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Abstract Freeman, Callie Prater ABSTRACT FREEMAN, CALLIE PRATER. Biology, Ecology, and Management of White Grubs in North Carolina Turfgrass. (Under the direction of Rick L. Brandenburg.) Larval scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) known as white grubs, are an increasingly important pest of turfgrass in North Carolina. This research was conducted to gain knowledge of white grub ecology and develop a cost effective management program incorporating conventional insecticides and “non-traditional” control strategies for North Carolina turfgrass managers. A 3-year statewide pheromone and blacklight trapping study was conducted to identify the seasonal activity, relative abundance, and distribution of key damaging species. The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica, was present at all 9 trapping sites. Peak flight generally occurred 22 Jun – 21 Jul. The oriental beetle, Anomala orientalis, was localized to Buncombe Co. in western North Carolina with activity peaking 22 Jun – 7 Jul annually. Masked chafers (Cyclocephala spp.) represented 87.5 to 96.6% of species in blacklight traps in western trapping sites. Cyclocephala spp. flight peaked between 1 – 21 Jul. Species of Phyllophaga were dominant in central North Carolina representing 33 – 45% of species collected and exhibited peak flight in late July. The rice beetle, Dyscinetus morator made up 74 – 84% of species at coastal sites and were active Jun to Jul. Anomala marginata, A. flavipennis, Pelidnota punctata, Tomarus gibbosus, Euetheola humilis rugiceps, Maladera castanea, and species of Polyphylla were routinely trapped. This study documents the occurrence of multiple species of injurious white grubs at most sites throughout North Carolina. Small arena choice and no-choice tests and large cage choice tests were conducted to determine if P. japonica oviposition differed between tall fescue and bermudagrass. In three series of small arena choice tests, 82.5% of all eggs were laid in tall fescue cores. During the first small arena no-choice test, tall fescue cores received significantly more eggs than bermudagrass. A follow up no-choice test failed to detect similar variation. No preference for either species of turfgrass was detected in cage choice tests conducted with large numbers of beetles. Under moderate pest density in mixed turfgrass stands, tall fescue will likely receive more eggs from ovipositing P. japonica. The biological drive of females under no- choice conditions as well as high population pressure in the field however may override host plant criteria utilized by female beetles. Commercial milky spore powder, Surround® WP, and SulFer 95 were tested in multi-year field and greenhouse trials, as well as small arena and large cage oviposition assays as alternative management strategies. Milky spore failed to significantly reduce grubs in multi- year field trials and greenhouse experiments. Surround® WP did not decrease grub numbers in field plots in 2007 but provided significant control in 2008. Surround® WP was unsuccessful in deterring P. japonica oviposition in small arena and large cage experiments. Efficacy of SulFer 95 applied prior to and throughout adult beetle flight also varied significantly in field trials between years. Sulfer 95 did not impact female P. japonica oviposition in 2-way small arena and large cage choice tests. This study suggests that the efficacy of these products as alternative control measures is highly dependent on environmental conditions and interactions within the turfgrass environment which are not clearly understood. High and low rates as well as multiple application timings of the neonicotinoid insecticides Arena 0.5G (clothianidin), Meridian 0.33G (thiamethoxam), Merit 0.5G (imidacloprid), as well as the combination product Allectus 0.36G (imidacloprid + bifenthrin) were evaluated for white grub control in multiple field trials during 2007 and 2008. Arena 0.5G and Meridian 0.33G provided significant control of white grub infestations in both years regardless of rate or application timing. Allectus 0.36G treatments significantly reduced grub numbers below control plots in 2007. Significant differences did exist between treatments, with late applications providing the least control. Allectus 0.36G treatments in 2008 reduced grub numbers significantly compared to control plots with no observed treatment differences. Merit 0.5G significantly decreased grub numbers in treated plots with the exception of late applications made in 2007. Biology, Ecology, and Management of White Grubs in North Carolina Turfgrass by Callie Prater Freeman A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Entomology Raleigh, North Carolina 2010 APPROVED BY: _______________________________ ______________________________ Nick Hamon Tom Rufty ________________________________ ______________________________ Wes Watson Rick Brandenburg Committee Chair BIOGRAPHY Callie Anne (Prater) Freeman was born on 30 August 1977 in Nashville, Tennessee, and is the daughter of David and Becky Prater. Callie grew up with her brother David, on the outskirts of Fayette County located in the scenic heart of Kentucky’s Bluegrass Region, an area recognized as the Horse Capital of the World. Following graduation from Henry Clay High School in 1996, she enrolled at the University of Kentucky and received her Bachelor of Science degree in Biology in 2002. Throughout her undergraduate education, Callie was involved in numerous research projects including: equine performance and nutrition, distribution and habitat studies of the Allegheny woodrat, and investigations into agnostic behavior of certain fishes. In the last years of her undergraduate study, Callie was afforded the opportunity to work in the field of Turfgrass Entomology. She quickly developed a particular interest in the area of biological control and garnered a deep appreciation for the applied aspects of this field. After graduation, Callie pursued her master’s degree in Entomology at the University of Kentucky under the direction of Dr. Daniel Potter. Her research involved the detection, formulation, and evaluation of a baculovirus against black cutworm populations in turfgrass. This was the first research to use a virus for management of a turfgrass pest. After completing her degree in 2005, Callie moved to Raleigh, North Carolina to begin her doctorate degree under the direction of Dr. Rick L. Brandenburg. Her research has focused on the development of a comprehensive pest management plan for pestiferous white grubs in North Carolina turfgrass. ii Callie married Major F. Heath Freeman, United States Marine Corps, in March of 2008. They are currently living in Woodbridge, VA with their black Labrador retriever Parker. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to extend my sincere appreciation to the many individuals that aided in the completion of the work described herein. Chiefly, I am grateful to my advisor Dr. Rick L. Brandenburg for his patience, counsel, and infinite support throughout my graduate studies. I would also like to thank the members of my committee Drs. Nick Hamon, Tom Rufty, and Wes Watson for their advice, expertise, and encouragement throughout this project. I am also obliged to Chris Frank (Department of Statistics, NC State University) for his assistance with statistical analysis. Special thanks also to Rebecca Doskocil, Shannon Blackburn, Brenda Watson, Diane Silcox, Jake Doskocil, and Peter Hertl whose assistance contributed greatly to this project. I am especially appreciative of Brian Royals for his infinite patience and guidance during the commencement of these studies. I am deeply indebted to Amanda Stone, Josh Beam, and Cliff Ruth with the North Carolina Cooperative Extension for help with trap collections. Thanks also to Matt Bertone and David Stephan for aid in insect identification. I wish to especially thank Rebecca Willis for her generous help setting up experiments and frequent assistance processing samples, often until the wee hours of the morning. This research was made possible by grants from the North Carolina State Center for Turfgrass Environmental Research and Education and the North Carolina Turfgrass Foundation. Much of this work would not have been possible without the cooperation and participation of the many sod producers, golf course superintendents, and research station managers including Dave McCart (Piedmont Turf), Sammy Roebuck (Perfect Turf, Inc), Gene Taylor iv (Lawn Pro, Inc), Denny Phelps (American Turfgrass Corp), Wendell Blanton (High Tech Turf), Mark Thompson (Sandhills Research Station), Bill Samuels (Biltmore Forest Country Club), Mitch Stamey (Grove Park Inn), and Mitch Clodfelter (Cowan’s Ford Country Club). I wish to extend a special thank you to David and Linda Bradley (Turf Mountain Sod, Inc), James Horner (Orange Turf), Matt Parrish (SODCO Turf Producers), and Bob Erickson (Lake Wheeler Turfgrass Research Station) for their tremendous help and support throughout this project. I also wish to thank my parents David and Becky, brother and sister-in-law David St. and Amelia, my grandfather “Daddy John” Hudson, and especially my husband Heath for their constant love, support, and encouragement throughout my career. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES……..……………………………………………………………. viii LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………… x INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………. 1 Literature Cited……………………………………………………………… 5 SEASONAL FLIGHT ACTIVITY AND RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF ADULT SCARABS (COLEOPTERA:
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