 52.1% for D. determined to be highly densed (average plant in m2’>10). glomerata. B. tectorum L., C. album, A. retroflexus, C. dactylon, D. General coverage of weeds were 32.6% for B. arvensis, sanguinalis, D. glomerata, S. halepense, C. campestris, A. 34.8% for A. retroflexus, 29.3% for C. album, 26.5% for D. sterilis, P. trivialis, C. solstitialis subsp. solstitialis, S. viridis, glomerata and 23.4% for A.repens. C. draba ssp draba, A. repens (L.) DC., B. arvensis, M. chamomilla, C. rotundus and P. australis species were determined as densely present (average plant in m2 1 to 9. Pazarcik sub-region 10) (Table 10). The most frequency of occurence for weed species were Different 48 weed species belonging to 19 families were 58.1% for A. repens (L.) P.Beauv, 57.2% for A. myosuroides, identified in Pazarcık district's apple orchards. In this 55.6% for C. arvensis (L.) Pers., 53.7% for B. tectorum L. region, B. arvensis, A. repens (L.) P.Beauv. were determined and 42.5% for C. album. high densely (average plant in m2’>10). B. tectorum, C. General coverage of weeds were 30.3% for C. album, dactylon, C. album, A. retroflexus, C. arvensis, A. 30.2% for C. arvensis (L.) Pers., 28.3% for A. retroflexus, myosuroides, S. halepense, D. glomerata, C. solstitialis subsp. 24.7% for B. tectorum L. and 22.6% rate for A. myosuroides solstitialis, D. sanguinalis, S. viridis, L. temulentum, L. Huds.. amplexicaule and A. columnaris species were determined

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Table 11. Weed densites, frequency occurrence (%) and general coverage (%) of weeds in Nurhak.

Weed species Density (plant/m2) Frequency (%) Coverage (%) Bromus arvensis L. 12.8 60.6 32.6 Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv. 11.2 54.3 23.4 Dactylis glomerata L. 11.0 52.1 26.5 Amaranthus retroflexus L. 10.7 59.4 34.8 Chenopodium album L. 10.5 56.2 29.3 Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. 10.3 43.8 20.5 Lactuca serriola L. 5.2 27.3 12.7 Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. 5.0 10.2 9.6 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 4.7 13.5 8.3 Convolvulus arvensis L. 3.8 20.7 7.2 Centaurea solstitialis subsp. Solstitialis 2.64 2.5 1.1 Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. 1.5 2.1 1.6 Lolium temulentum L. 1.28 4.6 4.5 Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson. 1.12 1.3 2.1 Others 6,013 - - Total 97,753 - -

Table 12. Weed densites, frequency occurrence (%) and general coverage (%) of weeds in Pazarcık.

Weed species Density (plant/m2) Frequency (%) Coverage (%) Bromus arvensis L. 10.5 54.9 30.3 Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv. 10.1 53.6 25.1 Bromus tectorum L. 7.2 38.3 19.8 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 5.3 32.8 17.2 Chenopodium album L. 4.9 30.4 16.4 Amaranthus retroflexus L. 4.3 25.7 19.3 Convolvulus arvensis L. 3.2 20.3 16.0 Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. 2.4 8.2 5.6 Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. 2.1 9.2 4.7 Dactylis glomerata L. 1.6 9.6 3.2 Centaurea solstitialis subsp. Solstitialis 1.4 4.1 2.4 Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. 1.3 3.9 2.9 Setaria viridis(L.) P.Beauv. 1.2 6.5 1.8 Lolium temulentum L. 1.19 2.1 1.6 Lamium amplexicaule L. 1.11 3.2 1.9 Aegilops columnaris ZHUK. 1.1 1.3 0.3 Others 10,605 - - Total 69,505 - -

