E.S.C. “aortas The Newsletter of W.I.S.E. History Society

lAte'S IRE IAI)D - SIZOCIAT)t) - cot:AA-TV

Volume 11, Number 3 Denver, Colorado July, August, September 2010

Welsh As Major American Slaveholders? -- Richard Savage

Careful study fails to bear it out. In February 1807, in the midst of Britain's war with Napoleon, Parliament passed the In doing some research recently, I ran across a act to end the transatlantic slave trade, to provocative comment on a Welsh website be enforced by the British navy. In the United suggesting that Welsh appear dispro- States, Pennsylvania and Ohio Welsh portionately among African-Americans, were active in the Underground Railroad, and that this could indicate that Welsh assisting fugitive slaves escaping across Americans were more involved in slavehold- the Ohio River to find refuge in free ing than expected. The remarks are as territory. Many Pennsylvania Welsh were follows: Quakers, opposed to slavery on religious "Some time ago Mr. David Evans of grounds. drew our attention to this topic Mr. Evans' with the following e-mail: comments do not offer an imme- diately obvious testable hypothesis. A " 'As an aside to your interesting website: naive question might be: Did the Welsh I have been trying to track down the reason preferentially settle in the South, where for what I consider to be a preponderance slavery was accepted — indeed, necessary — for of "Welsh" among black Americans. the maintenance of the plantation system? I find it curious that again and again among The answer is clearly no, based on 1870 various subjects of interest to me, e.g. jazz and census data. Most of the Welsh, with a tennis, the names Williams, Evans, Jones, background as miners, went to the northern Thomas come up again and again ...' " (The states, where there were coal mines (Pennsyl- website is http://www.data-wales.com.uk/ vania, Ohio, Indiana) and the industries plantations.htm) that used coal. Some went to Wisconsin, Mr. Evans thus raised several interesting where there were lead (mineral) mines; a issues. if we accept the widely held notion well-preserved historical site at Mineral that slaves tended to adopt the surnames Point in southwest Wisconsin features the of their masters, a high modern incidence homes and culture of Welsh miners. of Welsh surnames would indicate that Since the census did not record ethnic Welsh immigrants formed a large proportion origin, I have picked out two representative of the slaveholder class. Welsh names, Morgan and Evans, as samples Hmmmm. Provocative indeed, especially of the location of the Welsh. Here are the since the Welsh in Britain, under the leader- numbers of white, male Morgans, ship of William Wilberforce, were leaders numerically prioritized, North and South, in the effort to stop the Atlantic slave trade. in 1870: -- continued on page 39

www.wise-fhs.org W.I.S.E. Words - 36 - July, August, September 2010

be stated too often. Here are some of her down-to-earth research tips. Notice that she President's still uses the U.S. Mail. Message • Make contacts wherever you can, and keep in touch. Seize the moment, take advantage of any opportunity to learn about your ancestors. No detail Marylee Hagen's wonderful presentation to is too small. W.I.S.E. in March, "Tracing Your Ancestors' Footsteps," took us from their European • Contact local historical societies, which may homelands — notably Ireland — across the have old newspapers, local history books and even ocean, then across America, showing us how file folders for individual . (I'll add this: Local historians love to help.) her forebears got from point to point. But it taught us more than that. It was a lesson • Obituaries have endless pertinent information. in how much genealogical information is out Reread them for clues and details; follow the leads. A survivor you've never heard of before could be a there, and how vital it is that family historians link to vital information. keep on plugging. • Don't look at just the index of Marylee — the Republic of Ireland representa- a book. Skim through it for names, pictures and stories about tive / editor on the W.I.S.E board of directors your ancestors. You might be surprised. — has assembled an enormous amount of ma- terial, and she exhibited photos, books, maps • When online researching yields a valuable bit of and other items on display boards for her pres- information, print it, bookmark it or copy and paste it into to entation. As she told us, she started with very your document files — including your ge- nealogy software program — for it might not be little in 1995, but parlayed that into rich histo- there the next time you go looking. ries of her families. She is not a professional genealogist (she's a teacher), nor did she have • Be willing to share, and hope it won't be one- mysterious sources unavailable to the rest of sided. (I'll add this advice for beginners: If a more us. Granted, she has researched in Ireland, but experienced researcher sends you material — obits, a descendancy chart, a biography from an online not until she had done the groundwork re- source, for instance — you're expected to return the quired for a successful trip. favor. Even the smallest detail can mean a great Mainly, she is an indefatigable, savvy re- deal to a genealogist who is more advanced than searcher. Her advice and strategies would be you are.) valuable to all W.I.S.E. members, especially • Use all available resources in your community those whose research is just beginning. and online. research takes hours, dollars We all start at a different point — I was en- and most of all, patience. Never give up — be per- tranced by the lovely old photos I inherited sistent and keep on trying to solve your problems, from my mother and in 1981 decided to try to even if it takes years. Don't hesitate to write letters find pictures of as many direct-line ancestors and send them by regular mail. as possible. Marylee began in the spring of I'll add one final suggestion: Don't expect to 1995 with a tour of the British Isles. She knew learn all about your family in one fell swoop. her mother was from Ireland, but that was There's no such thing as one website or book about all. A cousin in Arizona then showed or researcher that will answer all your her a centennial book from Elkton, South Da- questions, but there are many that will help kota, which contained information about their you move a few steps forward. You must do family, and that was the beginning. the work. Although Marylee's strategies are well-known It's obvious that the secret to Marylee's suc- to researchers, they offer wisdom that cannot cess lies in her persistence. She's never

www.wise-fhs.org W.I.S.E. Words - 37 - July, August, September 2010 accepted even the remotest possibility that her dar year, the society has budgeted $1,100 for barricades were insurmountable. She's never newsletter publication and distribution. There let her enthusiasm lag. She knows only too are no plans to post it on our website.❑ well that treasures lie just over the next hil- lock. All genealogists could use her motto: Where there's a will, there's a way.❑ We Need a Editor

