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Smoke on the Water: an Historical Archaeological Assessment of Maritime Sources of Productivity Change in the Early English Tobacco Trade

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Smoke on the Water: an Historical Archaeological Assessment of Maritime Sources of Productivity Change in the Early English Tobacco Trade UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF HUMANITIES Department of Archaeology Smoke on the Water: An Historical Archaeological Assessment of Maritime Sources of Productivity Change in the Early English Tobacco Trade by Scott A. Tucker Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 2017 ii UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES Department of Archaeology Doctor of Philosophy SMOKE ON THE WATER: AN HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF MARITIME SOURCES OF PRODUCTIVITY CHANGE IN THE EARLY ENGLISH TOBACCO TRADE by Scott A. Tucker This thesis explores the interaction of numerous factors affecting economic productivity in England’s 17th-century tobacco trade with its Chesapeake colonies, particularly with an eye to transatlantic shipping. This is achieved here through the use of a network inspired analytical framework to provide an assessment of a range of elements surrounding the trade over the course of the 17th century, how these elements interacted, and the degree to which they affected the overall productivity tobacco market. Data used to these means include the extant body of relevant literature, historical documentation, archaeological data, and a case study of an archaeological site near St. Mary’s City, Maryland, USA investigated for the purpose of this thesis. The tobacco economy is examined and analysed based on various inputs, along with various social and political factors. Settlement patterning is studied through geo-spatial archaeological data from Maryland to identify possible causes for the shift in the tobacco collection model from a plantation- front based system to a central warehouse model. Through this, it is argued that the dominant driver for this change was a spread of plantations to more inland sites owing to population growth as the dominant cause. Shipbuilding is scrutinised to identify trends in ship technology and construction methods, showing changes to be both purpose and resource driven. Passenger journals and logbooks are used to examine changes in sailing route throughout the 17th century from England to the Chesapeake, resulting in the identification of a previously unknown route of ocean passage in common usage in the latter half of the 17th century. This change provided generally faster crossings on a less hazardous route, necessitated largely by political and social causes. Making use of these same voyage accounts as a data source, a quantitative study of English merchant ship performance in terms of velocity made good and windward sailing capabilities is provided. Results of this study indicate that advances in ocean crossing times were largely route dependent, with little if any advance in sailing speed over this period. Lastly, the examination of a submerged ballast cluster has provided insights into possible focusses of maritime archaeology in the Chesapeake region. To date, no vessels dating to the early colonial period have been located in the region despite heavy maritime traffic in this era. Ballast discard sites dating to this period are a common yet virtually unexamined site type for this area, and should be afforded additional attention. In sum, this thesis provides a detailed overview of the function of the English-Chesapeake tobacco trade, resulting in a series of network-based models of interaction examining foreign and domestic politics, crew size and mariner wages, tobacco production, the tobacco market, product collection models, sailing routes, hull and sail efficiency, ship construction, time spent at sea, and time spent in port. These are assessed on a temporal scale, allowing for summary of the function of the tobacco economy at various points throughout the 17th century and into the 18th century. iii iv Contents Figures ............................................................................................................................................. ix Tables ............................................................................................................................................. xiii List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... xiv Academic Thesis: Declaration of Authorship ........................................................................... xvi Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... xviii Chapter 1 – Introduction to Research .............................................................................................. 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 2 Research Goals ............................................................................................................................... 4 Core Themes and Background ..................................................................................................... 5 Historical Archaeology: Defining the field .................................................................................... 6 Founding the Colonies .................................................................................................................. 7 Chesapeake Life & Society ............................................................................................................. 9 Tobacco Production ..................................................................................................................... 11 The Tobacco Economy ................................................................................................................. 13 Shipping Productivity ................................................................................................................ 14 Trans-Atlantic Sailing & Ships .................................................................................................. 16 Datasets ......................................................................................................................................... 19 Analytical Framework and Methodology ................................................................................. 22 Chapter 2 - Economics and Ideology: The Political Landscape of the Tobacco Trade ............ 29 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 30 England’s Foreign Politics .......................................................................................................... 31 Domestic Regulation of Colonisation and Overseas Trade .................................................... 34 Enforcement of Navigation Acts within the Colonies ............................................................. 40 Prices of Tobacco – Farm and Wholesale .................................................................................. 43 Transportation of Trade Goods .................................................................................................. 45 Colonial Population & Settlement ............................................................................................. 47 Colonial Population .................................................................................................................... 49 Discussion and Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 54 Chapter 3 – Vessels of the Tobacco Trade ..................................................................................... 57 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 58 Vessel Types of the 17th Century ................................................................................................ 59 Transatlantic Vessels of the Tobacco trade ............................................................................... 60 v Ship ............................................................................................................................................. 62 Pinnace ....................................................................................................................................... 63 Ketch ........................................................................................................................................... 64 Pink............................................................................................................................................. 65 The Case of the Sparrow Hawk .................................................................................................... 67 Rigging .......................................................................................................................................... 71 Vessel Size and Form ................................................................................................................... 75 Port Records and Vessel Tonnage: Practical applications ........................................................... 77 English Shipbuilding ................................................................................................................... 81 Ships of Kings—Grace Dieu & Mary Rose: a transition to modernity ....................................... 82 Ships of Trade—Sea Venture & Warwick: questions of moving forward or clinging to tradition in the early 17th century .............................................................................................................
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