Dukh Bhanjani in Gurmukhi with English Translation & Transliteration
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Introduction
INTRODUCTION ’ P”(Bha.t.tikāvya) is one of the boldest “B experiments in classical literature. In the formal genre of “great poem” (mahākāvya) it incorprates two of the most powerful Sanskrit traditions, the “Ramáyana” and Pánini’s grammar, and several other minor themes. In this one rich mix of science and art, Bhatti created both a po- etic retelling of the adventures of Rama and a compendium of examples of grammar, metrics, the Prakrit language and rhetoric. As literature, his composition stands comparison with the best of Sanskrit poetry, in particular cantos , and . “Bhatti’s Poem” provides a comprehensive exem- plification of Sanskrit grammar in use and a good introduc- tion to the science (śāstra) of poetics or rhetoric (alamk. āra, lit. ornament). It also gives a taster of the Prakrit language (a major component in every Sanskrit drama) in an easily ac- cessible form. Finally it tells the compelling story of Prince Rama in simple elegant Sanskrit: this is the “Ramáyana” faithfully retold. e learned Indian curriculum in late classical times had at its heart a system of grammatical study and linguistic analysis. e core text for this study was the notoriously difficult “Eight Books” (A.s.tādhyāyī) of Pánini, the sine qua non of learning composed in the fourth century , and arguably the most remarkable and indeed foundational text in the history of linguistics. Not only is the “Eight Books” a description of a language unmatched in totality for any language until the nineteenth century, but it is also pre- sented in the most compact form possible through the use xix of an elaborate and sophisticated metalanguage, again un- known anywhere else in linguistics before modern times. -
GEO ROO DIST BUC PRO Prep ATE 111 Cha Dec Expi OTECHNICA OSEVELT ST TRICT CKEYE, ARI OJECT # 15 Pared By
GEOTECHNICAL EXPLORARATION REPORT ROOSEVELT STREET IMPROVEMENT DISTRICT BUCKEYE, ARIZONA PROJECT # 150004 Prepared by: ATEK Engineering Consultants, LLC 111 South Weber Drive, Suite 1 Chandler, Arizona 85226 Exp ires 9/30/2018 December 14, 2015 December 14, 2015 ATEK Project #150004 RITOCH-POWELL & Associates 5727 North 7th Street #120 Phoenix, AZ 85014 Attention: Mr. Keith L. Drunasky, P.E. RE: GEOTECHNICAL EXPLORATION REPORT Roosevelt Street Improvement District Buckeye, Arizona Dear Mr. Drunasky: ATEK Engineering Consultants, LLC is pleased to present the attached Geotechnical Exploration Report for the Roosevelt Street Improvement Disstrict located in Buckeye, Arizona. The purpose of our study was to explore and evaluate the subsurface conditions at the proposed site to develop geotechnical engineering recommendations for project design and construction. Based on our findings, the site is considered suittable for the proposed construction, provided geotechnical recommendations presented in thhe attached report are followed. Specific recommendations regarding the geotechnical aspects of the project design and construction are presented in the attached report. The recommendations contained within this report are depeendent on the provisions provided in the Limitations and Recommended Additional Services sections of this report. We appreciate the opportunity of providing our services for this project. If you have questions regarding this report or if we may be of further assistance, please contact the undersigned. Sincerely, ATEK Engineering Consultants, LLC Expires 9/30/2018 James P Floyd, P.E. Armando Ortega, P.E. Project Manager Principal Geotechnical Engineer Expires 9/30/2017 111 SOUTH WEBER DRIVE, SUITE 1 WWW.ATEKEC.COM P (480) 659-8065 CHANDLER, AZ 85226 F (480) 656-9658 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. -
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Positional Notation Or Trigonometry [2, 13]
