DOCSLIB.ORG

KHAMTI SHAN ANTI-ERGATIVE CONSTRUCTION: a TIBETO- BURMAN INFLUENCE? Douglas Inglis SIL International

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
KHAMTI SHAN ANTI-ERGATIVE CONSTRUCTION: a TIBETO- BURMAN INFLUENCE? Douglas Inglis SIL International XXXX XXXX — XXXX KHAMTI SHAN ANTI-ERGATIVE CONSTRUCTION: A TIBETO- BURMAN INFLUENCE? Douglas Inglis SIL International It is widely recognized that Khamti Shan is unique among Tai languages in evidencing a basic (A)OV word order, quite likely due to extensive language contact with Tibeto-Burman languages. Much less recognized in Khamti Shan is that some functional objects take a postposition marker, revealing a striking, but not necessarily unexpected, resemblance to a Tibeto-Burman-like anti-ergative construction. The deictic mai² ‘here’ grammaticalizes an anti-ergative function in which it acts as a marker for certain monotransitive ‘objects’ which are analyzed as pragmatically foregrounded referents in the information structure of the sentence. Keywords: Tai Khamti, Tibeto-Burman, anti-ergative, grammaticalization, language contact 1. INTRODUCTION1 Khamti Shan (KS)2 features a rather prolific polyfunctional morpheme, mai², expressing a deictic source with many extended functions as a grammatical marker. The deictic usage, shown in (1a), approximates the English meaning: a location in proximity to the speaker. This locational deictic mai² grammaticalizes to a spatio- temporal marker, encoding heun⁴ ‘house’ in (1b) as a spatial topological location roughly translated at (also on, or in, Inglis 2014: 150) and as a temporal locative marker of neun³ haa⁵ ‘fifth month’ in (1c). 1 I wish to thank David Beck, Alexander Coupe, and two anonymous reviewers for significant comments leading to the analysis presented here and any errors remain my own. The (currently unarchived) Khamti data is from my fieldwork (2005–2014) and is comprised of elicitation, fieldnotes (unelicited, but non-textual material), and a 320,000 word corpus including natural stories, such as Catching eels in Appendix A, other text genres from fluent speakers, and translated material that have undergone extensive revision for naturalness by fluent speakers. Two Khamti speakers, Mann Han and Lwin Lwin Zaw, originally from Putao, Myanmar, deserve special recognition for the many natural texts provided and the countless hours going over the semantic, pragmatic, and cultural particulars of this material. Permission from each of my language consultants to use this data is documented with the Human Research Ethics office of the Faculty of Graduate Studies Research (FGSR) at the University of Alberta. 2 Khamti is a northern tier language of SW Tai in the Tai-Kadai language family (Chamberlain 1975: 63; Edmondson & Solnit 1997: 340; Edmondson 2008: 184; Diller et al. 2008). There are approximately 14,000 speakers dispersed across two regions: Northwest Myanmar (Burma) and the Assam region of Northeast India (Simons et al. 2009). These two predominant Khamti regions, Khamti Shan in Northern Myanmar and Tai Khamti in Northeast India, even though they both refer to themselves as Tai Khamti, actually represent two sprechbunds and potentially two separate dialects (Dockum 2014). It is the specific Tibeto-Burman language contact situation in Myanmar that influences the analysis presented in this paper. 1 2 Khamti Shan anti-ergative construction (1) a. mai² kaw¹ maeu⁴ kin³khau² nai² u⁵ here also 2S eat can IPFV.I ‘You can also eat here.’ (fieldnotes 2005-01-17) b. heun⁴ nai¹ mai² maeu⁴ tsau²naai³ kiaa⁴ yang⁴ nai¹ house DEF LOC 2S alone is.it.that exist Q ‘Are you alone at the house?’ (fieldnotes 2005-03-28) c. yau¹ki⁴ neun³ haa⁵ mai² phaai⁵nam¹ naa⁴ hit⁵ u⁵ after.this month five LOC water.gate field make IPFV.I ‘After this, at/in the fifth month, make (the) field water gates.’ (Farming.006) The grammaticalization pathway for mai² from a deictic in (1a) to a static marker of location in (1b) is evidenced by functional, syntactic, and morphological changes (Diessel 1999: 118): Functionally, the mai² in (1b) is no longer used to “focus the hearer’s attention on entities in the outside world” and it becomes “deictically non-contrastive”. Syntactically, it becomes restricted to that of a postposition and is now also obligatory. Morphologically, only the proximal form (i.e. mai²) of the deictic paradigm grammaticalizes, the other forms (Inglis 2014: 148) do not. This process from deictic to gram is what Diessel (2006: 475) refers to as deictic shift and what Frajzyngier (1991: 220) identifies as a de re to de dicto developmental process, a move from the domain of reality and external situation to one of speech and text. In this fashion a kind of ambiguity leads to a reanalysis (Timberlake 1977; Harris & Campbell 1995; Coupe 2017), the deictic being a de re location and the postposition a de dicto location, its ostensive function reinterpreted as a predicative one. The reanalysis of mai² as a postposition for (static) location in (1b), then, readily extends to temporal location in (1c) by means of commonplace conceptual metaphor—TIME IS SPACE—and a well documented spatio-temporal interplay in language (Givón 1979: 217; Lakoff & Johnson 1980: 8–10; Rice 1992: 90–91; Haspelmath 1997; Heine & Kuteva 2002: 41, 205; Rice & Kabata 2007: 461–462). The examples in (2) show more extensions that arise from a static locative function, with mai² marking the possessor maan² amaeu⁴nai¹ ‘that village’ of a predicative possessive construction in (2a), the standard of comparison (comparee) kun² ‘person’ in (2b), and marking the causal undergoer (causee) nam¹khiang² ‘ice’ in (2c). (2) a. maan² amaeu⁴nai¹ mai² an³yap⁵ aan⁵taan⁵ yang⁴ u⁵ village that LOC problems many exist IPFV.I ‘That village has many problems.’ Lit. ‘Many problems are at that village.’ (fieldnotes 2005-05-11) b. paa³sa²nje¹ seung⁵ kun⁴ mai² hiang⁴ saa⁵ ki⁴ yaa¹ eel EMPH person LOC be.strong more if TOP Khamti Shan anti-ergative construction 3 ‘If it is that an eel is stronger than a person...’ Lit. ‘If it is that an eel is stronger at a person...’ (Catching eels.027) c. au³ hin³ luk¹ leung³ nam¹khiang² mai² au³ with stone CLF INDF ice LOC cause tiat¹ u⁵ crack IPFV.I ‘(Someone) with a stone causes the ice to crack.’ Lit. ‘(Someone) with a stone causes a crack at/on the ice’ (fieldnotes 2005-06-10) Both the locative construction in (1b) and predicative possessive construction in (2a) take the verb of existence yang⁴, motivating the functional extension of a possessor marker vis-à-vis the notion location. Mai² serves to locate the existence of one entity within the proximity of another entity, spatially in (1b) and metaphorically in (2a), in which the possessee an³yap⁵ aan⁵taan⁵ ‘many problems’ acts as a reference location exhibiting a search domain that is analogous to a reference possessor exhibiting a “region of possession” (Langacker 1993: 12). The possessive-as-locative process is a rather common predicative possessive strategy across languages (Clark 1978; Heine 1997a; Lichtenberk 2002; Heine & Kuteva 2002: 204–205; Dryer 2007: 244; Rice & Kabata 2007; Langacker 2009: 98). The comparative construction in (2b) comprises the stative verb hiang⁴ ‘be strong’ (with an index marker saa⁵ ‘more’) as a criterion of comparison, the nominal paa³sa²nje¹ ‘eel’ as that which is being compared, and the nominal kun⁴ ‘person’ as the standard of comparison that takes the mai² marker. The stative verb provides a (static) context—a discerned parameter or property—from which to interpret locative mai² as marking a baseline entity “within which to locate” a compared target entity. Other languages such as Archaic Chinese, Naga, and Hungarian use locative markers glossed as ‘on/at’ to also introduce the standard of comparison (Heine & Kuteva 2002: 201). For the causative construction in (2c), spatial location provides the basis for a general cognitive figure/ground organization (Frawley 1991: 162), with the causee nam¹khiang² ‘ice’ taking the mai² marker and setting up a cognitive ground on which a cognitive figure, the elided causer ‘(someone)’, initiates an action resulting in a crack (cf. Inglis 2014: 161–162). Locative-causal