The W.I.S.E. board of directors has a vacancy Membership Report in the position of Wales representative and editor with the resignation of Sam Kuntz from Welcome to new W.I.S.E. members who the position. The main requirement is an inter- joined recently. Chris Hansen, Carol Lamb, est in Welsh culture and genealogy, not neces- John Manion, Janice Solomon, and Cheryl sarily expertise. The duties are writing original Young-Beumer joined in March 2010. Judy items about Wales for the quarterly W.I.S.E. Kriss, Shelley Montoya, and Silence & Nat Words and attending board meetings. These Weeks joined in April 2010. generally occur eight times a year on Saturday The W.I.S.E. board approved two long-time mornings preceding the program meetings, members for lifetime membership: Elizabeth and are held at the Denver Public Library. (Betty) Brown, former Wales representative Sam held the position for about a year, and we and editor, and Donna J. Porter, an original thank him for his input, his articles and his founder of W.I.S.E. and teacher and mentor to devotion. Interested persons may contact Pres- many. Congratulations to both of these dedi- ident Zoe Lappin at ZLappiii4hotmail.com or cated ladies.❑ 303-322-2544, or any board member.❑

W.I.S.E. Is Going Electronic In This Issue Welsh as Major American Slaveholders? 35 W.I.S.E. Family History Society next year will President's Message 36 join the ranks of many genealogy and family Membership Report 37 history societies by distributing our quarterly W.I.S.E. Is Going Electronic 37 newsletter, W.I.S.E. Words, via e-mail to We Need a Wales Editor 37 members. It then can be printed or saved to Banner Day at W.I.S.E. 38 your hard drive. It will continue to be availa- W.I.S.E. Program Schedule 39 ble in paper form via U.S. Mail for an extra $5 per year per membership, raising dues to $17 Festival Volunteers Needed 41 for one person and $20 for two or more people Joscelyn Parish Churches -- Essex and Suffolk—Part I1 42 at the same address who choose to receive the Ethnic Diversity in Scotland 45 paper version. W.I.S.E. Goes to Salt Lake City 46 This new procedure will begin with the edition Searching for Scots 46 of first quarter, 2011, which will be distributed Who Do You Think You Are? (Really!) 47 in late December 2010. Membership renewal Gary Routh Memorial Book Fund 48 forms will include the hard-copy option. The Welsh Botanicals 49 society expects electronic transmission will Book Reviews 49 save a considerable expense in cost of print- British Newspapers Go Online 50 ing, envelopes and postage, although the pre- W.I.S.E. Photo Album 51 cise amount won't be known until renewals Calendar of Events 52 are complete next year. For the current calen-

www.wise-fhs.org W.I.S.E. Words - 38 - July, August, September 2010

W.LS.E. Family History Society Banner Day at W.I.S.E.

WISE. Family History Society is dedicated to re- W.I.S.E. Family History Society is now the search in Wales, Ireland, Scotland, , the proud owner of a handsome and colorful ban- Channel Islands and the Isle ofMan. Attention is also ner, sporting our new logo. It will be displayed directed to the emigration and immigration of these at peoples as well as heraldry and one- studies. meetings, ethnic festivals such as the Colo- Monthly meetings are generally held the fourth rado Highland Games Festival and elsewhere Saturday of most months at the Central Denver to make our presence known. Public Library, Gates Conference Room, 5th Floor. Membership is open to anyone with interest in family history and genealogy. Membership dues for the calendar year are $12 for an individual or $151br a family living at the same address. The W IS. E. Family Ilistoty Society publishes WIS.E. Words four times per year. A subscription is included with mem- bership dues. 0 2000-2010, WISE. Family History Society, P.O. Box 40658, Denver, CO 80204-0658 All rights reserved.

Visit our website at http://www.wise-ths.org It was produced by Wick Clark of American Pennant Manufacturing Co., a Denver compa- Officers and Board Members ny that specializes in flags, banners, decals and other items. The company also is produc- President Zoe von Ende Lappin zlappi(a)hotmail.com ing book bags that display our logo in dark Vice President Sandy Ronayne green on a neutral background. They are Secretary Sandy Carter-Du available at W.I.S.E. program meetings for Treasurer Nancy G. Craig $10. Direct inquiries to Zoe Lappin, W.I.S.E. -____------president, at ZLappirtithotmail.com. Past President Duane Woodard ------Membership _ ------______------Nancy G.__ ------Craig The logo, a round design with a Celtic flair, Members' Interest Coordinator Terence Ouirke had its genesis in early 2009 when a commit- Publicity Coordinator Cynthia Murphy tee headed by Judy Phelps began meeting to ______Archivist ______/ Historian ______James K.______Jeffrey discuss a design. Members were Donna Porter, CCGS Delegate Cathy Bowman Lura Williams and the late Gary Routh. Three Webmaster Janice Prater preliminary designs were presented to the W.I.S.E board and membership in December Newsletter Staff 2009, and the winner was chosen by popular Editor Judith S. Phelps vote. Gary, an information technology manag- er, then added professional touches. The Photographers John Mossman and Duane Duff logo's final rendering was by Carl DeBard of Book Review Editor Zoe von Ende Lappin Big Plan Creative in Parker. Gary supplied the Proofreaders Jack and Zoe von Ende Lappin lettering for the banner and Wick Clark took it Distribution Coordinator Sue Clasen from there. It measures 20 inches by 8 feet, Country Editors and was digitally printed on polyester poplin. The banner was first displayed at the W.I.S.E. Wales open program meeting in March and the book bags Ireland Matylee Hagen and Marilyn Lyle made their debut at the April meeting. We are England Paul Kilburn

------considering having lapel pins made for mem- Scotland Ken McIntosh bers. They also would feature the new logo.o

www.wise-ths.org W.I.S.E. Words - 39 - July, August, September 2010

W.I.S.E. Program Schedule No W.I.S.E. Program Meeting. Plan to attend the Irish Festival described on July page 41 of this newsletter. o No W.I.S.E. Program Meeting. Plan to attend the Scottish Festival and August Rocky Mountain Highland Games described on page 42 of this newsletter.o No W.I.S.E. Program Meeting. Plan to attend the Colorado Council of 25 September Genealogical Societies all-day seminar featuring Thomas W. Jones. Watch for flyers describing the lectures scheduled for the day.o A discussion on DNA featuring Richard Savage. Read about it on 23 October page 47 of this issue of W.I.S.E. Words.o November No W.I.S.E. Program Meeting because of Thanksgiving.o W.I.S.E. Holiday Party. Actor Ed Cord will introduce us to Oscar Wilde. 4 December Watch for details in the next issue of W. f.S.E. Words.o

