Monday, April 23, 2007

Part II

Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Annual Notice of Findings on Resubmitted Petitions for Foreign Species; Annual Description of Progress on Listing Actions; Proposed Rule

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. at the above immediate publication of a proposed address. rule to list a species is precluded by Fish and Wildlife Service FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: higher-priority listing proposals, and Marie T. Maltese at the above address, expeditious progress is being made to 50 CFR Part 17 or by telephone, 703–358–1708; fax, add and remove species from the Lists, as appropriate. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife 703–358–2276; or e-mail, [email protected]; or through Pursuant to section 4(b)(3)(C)(i) of the and Plants; Annual Notice of Findings Act, when, in response to a petition, we on Resubmitted Petitions for Foreign the Federal eRulemaking Portal at www.regulations.gov. find that listing a species is warranted Species; Annual Description of but precluded, we must make a new 12- Progress on Listing Actions SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: month finding annually until we publish a proposed rule or make a AGENCY: Background Fish and Wildlife Service, determination that listing is not Interior. The Endangered Species Act of 1973, warranted. These subsequent 12-month ACTION: Review of findings on petitions. as amended (Act) (16 U.S.C. 1531 et findings are referred to as ‘‘resubmitted’’ seq.), provides two mechanisms for petition findings. This notice contains SUMMARY: In this review, we announce considering species for listing. First, we our resubmitted petition findings for all our annual petition findings for foreign can identify and propose for listing foreign species that are currently the species, as required under section those species that are endangered or subject of outstanding petitions. 4(b)(3)(C)(i) of the Endangered Species threatened based on the factors Act of 1973, as amended. When, in contained in section 4(a)(1). We Previous Notices response to a petition, we find that implement this through the candidate The species discussed in this review listing a species is warranted but program. Candidate taxa are those taxa were the result of three separate precluded, we must complete a new for which we have sufficient petitions submitted to the Service to list status review each year until we publish information on file relating to biological a number of foreign bird and butterfly a proposed rule or make a determination vulnerability and threats to support a species as threatened or endangered that listing is not warranted. These proposal to list the taxa as endangered under the Act. We received petitions to subsequent status reviews and the or threatened, but for which preparation list foreign bird species on November accompanying 12-month findings are and publication of a proposed rule is 28, 1980, and April 30, 1991 (46 FR referred to as ‘‘resubmitted’’ petition precluded by higher-priority listing 26464 and 56 FR 58664 respectively). findings. actions. None of the species covered by On January 10, 1994, we received a Information contained in this review this review were assessed through the petition to list 7 butterfly species as describes our status review of 56 foreign candidate program; they were the result threatened or endangered (59 FR 24117). taxa that were the subjects of previous of public petitions to add species to the We took several actions on these warranted-but-precluded findings. Lists of Endangered and Threatened petitions, and to notify the public, we Based on our review, we find that 50 Wildlife and Plants (Lists), which is the published earlier petition findings, species continue to warrant listing, but other mechanism for considering status reviews, and petition finding that their listing remains precluded by species for listing. Under section reviews that included foreign species in higher-priority listing actions (see Table 4(b)(3)(A), when we receive such a the Federal Register on May 12, 1981 1). For six species previously found to petition, we must determine within 90 (46 FR 26464); January 20, 1984 (49 FR be warranted but precluded, listing is days, to the maximum extent 2485); May 10, 1985 (50 FR 19761); now warranted. We will promptly practicable, whether the petition January 9, 1986 (51 FR 996); July 7, 1988 publish a listing proposal for those six presents substantial scientific or (53 FR 25511); December 29, 1988 (53 species. commercial information indicating that FR 52747); January 6, 1989 (54 FR 554); With this review, we are requesting the petitioned action may be warranted November 21, 1991 (56 FR 58664); additional status information for the 50 (90-day finding). If we make a positive March 28, 1994 (59 FR 14496); May 10, species that remain warranted-but- 90-day finding, we are required to 1994 (59 FR 24117), and January 12, precluded by higher priority listing promptly commence a review of the 