grammaticalization pathways are well-documented (Heine & Kuteva 2002: 200; see also Rice 2005 for locative (directionals) as markers of causality). When it comes to (dynamic) locatives, a motion verb provides the condition for mai² to emerge as a goal marker, as shown in (3a) with the allative meung⁴ ‘city’. Then with transfer verbs mai² becomes the marker for human endpoints (goals), prototypically the recipient of a physical transaction, as shown with 3S in (3b). The extension from allative marker to (human) goal marker is also well-documented across languages (Blansitt 1988: 177; Heine 1990; Genetti 1991; Heine & Kuteva 2002: 37–38; Rice & Kabata 2007: 481). 4 Khamti Shan anti-ergative construction (3) a. kuu³ pat¹ meung⁴ mai² kau³ kaa⁵ u⁵ each week city LOC 1S go IPFV.I ‘Each week I go to the city.’ (elicitation.046) b. maeu⁴ man⁴ mai² pap¹ haeu² aw⁴ 2S 3S LOC book give Q ‘Did you give the book to her?’ (elicitation.147) Constructions that express less prototypical human endpoints are also included in the mai² marking scheme, as with the addressee mee⁵tsau²heeun⁴ kau³ ‘my wife’ in (4a) and the benefactive pi⁵nuang¹ ‘sibling(s)’ in (4b), which are frequently derived from allative/directional markers (Heine 1997b: 94; Heine & Kuteva 2002: 37–38; Rice & Kabata 2007: 480–481). These are arguably not ‘syntactic’ ditransitives because the object expressing human goal is likely attributable to haeu² ‘give’ as part of a serial verb distributing the structural load for two objects (Enfield 2007: 371). (4) a. mee⁵tsau²heun⁴ kau³ mai² pung⁵ pseu⁵ nai¹ kau³ wife 1S LOC story witch DEF 1S khai⁵ haeu² yau¹ tell give PFV ‘I told the witch story to my wife already.’ (fieldnotes 2005-03-22) b. man⁴ pi⁵nuang¹ mai² tang² phak⁵ haeu² u⁵ 3S sibling LOC cook curry give IPFV.I ‘She cooks curry for siblings.’ Lit. ‘She cooks curry give to siblings.’ (elicitation.127) Finally, and central to this paper, mai² occurs as a marker of the monotransitive ‘object’ maa¹ ‘horse’ in (5).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • LCSH Section K
    K., Rupert (Fictitious character) Motion of K stars in line of sight Ka-đai language USE Rupert (Fictitious character : Laporte) Radial velocity of K stars USE Kadai languages K-4 PRR 1361 (Steam locomotive) — Orbits Ka’do Herdé language USE 1361 K4 (Steam locomotive) UF Galactic orbits of K stars USE Herdé language K-9 (Fictitious character) (Not Subd Geog) K stars—Galactic orbits Ka’do Pévé language UF K-Nine (Fictitious character) BT Orbits USE Pévé language K9 (Fictitious character) — Radial velocity Ka Dwo (Asian people) K 37 (Military aircraft) USE K stars—Motion in line of sight USE Kadu (Asian people) USE Junkers K 37 (Military aircraft) — Spectra Ka-Ga-Nga script (May Subd Geog) K 98 k (Rifle) K Street (Sacramento, Calif.) UF Script, Ka-Ga-Nga USE Mauser K98k rifle This heading is not valid for use as a geographic BT Inscriptions, Malayan K.A.L. Flight 007 Incident, 1983 subdivision. Ka-houk (Wash.) USE Korean Air Lines Incident, 1983 BT Streets—California USE Ozette Lake (Wash.) K.A. Lind Honorary Award K-T boundary Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris USE Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary UF Ka Iwi Scenic Shoreline Park (Hawaii) K.A. Linds hederspris K-T Extinction Ka Iwi Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris USE Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction BT National parks and reserves—Hawaii K-ABC (Intelligence test) K-T Mass Extinction Ka Iwi Scenic Shoreline Park (Hawaii) USE Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children USE Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction USE Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) K-B Bridge (Palau) K-TEA (Achievement test) Ka Iwi Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Koro-Babeldaod Bridge (Palau) USE Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement USE Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) K-BIT (Intelligence test) K-theory Ka-ju-ken-bo USE Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test [QA612.33] USE Kajukenbo K.
