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Characterization Spring 2016 St. Mary’s River Watershed Characterization Spring 2016 Prepared by the St. Mary’s River Watershed Association, Inc. in partnership with St. Mary’s County Government, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, St. Mary’s College of Maryland, and local agencies and businesses. 1 BLANK PAGE 2 St. Mary’s River Watershed Characterization Spring 2016 a supporting document to the Watershed Restoration Action Strategy for the St. Mary’s River St. Mary’s River Watershed Association, Inc. in partnership with St. Mary’s County Government, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, St. Mary’s College of Maryland, and local agencies and businesses. For more information, please contact Bob Lewis, St. Mary’s River Watershed Association, 301-737-2903 or [email protected]. 3 BLANK PAGE 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS GLOSSARY viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1-1 CONTRIBUTORS TO THE WATERSHED CHARACTERIZATION 2-1 INTRODUCTION 3-1 Background 3-1 Location 3-2 Purpose of Characterization 3-2 HERITAGE: History of Human Interactions with the Watershed 4-1 Prehistoric Peoples 4-1 Colonial to Present Days (ca. 1630-2008) 4-2 Human Usage of the St. Mary’s River Drainage in History 4-3 Vegetation Changes in the St. Mary’s River Drainage 4-5 Historic Sedimentation Rates in the St. Mary’s River 4-6 Determining Historical Ecological Change to the River 4-7 WATER QUALITY 5-1 Water Quality Standards and Designated Uses 5-1 Use Impairments (Non-supporting Uses) 5-2 Impaired Waters in St. Mary’s River Watershed St. Mary’s River St. Mary’s Lake What Causes Water Quality Impairment? [Text Box] 5-5 Use Restrictions and Advisories 5-6 What Are the Effects of Nutrient Over-Enrichment? [Text Box] 5-7 Antidegradation 5-9 Water Quality Indicators – Setting Priority for Restoration and Protection 5-11 Water Quality Monitoring 5-13 St. Mary's River Project 5-16 Non-tidal Portion 1. Dissolved Oxygen 2. Nutrients 3. Total Suspended Solids 4. Alkalinity, pH and Dissolved Organic Carbon 5. Temperature Tidal Portion 1. Dissolved Oxygen 2. Nutrients 3. Total Suspended Solids 4. Chlorophyll 5. pH 6. Salinity 7. Temperature Lower Potomac River Tributary Strategy Program 5-19 Lower Potomac River Basin Tributary Team iii5 TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTINUED Sources of Pollution 5-22 1. Point Sources 2. Nonpoint Sources 3. Shoreline Erosion 4. Impact of the Potomac River LIVING RESOURCES AND HABITAT 6-1 Living Resource Indicators 6-1 SAV, Status, and Restoration Fish and Crabs Tidal Areas Nontidal Areas Migratory Fish Oysters What are filter feeders? What purpose do they serve? [Text Box] Macroinvertebrates Why look at Benthos in Streams [Text Box] Headwater Streams in Interior Forest . High Quality Habitat for Forest Interior Dwelling Species (FIDS) Bird Breeding Abundances Sensitive Areas 6-24 Sensitive Area Types Streams and Stream Buffers Wetlands Flood Plains Steep Lands Greenways Natural Heritage Lands Lands with Rare, Threatened and Endangered Species List St. Mary’s River Bottomlands Heritage Area LANDSCAPE AND LAND USE 7-1 Landscape Indicators 7-1 1. Impervious Surface (KCI Study) 2. Population Density 3. Historic Wetland Loss 4. Unbuffered Streams (Mark Muir) 5. Soil Erodibility Land Use 2008 RPD Task Force Study 7-3 2007 Encroachment Study Lands With Significant Natural Resource Value and Large Area 1. Green Infrastructure 2. Large Forest Blocks Mining Practices and Impacts iv6 TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTINUED Protected Lands 7-7 1. Critical Areas 2. State Parklands 3. County Parklands 4. Agricultural and Forested Private Lands 7-17 Soils of the St. Mary’s River Watershed 1. Interpreting Local Conditions with Natural Soil Groups 2. Soils and Watershed Planning Wetlands 7-18 1. Wetland Categories 2. Tracking Wetlands 3. Wetland Distribution Climate Change [Text box] 7-19 Low Elevation Areas Subject to Sea Level Rise 7-20 Hurricane and Storm Inundation Lands Targeted for Development 7-21 1. Lexington Park Development District 2. Towns, Villages, and Rural Centers HUMAN NEEDS & SERVICES 8-1 Housing & Welfare 8-1 Workforce Housing Study Homelessness Shelters Soup Kitchens Health & Medicine Mental Health Clinics Employment 8-7 Water-based economies and businesses – impacts and greening Infrastructure 8-8 Transportation Point Source Discharges—Sewerage and Landfills Water Supply 8-13 1. Aquifers and Private Water Supply 2. Municipal Water Supply & Community Supply Emergency Services 8-17 1. Hazard Mitigation Plan 2. Emergency Evacuation Plan Agriculture 8-18 Growing for Local Consumption Home and Backyard Composting Farms and Farmland Animal Operations Equine Facility Needs & Impacts 7v TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTINUED RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION TARGETING 9-1 2009 Army Corps Reports 9-1 1. Upper St. Mary’s River Baseline Watershed Assessment 2. St. Mary’s River Watershed and Feasibility Study 3. St. Mary’s River Watershed Stream & Floodplain Condition Assessment 4. Natural Resources Conservation Summary for St. Mary’s County 