— continuedfrom pg 35 names? We have two sources of data for analysis: Morgans Recorded in 1870 Census First, the 1860 and 1870 censuses. Note that North South there was a separate census of slaves in 1860, PA 1074 KY 399 who were not included in the free NY 1042 VA + WVA 359 persons counted. (Free black families IL 730 TN 345 were counted.) OH 698 NC 284 Second, an online extraction of populations IN 491 GA 277 (1860) of both slaves and slaveholders, by MO 427 AL 230 name and location, by Mr. Thomas Blake, on- IA 398 TX 173 line at www.freepages.geilealogv.rootsweb. MA 330 AR 154 ancestry.comt—ajad NJ 241 MS 150 Total 3660 Total 2371 It's certainly reasonable that freed slaves took, or were assigned, the surnames of their pre- Clearly, the Welsh — assuming Morgan is a vious masters. The Radical Republicans who representative sample of the Welsh — settled in ran Congress after the Civil War wanted the the North. There was, however, a large popu- freedmen to vote — for the Republicans (politi- lation in Virginia and West Virginia from co- cians haven't changed). The Freedmen's lonial times, and the name spread with the Bureau, established by act of Congress, had moving frontier into Kentucky and Tennessee. orders to get the freedmen named and regis- There were certainly some Welsh slavehold- tered, ASAP. Let's start with the gross num- ers, e.g. the Morgans of Kentucky. General bers (from Mr. Blake). John Hunt Morgan was a Confederate leader of Morgan's Raiders during the Civil War. "The last U.S. census slave schedules were enumerated by county in 1860 and included A little more sophisticated hypothesis might 393,975 named persons holding 3,950,546 be: In a list of slaveholders, do we find a unnamed slaves, or an average of about 10 "preponderance" (Mr. Evans' word) of Welsh slaves per holder.

www.wise-fhs.org W.I.S.E. Words — 40 — July, August, September 2010

"Excluding slaves, the 1860 U.S. population disproportionately represented among the was 27,167,529, with about 1 in 70 being a freed (1870) African-Americans? Consider the slaveholder. It is estimated by this transcriber following table, ranked by absolute count in [Blake] that in 1860, slaveholders of 200 or 1870 of African-American Morgans (Georgia more slaves, while constituting less than has the most, Arkansas the fewest). 1 percent of the total number of U.S. slave- holders, or 1 out of 7,000 free persons, held 20 Forecast vs. Count percent to 30 percent of the total number of of Morgans in 1870 Census slaves in the U.S." Count of Count of Mr. Blake conveniently lists the names and State Forecast Black White Morgans Morgans locations (state, county) of the 19 largest GA 115.371 182 277 slaveholders (none of whom seem Welsh). The largest, the estate of Joshua Ward in VA+WVA 114.0552 172 359 South Carolina, held 1,130 slaves (1860); the MS 117.4089 154 150 smallest (on this list), Charles Hayward of AL 116.1252 140 230 South Carolina, held 491 slaves. LA 118.2272 121 99 Mr. Blake also gives the names and locations, NC 115.2587 114 284 alphabetically, of all large slaveholders (pre- SC 118.5161 102 81 sumably those holding more than 200 slaves). TN 114.2798 72 345 If we sample from the alphabetical lists for KY 113.4133 54 399 two archtypical Welsh names (how about Evans and Morgan?), we find a few, but not AR 117.3447 49 154 many. AVG Black = 116 AVG White = 237.8 From Blake's list of large slaveholders (1860), STDDEV = 47.14752 STDDEV = 112.7838 we find 12 Morgans out of 833 names begin- CORRELATION B:W =— 0.03838 ning with "M" (1.4 percent) and 13 Evanses out of 170 names beginning with "E" (7.6 per- One notices first the correlation coefficient cent). None of the Morgan large slaveholders (-0.03838) between the number of white (more than 200 slaves) were in Kentucky, (male) Morgans in these states and the number Tennessee or Virginia; all are in the Deep of black (male) Morgans. It's very small, South, where the cotton plantations were large essentially zero. Such a value tells us few and demanded large numbers of laborers. The freedmen were named for Morgan slavehold- state with the largest number of slaves, inci- ers. In physical science, one expects a correla- dentally, was South Carolina, and is strongly tion in excess of 0.75 before hypothesizing a represented (9:19) in the list of largest slave- cause-effect relationship. holders. I've used a statistical function built into Likewise, all the large slaveholders named Excel to estimate the number of African- Evans were in the Deep South. These num- American Morgans to be expected (listed un- bers, both in absolute value and in percent- der Forecast in above graph) in each state, ages, indicate that none of the very large based on the number of white Morgans in that slaveholders were Welsh. There were few state. For the first four states (Georgia, Virgin- large Welsh-named slaveholders anywhere ia and West Virginia, Mississippi, Alabama) who held more than 200 slaves. the number of black Morgans exceeds the forecast; for Louisiana and North Carolina, the Are their names — again, exemplified by forecast is close; for the last five, there are too the specific names of Evans and Morgan — few black Morgans. However, in statistical