The Greatest Mathematical Discovery? David H. Bailey∗ Jonathan M. Borweiny April 24, 2011 1 Introduction Question: What mathematical discovery more than 1500 years ago: • Is one of the greatest, if not the greatest, single discovery in the field of mathematics? • Involved three subtle ideas that eluded the greatest minds of antiquity, even geniuses such as Archimedes? • Was fiercely resisted in Europe for hundreds of years after its discovery? • Even today, in historical treatments of mathematics, is often dismissed with scant mention, or else is ascribed to the wrong source? Answer: Our modern system of positional decimal notation with zero, to- gether with the basic arithmetic computational schemes, which were discov- ered in India prior to 500 CE. ∗Bailey: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Email: [email protected]. This work was supported by the Director, Office of Computational and Technology Research, Division of Mathematical, Information, and Computational Sciences of the U.S. Department of Energy, under contract number DE-AC02-05CH11231. yCentre for Computer Assisted Research Mathematics and its Applications (CARMA), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. Email: [email protected]. 1 2 Why? As the 19th century mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace explained: It is India that gave us the ingenious method of expressing all numbers by means of ten symbols, each symbol receiving a value of position as well as an absolute value; a profound and important idea which appears so simple to us now that we ignore its true merit. But its very sim- plicity and the great ease which it has lent to all computations put our arithmetic in the first rank of useful inventions; and we shall appre- ciate the grandeur of this achievement the more when we remember that it escaped the genius of Archimedes and Apollonius, two of the greatest men produced by antiquity. -
Kharosthi Manuscripts: a Window on Gandharan Buddhism*
KHAROSTHI MANUSCRIPTS: A WINDOW ON GANDHARAN BUDDHISM* Andrew GLASS INTRODUCTION In the present article I offer a sketch of Gandharan Buddhism in the centuries around the turn of the common era by looking at various kinds of evidence which speak to us across the centuries. In doing so I hope to shed a little light on an important stage in the transmission of Buddhism as it spread from India, through Gandhara and Central Asia to China, Korea, and ultimately Japan. In particular, I will focus on the several collections of Kharo~thi manuscripts most of which are quite new to scholarship, the vast majority of these having been discovered only in the past ten years. I will also take a detailed look at the contents of one of these manuscripts in order to illustrate connections with other text collections in Pali and Chinese. Gandharan Buddhism is itself a large topic, which cannot be adequately described within the scope of the present article. I will therefore confine my observations to the period in which the Kharo~thi script was used as a literary medium, that is, from the time of Asoka in the middle of the third century B.C. until about the third century A.D., which I refer to as the Kharo~thi Period. In addition to looking at the new manuscript materials, other forms of evidence such as inscriptions, art and architecture will be touched upon, as they provide many complementary insights into the Buddhist culture of Gandhara. The travel accounts of the Chinese pilgrims * This article is based on a paper presented at Nagoya University on April 22nd 2004. -
Syndicatebank
E – Auction sale notice under SARFAESI Act 2002 E-Auction Sale Notice for Sale of immovable assets under the Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 read with proviso to Rule 8(6) of the Security Interest (Enforcement) Rules, 2002. Notice is hereby given to the public in general and in particular to the Borrower/s and Guarantor/s that the below described immovable property mortgaged / charged to the Secured Creditor, the Constructive possession of which has been taken by the Authorized Officer of Secured Creditor, will be sold on “AS IS WHERE IS, AS IS WHAT IS, and WHATEVER THERE IS” on E-auction date 15-02-2019 for recovery of dues to the Secured Creditor form the below mentioned borrowers and guarantors. The reserve price will be and earnest money deposit will be as detailed below: 1-Branch: Naka Hindola Branch, Lucknow Authorised Officer Contact No 9415550124 S No Name and Address of Borrowers and Guarantors/Co-obligant Description of the Immovable Reserved Price of Account No to Amount due with date property\ies mortgaged and Name of Property deposit EMD and Owner/Mortgager -------------------- IFS Code Earnest Money Deposit(EMD) 1 Borrower- 1. Mrs. Rashmi Srivastava Land and building situated at House No Rs 8.00 lacs A/c No. W/o Mr. Atul Srivastav, – E-6/221-A (First Floor), Sector-6, Gomti ---------------------- 94553170000010 R/o H.No.