1995 (60 FR 2899). Our most recent actions. We will consider this status of the species. Section 4(b)(3)(B) review of petition findings was information in preparing listing of the Act requires that we must make published on May 21, 2004 (69 FR documents and future resubmitted one of three findings within 12 months 29354). petition findings. This information will of the receipt of the petition (12-month Since our last review of petition also help us to monitor the status of the finding). findings we have taken two listing taxa and in conserving them. The first possible 12-month finding is actions related to this notice. On that listing is not warranted, in which December 7, 2004, we published our 12- DATES: We will accept comments on case we need not take any further action month finding on a petition to list seven these resubmitted petition findings at on the petition. The second possibility foreign species of Swallowtail any time. is that we may find that listing is butterflies as threatened or endangered ADDRESSES: Submit any comments, warranted, in which case we must (69 FR 70580). We also published a information, and questions by mail to promptly publish a proposed rule to list proposed rule on November 22, 2006, to the Chief, Division of Scientific the species. Once we publish a list six foreign bird species as Authority, U.S. Fish and Wildlife proposed rule for a species, section endangered (71 FR 67530). Service, 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, Room 4(b)(5) and (6) govern further 750, Arlington, Virginia 22203; by fax to procedures, regardless of whether or not Findings on Resubmitted Petitions 703–358–2276; or by e-mail to we issued the proposal in response to This review describes our resubmitted [email protected]. Comments the petition. The third possibility is that petition findings for 56 foreign species and supporting information will be we may find that listing is warranted for which we had previously found available for public inspection, by but precluded. A warranted-but- listing to be warranted but precluded. appointment, Monday through Friday precluded finding means that We have considered all of the new

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information we have obtained since the on the wing at sea. The only time they Fiji petrel (Pterodroma macgillivrayi) previous findings. As a result of our spend any significant amount of time on The Fiji petrel is a marine species and review, we find that warranted-but- land is to breed and rear young, and presumably pelagic (del Hoyo et al. precluded findings remain appropriate these species require specific islands for 1992). It was originally known from just for 50 species. We emphasize that we reproduction and rearing fledglings. one specimen collected in 1855 on Gau are not proposing these species for Procellarids are long-lived species with Island and more recently from eight listing by this review, but we do low reproductive rates and juvenile records of sightings on the island since anticipate developing and publishing mortality is often high due to predation 1983 (BirdLife International 2000). The proposed listing rules for these species by introduced mammalian species. As is only other record is a reported sighting in the future, with an objective of common for all island nesting avian at sea over 200 km north of Gau progressively and conclusively species, they are vulnerable to (Watling 2000, as cited in BirdLife addressing all 50 foreign species within stochastic events, such as typhoons, International 2000). The Fiji petrel’s a reasonable time-frame. which could result in rapid population breeding grounds have not been Also as a result of this review, we find declines or unforeseen species discovered, but may be located in areas that for six species, listing is warranted. extinctions (Birdlife International 2006). of undisturbed mature forest, on rocky, We will promptly publish proposals to Based on information gathered and mountainous ground, or in the cloud list six species in the Family assessed since May 21, 2004 and forest highlands of Gau Island (del Hoyo Procellariidae (tube-nosed seabirds). December 7, 2004, we have updated our et al. 1992, Rare 2006). The species is These species include: the Fiji petrel determinations of whether listing of classified as Critically Endangered by (Pterodroma macgillivrayi), the these taxa continues to be warranted or the IUCN because it is inferred, given Chatham petrel (Pterodroma axillaris), warranted but precluded, or whether the paucity of recent records, that there Cook’s petrel (Pterodroma cookii), the listing is no longer warranted. See Table is only a tiny population confined to an Galapagos petrel (Pterodroma 1 for a summary of these current extremely small breeding area (IUCN phaeopygia), the magenta petrel determinations. Taxa in Table 1 of this 2006). The population is estimated at (Pterodroma magentae), and Heinroth’s notice are assigned to two status fewer than 50 individuals and is shearwater (Puffinus