www.wise-ths.org W.I.S.E. Words - 41 - July, August, September 2010 terms, the extreme differences are less than This comparison agrees qualitatively with the 1.5 standard deviations; this is not excessive. Morgan statistics; there are (slightly) more We also remember the estimate by Blake that black Evans males than white Evans males the "average" slaveholder held 10 slaves; after emancipation, but nothing like a 5:1 ratio half should have been male. If these freed (actually 10:9). slaves took their ex-master's name, there It's possible to go to the county level in the should be a "multiplier effect" around five. 1870 Census. The white Evans families are If even half the white Morgans in Georgia widely distributed in Georgia; the largest were "average slaveholders," there should be groups are in Pulaski County (15) and Chero- 139 x 5 = 695 black Morgan freedmen kee County (12). in Georgia. The real number, 182, is far The 291 black Evanses in Georgia are more less, about two-thirds of the total white concentrated; most are in about a dozen coun- (male) Morgans in Georgia. ties. In most of these counties, there are one or Kentucky and Tennessee, where there were more white Evans families living on a large many Morgans, were border states where farm (property value several thousand dollars); few people held slaves. Kentucky did not possibly these are the former slaveholders from join the Confederacy; Tennessee was divided whom the blacks took their new name. How- in its loyalty, and was quickly brought ever, in Pulaski County, there are 15 white under Union control. Both states contained Evans families, almost all landowners, and no large numbers of Evans families (393 in black Evans males. Kentucky, 336 in Tennessee). It might be ar- The association of these Welsh names with gued that this is further evidence of the antipa- emancipated blacks seems more a function of thy this second group of Welsh-surnamed economic status of the slaveholders. No Welsh families — the Evanses — had for slavery. were wealthy enough to be very large slave- However, including these states in our statis- holders; a few (a few percent) were wealthy tics perhaps gives a false picture. Let's consid- enough to own scores of slaves. But even in er the statistics for the other slaveholding Georgia, where the ratio of black to white states (without Kentucky, Tennessee and Ar- Evans males is largest, few (10 black : 9 white) kansas), and compare the number of black seem to have assumed the Evans name. Evans males in 1870 with whites of the In summary, I don't find Welsh names to be same name. "preponderant" among African-Americans in the 1870 Census. Nor do I find that the Forecast vs. Count Welsh were of Evanses in 1870 Census prominent slaveholders, as evidenced by Blake's list of large and largest Count of Count of slaveholders. That the freed slaves took State Forecast Black White Evanses Evanses the surnames of their previous masters is nei- GA 204.6402 291 266 ther proven nor disproven by this small sample.❑ MS 181.4189 209 178 AL 170.0721 199 135 VA+WVA 236.3056 191 386 NC 198.3071 165 242 Festival Volunteers Needed SC 164.0029 153 112 The Irish Festival. The 16th annual Irish Fes- LA 159.2531 106 94 tival is scheduled July 9 to July 11, 2010, at AVG = 187.7143 Clement Park at W. Bowles Avenue and STDDEV = 57.23843 S. Pierce Street (next to Columbine High CORRELATION B:W = 0.47755 school). Hours the festival will be open are:

www.wise-fhs.org W.I.S.E. Words - 42 - July, August, September 2010

• 5 PM to 10 PM on Friday, July 9 Sunday, August 15th from 10 a.m. until 5 p.m. • 10 AM to 10 PM on Saturday, July 10 at Highlands Heritage Park, Highlands Ranch. • 9 AM to 9 PM on Sunday. July 11 At this event, Denver Public Library and Last year the festival drew over 40,000 people W.I.S.E. join forces to staff a family history over a three-day period. table. DPL supplies a wide array of reference books for our use. W.I.S.E. members with a The theme of the cultural stage area will be "working knowledge" of Scotland and Scottish Irish history and culture through song and research are needed to answer questions from story. W.I.S.E. will host a booth this year. Our attendees. intent is to introduce Irish genealogy to festival goers and we need volunteers to staff the Questions run the gamut from "My last name booth. In our booth we will have information is Steward — does that mean I belong to Clan on Irish family names, origin maps, various Stewart?" to people who personal research materials, as well as several know a tad about their basic genealogy sources and books to share history and want research with the patrons of the festival. The extent of pointers from us. And the genealogy services will be determined by there are children who the number of volunteers and their expertise. only want us to stamp You do not have to be a professional gene- their "passport" book. It's alogist to volunteer. All volunteers who work a fun-filled time with for 4 hours and sign in at the volunteer gate bagpipe bands providing will receive: background music. Our table has typically been • Free admission for the day for two set quite near a stage • Free Irish Festival tee shirt where entertainment is provided throughout the • Free food and drink at the staff tent day ranging from vocalists to muscians on the Marylee Hagen will conduct two workshops: a hammered dulcimer. children's program on "Who's Hiding in Your Please join us to work a 4-hour shift on either Tree?" at 11:00 a.m. on (or both!) Saturday and Sunday. All workers Saturday, July 10, and an receive free gate admission. Plan to wander adult program on "Search- around the grounds (and spend money with ing For Your Irish Roots" the vendors!) either before or after your at 11:00 a.m. on Sunday, shift. View www.coloradoscots.com and July 11. The workshops www.scottishgames.org for additional infor- are scheduled on the cul- mation about the Games, location in Highlands tural stage adjacent to the Ranch, nearby parking, etc. genealogy booth area. Please contact Nancy Craig at 719-598-4447 or Come join us for a fun- minngirl earthlink.net no later than July 15th filled experience as a to sign-up for a time slot. See you there!o volunteer. Please e-mail Bill at hughes.w/Oz,comcast.net or call 303-989-8560 to volunteer. You can view the online Joscelyn Parish Churches site http://coloradoirishfestival.org for more in Essex and Suffolk--Part II details. festival --Paul Kilburn Scottish Festival and Games. The 47th annual Colorado Scottish Festival & Rocky Mountain The previous Joscelyn article ended with a Highland Games will be held on Saturday, discussion of the Sawbridgeworth Church and August 14th from 9 a.m. until 10 p.m. and on how the family's nearby wealthy estates were

www.wise-ths.org W.I.S.E. Words - 43 - July, August, September 2010 the source of funding for the Joscelyn artifacts in farmed and worshipped. Essex is situated the church. The main source of that largesse northeast of London, and south of Suffolk, came from ownership of nearby Hide Hall and forming the southern county of East Anglia. It is its estate.' Thomas Jocelyn (b. abt 1205) married where the Josselin Society was founded and Maude Hide in 1248, and thus came into where most of its members reside. possession of her father's Hide Hall, frequently Joscelyns spread through many of the local spelled Hyde Hall, in Hertfordshire. This villages, including Great Canfield with its flint became the official residence for many Joscelyns rubble church, through Fyfield, with a church (spellings vary) for the next 600 years. with a central tower (Fig. 2), through the Hide Hall (Fig. 1) was a great estate consisting Smealys, and to Roxwell, home of another flint of the large mansion, extensive outbuildings, and rubble church, and several other villages in extensive acres of fertile farmland, as well as the area. Three of the parish churches in these ponds and gardens surrounding the mansion. villages are highly important to the branch of the During the 20th century, after being sold by Joscelyns who came to America. the last Jocelyn, the estate has gone through The first is the church in Much Canfield, now several owners, and today most of the lands knows as Great Canfield. This became the early have been sold. The mansion and other home for Ralph (b. abt 1556), nephew of Jeffrey, buildings have been remodeled into 29 beautiful whose brass was described in the last newsletter. privately owned townhomes and condominiums. Earlier Joscelyns had lands here. The parish This has become typical for many old halls church in this village is called St. Mary the and mansions which have been sold to meet Virgin (Fig. 3) and is the most unmodified 12th taxes and expenses. While little of the original century church in Essex. This is a flint rubble 13th century hall remains intact after the church, with an occasional use of Roman extensive alterations, the exterior of the mansion brick in the outer walls. The wooden tower is and outbuildings are still spectacular. supported by massive oak framing, and capped with a wooden spire. Both the tower and the south porch were added around 1500. The church is located beside a 48-foot mount and bailey castle site formerly erected by William the Conqueror, which adds considerable interest to the area.