as densely present (average plant in m2 1 to 10) (Table 12). district. In this region, B. arvensis, S. halepense, A. repens The most frequency of occurance for weed species were (L.) P. Beauv. were determined to highly densed (average 54.9% for B. arvensis, 53.6% for A. repens, 38.3% for B. plant in m2’>10). C. album, A. retroflexus, C. arvensis, S. tectorum, 32.8% for C. dactylon and 30.4% for C. album. viridis, L. serriola, A. myosuroides, C. dactylon, M. General coverage of weeds were 30.3% for B. arvensis, chamomilla, D. sanguinalis, S. arvensis, C. rotundus, S. asper 25.1% for A. repens, 19.8% for B. tectorum, 19.3% for A. and D. glomerata were determined as densely present retroflexus and 17.2% for C. dactylon. (average plant in m2 1 to 10) (Table 13). The most frequency of occurence for weed species were 54.2% for B. arvensis, 52.4% for S. halepense, 51.8% for A. Türkoğlu sub-region repens (L.) P. Beauv., 43,9% for C. album and 37.3% for A. retroflexus. Seventy (70) different weed species belonging to 25 General coverage of weeds were 30.9% for B. arvensis, families were identified in the apple orchards of Türkoğlu 29.4% for S. halepense, 28.2% for A. retroflexus, 25.1% for

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Table 13. Weed densites, frequency occurrence (%) and general coverage (%) of weeds in Türkoğlu.

Weed species Density (plant/m2) Frequency (%) Coverage (%) Bromus arvensis L. 10.9 54.2 30.9 Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. 10.6 52.4 29.4 Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv. 10.3 51.8 24.6 Chenopodium album L. 9.2 43.9 25.1 Amaranthus retroflexus L. 8.1 37.3 28.2 Convolvulus arvensis L. 7.2 22.6 19.5 Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. 3.4 14.1 12.2 Lactuca serriola L. 3.2 13.6 10.4 Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. 3.1 12.1 10.6 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 3.0 11.5 8.9 Matricaria chamomilla L. 2.5 10.2 6.4 Digitaria sanguinalis (L) Scop. 2.3 7.8 6.5 Sinapis arvensis (L.) 2.1 9.1 5.3 Cyperus rotundus L. 1.9 8.7 5.7 Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. 1.4 7.4 5.2 Dactylis glomerata L. 1.2 5.9 3.6 Others 8,738 - - Total 89,138 - -

C. album and 24.6% for A. repens. Pazarcık, Türkoğlu and Center sub-regions and A. repens (L.) P. Beauv. was more than 50% in 10 sub-regions. A. Retroflexus L. was more than 54% in the 7 sub-regions DISCUSSION except from Center, Türkoğlu and Pazarcık. C. Dactylon (L.) Pers. was founded less than 50.1% in Afşin, 50.9% in In this study, species of weeds and their densities, Çağlayancerit, 76.9% in Andırın and was found to be less frequency of occurrences and general coverages that than 50% in other 7 sub-regions. While B. arvensis L. was caused problems in the apple orchards in Kahramanmaraş less than 50% in the Center was more than 52% in other 9 region were determined. A total of 133 species of weeds sub-regions. A. Myosuroides Huds. were defined to be more belonging to 31 different families were identified and their than 50% in the sub-regions of Andırın, Center, average density was 112.486 weeds/m2. One species of Çağlayancerit and Göksun, and less than 50% in the other these belonged to the ferns (Pterydophyta), 21 of these 6 sub-regions. C. arvensis L. was also detected in the Center were monocot (Monocotyledone), and 111 of these were with 55.6% ratio. dicots (Dicotyledone). The densities of weeds were Coverages of the weeds varied from 20.2 to 48.2% for determined in the apple orchard in the sub-regions of the species of A. myosuroides Huds., A. Retroflexus L., Göksun (177.298), Elbistan (126.129), Ekinözü (125.946), A.repens (L.) P. Beauv., B. Arvensis, C. album L., C. arvensis Afşın, (120.342), Center (117.943), Çağlayancerit L., C. dactylon (L.) Pers. and L.serriola L. Coverages of the (114.898), Nurhak (97.753), Türkoğlu (89.138), Andırın other weeds were less than 20%. (85.915) and Pazarcık (69.505), respectively. Species and densities of the weeds that caused problems With regards to the average densities in the unit area, A. in the apple orchards in Kahramanmaraş showed repens (L.) P. Beauv. (13.761 piece plant/m2), C. album differencies according to the sub-regions. Some species L.(12.173), B. arvensis L.(12.103), A. retroflexus L (10.758) were distributed in all regions while some species were were determined and found to be highly densely present distributed regionally. A. Repens (L.) P. Beauv. was (average plant in m2 >10). However, C. dactylon (L.) Pers. determined at high density (average plant number in m2 (9.248), A. myosuroides Huds. (9.064), C. arvensis L. ˃10) in all the sub-regions. C. Album was observed to be (6.801), D) glomerata L. (4.537), B. tectorum L. (4.411), L. highly densely present in the sub-regions of Afşin, serriola L. (3.938), S. viridis (L.) P. Beauv. (2.502), D. Çağlayancerit, Ekinözü, Elbistan, Göksun and Nurhak while Sangunialis (L.) Scop. (2.280), L. temulentum L. (2.106), S. it was densely present in the sub-regions of Center, halepense (L.) Pers. (1.990), C. Draba ssp draba (L.) Desv. Pazarcık and Türkoğlu. It was less densely populated (1.331), A. Cylindrica host (1.248), C.arvense (L.) Scop. (average plant number in 0.1 to 1 m2) in the Andırın. B. (1.071), C. galaticus Rost. ExChoisy. (1.038) and M. Arvensis L. was found to highly densely present in the sub- chamomilla L. (1.032) were densely present (average plant regions of Afşin, Çağlayancerit, Ekinözü, Elbistan, Göksun, in m2 1 to 10). Nurhak, Pazarcık and Türkoğlu while it was densely Frequency of the occurrence of C. album L. was more present (average plant number in 1 to 10 m2) in Andırın than 56% in the 6 sub-regions except from Andırın, and Center.