heinrothi). categories, noted in the ‘‘categories’’ We selected these six species from the assumed to be declining because of column at the left side of the table. We predation by feral cats which are list of warranted-but-precluded species identify the taxa for which we continue for two reasons. First, this group has believed to prey upon nestling and to find that listing is warranted but fledgling petrels. The reduction in more Priority 2 species than any other precluded by a ‘‘C’’ in the category taxonomic family in our list of juvenile survival rates and declines in column. The other category is for those recruitment are believed to threaten the warranted-but-precluded-species. The species for which we find that listing is Chatham petrel, Fiji petrel, Galapagos species’ long-term survival (BirdLife warranted and designate these taxa with International 2000). Very little is known petrel, and magenta petrel are all an ‘‘L.’’ For this notice, we have not classified as Priority 2 species. The two about the species and its life history. It determined that listing is no longer is protected under Fijian law, and other species are classified as Priority 8 warranted for any species whose listing (Cook’s petrel) and Priority 11 priorities for the species include was previously found to be warranted conducting surveys on Gau and other (Heinroth’s shearwater). Although these but precluded. The column labeled two species are not of the highest islands with suitable habitat and ‘‘Priority’’ indicates the listing priority reinforcing existing community priority under our listing priority number (LPN) for all warranted or ranking system, all six species face awareness (BirdLife International 2000). warranted-but-precluded taxa. We similar threats. With a minimum With the goal of strengthening assign the LPN based on the immediacy amount of additional effort and community awareness in mind, from and magnitude of threats, as well as additional resources, we can proceed 2002–2004, a local conservationist on taxonomic status. A complete with developing the proposed listing for Gau Island, Milika Rati, conducted the description of our listing priority system these two species concurrent with Pride campaign (Rare 2006). Ms. Rati was published on September 21, 1983 developing the proposed listing rule for chose the Fiji petrel as the flagship (48 FR 43098). Following the scientific the other four members of this family. mascot for the Pride campaign and used name of each taxon (third column) is the As noted in our 1983 Listing Priority a series of high-profile activities to raise family designation (fourth column) and Guidance (48 FR 43098), the listing awareness of the plight of the priority system provides such the common name, if one exists (fifth endangered Fiji petrel. During the late flexibility. We will be able to consult column). The sixth column provides the stages of the campaign there was finally the same experts for species known historical range for the taxon. a confirmed sighting of a Fiji petrel information, and perhaps have them act The avian species in Table 1 are listed (Rare 2006). A survey conducted at the in a peer review capacity, because the taxonomically. close of the campaign found that 99 scientists are likely to be knowledgeable Findings on Species for Which Listing percent of participants thought natural about multiple taxa within the Is Warranted resource protection was important and Procellariidae. This efficient use of 94 percent knew that the Fiji petrel is resources also will allow us to make Birds threatened with extinction. The chiefs more expeditious progress in taking We will promptly prepare listing of all 16 villages on the island signed a action on the species whose listing has proposals for the Fiji petrel (Pterodroma formal agreement supporting the been found to be warranted but macgillivrayi), the Chatham petrel creation of a bird sanctuary on the precluded. (Pterodroma axillaris), Cook’s petrel island for the species (Rare 2006). The The other reason we selected the (Pterodroma cookii), the Galapagos Australian Regional National Heritage Procellarids for our next listing proposal petrel (Pterodroma phaeopygia), the Programme continues to fund the Pride over the other Priority 2 species is magenta petrel (Pterodroma magentae), campaign on Gau Island. The Wildlife because of the significance of the threats and Heinroth’s shearwater (Puffinus Conservation Society, BirdLife to the species. Procellarids are pelagic heinrothi). These species are birds in the International, and the National Trust of species and spend much of their lives Family Procellariidae. Fiji Islands are collaborating to follow