Figure 1. The magnificent original Hide Hall in Hertfordshire where Joscelyns managed large es- tates. They became major benefactors to the nearby Sawbridgeworth Parish Church. Joscelyn descendants were born, lived and died at Hide Hall for many generations, but most of the younger sons left and established their own smaller estates and farms. The town and hall are just west of the Essex County line, and it is in Figure 2. Unusual Fyfield Parish Church with Essex that many Joscelyn descendents lived, its central tower.

www.wise-fhs.org W.I.S.E. Words - 44 - July, August, September 2010

Ralph was actually born at Chignal-Smealy, located and named on the 1772 Ordnance Map home of the famous 16th century Tudor glowing of the area, and is only two miles north of brick church, one of only four in all of England Roxwell. The Roxwell parish church is named (Fig. 4). The brick was locally made, and the the Church of St. Michael and All Angels. It is church was built in the early decades of the a le century stone rubble church completely 1500s. restored and renovated during the 19th century, It replaced a small so that little of the original interior remains. chapel probably built The bell cote at the west end, weatherboarded before or during the 13th with a small octagonal spire, was redone in century. This is the St. 1891. Its importance to this story is that it is Nicholas Parish Church, the church where Ralph's children were a small gem. The baptized. original font, also of It was Ralph's (b. 1556) third son, Thomas brick, is likely the (b. 1592), who is our emigrant ancestor. Leaving font where Ralph was Roxwell for London, he married Rebecca Jude baptized. The adjacent in 1615 and it was here that several of their Figure 3. Entry door rectory' is much older children were born. They moved to Barham, to the Much Canfield, than the church and has Suffolk where their seventh child, Mary, was now Great Canfield, been much modified born in 1634. A year later they sailed for New parish stone rubble and added to by the England as part of the Great Migration of church in Essex. family that now lives English people to New England. He left the fine there. During our visit the owner and his wife parish churches of Essex and over five centuries gave us a most interesting tour of his house, of English Joscelyns in England to start a new which incorporates the original rectory with its line with a new spelling in New England. very low ceilings, and its expansive backyard. This article on English parish churches marks It is a tiny, open and charming village, well the sixth and last of a series on the importance worth the visit. of these churches to the people that built them. To genealogists they are important for the records generated there. To the people who lived there they were a most important part of their lives and remain today a reference to their central role in those lives. I originally titled the first article of this series as "Look beyond those old church records," an apt sentence for this series. They tell a great deal about the people and their lives and are often the only place we can be sure of their , marriages and deaths, as well as their places of worship.

'Information on Hide Hall and the parish churches described in this chapter can be found in the follow- Figure 4. The famous Tudor brick parish church of ing references: a booklet entitled: The Church of St. Chignal-Smealy, one of only four brick parish Mary the Virgin, Great Canfield, Essex by G. Eland churches in England. in 1951; and regarding the church at Chignal- Smealy The Chignals, 1888-1988, by A. J. Wilkins, But Ralph Joscelyn soon moved to his new farm 1989; and Roxwell Revealed, An Anthology of Vil- termed Greater Boldenhatch at Roxwell, where lage History, 1993; as well as Fathers and Mothers, his 11 children were born. It is still a farm and is 2002, by the author.o

www.wise-fhs.org W.I.S.E. Words --45- July, August, September 2010

Such families as Balliol, Bruce, Comyn, Ethnic Diversity in Scotland Douglas, Fleming, Graham, Hay, Lindsay, and -- Ken McIntosh many others, all have their heraldic origins in Flanders. In recent years some excellent in- Most of us understand (I think) that Scotland, depth research has been conducted in this like Ireland and Wales, is not made up purely field by the heraldic historian Beryl Platts." of the Celt and Gael ethnic groups. Being And even the famous (infamous?) clans are aware of this fact can help when researching of mixed origins. Clan research books one's genealogy. Over the centuries Scotland identify individual clans as be "Celtic" (most has developed as a melting pot of many blood- are), "Norman" (or Flemish), "Norse" or lines, mostly Caucasian of course, until recent- "French." ly. , Gaels, Picts, Scotti, Irish, Welsh, Scandinavians (Norse, Swedish, and Danish The Irish have gone to and fro between "Vikings"), French, Normans, Flemish, Angles Ireland and Scotland at many points in history, (English), Saxons, Jews (that's right), and but particularly during the Industrial Revolu- more recently Poles, Italians, Asians of all de- tion where they found work in the factories scriptions, and Africans, are all part of the in Glasgow, and stayed. This is witnessed by ethnic diversity of Scotland. This should not the large Catholic population in that city. be surprising when you think about the fact Italians started forming a recognizable popula- that some of the original people actually came tion in Scotland around the time of the to Britain from far-away areas such as the first World War after having been imprisoned Black Sea a few thousand years ago. there. Italian surnames are found in the perso- Yes, the Gaels and Celts formed the basis nages of many well-known celebrities such as for the culture in Scotland, but so did the Picts Peter Capaldi, Tom Conti, Nicola Benedetti, and a few other tribes (such as the Beaker Daniela Nardini and Paolo Nutini. But Jews People) that we know precious little about. have been part and parcel of the Scottish Friends in Scotland tell me that the most culture for some 300 years. Their surnames recent census reveals that fourteen percent of may or may not reflect their origins however, the current population claim that they are of in that these may have been changed in Scandinavian stock. to fit in better. The Jews were never persecuted in Scotland The Normans may have had the biggest impact as they were in England (no big surprise on Scotland culturally, starting around 1100. there). They settled there as shop owners, But in Laurence Gardner's landmark book, tailors, etc. and made their way without Bloodline of the Holy Grail, in his chapter en- being subjected to any 'pogroms.' There are seven titled 'The Age of ,' and in the section temples in Glasgow alone and two large ones therein entitled 'Scotland and the Grail,' he in Edinburgh. Celebrity exam- makes the following points: "Many of the ples of Scottish Jews are Mark Knopfler, Scottish families so often accredited with Muriel Spark (The Pride of Miss Jean Brodie), Ivor Norman descent are actually of Flemish origin. Tiefenbrun and Eric Woolfson, to mention just a few. Their ancestors were actively encouraged to There is, in fact, a Scottish- Jewish tartan emigrate to Scotland during the 12th- and 13th- available now that the Jewish century reigns of David I, Malcolm IV and community has created. William the Lion. A policy of purposeful As Arthur Herman argues in his book, How the settlement was implemented because the Flem- Scots Invented the Modern World: The True ings were very experienced in trade, agricul- Story of How Western 's Poorest Na- ture and urban development, with their tion Created Our World and Everything in It, strategic arrival in Scotland being quite unlike "The popular idea that all of the people in the unwanted Norman invasion of England. Scotland are Celts is absurd."❑