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Similarly, A. Retroflexus L. was observed to be highly located in the transition climate. However, Göksun, Afşin, densely present in the sub-regions of Afşin, Çağlayancerit, Elbistan, Nurhak and Ekinözü have a continental climate. Ekinözü, Elbistan, Göksun, Center, Nurhak and Türkoğlu Species number of the weeds in the regions of while it was densely present in Pazarcık, less densely in Mediterranean climate was determined more than the the Andırın. C. Dactylon (L.) Pers was determined as highly continental climate regions. In addition, the region has densely present in the sub-regions of Afşin, Andırın, different soil structure types. The pH of the soil in the Çağlayancerit, Ekinözü, Elbistan and Göksun while it was region varied from 7.06 to 8.33 and generally it is 7.60. determined as densely present in the sub-regions of From the 12 examining soil profile, 8 of them was salt- Center, Nurhak, Pazarcık and Türkoğlu. A. Myosuroides free, 3 of them less saline and 1 of high saline. KDK of the Huds. was detected as highly densely present in the sub- soils varied from 20 to 180 me/100 g and generally regions of Afşin, Çağlayancerit, Ekinözü, Elbistan, Göksun, between 30 and 40 me/100 g. The dominant cation was Center and Nurhak while it was founded densely in the calcium and this was followed by magnesium, potassium sub-regions of Andırın, Pazarcık and Türkoğlu. C. Arvensis and sodium, respectively. Calcareous contents of the L. was highly densely present in Center and Türkoğlu, region were generally less than 5% (Yılmaz et al., 1990). dense in Afşin, Andırın, Çağlayancerit, Ekinözü, Elbistan, The weed density in the Göksun subregion was found to Göksun, Nurhak and Pazarcık. D. Glomerata L. was highly be much more than that of the other subregions because it densely present in Andırın and Göksun, dense in has 6 times larger apple orchards area than the other Çağlayancerit, Center, Pazarcık and Türkoğlu, and it does subregions. Because Pazarcık subregion has the smallest not exist in Afşin, Ekinözü, and Elbistan. B. Tectorum L. was apple orchads area, its weed density was found to have highly densely present in Çağlayancerit and Center, dense less density. Determined density, frequency of occurance in Afşin, Andırın, Ekinözü, Göksun and Pazarcık, and less and coverage of some the species of weeds varied dense in Elbistan, Nurhak, and Türkoğlu. L. serriola was according to subregions. In this study, densities of the highly densed in Elbistan and Göksun, dense in Afşin, perennial plants with rhizome and stolon were especially Ekinözü, Nurhak and Türkoğlu, less dense in Andırın, found with high densities. Çağlayancerit, Center and Pazarcık. S. viridis was dense in Densities of Cyperus spp. and P. Oleracea in the Andırın, Çağlayancerit, Ekinözü, Göksun, Center, Nurhak Mediterranean region were roperted as the most common and Pazarcık, less dense in Afşin and Elbistan. D. weeds especially in the summer season (Kadıoğlu and Ulu, Sanguinalis L. Scop. was highly dense in Afşin, dense in 1993). Frequency of occurrence of Stelleria