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Patrones Ecológicos Del Ensamble De La Familia Trochilidae

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Patrones Ecológicos Del Ensamble De La Familia Trochilidae Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Universidad del Perú. Decana de América Dirección General de Estudios de Posgrado Facultad de Ingeniería Geológica, Minera, Metalúrgica y Geográfica Unidad de Posgrado “Patrones ecológicos del ensamble de la familia Trochilidae asociados a gradientes altitudinales en dos localidades de la cordillera Chongón Colonche, Santa Elena - Ecuador” TESIS Para optar el Grado Académico de Doctora en Ciencias Ambientales AUTOR Evelyng Katherine ASTUDILLO SÁNCHEZ ASESOR Oscar Rafael TINOCO GÓMEZ Lima, Perú 2019 Reconocimiento - No Comercial - Compartir Igual - Sin restricciones adicionales https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Usted puede distribuir, remezclar, retocar, y crear a partir del documento original de modo no comercial, siempre y cuando se dé crédito al autor del documento y se licencien las nuevas creaciones bajo las mismas condiciones. No se permite aplicar términos legales o medidas tecnológicas que restrinjan legalmente a otros a hacer cualquier cosa que permita esta licencia. Referencia bibliográfica Tinoco, O. (2019). Patrones ecológicos del ensamble de la familia Trochilidae asociados a gradientes altitudinales en dos localidades de la cordillera Chongón Colonche, Santa Elena - Ecuador. Tesis para optar el grado de Doctora en Ciencias Ambientales. Unidad de Posgrado, Facultad de Ingeniería Geológica, Minera, Metalúrgica y Geográfica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú. HOJA DE METADATOS COMPLEMENTARIOS CODIGO ORCID DEL AUTOR: 0000-0003-0006-2730 CODIGO ORCID DEL ASESOR: 0000-0002-7927-931X DNI: 0917380578 GRUPO DE INVESTIGACIÓN: INSTITUCIÓN QUE FINANCIA PARCIAL O TOTALMENTE LA INVESTIGACIÓN: Universidad de Especialidades Espíritu Santo (UEES) UBICACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA DONDE SE DESARROLLÓ LA INVESTIGACIÓN. DEBE INCLUIR LOCALIDADES Y COORDENADAS GEOGRÁFICAS Cordillera Chongón Colonche, Santa Elena, Ecuador Comuna Loma Alta: (01º 52’S, 80º 38’O) Comuna Dos Mangas: (02º 07’S, 80º 18’O) AÑO O RANGO DE AÑOS QUE LA INVESTIGACIÒN ABARCÓ: 2015 (Enero-Diciembre) i Dedicatoria A la perseverancia ii AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco a Dios por la fuerza espiritual, el sosiego y la sabiduría. Mi familia ha sido el pilar donde me apoyo en los momentos de incertidumbre, por lo que agradezco a mi esposo y a mi hijo por su generosidad y paciencia, a mi mamita Rosa Nelly y mi madre por su ejemplo a la perseverancia, a mis hermanos por su compañía, a mis sobrinos y sobrinas por su alegría, a mis primos y primas por su confianza, y a Janice y Leonard Breon por su amor y apoyo incondicional. De manera especial quisiera agradecer a mi tutor, Dr. Oscar Tinoco, por su apoyo y guía en todo momento; así como a los colegas y amigos Héctor Aponte, Luis Troccoli, Oscar González, Gladys Torres, Olga Quevedo, Jame Pérez y Natalia Molina por compartir su experiencia y conocimiento conmigo. A los miembros del jurado, en especial a la Dra. Joaquina Albán, por sus recomendaciones para mejorar este trabajo. A todos mis estudiantes, pero en particular a Nicole Aguirre y Camila Tamayo, por su colaboración e interés en la recolecta de datos. A la UEES y su Centro de Investigaciones (CIN) por su apoyo para que mi proyecto de tesis sea posible. A la Comuna Loma Alta, en especial a Gustavo de la A, a los guardabosques Crisóforo Rodríguez, Narciso Ramírez y Eleodoro Rodríguez, a Mauricio Torres y Enzo Reyes por todo su trabajo en el campo. A la Comuna Dos Mangas, sus directivos 2015 -2017 por su apoyo y a los guardabosques por su trabajo en campo Al resto de mis amigos que han sido esa familia extendida que me abrigan el corazón y son palabras de aliento en los momentos de oscuridad, en especial a Carol Intriago y sus hermanas, a Carola Bohórquez y Nerli Pérez. Quisiera enaltecer con este esfuerzo a dos seres que no viven físicamente conmigo, pero que los llevo en el corazón siempre, mi padre Vicente Astudillo y mi mamita, Rosa Nelly Holguín, los amaré siempre. iii ÍNDICE GENERAL AGRADECIMIENTOS .............................................................................................. iii ÍNDICE GENERAL.................................................................................................... iv LISTA DE CUADROS .............................................................................................. vii LISTA DE FIGURAS ............................................................................................... viii RESUMEN .................................................................................................................. xi ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………. xii CAPÍTULO 1: INTRODUCCIÓN .............................................................................. 