www.wise-ths.org W.I.S.E. Words ---46--- July, August, September 2010

booths and tables. Come break time, the bright W.I.S.E. Goes to Salt Lake City and luscious tulips in Temple Square adjacent to the library were just the antidote for tired A triple-ax murderer, discovery of long-lost eyes. Scottish ancestors, uncovering a remarkable set of records in the Ukraine — those were Not everyone in the library pursued research some of the memorable discoveries of the with the determination of our W.I.S.E. group, 13 W.I.S.E. travelers who researched at each one eager to make his or here own dis- the Family History Library in Salt Lake City covery. Overheard on B2, the British Isles re- in May. search floor: A woman on a cell phone, excitedly declaring to the person on the other The awesome collection and extraordinary end, "You can celebrate St. Patrick's Day! technical facilities, as well as ever increasing I just learned that we're Irish." Ending that digitization of the library's collection, were a conversation, she quickly called another num- joy to behold and to use. So were the ever- ber. This time, she was seeking someone to patient library staffers, professional and conduct her Irish research. volunteer. The same can be said for the quaint Carlton Hotel, our headquarters for the fourth consecu- tive year. It brims with as much character as the library itself. Its steam heat and old radia- tors, breakfasts to order, a staff so friendly the desk clerk gladly climbed upon his desk to photograph us made as distinct an impression as all those microfilms, books and online records.

W.I.S.E. is hoping to organize a trip for 2011, and members are invited to inform us of dates best suited to their travel time. April or May seem to be the most convenient months, but we're not bound by that calendar.❑

Searching for Scots Lora Williams

The W.I.S.E.-sponsored visit of May 2-9 drew I first went to Salt Lake City in 2006 with our 13 researchers — ten members and three non- W.I.S.E. group. I felt fortunate to be able to go members, two of these from out of state, again this spring, armed with a list of about Illinois and Wisconsin. While intensity marked seven things to follow up on or explore further. the hours in the library, convivial exchange of On the second day, I started to gather docu- information and stories of experiences marked mentation that I knew was available from the the time spent together. Nobody missed a Old Parish Records (OPR) for my Scotch fami- chance to share family tales and results of the lies. My father's family all immigrated from previous day's research around the breakfast Scotland, beginning in 1848.

www.wise-fhs.org W.I.S.E. Words - 47 - July, August, September 2010

One of my great-grandmother's families is blessing and a curse. At the very least, they well documented: My great-grandmother was were somehow related. Janet Lindsay Ritchie. Her parents were John John and Janet Waugh sailed for Ritchie and Janet Silcock and they had nine America the year after they children, three of whom were christened with were married. Janet is listed on the passenger list with a middle names. I asked a docent late one after- "babe in arms." The first born in America was George, born in noon about a dilemma I had on the parents Pennsylvania two years later. There is a family of my great-grandmother's husband named John Waugh. That item was settled quite story that two small children traveled with them and both died on the quickly and she asked me what else I wanted to voyage. There were know. many adult deaths on this particular voyage but no deceased children listed. And so it is with I wondered about the parents of Janet Lindsay genealogy: One finds the answer to one thing Ritchie's father. She said a parent search and two others pop up; or, a genealogists' could be done using the naming work is never done! system. The first born in Janet's family was Archibald Ritchie—no . She put I spent almost two days reading everything I in Archibald Ritchie with his birth year in the could find in the library about Washington, child search box and Archibald Ritchie and Essex and Courtland Counties in New York Janet with no other information in the parent State. My mother's father's family came from search box, pressed the "search" button and up those areas, including my Revolutionary War popped Archibald Ritchie and Janet Lindsay. ancestor. Two of the available books had been The birth year I had for another sibling, John filmed. They are hard to read and concentrate „ Ritchie, was 1799. He was actually christened on, but I found wonderful information on the on 13 May 1798. He was the fourth child in areas, the battles of Ticonderoga, Bennington, that family of nine children. If John Ritchie Lake Champlain which my ancestor fought in, and Janet Silcock had not named their daughter the British occupation and how the boundary Janet Lindsay Ritchie I would not have been between Quebec, Canada and New York State so sure we had the correct couple. was rather fluidly mobile during those revolu- tionary years. I found a daughter born to John Waugh, grocer (just as in the marriage entry) and his wife, A visit to the Family History Library is indeed Janet Ritchie, who was born shortly before an adventure. There is so much information at they sailed for America. Her name was Janet hand and nothing else to do, but delve into it. n (McKay) Waugh. The day after the great "find" with the docent, I tried "playing" with Janet Silcock, born in 1800, looking for a Who Do You Think You Are? christening date. I found a Janet Silcock, child (Really!)* of William Silcock (one of Janet's brothers — Cindy Murphy was William Silcock Ritchie) and Agnes McKay. There is the McKay name in Janet The Use of DNA Genetics in Genealogy. Lindsay Ritchie Waugh's daughter's name! Richard Savage, Ph.D., the speaker Janet Lindsay Ritchie also had a sister named scheduled for October 23, claims, "My reli- Agnes—no middle name. The birth date of gion's wrong, my name's wrong, but they Janet's mother is off a year by family history, can't change my DNA." (Who says two but the remainder, including names of three wrongs can't make a right?) other children which appeared in Janet Lind- Dr. Savage started researching his Irish family say's family seem to point in the right direc- history over a decade ago. Little did he suspect tion. The patronymic naming system can be a at that time how DNA testing would lay the