media, Göksun, Center, Pazarcık and Türkoğlu and does not exist Matricaria chamomille, Oxalis spp., Poa annua and Lactuca in Andırın, Çağlayancerit, Ekinözü, Elbistan and Nurhak. L. serriola were more than 50% in March and April in the temulentum Lam. was high dense in Göksun, dense in same study. In Aydın region, 47 weed species belonging to Afşin, Çağlayancerit, Elbistan, Nurhak and Pazarcık, less 20 families were reported by Öğüt and Boz (2007) and dense in Andırın, Ekinözü, Center and Türkoğlu. S. frequency of occurrencies were 79.80% for S. media, halepense L. Pers. was highly dense in Türkoğlu, dense in 63.60% for M. chamomilla, 55.50% for O. corniculata, Göksun, Center and Pazarcık, and does not exist in Afşin, 52.80% for P. annua and 50.0% for L. serriola in the Andırın, Çağlayancerit, Ekinözü, Elbistan and Nurhak. C. dormant season. During the summer season, frequencies Draba ssp draba (L.) Desv.), was dense in Ekinözü, of occurrence of P. oleracea, C. rotundus and Amaranthus Elbistan, Göksun and Center, less dense in Afşin, spp. were 87.80, 85.80 and 63.30%, respectively. Çağlayancerit, Nurhak, Pazarcık and Türkoğlu (average Frequencies of occurrence of T. terrstris, C. dactylon, C. plant number in 0.1 to 1 m2), rarely observed in Andırın arvensis, D. sanguinalis, L. serriola, C. album, E. crus-galli (average plant number in 0.01 to 0.1 m2). A. Cylindrica and S. halepense varied from 20 to 45% while the other Host. was dense in Afşin, Andırın, Ekinözü, Elbistan and weeds were in between 2 and 10% frequencies of Göksun, less dense in Çağlayancerit, and it does not exist in occurrence. The coverage of the weeds were 56.25% for P. Center, Nurhak, Pazarcık and Türkoğlu. C. Arvense (L.) oleracea, 52.70% for Cyperus rotundus,16.62% for C. Scop. was dense in Afşin, Ekinözü, Elbistan and Göksun, dactylon, 16.54% for Trifolium spp., 13.39% for D. was less dense in Çağlayancerit, Center, Nurhak, Pazarcık sanguinalis, and 12.74% for Amaranthus spp. (Öğüt and and Türkoğlu and less dense in Andırın. C. Galaticus Rost. Boz, 2007). ExChoisy was dense in Afşin, Ekinözü, Elbistan and A total of 47 weed species belonging to 19 families were Göksun, less dense in Andırın, Çağlayancerit and Center identified on the apple orchards in Niğde. Six species of and does not exist in Nurhak and Pazarcık. M. chamomilla these belonged to monocotyledone and 41 of them L. was dense in Afşin, Center and Türkoğlu, less dense in belonged to dicotyledons (Ustuner and Ustuner, 2011). In Çağlayancerit, Ekinözü, Elbistan, Göksun, Nurhak and the survey studies in Isparta's apple orchards, 61 species Pazarcık and less dense in Andırın. of weeds belonging to 23 families consist of one seedless, Kahramanmaraş region is located in the Mediterranean two monocotyledons and 20 dicotyledons. Densities of A. region and Continental climate zones. Therefore, while retroflexus L., P. oleracea L. (8.92) and Setaria verticillata Center, Pazarcık and Türkoğlu sub-regions are located in (L.) P.B. were detected as 10.56, 8.92 and 4.79%, the Mediterranean climate, Andırın and Çağlayancerit are respectively. The coverage areas were 5.14% for A.