- 710, Manas Enclave, Nagar Vistar Yojna, Ward- Rafi Ahmad Rs 0.80 lacs Syndicate Bank Indira Nagar, Kidwai Nagar, Tehsil and District Naka Hindola Lucknow Lucknow and admeasuring an area of Branch, Lucknow 20.89 square meter and is bounded as IFSC Code: 2- Mr. -
The What and Why of Whole Number Arithmetic: Foundational Ideas from History, Language and Societal Changes
Portland State University PDXScholar Mathematics and Statistics Faculty Fariborz Maseeh Department of Mathematics Publications and Presentations and Statistics 3-2018 The What and Why of Whole Number Arithmetic: Foundational Ideas from History, Language and Societal Changes Xu Hu Sun University of Macau Christine Chambris Université de Cergy-Pontoise Judy Sayers Stockholm University Man Keung Siu University of Hong Kong Jason Cooper Weizmann Institute of Science SeeFollow next this page and for additional additional works authors at: https:/ /pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/mth_fac Part of the Science and Mathematics Education Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Citation Details Sun X.H. et al. (2018) The What and Why of Whole Number Arithmetic: Foundational Ideas from History, Language and Societal Changes. In: Bartolini Bussi M., Sun X. (eds) Building the Foundation: Whole Numbers in the Primary Grades. New ICMI Study Series. Springer, Cham This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mathematics and Statistics Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Authors Xu Hu Sun, Christine Chambris, Judy Sayers, Man Keung Siu, Jason Cooper, Jean-Luc Dorier, Sarah Inés González de Lora Sued, Eva Thanheiser, Nadia Azrou, Lynn McGarvey, Catherine Houdement, and Lisser Rye Ejersbo This book chapter is available at PDXScholar: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/mth_fac/253 Chapter 5 The What and Why of Whole Number Arithmetic: Foundational Ideas from History, Language and Societal Changes Xu Hua Sun , Christine Chambris Judy Sayers, Man Keung Siu, Jason Cooper , Jean-Luc Dorier , Sarah Inés González de Lora Sued , Eva Thanheiser , Nadia Azrou , Lynn McGarvey , Catherine Houdement , and Lisser Rye Ejersbo 5.1 Introduction Mathematics learning and teaching are deeply embedded in history, language and culture (e.g. -
The Kharoṣṭhī Documents from Niya and Their Contribution to Gāndhārī Studies
The Kharoṣṭhī Documents from Niya and Their Contribution to Gāndhārī Studies Stefan Baums University of Munich [email protected] Niya Document 511 recto 1. viśu͚dha‐cakṣ̄u bhavati tathāgatānaṃ bhavatu prabhasvara hiterṣina viśu͚dha‐gātra sukhumāla jināna pūjā suchavi paramārtha‐darśana 4 ciraṃ ca āyu labhati anālpakaṃ 5. pratyeka‐budha ca karoṃti yo s̄ātravivegam āśṛta ganuktamasya 1 ekābhirāma giri‐kaṃtarālaya 2. na tasya gaṃḍa piṭakā svakartha‐yukta śamathe bhavaṃti gune rata śilipataṃ tatra vicārcikaṃ teṣaṃ pi pūjā bhavatu [v]ā svayaṃbhu[na] 4 1 suci sugaṃdha labhati sa āśraya 6. koḍinya‐gotra prathamana karoṃti yo s̄ātraśrāvaka {?