    [Show full text]
  • THAI-YUNNAN PROJECT BULLETIN NUMBER 7 MARCH 2005 Editorial
    THAI-YUNNAN PROJECT BULLETIN NUMBER 7 MARCH 2005 Editorial In the seventh issue of this online Bulletin we carry a fascinating continuation of Wasan Panyagaew’s travels (see Bulletin no. 5, 2003) among the diasporic Lue of the upper-Mekong borderlands. Nicholas Farrelly takes us even further afi eld with a stimulating and critical account of the way in which Thai scholars have approached the Tai groups of northeastern India. This builds on his previous critique of Thai writing on the Shan, which was submitted as an Honours Thesis at the Australian National University in 2003. And Runako Samata, in an extract from her Master’s Thesis at Chiang Mai University, gives a detailed account of some aspects of cabbage production by the Karen of Thailand, pointing to close relations with neighbouring groups and complexifying the often trite identifi cations of commercial production with non-Karen peoples. For recent discussions of this important issue see, for example, Yos Santasombat’s “Karen Cultural Capital and the political ecology of symbolic power” in Asian Ethnicity 5:1, 2004 and Andrew Walker’s comment Phra Upakhut, Wat Upakhut, Chiang Mai. Andrew Walker in the subsequent issue; Pinkaew Laungaramsri’s It is a belief that Phra Uppakut walks the streets of Chiangmai important critique of Thai forest policy, Redefi ning on the full moon of the ninth month as a monk seeking alms. The fi rst one to make an offering is blessed with good fortune. Nature (Earthworm Books 2001); Claudio Delang’s There is a story in Chiangmai that the future Luang Anusarn edited collection, Living at the edge of Thai society had walked overland to Chiangmai from China and was earn- (RoutledgeCurzon, 2003) and Yoko Hayami’s ing his living as a pedlar on the streets of Chiangmai.
    [Show full text]
  • 20 December 2002
    MON ASH UNIVERSITY THESIS ACCEPTED IN SATISFACTION OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ON. n . 20 December 2002 Research Graduate Sc'nool Committee Under the copyright Act 1968, this thesis must be used only under the normal conditions of scholarly fair dealing for the purposes of research, criticism or review. In particular no results or conclusions should be extracted from it, nor should it be copied or closely paraphrased in whole or in part without the written consent of the author. Proper written acknowledgement should be made for any assistance obtained from this thesis. ERRATA p 255 para 2, 3rd line. "Furthermore" for "Furthemore" p 257 para 2, 3rd line: "the Aitons" for "The Aitons" th p xiii para 5,4 line: "compiled" for "complied" p 269 para 1, 1* line: omit "see" nd p xvii para 1, 2 line: "other" for "othr" p 293 para 1, 3rd line: "not" for "nor" rd p xix para 8, 3 line: omit *ull stop after "the late" p 301 para 1, 4th line: "post-modify" for "post-modifier" rd p 5 para 5, 3 line: "bandh is often" for "bandh often" p 306 example (64), 6th line, "3PI" for "3Sg" th p 21 para 1, 4 line: "led" for "lead" p 324 footnote 61, 2nd line: "whether (76) is a case" for "whether (76) a nd p 29 footnote 21, 2 line: omit one "that" case" st p 34 para 2,1 line: substitute a comma for the full stop p 333 para 1, 3rd line: "as is" for "as does" st p 67 para 3,1 line: "contains" for "contain" p 334 para 1, last line: add final full stop p 71 last para, last line: "the" for "The" p 334 para 2, 1st line: "Example" for "Examples"
    [Show full text]
  • Prayer Cards | Joshua Project
    Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Barua, Maramagyi in Myanmar (Burma) Bulang in Myanmar (Burma) Population: 500 Population: 15,000 World Popl: 25,800 World Popl: 123,400 Total Countries: 3 Total Countries: 3 People Cluster: South Asia Buddhist People Cluster: Mon-Khmer Main Language: Rakhine Main Language: Blang Main Religion: Buddhism Main Religion: Buddhism Status: Unreached Status: Unreached Evangelicals: 0.00% Evangelicals: 0.80% Chr Adherents: 0.00% Chr Adherents: 1.90% Scripture: Portions Scripture: New Testament www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net Source: Anonymous "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Burmese in Myanmar (Burma) Chak, Thet in Myanmar (Burma) Population: 31,383,000 Population: 1,900 World Popl: 32,279,200 World Popl: 5,300 Total Countries: 19 Total Countries: 3 People Cluster: Burmese People Cluster: South Asia Buddhist Main Language: Burmese Main Language: Chak Main Religion: Buddhism Main Religion: Buddhism Status: Unreached Status: Unreached Evangelicals: 0.08% Evangelicals: 0.32% Chr Adherents: 0.35% Chr Adherents: 0.32% Scripture: Complete Bible Scripture: Translation Needed www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net Source: Kerry Olson Source: Peoples of the Buddhist World, A "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Chakma, Daingnet in Myanmar (Burma) Chaungtha in Myanmar (Burma) Population:
    [Show full text]
  • Twenty Fifth Annual Report Annual Report 2017-18
    TWENTY FFIFTHIFTH ANNUAL REPORT 20172017----18181818 ASSAM UNIVERSITY Silchar Accredited by NAAC with B grade with a CGPS OF 2.92 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT 2017-18 REPORT 2017-18 ANNUAL TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT 2017-18 PUBLISHED BY INTERNAL QUALITY ASSURANCE CELL, ASSAM UNIVERSITY, SILCHAR Annual Report 2017-18 ASSAM UNIVERSITY th 25 ANNUAL REPORT (2017-18) Report on the working of the University st st (1 April, 2017 to 31 March, 2018) Assam University Silchar – 788011 www.aus.ac.in Compiled and Edited by: Internal Quality Assurance Cell Assam University, Silchar | i Annual Report 2017-18 STATUTORY POSITIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY (As on 31.3.2018) Visitor : Shri Pranab Mukherjee His Excellency President of India Chief Rector : Shri Jagdish Mukhi His Excellency Governor of Assam Chancellor : Shri Gulzar Eminent Lyricist and Poet Vice-Chancellor : Prof Dilip Chandra Nath Deans of Schools: (As on 31.3.2018) Prof. G.P. Pandey : Abanindranath Tagore School of Creative Arts & Communication Studies Prof. Asoke Kr. Sen : Albert Einstein School of Physical Sciences Prof. Nangendra Pandey : Aryabhatta School of Earth Sciences Prof. Geetika Bagchi : Ashutosh Mukhopadhyay School of Education Prof. Sumanush Dutta : Deshabandhu Chittaranjan School of Legal Studies Prof. Dulal Chandra Roy : E. P Odum School of Environmental Sciences Prof. Supriyo Chakraborty : Hargobind Khurana School of Life Sciences Prof. Debasish Bhattacharjee : Jadunath Sarkar School of Social Sciences Prof. Apurbananda Mazumdar : Jawarharlal Nehru School of Management Prof. Niranjan Roy : Mahatma Gandhi School of Economics and Commerce Prof. W. Raghumani Singh : Rabindranath Tagore School of Indian Languages and Cultural Studies Prof. Subhra Nag : Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan School of Philosophical Studies Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Antrocom Journal of Anthropology 16-1
