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Niğde İlinde Elma Bahçelerinde Sorun Olan Yabancı Otların Tür Ve

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Niğde İlinde Elma Bahçelerinde Sorun Olan Yabancı Otların Tür Ve Academia Journal of Agricultural Research 4(12): 675-690, December 2016 DOI: 10.15413/ajar.2016.0147 ISSN: 2315-7739 ©2016 Academia Publishing Research Paper Determination of the Weed Species Frequence and Density in Apple Orchards in Kahramanmaras Region Accepted 5th April, 2016 ABSTRACT This study was carried out to determine the range and frequencies of weed species in apple orchards in Kahramanmaraş. In apple orchards, 133 weed species belonging to 31 families were determined. The average density of weeds was 112.486 plant/m2. From these, one of them belonged to Pterydophyta, 21 species of Monocotyledoneae and 111 species of Dicotyledoneae. Densities of these species were 13.761 plant/m2 for Agropyron repens, 12.173 for Chenopodium album, 12.103 for Bromus arvensis and 10.758 for Amaranthus retroflexus. According to the occurrence frequency of the weeds; C. album was found to be more than 56% in 6 subregion excluding Andırın, Pazarcık, Türkoğlu and Center. A. repens was found to be more than 50% in the 10 subregions. A. retroflexus was detected to be more than 54% in the other 7 subregions excluding Center, Türkoğlu and Pazarcık. Cynodon dactylon was found only in Tamer Üstüner Afşin (50.1%), Çağlayancerit (50.9%), Andırın (76.9%) and it was below 50% in the other 7 subregions. In terms of coverage, Alopecurus myosuroides, A. University of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam, retroflexus, A.repens, B. arvensis, C. album, Convolvulus arvensis, C. dactylon and Facılty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Lactuca serriola were determined to be within a range of 20.2 to 48.2% in the Protection, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. study area while other species were below 20%. *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] Key words: Apple, weed, density, frequency and general coverage. Tel: 90 344 2802060. INTRODUCTION Turkey has a considerably fruit production potential due narrow-leaved weeds and C. arvensis L., Acroptilon repens to its suitable ecological condition and it is ranked at the (L.) DC., Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Sinapis arvensis L. third place after China and USA with its 69.492.000 tons Daucus carota L., C. album L. and Tribulus terrestris L. were annual apple production (Anonim, 2012). In apple farming, founded densely as broad-leaved weeds in the apple Isparta is ranked at the first place with its 634,795 tons orchards at the region of Ankara, Adana, Samsun in İzmir. output and then Karaman and Niğde followed with their Weeds such as A. myosuroides Huds., Amaranthus spp., production 388,400 tons and 317.271, respectively. Anagallis arvensis L., Anthemis spp., Avena spp., Bromus Kahramanmaraş is ranked at the 10th place with the area spp., Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik, C. album L., of 56.060 ha, and it is ranked at the 12th place with the Convolvulus arvensis L., C. dactylon L., Cyperus rotundus L., production of 97.673 tons (Anonim, 2013). Lolium spp., Malva spp., Poa spp., Rumex crispus L., S. Many factors affect the productivity and quality of the arvensis L. and S. halepense (L.) Pers. caused problems in apple production and one of the most important of these is fruit orchards in Turkey (Tepe, 1997). According to Yazlık weed. Zeki et al. (1994) reported that Cynodon dactylon L., and Tepe (2001), there were 82 species of weeds Digiteria saguinalis (L.) Scop., Alopecurus spp., B. tectorum belonging to 28 different families in apple orchards in Van L., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. were founded densely as region and they consisted of 137.1 weeds per square Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Tamer 676 meter. Poa annua L., Trifolium spp., Lolium perene L., Lotus environmental pollution of herbicide. The most susceptible corniculatus L. and Taraxacum spp. were densely phase of the weeds is their 3 to 5 leaf stages in the determined weeds. chemical control. So, recognizing the life sateges of the A total of 109 species of weeds belonging to 31 different weed will help in determining the control methods. families were determined in the apple orchards at the In this study, identification, densities, frequency of region of Karaman and their density was 98.06 m2 (Karaca occurence and coverage of weeds in the apple orchards in and Güncan, 2003). A. retroflexus L., C. album L.and C. Kahramanmaraş were detected. arvensis L. were highly densed and Seteria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. and S. arvensis (L.) P. Beauv. were densely detected. Akbolat et al. (2007) stated that some species such as A. MATERIALS AND METHODS retroflexus L., C. album L., Xanthium strumarium L. and C. arvensis L., were detected at the high density; Sonchus In the study, surveys were applied in the apple orchards