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retroflexus, 3.69% for Tribulus terrestris L. and 3.00% for P. Harrington KC, Hartley MJ, Rahman A, James TK (2000). Strategies for oleracea. The most common weed species in the apple Controlling Weeds in New Zealand Apple Orchards. Thirteenth Australian Weeds Conference. orchards were 83.33% for C. album, C. arvensis L. and P. Jung JS, Lee JS, Choi CD (1997). Weed Occurence ın Apple Orcgards ın oleracea, 77.78% for A. retroflexus and 77.22% for L. Korea. Weed Absract. 47: 20. serriola L. (Kitiş, 2011). Kadioğlu İ, Uluğ E (1993). Research on the Determination of Fruit Densities and frequencies of occurrence of weeds in Nursery Weeds in the Mediterranean Region. Turkey I. Herbology Congress, 3-5 February. Turkey were reported by Kadıoğlu and Ulu (1993), Zeki et Karaca M, Güncan A (2003). Research on Control of Weeds were Problem al. (1994); Tepe (1997); Yazlık and Tepe (2001), Karaca in Young Apple Orchards Karaman and Region. Selçuk Univ., Institute and Güncan (2003) Üstüner and Akyol (2007), Öğüt and of Science and Technology, Plant Protection Department, Unpublished Boz (2007) and Kitiş (2011). The results of these studies Master's Thesis, Page; 64. Kitiş YE (2011). Determination of the Species, Density, Coverage and were similar with our results. Majority of the weeds were Frequency of the Weeds in Apple Orchards in Isparta Province. Turkey A. repens (L.) P. Beauv., A. myosuroides Hudson, IV. Plant Protection Congress. 28-30 June 2011, Kahramanmaraş. Amaranthus spp., B. tectorum L., C. album, C. dactylon (L.) Odum EP (1971). Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Saunders Company, Pers., S. viridis (L.) P. Beauv., D. glomerata L., C. arvensis, M. Philadelphia, London, Toronto. Öğüt D, Boz Ö (2007). Determination of the weed species Frequence and chamomill, L. serriola, S. Halepense and D. sanguinalis. Density in Nursery growing areas in Aydın province. J. Turk. Weed Sci. However, the species of Trifolium spp., Lolium perene L., 10(2): 9. Lotus corniculatus L., Taraxacum spp., P. annua L., P. Tepe I (1997). Weeds and Control the Problems of agriculture and non- lanceolata L., Stelleria media, O. corniculata, P. Oleracea, C. agricultural Areas in Turkey. Centennial Univ., Publication No. 32. Agriculture Faculty, No Textbook of Plant Protection. 18: 102-103. bursa-pastoris, C. rotundus, E. crus-galli and T. terrstris Üstüner T, Güncan A (2002). A Research on Weed Species Which are showed differences according to the region. The reason of Problem, Importance, Biology of Germination and Control Possibilties these differences is due to different climate conditions, of them in Potato Fields in Niğde Province. Selçuk university, Graduate irrigation systems, soil type and altitudes of the regions. School of Natural and Apllied Science, PhD dissertation, pp. 35. Üstüner T, Akyol E (2007). Determination of the weed species, their The results of the present study were also consistent observation frequencies and densities, in the apple orchards in Niğde with the results of the studies carried out in different province. J. Turk. Weed Sci. 10(1): 22. regions in the world (Jung et al., 1997; Dastgheib and Ustuner T, Ustuner M (2011). Investigation on different mulch materials Frampton, 2000; Harrington et al,, 2002; Hamma and and chemical control for controlling weeds in apple orchard in Turkey. Sci. Res. Essays. 6(19): 3979-3985 Ibrahim, 2013). A. retroflexus L., A. repens, C. album L. and Yazlık A, Tepe I (2001). The Studies on Weeds in Apple and Pear Orchards C. arvensis in the present study were similar with the in Van Province and Their Distributions. J. Turk. Weed Sci. 4(1): 11. species in the previous studies. Some of the factors such as Yılmaz K, Gündoğan R, Demirkıran AR (2000). Pedogenesis and the altitude, soil structure, climate, irrigation system and Classification of Soils in Kahramanmaraş Province, Turkey. International Symposium on Desertification, ISD, Proceedings. pp: 517- plant communities of the region played a role in these 524. similarities. Zeki C, Demir T, Tokgönül S, Kılıç M (1994). Integrated research, practice Consequently, densities, frequency of occurrence and and training Project in Apple Orchards. Project No: BKA-EM 10 TAGEM, coverage of the weeds may be different according to the Volume: II. region. These numerical values may also vary in the same region. These factors such as altitude, climate, soil structure, irrigation systems, tree corolla width (shadowing) and plantation area's size of the region may play a role in the emergence of this variation.

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