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A Survey of Marine Coastal Litters Around Zhoushan Island, China and Their Impacts Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article A Survey of Marine Coastal Litters around Zhoushan Island, China and Their Impacts Xuehua Ma 1, Yi Zhou 1, Luyi Yang 1 and Jianfeng Tong 1,2,3,* 1 College of Marine Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; [email protected] (X.M.); [email protected] (Y.Z.); [email protected] (L.Y.) 2 National Engineering Research Center for Oceanic Fisheries, Shanghai 201306, China 3 Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Marine Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Rapid development of the economy increased marine litter around Zhoushan Island. Social- ecological scenario studies can help to develop strategies to adapt to such change. To investigate the present situation of marine litter pollution, a stratified random sampling (StRS) method was applied to survey the distribution of marine coastal litters around Zhoushan Island. A univariate analysis of variance was conducted to access the amount of litter in different landforms that include mudflats, artificial and rocky beaches. In addition, two questionnaires were designed for local fishermen and tourists to provide social scenarios. The results showed that the distribution of litter in different landforms was significantly different, while the distribution of litter in different sampling points had no significant difference. The StRS survey showed to be a valuable method for giving a relative overview of beach litter around Zhoushan Island with less effort in a future survey. The questionnaire feedbacks helped to understand the source of marine litter and showed the impact on the local environment and economy. Based on the social-ecological scenarios, governance recommendations Citation: Ma, X.; Zhou, Y.; Yang, L.; were provided in this paper. Tong, J. A Survey of Marine Coastal Litters around Zhoushan Island, Keywords: marine coastal litter; distribution; composition analysis; Zhoushan Island China and Their Impacts. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 183. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/jmse9020183 1. Introduction Academic Editor: Caterina Faggio Marine litter has become a hot issue in the global marine environment and has been listed by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) among the ten most urgent Received: 29 December 2020 environmental problems in recent years [1,2]. Marine litter refers to the artificial solid waste Accepted: 6 February 2021 which was disposed into the ocean, including fishing nets, buoys, plastic bags, plastic Published: 10 February 2021 bottles (cans), and various production and household litter [2]. More than 90% of marine litter is plastic litter [3]. There are two major sources of marine litter. The first source is Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in land-based, i.e., litter is carried into the ocean through rivers and sewage outlets, or it is published maps and institutional affil- generated by coastal human activities. The second major source of marine litter is the litter iations. generated by various marine activities (e.g., mariculture, fishery, marine shipping, and marine tourism) that directly discard the litter into the sea [3–5]. One study showed that 192 coastal countries and regions in the world discharged from 480 × 104 to 1270 × 104 t of plastic waste into the ocean every year [6]. Of that, 64 × 104 t of dilapidated fishing nets and fishing implements were discarded into the ocean. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Marine litter has and will have a profound influence on the marine environment and Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article ecosystem. The accumulation of marine litter will damage the marine landscape and affect distributed under the terms and the marine tourism economy [7]. At the same time, plastic waste can absorb environmental conditions of the Creative Commons pollutants and may cause local water pollution and damage to the chemical integrity of the Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// water environment. Among marine litter, discarded fishing nets or plastic ropes are the creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ most harmful. They can wind up marine life and lead to the death of animals, and threaten 4.0/). the integrity of the marine ecosystem [8–11]. In addition, fishing nets and plastic ropes J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020183 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/jmse J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 183 2 of 12 threaten the integrity of the marine ecosystem [8–11]. In addition, fishing nets and plastic ropes can wind up the ship’s power system and cause a great danger to ship safety [12]. Finally, the decomposition of marine plastic litter will create plastic fragments and micro- plastic particles that may have a toxic effect on the health of marine organisms [13,14]. Zhoushan Island is the main island of the Zhoushan archipelago located in the coastal J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 183 area of eastern Zhejiang province of China. In recent years, the government2 of 12 acknowledged the importance of the development and utilization of marine resources in this area [15]. Zhoushan is focused on cultivating and developing marine industry as the center of ma- can wind up the ship’s power system and cause a great danger to ship safety [12]. Finally, therine decomposition economy development of marine plastic with litter the will Zhoushan create plastic Archipelago fragments and New microplastic Area designated as a particlesstate-level that mayeconomic have a toxicreform effect pioneer on the healthzone ofin marinethe national organisms strategy [13,14]. [15,16]. The rapid devel- opmentZhoushan of the Island economy is the main caused island ofthe the increase Zhoushan in archipelago household located and in industrial the coastal waste that de- areagrades of eastern the Zhejiangenvironment. province Policymakers of China. In recent need years, to the understand government acknowledgedhow societies can develop thestrategies importance to ofadapt the development and continue and utilizationto develop of marinein such resources change. in thisSocial area-ecological [15]. scenario Zhoushan is focused on cultivating and developing marine industry as the center of marine economystudies developmentcan inspire withand thefacilitate Zhoushan adaptive Archipelago governance New Area through designated dialogues as a state- with decision- levelmakers economic and reformother pioneerstakeholders zone in the[17]. national Where strategy the scenarios [15,16]. The should rapid development be grounded in data con- ofcerning the economy both causedthe natural the increase and inthe household social sciences and industrial [17]. wasteAs Zhoushan that degrades Island the is surrounded environment.by sea at the Policymakers southern flank need toof understandthe Yangtze how River societies estuary, can develop the beaches strategies consist to of different adapt and continue to develop in such change. Social-ecological scenario studies can inspirelandforms and facilitate with complex adaptive governancelitter pollution. through Accordingly, dialogues with to decision-makers implement waste and management othermore stakeholders effectively, [17 it]. is Where imperative the scenarios to understand should be grounded the distribution in data concerning and so bothurce of beach litter. the naturalTherefore, and the the social main sciences purpose [17]. As of Zhoushan this study Island is to is reveal surrounded the distribution by sea at the of beach litter southernin different flank oflandforms the Yangtze Riversuch estuary,as mudflats, the beaches rocky consist beaches, of different and landforms artificial with beaches around complexZhoushan litter Island, pollution. as Accordingly, well as the to source implement and waste type management of litter. A moredditionally, effectively, this it study wants is imperative to understand the distribution and source of beach litter. to understandTherefore, the the main impact purpose of ofmarine this study litter is toon reveal local the people distribution’s life ofand beach the litter public’s awareness inof different marine landformsenvironmental such as protection mudflats, rocky to provide beaches, andthe artificialobtained beaches knowledge around and results for Zhoushanthe localIsland, policymakers as well as theand source public. and type of litter. Additionally, this study wants to understand the impact of marine litter on local people’s life and the public’s awareness of marine environmental protection to provide the obtained knowledge and results for the 2. Materials and Methods local policymakers and public. 2.1. Study Sites 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. StudyA survey Sites on marine litter was conducted in Zhoushan Island in July 2019. The re- searchA survey mainly on marine focused litter on was the conducted Putuo inDistrict. Zhoushan According Island in July to 2019. the Thebeach research types of Zhoushan mainlyIsland, focused the study on thePutuo sites District. were Accordingdivided tointo the beachthree types types: of Zhoushan mudflats Island,, rocky the and artificial studybeaches. sites wereFor each divided type, into threetwo representative types: mudflats, rocky areas and were artificial randomly beaches. selected For each before the sur- type,vey twowas representative conducted: mudflat(a) areas were randomly at Shenjiamen selected beforewharf the and survey mudflat(b) was conducted: at Haibin park; Rocky mudflat(a) at Shenjiamen wharf and mudflat(b) at Haibin park;
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