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Revolutionary Tennis Tennis Instruction That Makes Sense

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Revolutionary Tennis Tennis Instruction That Makes Sense Revolutionary Tennis Tennis Instruction That Makes Sense Step 9 The Backhand Groundstroke Part I of II © Mark Papas [email protected] “Oh sweet mystery of life at last I've found you..." I doubt lyricist Rida Johnson Young was writing about finding her backhand when she penned her insightful song. But the sweet mystery in everyone's tennis life is the backhand, and yet you hear it's more natural than a forehand, or that its motion is simply like throwing a Frisbee. Hmm. To solve this mystery you're told to turn (more, more) the shoulders and hips, to lean into the ball, lift up with the legs, step to the net post, rotate the back hip, straighten the arm or extend it to hit, hit out in front, and lift and extend. You're also told to “slide your racket hand down toward your thigh” and maintain “a rigid hitting arm” when you swing. Or to stroke like “a pendulum” as if you were “bowling with the back side of the hand.” You try what you're told but it doesn't help your backhand. The mystery remains. Something's missing, something's not there. You know it, but you can't put your finger on it. Everyone tells you to do the same thing, but why doesn't it work? That's because it's a case of the Emperor's New Clothes. Time for a revolution. STARTING TO UNRAVEL THE MYSTERIES... There are two mysteries on the backhand. 1. How the arm works on the stroke. 2. How the body works for efficiency and stroke support. Let's start this time with the stroke, even though it's the body's attitude that makes the stroke hum. THE ARM FLEXES... IT FOLDS AND UNFOLDS Straightening the arm to swing, or swinging with a straight arm, dooms the backhand. The arm is working in a reverse direction than on the forehand, yes, but it still needs to be flexible to retain leverage. On your backhand the forearm “flexes” laterally around the biceps and elbow, a reverse direction from the forehand. After all, this is how your throw a Frisbee, isn't it? [The word “flexes” is in quotations because this image helps your stroke, and the terms folding and unfolding of the arm help as well. In reality I’m told when the arm is bent and “flexes,” it’s really external rotation of the shoulder, but then if you were to simply straighten the arm and swing away from you it’s horizontal abduction of the shoulder. A proper backhand stroke combines both movements, that of the bent arm (external rotation), and of the arm swinging away from your body (horizontal abduction).] Photos 1-4, reading right to left, show how this works. In the “racket back” position, your hand is back by your rear pocket, yes, but what it noteworthy is that the arm is bent, or folded, across your stomach. (Two handers could straighten the front arm at this point, though it's best not to because of how it ends up.) Photos 2, 3, and 4 show how the arm “flexes” laterally around the elbow/biceps. The arm is folded across yourself or under your chest muscles in the backswing and then it unfolds for the forward swing. Photo 4 exaggerates to show how the forearm “flexes” laterally around the elbow/biceps, the issue that is the mystery to the stroke itself. The forearm acts independent of the biceps and elbow and does not work in lock step with them during the forward swing. Practice this motion yourself right now. Tuck your elbow against your side, bend the arm at the elbow, hold your forearm away from your body at waist level - a typing position -and turn your hand straight up and down. Your forearm is at a right angle to the biceps, the hand is aligned straight in front of the elbow. Keep the elbow still and move your forearm and hand to your left (for righties), making an arc, stopping it when your forearm is across your stomach or parallel to your hip line. The arm is now folded across your stomach. Unfold it in the opposite direction until your hand is aligned straight in front of your elbow again and then continue moving it past the elbow, while the elbow remains still. This extra bit of motion shows the (fore)arm's “flexibility” in this reverse direction, it shows how the forearm acts independent of the biceps and elbow and does not work in lock step with them during the forward swing. This (forearm movement independent of the biceps) is