    Antrocom Journal of Anthropology ANTROCOM journal homepage: http://www.antrocom.net Antrocom Journal of Anthropology 16-1 Antrocom Online Journal of Anthropology vol. 16. n. 1 (2020) – ISSN 1973 – 2880 Periodico on line iscritto nel Registro Stampa presso la Cancelleria del Tribunale di Padova in data 18 Maggio 2017, n° iscrizione 2438 del Registro Stampa Antrocom Online Journal of Anthropology vol. 16 n. 1 (2020) 3-4 – ISSN 1973 – 2880 Summary Behaviors of a mixed gender and culture group during a 4-month confinement (SIRIUS-19) 5 by Carole Tafforin Samorini La gastronomia della nutria: specie aliene, trasformazioni ambientali, ibridazioni culturali e sperimentazioni culinarie 21 by Amedo Boscolo, Michele F. Fontefrancesco, Gabriele Volpato Lo straordinario e recente ritrovamento delle mummie di Roccapelago 55 by Giorgia Cozza Mάγος καὶ Mαγεία. La magia nella tradizione letteraria greca 69 by Alessandra Romeo Estetica ed etica del corpo femminile nella contemporanea spettacolarizzazione mediatica. Una riflessione a partire dal pensiero di Julia Kristeva. 71 by Ilaria Malagrinò Turismo etnico nel Mursiland: incontri ravvicinati di un certo tipo 85 by Sandra Busatta and Mariella Mazzetto Women’s Empowerment and Agency: Bottom – up and Top - down 97 by Claudio Riga Empowerment of women through Self Help Group (SHG): An anthropological study 113 by Ashim Das, Ananya Hota, Prof. Dipak K Midya and Dr. Ratan K. Samanta Literacy Trends and Differences of Scheduled Tribes in West Bengal: A Community Level Analysis 125 by Sarnali Dutta and Samiran
    [Show full text]
  • Myanmar ­ Languages | Ethnologue
    7/24/2016 Myanmar ­ Languages | Ethnologue Myanmar LANGUAGES Akeu [aeu] Shan State, Kengtung and Mongla townships. 1,000 in Myanmar (2004 E. Johnson). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Akheu, Aki, Akui. Classi囕cation: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern. Comments: Non-indigenous. More Information Akha [ahk] Shan State, east Kengtung district. 200,000 in Myanmar (Bradley 2007a). Total users in all countries: 563,960. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Ahka, Aini, Aka, Ak’a, Ekaw, Ikaw, Ikor, Kaw, Kha Ko, Khako, Khao Kha Ko, Ko, Yani. Dialects: Much dialectal variation; some do not understand each other. Classi囕cation: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern. More Information Anal [anm] Sagaing: Tamu town, 10 households. 50 in Myanmar (2010). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Namfau. Classi囕cation: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern. Comments: Non- indigenous. Christian. More Information Anong [nun] Northern Kachin State, mainly Kawnglangphu township. 400 in Myanmar (2000 D. Bradley), decreasing. Ethnic population: 10,000 (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 450. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Anoong, Anu, Anung, Fuchve, Fuch’ye, Khingpang, Kwingsang, Kwinp’ang, Naw, Nawpha, Nu. Dialects: Slightly di㨽erent dialects of Anong spoken in China and Myanmar, although no reported diഡculty communicating with each other. Low inherent intelligibility with the Matwang variety of Rawang [raw]. Lexical similarity: 87%–89% with Anong in Myanmar and Anong in China, 73%–76% with T’rung [duu], 77%–83% with Matwang variety of Rawang [raw]. Classi囕cation: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Nungish. Comments: Di㨽erent from Nung (Tai family) of Viet Nam, Laos, and China, and from Chinese Nung (Cantonese) of Viet Nam.