} ganuktamasya 2 teṣaṃ ca yo āsi subha͚dra pac̄ima 3. viśāla‐netra bhavati etasmi abhyaṃdare ye prabhasvara atīta suvarna‐gātra abhirūpa jinorasa te pi bhavaṃtu darśani pujita 4 2 samaṃ ca pādo utarā7. imasmi dāna gana‐rāya prasaṃṭ́hita u͚tama karoṃti yo s̄ātra sthaira c̄a madhya navaka ganuktamasya 3 c̄a bhikṣ̄u m It might be going to far to say that Torwali is the direct lineal descendant of the Niya Prakrit, but there is no doubt that out of all the modern languages it shows the closest resemblance to it. [...] that area around Peshawar, where [...] there is most reason to believe was the original home of Niya Prakrit. That conclusion, which was reached for other reasons, is thus confirmed by the distribution of the modern dialects. (Burrow 1936) Under this name I propose to include those inscriptions of Aśoka which are recorded at Shahbazgaṛhi and Mansehra in the Kharoṣṭhī script, the vehicle for the remains of much of this dialect. To be included also are the following sources: the Buddhist literary text, the Dharmapada found in Khotan, written likewise in Kharoṣṭhī [...]; the Kharoṣṭhī documents on wood, leather, and silk from Caḍ́ota (the Niya site) on the border of the ancient kingdom of Khotan, which represented the official language of the capital Krorayina [...]. -
Sanskrit Alphabet
Sounds Sanskrit Alphabet with sounds with other letters: eg's: Vowels: a* aa kaa short and long ◌ к I ii ◌ ◌ к kii u uu ◌ ◌ к kuu r also shows as a small backwards hook ri* rri* on top when it preceeds a letter (rpa) and a ◌ ◌ down/left bar when comes after (kra) lri lree ◌ ◌ к klri e ai ◌ ◌ к ke o au* ◌ ◌ к kau am: ah ◌ं ◌ः कः kah Consonants: к ka х kha ga gha na Ê ca cha ja jha* na ta tha Ú da dha na* ta tha Ú da dha na pa pha º ba bha ma Semivowels: ya ra la* va Sibilants: sa ш sa sa ha ksa** (**Compound Consonant. See next page) *Modern/ Hindi Versions a Other ऋ r ॠ rr La, Laa (retro) औ au aum (stylized) ◌ silences the vowel, eg: к kam झ jha Numero: ण na (retro) १ ५ ॰ la 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 @ Davidya.ca Page 1 Sounds Numero: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 १॰ ॰ १ २ ३ ४ ६ ७ varient: ५ ८ (shoonya eka- dva- tri- catúr- pancha- sás- saptán- astá- návan- dásan- = empty) works like our Arabic numbers @ Davidya.ca Compound Consanants: When 2 or more consonants are together, they blend into a compound letter. The 12 most common: jna/ tra ttagya dya ddhya ksa kta kra hma hna hva examples: for a whole chart, see: http://www.omniglot.com/writing/devanagari_conjuncts.php that page includes a download link but note the site uses the modern form Page 2 Alphabet Devanagari Alphabet : к х Ê Ú Ú º ш @ Davidya.ca Page 3 Pronounce Vowels T pronounce Consonants pronounce Semivowels pronounce 1 a g Another 17 к ka v Kit 42 ya p Yoga 2 aa g fAther 18 х kha v blocKHead -
5892 Cisco Category: Standards Track August 2010 ISSN: 2070-1721
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) P. Faltstrom, Ed. Request for Comments: 5892 Cisco Category: Standards Track August 2010 ISSN: 2070-1721 The Unicode Code Points and Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA) Abstract This document specifies rules for deciding whether a code point, considered in isolation or in context, is a candidate for inclusion in an Internationalized Domain Name (IDN). It is part of the specification of Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications 2008 (IDNA2008). Status of This Memo This is an Internet Standards Track document. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5892. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. -
Bha††Oji D¥K∑Ita on Spho†A* (Published In: Journal of Indian Philosophy 33(1), 2005, 3-41)
JB: Bhattoji on sphota 1 Johannes Bronkhorst Section de langues et civilisations orientales Université de Lausanne BFSH 2 CH-1015 Lausanne [email protected] Bha††oji D¥k∑ita on spho†a* (published in: Journal of Indian Philosophy 33(1), 2005, 3-41) The philosophy of grammar has only four major representatives in the history of Indian thought. One of these is Bhart®hari, who lived in the fifth century C.E. The other three lived more than a thousand years later, in Benares, and may have known each other. The first of these three, Bha††oji D¥k∑ita, was the paternal uncle of the second, Kauˆ∂a Bha††a. The third one, Någeßa Bha††a, was a pupil of Bha††oji's grandson. This shows that Bha††oji revived the philosophy of Sanskrit grammar after an interval of more than one thousand years. The spho†a does not exclusively belong to the domain of the philosophy of grammar. It is true that a number of grammarians