how your throw a Frisbee. [I'm aware when you throw a Frisbee a lot of reverse wrist action is used. This is not analogous in any way to a backhand stroke. There is no reverse flick of the wrist. Only the “flexibility” of the forearm to the biceps in throwing a Frisbee is useful in understanding a backhand tennis stroke.] The arm does not straighten at all to swing, and it's not a matter of semantics. The arm © Mark Papas Step 9 p.2 /15 straightens when you extend your arm and point “they-went-that-a-way” to the Sheriff. UNFOLDING AND EXTENDING It's not enough for the forearm to merely “flex” laterally around the elbow/biceps on a one handed backhand. The arm reaches out both to your side and in front of you toward the ball, just like throwing a Frisbee. If you keep the elbow too close to your body, “elbow in,” photos 2 and 3, the arm loses strength at contact for the one handed backhand, though for a two hander this is the position the front arm is in (photos follow). Photos 4 and 5 show how the elbow needs to extend a little from the body toward the side fence for a one hander while at the same time the stroke, or arm, as a whole unfolds forward out in front towards you, the reader (which is really saying towards the ball). The term “elbow in” means don't stick your elbow out in the direction of the net prior to contact, it doesn't mean keep your elbow close to, or against, your body. The arm is bent, or bending, when the racket's back, and it unbends when swinging the racket forward, it does not straighten. While at contact the arm can appear to be straight, that has neither been its objective nor the path taken to reach the moment it appears straight. It is the contact photos of one handed backhands that confuses the issue. It appears, as on the right, that the front arm is straight for a one handed contact. If so, you have to ask, does the arm straighten and then while it is straight you swing the racket, or is the arm simply going to be straight at contact? If the arm is straight at contact it will be as a board, inflexible, lacking leverage. The pop will have left the punch, so to speak. If you straighten the arm first and then swing, well, your common sense should tell you it doesn't make sense. [Clockwise from left top, Edberg by Mel Digiacomo, Tennis Magazine, 10/96; Edberg, L.A. Times, I didn't retain photographer's name; Kuerten as above; Rafter photo by Clive Mason/ALLSPORT, Tennis magazine, 02/00; Henin by Darren England/ALLSPORT, Tennis Magazine, 03/01.] The arm appears straight in the photo on the left of baseball pitcher Ramon Ortiz as he winds up, and it appears straight on the far right of pitcher Roy Oswalt as he delivers to home plate, but the middle photo (Oswalt again) shows what the arm does in between © Mark Papas Step 9 p.3 /15 those two positions. The arm isn't straightening to do its job, nor does the pitcher “straighten” the arm to throw. [Baseball photos, left, of Ramon Ortiz, by Robert Lachman, Los Angeles Times, 08/23/01; center of Roy Oswalt by Associated Press photo, L.A. Times, 08/20/01; right of Oswalt, Associated Press photo, L.A. Times, 09/10/01.] Two handed backhands don't have a problem with forearm “flexibility.” The photos on the right of two handed backhands show how a two hander's front arm remains nicely bent at contact and closer to the body than for one handers. It doesn't make sense that the front arm would remain bent on a two hander yet go lock-arm straight on a one hander. What goes for one goes for the other. [Seles photo by Mary Schilpp/CLP, Tennis Magazine, 04/00; Roddick photo by Ezra Shaw/ALLSPORT, Tennis Magazine 07/01; Davenport, USTA newsletter High-performance Coaching, Vol. 3, #2, 01.] Two handers do keep the elbow in closer to the body than one handers since they're using two arms. And it's easier for them to prevent the front shoulder from lifting at contact. The photos show a two hander's form: front arm bent, back arm straighter, and the back shoulder doesn't dip. [Hingis photo by Ron Angle, Tennis Magazine, 11/99; Moya photo by Ron Angle, Tennis Magazine, 9/99.] Two handers often seem to straighten their arms when they draw the racket back, but at contact the front arm is most definitely bent. This means both arms have “flexed,” or bent, during the forward swing. Again, keep both arms “flexible” during the swing, avoid straightening either one.
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