www.vvise-fhs.org W.I.S.E. Words - 48 - July, August, September 2010 scientific foundation for his imaginative specu- Write this W.I.S.E. meeting on your calendar lations (okay — Irish blarney) about his long- now to learn how you might be able to right a ago ancestry. Take, for instance, the possibility few "wrongs" in your own conventionally that he and our W.I.S.E. president, Zoe Lappin, researched ancestral heritage with a simple are cousins through their Savage lines. The DNA test. DNA said "no," and Dr. Savage concedes that *You never know until you see the DNA. ❑ Zoe is a fortunate woman indeed. However, that hasn't stopped him from speculating about Zoe's ancestors' DNA-based migration pat- Gary Routh terns or sharing that really, really old migra- Memorial Book Fund tional gossip with us. Even the most famous Welshman ever will not escape examination of Wales, Ireland, Scotland, England Family His- his surprising haplogroup. tory Society (W.I.S.E) invites you to contribute Scientific research indicates that all of us are to a book fund in memory of Gary Routh. The descended from ancestors in Africa many fund will be used to purchase books for the thousands of years ago. Migrations occurred Western History and Genealogy collection at and DNA mutations developed right along the Denver Public Library. Each book will be with those nomadic passages. Add in long- inscribed with "Donated in Memory of Gary distance plundering, wars, foreign commerce, Routh" on the inside. inevitable forbidden liaisons of a reproductive Gary was born in Lamar and grew up in nature, famines, the slave trade, etc. and you southeastern Colorado. At the time of his death have the biological storm that requires back- on February 14, 2010, Gary was an active tracking through a DNA "doppler." (Dr. Sa- member of both W.I.S.E. and Columbine Ge- vage is a retired meteorologist. He'll even dish nealogical & Historical Society (CGHS). His on Mike Nelson's ancestry, a local TV meteor- voluntary efforts included drafting the artwork ologist.) These DNA mutations can assist us in for the W.I.S.E logo, designing and building linking our ancestors to particular times and websites for both W.I.S.E. and Columbine, and places in history. Dr. Savage will cover Y- serving as designer / publisher and co-author of DNA and the somewhat more elusive concepts an anniversary booklet for CGHS entitled, associated with mitochondria! DNA, also "Celebrating Our 35th Anniversary: 1973- known as mtDNA. 2008;" it contains 96 pages of photos and text. Attendees for this fascinating look at the scien- He served as book acquisitions coordinator for tific evidence found at the end of a cheek swab both societies and frequently gave presenta- will learn, among other things, what informa- tions on a variety of topics of interest to gene- tion can (and can't) be learned about oneself, alogists. relationships to others with the same , This Memorial Book Fund will be made up of and hidden or lost family members. Dr. Savage individual gifts from persons who wish to rec- was contacted by a previously unknown rela- ognize the contributions Gary made to the tion in Australia as a result of posting his DNA genealogical community. W.I.S.E. will serve results on the Savage website. as the collector of these gifts enabling the pur- If you'd like to delve into the subject of DNA chase of several books which will be presented as it relates to genealogy prior to Dr. Savage's to the Denver Public Library. Your gifts can be October 23 presentation, your summer reading made to W.I.S.E. with a notation to the "Gary list might include Trace Your Roots with DNA Routh Memorial Fund" on the memo line. by Megan Smolenyak and Ann Turner or Send your check to Nancy Craig, W.I.S.E. Bryan Sykes' Saxons, Vikings, and Cells: The Treasurer, 3801 Windsor Avenue, Colorado Genetic Roots of Britain and Ireland. Springs, CO 80907-4748.

www.wise-ths.org W.I.S.E. Words --49-- July, August, September 2010

Checks will be accepted for this memorial fund both symbols or that they are both symbols until 30 April 2011. If you have any questions might be the reason for the words.o concerning this effort, contact Daniel Parker, Chair of the W.I.S.E. Memorial Book Commit- tee at [email protected], 303-794- Book Reviews 1884, or Zoe Lappin, president of W.I.S.E. at zlappi(cD,hotmai I.com.o Crime and criminals; those lovely islands. Additions to the Denver Public Library's gene- Welsh Botanicals alogy collection always offer novel routes for resourceful and intuitive genealogists and --Samuel 0. Kuntz family historians. Here are two "new" books — The leek is one of the national emblems of though one is nearly 30 years old — that illu- Wales, and is worn (or the daffodil) on St. Da- strate the breadth of the collection and could vid's Day. According to one legend, King take you into realms of research you've never Cadwaladr of Gwynedd ordered his soldiers to considered before. identify themselves by wearing the vegetable Wade, Stephen, Tracing Your Criminal An- on their helmets in an ancient battle against the cestors; a Guide for Family Historians, Saxons that took place in a leek field. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, England: Pen & This story may have been made up by the Sword Books Ltd., 2009. A criminal among English poet Michael Drayton, but it is known your English forebears? Who wouldn't love to that the leek has been research that? If you're lucky A',40-70"wm-roq' TRAutsc.,m,k a symbol of Wales for a enough to have a research CRIMINAL- long time; Shakespeare, for trip to Albion in the near fu- =A cESTORs example, refers to the cus- ture, here's just the book for tom of wearing a leek as an you. But for the rest of us, "ancient tradition" in alas, this 176-page guide re- Henry V. In the play, quires a working knowledge Henry tells Fluellen that of the British court system he is wearing a leek "for beyond the rough outline the author presents. I am Welsh, you know, The system is so arcane and the archives are so good countryman." The 1985 and 1990 British dispersed, research from is dif- one pound coins bear the design of a leek ficult, at best. in a coronet, representing Wales. Perhaps most Nevertheless, Stephen Wade does lay out a visible, however, is the leek's use as the great field of possibilities and, as usual, you're cap badge of the Welsh Guards, a regiment way ahead if you have some idea that your within the Household Division of the ancestor actually was a criminal — there's no British Army. such thing as a searchable database of English The daffodil is the national criminals — and about when and where she or flower of Wales, and is he fell into his errant ways. If he or she was a worn (or the leek) on St. murderer, all the better, for the British press David's Day, celebrated on has loved lurid details of any scandal since the the first day of March. In printing press was invented, or so it seems. The Welsh, the daffodil is heinous crime would have made headlines for known as "Peter's Leek", days and weeks on end. And it also would cenhinen bedr. The word for daffodil cenhinen work in your favor if the miscreant was a bedr is similar to the Welsh word for leek — woman, for the legal system of years gone by cenhinen. This might be the reason they are was particularly hard on them — a woman