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recommendations made by Ms. Rati at abundant broad-billed prion (Pachyptila breeding range and predation by the end of the initial Pride campaign vittata), which may be the cause of low introduced species. Loss of the Great (Rare 2006). breeding success and the high rate of Barrier Island population would lessen The importance of raising public pair bond disruption (BirdLife the overall species’ range and awareness of the species’ threats and the International 2000). As a conservation distribution by one-third. The unique recognition of the value of natural measure, artificial nest sites have been contributions of the Great Barrier Island resource protection are intrinsic provided, and burrows have been population’s gene pool would no longer measures that are invaluable for species blocked to prevent occupation by P. be available to the species. such as the Fiji petrel. Although vittata (BirdLife International 2000). Although the threat of predation by resource economists frequently struggle Although these actions have greatly introduced species has been reduced by to assign such intangible measures a improved breeding success, only a small targeted eradication programs, these monetary value, we recognize their proportion of breeding burrows have programs are not completely successful importance and value in furthering the been located (Taylor 2000). and must be adequately funded to protection and conservation of This species does not represent a continue as a protective measure for the threatened and endangered species. monotypic genus. It has a restricted petrels. Finally, as is common for all Creation of the bird sanctuary is an range and its population is declining. island species, is concern for their important initial step to preserve The threat to the species is high and vulnerability to stochastic events, such essential habitat for the Fiji petrel and imminent because the threats are as typhoons, which could result in rapid the awareness of the value of natural currently ongoing. Therefore, this population declines or extinction of the resource protection should help to species receives a priority rank of 2. species. alleviate any future man-made threats. Therefore, although the threat to the Cook’s petrel (Pterodroma cookii) Public awareness alone cannot address species is moderate due to the current population declines, the genetic effects Cook’s petrel is endemic to New large population estimate, it is of small populations, or stochastic Zealand. It is marine and highly pelagic imminent because the population is events that can destroy an entire in temperate and subtropical waters, decreasing, an important segment of the population during a single incident. and rarely approaches land except for population is likely to become extinct in However, the Fijian Pride campaign has nesting (del Hoyo et al. 1992). Cook’s the near future, and the threat from united the island’s efforts to preserve petrel breeds on three islands: Little predation remains. We assigned this the Fiji petrel and its habitat; therefore, Barrier, Great Barrier, and Codfish species a priority ranking of 8. Islands (del Hoyo et al. 1992), and it is anticipated that current and Galapagos petrel (Pterodroma potential measures will help to reduce occupies thickly forested high ridges and slopes, up to 700 m above sea level phaeopygia; previously referred to as the threats to the species as the Pterodroma phaeopygia phaeopygia) campaign continues to broaden in (BirdLife International 2000). This scope. species is classified as Endangered by The Galapagos petrel is a pelagic The Fiji petrel does not represent a IUCN because it has a very small marine bird endemic to the Galapagos monotypic genus. The magnitude of breeding range, and population numbers Islands, Ecuador (BirdLife International threat to the species is high due to the are decreasing (IUCN 2006). 2006). It breeds on Santa Cruz, Floreana, species’ small population size which Furthermore, there is a danger that the Santiago, San Cristobal, Isabela, and has continued to decrease since our Great Barrier Island population may possibly other islands in the Galapagos previous notice, and the immediacy of soon be extirpated because only four archipelago (Cruz and Cruz 1987; H. threat is imminent due to continued nest burrows have been located in Vargas and F. Cruz in litt. 2000, as cited predation by feral cats. Therefore, it recent years and it is estimated that in BirdLife International 2006). This receives a priority rank of 2. fewer than 20 pairs inhabit the island species is classified as Critically for breeding purposes (BirdLife Endangered by IUCN because of its Chatham petrel (Pterodroma axillaris; International 2006). The population continuing history of declines (IUCN Previously Referred to as Pterodroma estimate for this species is 150,000– 2002). In the early 1980s, Galapagos hypoleuca axillaris) 200,000 birds (BirdLife International petrel populations underwent extremely The Chatham petrel is found only on 2006). Threats to the species are rapid declines; estimates of population South East Island (Rangatira) in the predominantly from invasive predator declines are as high as 81 percent in 4 Chatham Islands of New Zealand species such as feral cats, black rats years, and it is likely to have declined (BirdLife International 2006). It is (Rattus rattus), Pacific