    [Show full text]
  • Page 1 1 S Y N T a C T I C U N I V E R S a L S a N D
    1 SYNTACTIC UNIVERSALS AND SEMANTIC CONSTRAINTS Statistical and other Comparative Evidence from the Study of Verbs and A djectives by Martin Hugh Prior School of Oriental and African Studies Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London 1985 ProQuest Number: 10673219 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10673219 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2 Abs tr a c t This study is concerned with the examination of word-order universals and the attempt to explain the diverse statistical patterns by means of a variety of semantic structures. Central to my study is a critique (a) of Hawkins's approach, the Universal Consistency Hypothesis, and its concentration upon apparently exceptionless universals, and (b) the Bartsch-Vennemann approach which breaks down structures generally into OPerator-Operand pairs. In Part I, I introduce a geographically and genetically representative sample of 75 languages, and show that not only are violations to be found to Hawkins's principles of consistency, but that they are statistically predictable.
    [Show full text]
  • Map by Steve Huffman Data from World Language Mapping System 16
    Mandarin Chinese Evenki Oroqen Tuva China Buriat Russian Southern Altai Oroqen Mongolia Buriat Oroqen Russian Evenki Russian Evenki Mongolia Buriat Kalmyk-Oirat Oroqen Kazakh China Buriat Kazakh Evenki Daur Oroqen Tuva Nanai Khakas Evenki Tuva Tuva Nanai Languages of China Mongolia Buriat Tuva Manchu Tuva Daur Nanai Russian Kazakh Kalmyk-Oirat Russian Kalmyk-Oirat Halh Mongolian Manchu Salar Korean Ta tar Kazakh Kalmyk-Oirat Northern UzbekTuva Russian Ta tar Uyghur SalarNorthern Uzbek Ta tar Northern Uzbek Northern Uzbek RussianTa tar Korean Manchu Xibe Northern Uzbek Uyghur Xibe Uyghur Uyghur Peripheral Mongolian Manchu Dungan Dungan Dungan Dungan Peripheral Mongolian Dungan Kalmyk-Oirat Manchu Russian Manchu Manchu Kyrgyz Manchu Manchu Manchu Northern Uzbek Manchu Manchu Manchu Manchu Manchu Korean Kyrgyz Northern Uzbek West Yugur Peripheral Mongolian Ainu Sarikoli West Yugur Manchu Ainu Jinyu Chinese East Yugur Ainu Kyrgyz Ta jik i Sarikoli East Yugur Sarikoli Sarikoli Northern Uzbek Wakhi Wakhi Kalmyk-Oirat Wakhi Kyrgyz Kalmyk-Oirat Wakhi Kyrgyz Ainu Tu Wakhi Wakhi Khowar Tu Wakhi Uyghur Korean Khowar Domaaki Khowar Tu Bonan Bonan Salar Dongxiang Shina Chilisso Kohistani Shina Balti Ladakhi Japanese Northern Pashto Shina Purik Shina Brokskat Amdo Tibetan Northern Hindko Kashmiri Purik Choni Ladakhi Changthang Gujari Kashmiri Pahari-Potwari Gujari Japanese Bhadrawahi Zangskari Kashmiri Baima Ladakhi Pangwali Mandarin Chinese Churahi Dogri Pattani Gahri Japanese Chambeali Tinani Bhattiyali Gaddi Kanashi Tinani Ladakhi Northern Qiang
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Essays on Development and Political Economy Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/38x1c5hw Author Di Miceli, Andrea Publication Date 2017 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Essays on Development and Political Economics A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Management by Andrea Di Miceli 2017 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Essays on Development and Political Economy by Andrea Di Miceli Doctor of Philosophy in Management University of California, Los Angeles, 2017 Professor Romain T. Wacziarg, Chair My dissertation studies the determinants of conflict and state formation as well as how national identities influence individuals’ decisions. It consists of three chapters. The first, “Chasing the Key Player: A Network Approach to the Myanmar Civil War” studies the determinants of civil conflict in Myanmar. As governments in weak states often face several armed groups, they have to allocate resources to fight a subset of them strategi- cally. I use a simple model to embed heterogeneity among rebel groups stemming from their network of alliances and enmities. The key insight is that, by attacking a group, the Myanmar army weakens its allies. Therefore, the model predicts that the Myanmar army strategically targets armed groups who are central in the network of alliances. To test the model’s predictions, I collect a new data set on rebel groups’ locations, alliances, and enmities for the period 1989-2015. Using geo-referenced information on armed groups attacked by the Myanmar army, the empirical evidence strongly supports the predictions ii of the model.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards Universal Education in Myanmar's Ethnic Areas