had ideas about this issue, but they were not the only, nor indeed the first ones to do so. The earliest notion of a word and of a sentence as entities that are different from the sounds that express them, may well be found in the early scholastic speculations of the Buddhist Sarvåstivådins, who were not grammarians. Not all of the later thinkers who expressed themselves on the spho†a were grammarians either. Some well-known examples are the following: The Yoga Bhå∑ya, without using the term spho†a, propounds that the word is unitary and without parts.1 The M¥måµsaka Kumårila Bha††a criticized the concept (in his Ílokavårttika, chapter on Spho†avåda) but not without adopting an important part of it (viz., the indivisible speech sounds); the Vedåntin Ía∫kara did the same (on BrahmasËtra 1.3.28). -
Iiu I' I Ili $Liili'ffi+Ffiffi-.$If*Ffi**Li
ffirrjnsi"',,, H,i#.i:l l' iii.ii'.i:iiii. t$iiij:jiii :trjjji,r..:iiii ii ii,. ii:,i.i iiijjiljiliiil ..l..':::jilli;;i:i.: .il'll,,':,,- i i''t,t;,ilri,*ffi$il#ii#f$$$tii* ,iiui' i ili $liili'ffi+ffiffi-.$if*ffi**li iiii+li11ir.r..I Leykam 2000 Indo-Aryan'six' Alexander Lubotskv. Leiden 'six' 1. The onset of the Middle Indic word for and its family is a well-known crux of Indo-Aryan historical phonology. Whereas the Sanskrit forms always begin with 'six' 'sixth', p-, Pali and the major Prdkrits have ch- in the words for and and s- elsewhere.The Middle Indic forms are conveniently listed in NoRueN 1992, the most importantof which are given in the tablebelow': Sanskrit Pali+ maiorPrdkrits Northem Prdkrits six' sat cba Niya so, A5.sasu 'six' o, (incmp.) .sa!' cha( /) except As.sa( Q )- solba'6-fold' sal ay at ana'six sensefacilities' AMg. sadamga'6 const.parts' Inscr.(W) sanuuisa'26' 'sixth' sastha- cbattba('ma)2 Niya sodbama 'sixteen' sodaia solas a. sorasa. solasal Gdndhdrlsodasa 'sixteenth' sodaia- solasa(ma), solasama Khar. sodaia 'sixty' sasti- sattbi( m )u 'sixtieth' sastitama- sa[t bit ama, JM sal ! binxa Khar. sastibaa The difference between the Northern Prakrits and the rest is also reflected in Modern Indo-Aryan languages,where the Dardic languages (Shina [Kohistan] 5va, Gawar- Bati l'b, ,sd") and the Nuristani languages(Ashkun pu) continue the Northern form, whereasHindi, Sindhi cha'six' , etc. continuethe form of the other Prakrits. 'six' Initial ch- in the MI word for is incompatible with ,s-of Skt. -
Sanskrit Translation Now Made, Be Crowned with Success ! PUBLISHER's NOTE
“KOHAM?” (Who am I ?) Sri Ramanasramam Tiruvannamalai - 606 603. 2008 Koham ? (Who am I ?) Published by V. S. Ramanan, President, Sri Ramanasramam, Tiruvannamalai - 606 603. Phone : 04175-237200 email : [email protected] Website : www.sriramanamaharshi.org © Sri Ramanasramam Tiruvannamalai. Salutations to Sri Ramana Who resides in the Heart Lotus PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION Many were the devotees who were attracted to the presence of Bhagavan Sri Ramana while he was living in the Virupaksha Cave, situated in the holy region of Arunachala, the Heart Centre of the world, which confers liberation on those who (merely) think of It. They were drawn to him on account of his wonderful state of tapas - absorption in the silence of yoga samadhi, which is difficult of achievement. One among these devotees was Sivaprakasam Pillai who approached Maharshi in 1901-02 with devotion, faith and humility and prayed that he may be blessed with instructions on Reality. The questions raised over a period of time by Sivaprakasam Pillai were answered by the silent Maharshi in writing - in Tamil. The compilation (of the instruction) in the form of questions and answers has already been translated into Malayalam and many other languages. May this Sanskrit translation now made, be crowned with success ! PUBLISHER'S NOTE The Sanskrit translation of Sri Bhagavan's Who am I ? entitled Koham? by Jagadiswara Sastry was published earlier in 1945. We are happy to bring out a second edition. The special feature of this edition is that the text is in Sri Bhagavan's handwriting. A transliteration of the text into English has also been provided.