in oleraceus L., T. terrestris L., S. arvensis L., A. repens (L.) DC. Kahramanmaraş region (Center, Afşin, Andırın, and A. repens (L.) P.Beauv. were at medium density in the Çağlayancerit, Ekinözü, Elbistan, Göksun, Nurhak, Pazarcık apple orchards at the region of Isparta. and Türkoğlu) in 2012 to 2013. Considering the According to Üstüner and Akyol (2007), 87 species of distribution and density of the apple orchards in the weeds belonging to 28 different families were detected region, 10 sub-region were selected and the samples and approximately 101.8 species of weeds was estimated obtained from these sub-regions. In the survey, it was per square meter in Nigde's apple orchards. From these 87 considered at least 3 km among the gardens and the weed species, 1 of them was fern plant (Pterydophyta), 11 samples were obtained from 15 m inside of the edge of the of them were monocot (Monocotyledon) and 75 of them garden. Within the 1 da area, 4 frames (1 m2) were used were dicots (Dicotyledon). In terms of density at the unit and weeds were obtained and counted (Odum, 1971). The area, A. repens (L.) P. Beauv., A. myosuroides Huds., B. number of weeds in the 1 m2 was calculated by dividing tectorum L., and C. dactylon (L.) Pers had high density and the total number of each species in 1 m2 to the survey area. related with the frequency of occurance, A. repens (L.) P. Weed density was calculated using the formula: Beauv. was the most occurring weed species (84.6%), B. tectorum L. (72.2%), A. myosuroides Huds. (54.9%) and Density =B/n formula (Güncan, 2001). Dactylis glomerata L. (49.2%) followed. Junk et al. (1997) reported that C. album L., C. bursa- Here; B= Total weeds number in the sample, n= Number of pastoris (L.) Medik, Alopecurus aequalis Sobol and Erigeron sample. canedensis L. had high density in Korea's apple orchards. According to Dastgheib and Frampton (2000), Malva spp., In the evaluation, broad-leaved weeds were considered as Solanum nigrum L., C.album L., A. retroflexus L. and C. whole plants while narrow leaved weed were considered arvense L. were densed at the region Nelson in New as their stems and recorded on the survey cards. Species, Zealand. Harrington et al. (2000) stated that annual weeds numbers and coverages of weeds were recorded and especially Solanum.nigrum L., C.album L., Veronica persica frequency of occurrence, number of plants and general Poir., Polygonum aviculare L. and Coronopus didymus (L.) coverages of obtained data were calculated using the Smith were highly densed and perennial weeds such as following formulas: Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr., Picris echioides L, Trifolium repens L., Plantago lanceolata L., Bromus willdenowii Kunth Frequency of occurrence (F.O.): The percent of the and Rumex obtusifolius L were densely found in New occurance of the weeds (%) in an area. Zealnd’s apple orchards. Perennial and annual weeds Frequency of occurrence (%) = n/m × 100 caused problems on the fruits and vegetables in Nigeria and perennial species were Commelina beghalensis, C. n: the number of the orchards containing species. dactylon (L.) Pers., Digitaria scalarum, Cyperus esculentus, M: total number of the orchard measured C. rotundus L., Eleusine indica, Solanum incanum, Imperata cylindrica, Panicum spp., Mimosa spp., Lantana camara, Species coverage (T.K.A.): It is expressed as the average and annual species were Maranthus spinosa, C.album L., S. value of any species of weed covered surface. This is nigrum L., Avena fatua L., Eleusine indica, E. colonum, calculated using the formula: Ageratum conyzoides and Polygonium ariculare (Hamma and Ibrahim, 2013). G.K.A (%) = T.K.A./m In order to determine the effect of the harms of weeds on the culture plants, the first step to be determined G.K.A.: General coverage, m: Total number of survey. should be weed species in control of the weeds. Different weed species respond to the different control methods. Table 1 shows the survey studies were applied. Because The challenge without recognizing weeds will be fruit trees are perennial, both summer and winter weeds unsuccessful and this will cause waste of time, money and grow in the apple orchards. Therefore, a total of 1666 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Tamer 677 Table 1. Surveyed regions, in the area of apple plantation and the number of frame in the study. Sub- regions Apple plantation area (da) (Anonim, 2013) Number of frames Afşin 4889 195 Andırın 182 60 Çağlayancerit 3878 155 Ekinözü 5395 215 Elbistan 6149 245 Göksun 29881 500 Merkez 3667 146 Nurhak 1271 53 Pazarcık 83 33 Türkoğlu 211 64 Total 55606 1666 samples were obtained in two different seasons. The first C. dactylon (L.) Pers. and L.serriola L., varied from 20.2 to survey was applied on April and May while the second 48.2%, while it was less than 20% for other species. survey was applied on August and September. The study area was divided into 10 sub-regions and the number of species and families were given in Table 3.
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