    Strength in Diversity: Towards Universal Education in Myanmar’s Ethnic Areas Kim Jolliffe and Emily Speers Mears October 2016 1 Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank all of the ethnic basic education providers that have worked for many years to serve their communities. In particular, the Karen Education Department, Karen Teacher Working Group, Mon National Education Committee and Department, and the Rural Development Foundation of Shan State and associates, all gave their time, resources, advice and consideration to make this report possible. Additionally, World Education, Myanmar Education Consortium, UNICEF, Child’s Dream, Save the Children, and all at the Education Thematic Working Group have been instrumental in the development of this work, providing information on their programs, making introductions, discussing their own strengths and challenges, providing feedback on initial findings, and helping to paint a deeper picture of what international support to ethnic basic education looks like. In particular, big thank yous to Dr. Win Aung, Aye Aye Tun, Dr. Thein Lwin (formerly worked for the Ministry of Education), Craig Nightingale, Amanda Seel, Catherine Daly, and Andrea Costa for reviewing early drafts of the paper and providing invaluable feedback, which has helped the report grow and develop considerably. About the Authors Having worked in Southeast Asia for over eight years, Kim Jolliffe is an independent researcher, writer, analyst and trainer, specializing in security, aid policy, and ethnic politics in Myanmar/Burma. He is the lead researcher on the Social Services in Contested Areas (SSCA) research project. Emily Speers Mears is a researcher and policy adviser specializing in education and conflict in fragile states.
    [Show full text]
  • A Historical Analysis of the Tai Language Study in Assam
    ADALYA JOURNAL ISSN NO: 1301-2746 A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TAI LANGUAGE STUDY IN ASSAM Khanikar Maut Research Scholar Dibrugarh University, Assam, India Email : [email protected] Contact : 8638885342 Abstract Assam is a coordination place of diverse ethnic groups, cultures and societies. One of the northeast states of India, Assam is well known as a museum of languages in all over the world. Many Taiethinic groups are living here for many centuries. Ahom, Phake, Khamti, Khamyang, Aiton and Turung—these Tai ethnic groups of Assam have their own languages. These languages also have writing tradition among them and numerous texts of many contexts have been written in these languages. According to the experts, the Tai languages included in Sino Tibetan and Tai Kadai language families. Unfortunately, these languages are now counted as endangered languages. This study intends to briefly summarize the study of endangered Tai languages in Assam. This study is an account of Tai language study in Assam, which is highlighting the Dictionaries, Grammars and research works that have been done. Keywords : Tai, Ahom, Phake, endangered, Khamti. Turung 1.0 Introduction The Christian Missionaries are known as the pioneer of the modern language study in Assam. They are the main contributor to the language study in the entire North-East India and with their great effort the linguistic survey of many tribes was initiated from the beginning period of the 19th century. Historically, the first folio of language study was drafted in the 18th century under the patronage of Ahom king Gaurinath Singha (1780-1795). During this period, Tangain Mohan and Ramakanta Volume 9, Issue 1, January 2020 139 http://adalyajournal.com/ ADALYA JOURNAL ISSN NO: 1301-2746 Molaigharia Boruah had compiled the two significant Tai Ahom lexicons named as Bar Ammra and Lati Ammra.
    [Show full text]