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Xerox University Microfilms 73-26,828 INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original subm itted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. 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Xerox University Microfilms 73-26,828 HALL, Sydney.Owen, 1933- THE ROLE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT IN THE NATION-BUILDING PROCESS IN KENYA. The Ohio S tate U n iv e rsity , P h .D ., 1973 Education, physical University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. THE ROLE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT IN THE NATION-BUILDING PROCESS IN KENYA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate - School of The Ohio State University By Sydney Owen Hall, B.S., M.S. The Ohio S ta te U n iv ersity 1973 Approved by A dviser School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation PREFACE After World War II, it was a foregone conclusion that colonialism throughout the world was being uprooted. Most of the African continent as well as India and other countries were the major showpieces display­ ing the momentous impact of their awakening in the modern world. The exposure of the African continent to the Western concept of freedom during this period had considerable effect on the timing of the great surge of newly emerging nations. In the United States, the civil rights movement coincided with the timing of the African revolution, and scholars do not discuss one without associating it with the other. This was a period of enlightenment for many Americans, and it was at this time that the first ripple—of what eventually became a wave of enthusiasm about Africa—was aroused in the investigator. In the past fifteen years, a continued interest has transformed a misinform­ ed Hollywood and biased outlook into concepts in keeping with facts. Turnbull relates that: Today, the Africa of our childhoods, with its mysterious dark forests, its imperious white men and its vast, game- filled plains, is disappearing. In its place there has emerged a new A fric a , made up of many young nations, and beginning to speak with a loud voice in the councils of the world. Much of what is taking place there seems strange to us yet it is imperative that we understand the pressures and, the problems of modem Africa.^ IColin M. Turnbull, The Lonely African (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1962), p. 6. African people and their leaders are very concerned about educational progress. They fully realize that that precious commodity of education is the secret to upward mobility in a modern world—not just any form of education but a well-balanced educational diet. Technical assistance is essential to the growth of developing nations, but the too often neglected areas of the social sciences, physical education, and others are also of great importance. At a time when many nations are feeling the pains of growth and progress, unifying elements need to be introduced. In countries where youths are becoming more numerous and sophisticated and where leisure, forced or otherwise, is becoming more abundant, every effort should be made to channel this energy constructively. Thus, physical education and sports activity programs provide an arena for group dynamics, emphasize the values of cooperative team spirit, and at the same time capitalize on individual ta le n ts . Common bonds should permeate a culture in order to prevent its breakdown and eventual disintegration. The concept of "educating through the physical" can make contributions toward solidarity. African educa­ tors should be striving to produce a generally educated citizenry in which people have the ability to judge and make decisions based on the interrelationships of many factors. Physical education has an impor­ tant role and high stakes in this venture. A general education is of the utmost importance to enable one to cope with the many complexities, stresses, and strains in a modern society. An individual who is not familiar with the body of knowledge of physical education has not received a general education and has been short changed. How can one i i i be an active dynamic member of any society without adequate knowledge of sound health principles and an understanding of/and worthy use of leisure time? The basic aim of physical education is to stimulate, challenge, and re-direct if necessary the physical, social, mental, and moral development of individuals through physical activity, the ultimate goal being good citizenship. Innumerable factors shape the life, structure, and policies of a nation; therefore, effort will be made in this study to bring out pertinent facts about Kenya's past, present, and prospects for the fu­ ture—including physical education and sports—in hopes of creating greater sensitivity toward its problems. As witnessed in national and international competition, athletic participation and supremacy remain dominant characteristics, hopes or aims of modern societies. The subject of this study focuses in the area of African physical education. Kenya, an East African countiry, is the major focus of the study. The investigator has traveled to East Africa on two occasions, during which time his interest in educational development in emerging nations was further stimulated. There is an obvious need for more educational research, especially in the area of physical education and sports activity. The primary concern of this study is the role of physical education and sports activities and how they re­ late to the development of an emerging nation. The writer would like to acknowledge the assistance and guidance rendered by so many people throughout the study. The writer is indebted to the members of his committee and especially the Chairman, Bruce L. Bennett, whose scholarly dedication and inspiration were instrumental iv in bringing the study to fruition. His unfailing belief in the worth and dignity of people brings out the best in them. A debt of gratitude is owed to the staffs of the various libra­ ries used for the collection of data. The librarian is a dedicated servant for the improvement of others. The writer would like to express his gratitude to the staff at the Embassy of the Republic of Kenya for their assistance above and beyond the call of their normal duties. Special thanks and apprecia­ tion go to Ernst Longat, Education Attache and Arthur Chingawa, Press Attache. The assistance and cooperation accorded the writer by J. T. Arap-Leting, Senior Education Officer, Kenya Ministry of Education and W. Ndonye, Inspector of Physical Education, also in the Ministry, are gratefully acknowledged. The writer is indebted to those who gave so freely of their time for interviews. Many thanks go to the Kenyan students who re­ sponded to the questionnaire sent to them. The writer would like to express his deepest appreciation to the late Dr. James H. Robinson, Founder and Director of Operation Crossroads Africa, whose idea touched the hearts and lives of thou­ sands, including the writer and his family. Finally, the writer dedicates the study to his family—Norah, Peter, David, and Stephen—for their individual and collective assis­ tance, encouragement, and patience. Words cannot thank them. September 18, 1933 Bom - Springfield, Massachusetts 1955 Bachelor of Science, Springfield College, Springfield, Massachusetts Master of Science, Springfield College, Springfield, Massachusetts 1956-1958 United States Army 1958-1963 & 1966-1968 In s tr u c to r , Howard U n iv e rsity , W ashington, D.C. Teaching Assistant, Department of Health and Physical Education, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1964-1966 Instructor, Department of Health and Physical Education, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1968-1972 Associate Professor, Chairman, Department of Physical Education, Health Education and Recreation Education, Federal City College, W ashington, D.C. 1969-1970 Chairman, Faculty Organization, Federal City College, Washington, D.C. 1972 - Associate Professor, Director, Physical Education, Federal City College, Washington, D.C. Sydney 0. Hall and Albert M. Paolone, "Validation of the Hyman Cardio- Pulmonary Index," Unpublished, Springfield College, 1956.
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