1 1.1. Situación Problemática .................................................................................. 1 1.2. Formulación del problema .................................................................................. 7 1.2.1. Problema General .......................................................................................... 7 1.2.2. Problemas Específicos ................................................................................... 7 1.3. Justificación ................................................................................................... 8 1.3.1. Justificación Teórica ...................................................................................... 8 1.3.2. Justificación Práctica ..................................................................................... 8 1.4. Objetivos ....................................................................................................... 9 1.4.1. Objetivo General ........................................................................................... 9 1.4.2. Objetivos Específicos .................................................................................... 9 CAPITULO 2: MARCO TEÓRICO .......................................................................... 10 2.1. Marco Filosófico o Epistemológico de la Investigación ............................. 10 2.2. Antecedentes de la Investigación ................................................................ 16 2.2.1. Historia Natural de la familia Trochilidae ................................................... 16 2.2.2. Características evolutivas de las plantas ornitógamas ................................. 22 2.2.3. Interacción Planta-Colibrí ........................................................................... 25 2.3. Bases Teóricas ............................................................................................. 27 2.4. Marco Conceptual ....................................................................................... 36 iv CAPÍTULO 3: METODOLOGÍA ............................................................................. 39 3.1. Área de Estudio ........................................................................................... 39 3.1.1. Cordillera Chongón Colonche.......................................................................... 39 3.1.2. Comuna Loma Alta .......................................................................................... 43 3.1.3. Comuna Dos Mangas ...................................................................................... 45 3.2. Método ......................................................................................................... 47 3.2.1. Tipo y Diseño de Investigación........................................................................ 47 3.2.2. Unidad de Análisis ........................................................................................... 47 3.2.3. Población de Estudio ........................................................................................ 47 3.2.4. Tamaño de Muestra .......................................................................................... 48 3.2.5. Selección de Muestra ....................................................................................... 48 3.2.6. Técnica de Recolección de Datos .................................................................... 48 3.3. Análisis e interpretación de la información ................................................. 53 3.3.1. Caracterización del hábitat de la familia Trochilidae ...................................... 53 3.3.2. Determinación de la composición y diversidad de la familia Trochilidae ....... 58 3.3.3. Descripción de las interacciones de la familia Trochilidae .............................. 58 3.3.4. Verificación de Hipótesis ................................................................................. 60 CAPÍTULO 4: RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ....................................................... 62 4.1. Resultados ........................................................................................................... 62 4.1.1. Caracterización del hábitat de la familia Trochilidae presente en la cordillera Chongón Colonche ..................................................................................................... 62 4.1.2. Determinación de la composición, estructura y diversidad de la familia Trochilidae ................................................................................................................. 75 4.1.3. Descripción de las interacciones ecológicas de la familia Trochilidae ............ 83 4.1.4. Patrones ecológicos asociados a la familia Trochilidae presentes en la cordillera Chongón Colonche. ................................................................................... 97 4.2. Verificación de Hipótesis .........................................................................
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