5. Lower Potomac River Basin Seagrass & Oyster Restoration Study 2007 VIMS Performance of SILs 9-7 Conservation Programs 1. Agricultural Conservation Programs (Rural Legacy, CREP, Easement programs) 2. Energy Conservation 3. Oyster Restoration and Preservation Smart Growth 9-15 1. Priority Funding Areas 2. Transfer of Development Rights 3. Forest Stands and Open Space Green Building and Site Design 9-17 1. Adding Green Infrastructure to Developments 2. Gray Water Reuse 3. Septic System Upgrades and Grant Program 4. Green Schools—Energy Conservation Maryland Department of Natural Resources Programs 9-20 1. Fish Blockage Removal Forestation and Wetland Restoration (KCI Study) 9-22 PROJECTS RELATED TO THE WRAS PROCESS 10-1 Watershed Implementation Plans 10-1 Native and Nonnative Oyster Restoration PEIS 10-1 Watershed Evaluation for St. Mary’s River Watershed 10-2 Piney Point Aquiculture Facility 10-2 1. Potomac River Eelgrass Restoration 2. Piney Point Blue Crab Nursery St. Mary’s River Watershed Association Oyster Recovery Assessment Study 10-4 Potomac Riverkeeper River Watchers 10-5 Potomac Cleanups and Trash-free Initiative 10-5 Lexington Park Redevelopment Campaign 10-6 Transportation 1. FDR Boulevard 2. Pegg Road Extension 3. Shangri La circle St. Mary’s County Department of Public Works & Transportation: Survey of Storm 10- Water Control Facilities (pending submission) vi8 TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTINUED POTENTIAL BENCHMARKS FOR WRAS GOAL SETTING 11-1 The Breton Bay Watershed Restoration Action Strategy 11-1 The Coastal Zone Management Program 11-2 The Chesapeake Bay Watershed Agreement, 2014 11-2 The Federal Clean Water Action Plan 11-3 Maryland’s 1998 Water Quality Improvement Act 11-3 Management Plan for Hilton Run 11-3 Clean Water Act Section 319 a-i Criteria 11-4 St. Mary’s River Watershed Plan REFERENCES 12-1 vii9 GLOSSARY Critical Areas: areas within 1000 feet of tidal wetlands are designated as critical areas and have special restrictions and regulations concerning development and construction within the designation. Estuary: Region of transition from freshwater rivers and streams to marine systems, usually physically protected systems like bays, deltas, costal plains, etc. Estuaries often contain unique ecosystems, high biodiversity, and high productivity; these features make estuaries ecological- ly, aesthetically, and commercially valuable. Estuarine wetlands: Tidal wetlands which occur in coastal and estuarine systems. Estuarine wetlands are typically in brackish or fully saline environments. Palustrine wetlands: Non-tidal wetlands which are substantially covered in emergent vegeta- tion. Palustrine wetlands are usually normally freshwater environments, but can be saline in arid/semi-arid climates. Riparian: the land area adjacent to a stream or river bank. SAV: Submerged aquatic vegetation; one of the most prominent species in the Bay is eelgrass. TMDL: Total Maximum Daily Load, the maximum daily amount of a particular pollutant for a particular water body that still allows for adequate water quality and ecological integrity. Sepa- rate TMDLs are calculated for every pollutant/water body combination in the US. TMDLs are part of a “pollution diet,” a regulatory effort to restrict the amount of pollution entering water- ways for the purpose of restoring water quality. Watershed: the drainage basin for a given body of water. Watersheds can be small (e.g drain- age area of a small creek) or large (e.g. Chesapeake Bay watershed, encompassing several states). WIP: Watershed Implementation Plan, a comprehensive strategy to achieve TMDL allocations for waterbodies listed as “impaired” under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. WIPs have three phases: Phase I and II WIPs lay the groundwork for immediate and near-future efforts to meet TMDL allocations and achieve water quality standards, while Phase III allows for reas- sessment and long-term goal setting once phases I and II are underway. viii10 LIST OF MAPS Map No. Title Page No. 1 Regional Context 166 2 WRAs Project Area 167 3 Streams and Subwatersheds 168 4 St. Mary’s River Project Subwatersheds 169 5 Designated Use 170 6 Monitoring Sites by Programs 171 7 Monitoring Sites by Volunteers 172 8 MDE Permits 173 9 Water Supply Permits 174 10 Aquia Aquifer 175 11 Generalized 2010 Land Use 176 12 Green Infrastructure 178 13 Forest Interior 179 14 Protected Lands and Smart Growth 180 15 Soils by Natural Soil Groups 181 16 Hydric Soils and Highly Erodible Soils 182 17 Wetlands 183 18 Floodplain and Sea Level Rise 184 19 Oysters 185 20 Sensitive Species 186 21 Submerged Aquatic Vegetation 187 11 ix LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page No. 3-1 Summary of acreage in the St. Mary’s River watershed 2-2 4-1 Annual Sedimentation Rates from Core Samples 4-6 4-2 Oyster Shell Growth (height) 4-8 5-1 Maryland Biological Stream Survey Water Quality Monitoring 5-14 5-2 Index of Biological Integrity scores 5-17 5-3 Groundwater discharge, surface water discharge, and other permits 5-22 6-1 St. Mary’s River watershed synoptic survey sampling sites 6-5 6-2 Fish sampled in the St.
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