www.wise-fhs.org W.I.S.E. Wards - 50 - July, August, September 2010 convicted of killing her husband in the northwest; the Islands of the Clyde, near 18th century, for instance, would have burned Glasgow; and the Islands of the Forth, in the to death. He would have been considered a Frith of Forth heading east out of Edinburgh. representative of royal authority in the home, The author enlightens us with bits of history, and his murder a version of treason with pu- geology, botany, zoology, religion and folklore nishment one of the cruelest ever invented. No of these virtually countless islands. Folklore such horror for a man who killed his wife. appears to be the author's favorite subject, and The best reading is the abundant number of I was delighted to learn that mythology sur- case studies taken from court and prison rounds the famous pipers, the MacCrimmons records and news accounts. Many are of Skye, who supposedly were my ancestors. A unspeakably sad and uncivilized and illustrate fairy's touch magically turned a common boy the worst of English law. For instance: On into a brilliant piper who founded the piping one day at the Old Bailey in London in 1732, college at Boreraig, but then at the fairy's seven malefactors were sentenced to death, whim, he disappeared. The college was real, three men for highway robbery, a woman founded in about 1500 and lasting nearly 300 for stealing two guineas from a drunk, a years. I have yet to establish an ancestral link man and wife for stealing 10 pounds, and a to these particular MacCrimmons, but I do third man, crime unknown, who died while know that my McCrimmon ancestor, Christian, being carried on the back of jailer to his cell. was born on the mainland, just across a wee Also on that day, 25 lawbreakers were ordered channel from Skye. So, Tindall has given me a for transportation, in this case, shipped off nice bit of personal folklore to add to the piles to the American colonies, three were ordered of facts I have accumulated about these people. burnt in the hand and four more to be One weakness, from a genealogist's perspec- whipped. tive: There's an every island index, but that's From this side of the Atlantic, the most helpful about it. No index for surnames. section of the book is the list of 32 websites, — Zoe von Ende Lappin❑ some of them free, pertaining to the subject of crime research as a genealogical tool. Overall, Wade's discussion of crimes and punishment is British Newspapers Go Online always interesting, but wading through English The British Library has announced a 10-year legalisms starting in the 13th century is quite a project to make 40 million pages from its tussle. Worth it, if you're going to England to newspaper archive available online. The record research, just an engrossing read if you're not. of more than 300 years of journalism, will be Still, if there's a criminal in your past, look put on the web by the publisher, BrightSolid. into this book. The move will spare historians having to Tindall, Jemima, Scottish Island Hopping; a search the current hard copy and microfilm Handbook for the Independent Traveller, collection. Great Britain: Sphere Books Ltd., 1981, and The British Library's archive contains about Chicago: Regnery Gateway, 1982. A travel 750 million newspaper pages, including book nearly 30 years old can't be worth much 2,000 local, regional, national and international now, you're thinking. Think again. While it's . The aim is to build a critical mass of old, the 272-page handbook brims with details, material for researchers — particularly in the including fine maps, about the storied islands fields of family history and genealogy. The of Scotland. The author dwells on six groups: digital material will be made free to users at The Shetlands and the Orkneys north of the the main library site at St. Pancras, north mainland; the Outer Hebrides, far to the London. A charge will be levied for searches northwest; the Inner Hebrides, close in on the conducted from outside the library.❑

www.wise-ths.org W.I.S.E. Words - 51 - July, August, September 2010

W.I.S.E. Photo Album March Program Tracing Your Ancestors' Footstep—Marylee Hagen

April Program Scotland Yard—Ken McIntosh and Nancy McCurdy

May Program History of Cherokee Ranch and Castle—Cecily North-Carnahan

www.wise-fhs.org W.I.S.E. Words - 52 - July, August, September 2010

Calendar of Events

Date Time Place Activity Topic

As posted Clements Park Jul 9-1 1 www.coloradoirish W. Bowles Avenue 16th Annual Colorado Festival festival.orti/ & S. Pierce Street Irish Festival Activities Littleton, CO As posted Casey Jones Park 18th Annual Festival Jul 17-18 www.elizabethceltic County Rd 17 & Hwy 86 Elizabeth Celtic Fest Activities lestival.comi Elizabeth. CO

Sponsored by: 9:30 — 4:00 Denver Public Library Reservations for Denver Public Library Genetic Computer Interest Jul 31 free seminar to: Vida Ellison Gallery Genealogy Group of CGS Denver.ISOGG@ 10 W. 14th Ave Pkwy Seminar International Society gmail.com Denver, CO Genetic Genealogy

47'5 Annual Colorado As posted Highlands Heritage Park Scottish Festival & Festival Aug 14-15 www.scottish 9651 S. Quebec St Rocky Mountain High- Activities c ames.org/ Highlands Ranch, CO land Games

As posted Long's Peak ,ww.scotfest.coin/ 300 Community Drive Festival Se p 9-12 Scottish-Irish Scottish Festival/ Estes Park, CO Activities i lome.html Highland Festival

Denver Public Library Seminar featur- Colorado Council of Conference Center ing Thomas W. Sep 25 9:00 a.m. — 4:00 p.m. Genealogical Socie- 10 W. 14th Ave Pkwy Jones; topics to ties Seminar Denver, CO be announced Huerfano County with As posted events scheduled in Colorado Spanish Festival Sep 23-26 \vvvw.celticmusic Peaks International rest.corni Gardner, Walsenburg Activities and La Vela Celtic Music Festival No programs are sponsored by W.I.S.E. during the summer months.

www.wise-ths.org