rats (R. exulans), by more than 80 percent in the last 60 marine and presumably pelagic, and and the weka (Gallirallus australis), years (three generations) (IUCN 2002). breeds on coastal lowlands and slopes which are major predators of adults and The total population estimate for this in areas with low forest, bracken, or chicks (Heather and Robertson 1997; species is 20,000–60,000 birds with a rank grass (del Hoyo et al. 1992). It nests Taylor 2000). By 1980, feral cats were decreasing population trend (BirdLife in burrows amongst low vegetation and eradicated from Little Barrier Island, International 2000). Threats to survival roots on flat to moderately sloping and wekas were eradicated from Codfish include introduced dogs, feral cats, and ground (Marchant and Higgins 1990). Island between 1980 and 1985 (Taylor pigs, which take eggs, young, and This species is classified as Critically 2000). Pacific rats were successfully adults; black rats and brown rats (R. Endangered by IUCN because it is eradicated from Codfish Island in norvegicus), which take eggs and chicks; restricted to South East Island and August 1998, and an eradication nest-site destruction by goats, donkeys, inferred to be continuing to decline due program on Little Barrier Island has cattle, and horses; and predation by to competition from other native been proposed (Conservation News Galapagos hawks (Buteo galapagoensis) burrowing seabirds (IUCN 2006). The 2002). (Cruz and Cruz 1987; Cruz and Cruz population estimate for this species is This species does not represent a 1996). Predator control and petrel 800–1,000 birds with a decreasing monotypic genus, and has a fairly large monitoring programs are currently in population trend (BirdLife International population size; however, the place on Floreana, Santa Cruz, and 2000). There is intense competition for population is decreasing. Primary Santiago Islands (H. Vargus and F. Cruz burrows on South East Island with the threats to the species are a limited in litt. 2000, as cited in BirdLife

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International 2006). The breeding areas vulnerable to extirpation during a single Procellarids. Over the next year the on Santa Cruz, Floreana, and San stochastic event. The magnitude is issuance of additional proposed listing Cristobal have been severely reduced imminent because the threats are rules will also be precluded due to the due to vegetation clearance for ongoing, and there is very little need to work on the following listing agricultural land development and information available about the species’ actions. We will be working on a final intensive grazing by cattle (Cruz and current population dynamics. It listing determination for the six foreign Cruz 1987; Cruz and Cruz 1996). Nearly therefore receives a priority rank of 2. bird species that we proposed for listing half the species’ breeding range on on November 23, 2006. Reaching a final Heinroth’s shearwater (Puffinus Santa Cruz Island is under cultivation decision on this proposed rule is heinrothi) (Baker 1980, as cited in BirdLife consistent with the statutory deadlines International 2000). The Galapagos The Heinroth’s shearwater is known under section 4(b)(5) and is a high Islands are a national park and were from the Bismarck Archipelago, around priority that takes precedence over declared a World Heritage Site (WHS) in Bougainville in Papua New Guinea, and proposed listings for additional 1979 (BirdLife International 2006). The Kolombangara in the Solomon Islands warranted-but-precluded species. WHS designation encourages Ecuador to (Buckingham et.al. 1995, as cited in A foreign government has petitioned work carefully to enact suitable BirdLife International 2000). It is a us to delist a species that is under its conservation laws and implement marine bird species, and presumably jurisdiction and is listed under the Act. existing laws to protect the unique pelagic (del Hoyo et al. 1992). The Mexico submitted a petition to delist the fauna and flora of the Galapagos Islands Heinroth’s shearwater is believed to Morelet’s crocodile (Crocodylus (UNESCO 2007). breed on high, inaccessible mountains. moreletii). The Morelet’s crocodile This species does not represent a Introduced rats, feral cats and dogs are petition was submitted by the Mexican monotypic genus, but it is declining and considered potential threats to the government through the National has persistent threats that are high in species. BirdLife International has Commission for the Understanding and magnitude, such as nest predation by identified a number of target Use of Biodiversity (CONABIO), and feral animals. This and other threats are conservation actions for the species was received by the Service on May 26, imminent because they are ongoing; for including: demographic surveys and an 2005. A 90-day finding was published instance, loss of breeding habitat that assessment of the presence of on June 28, 2006 (71 FR 36743) finding has been cleared for agricultural introduced mammals on potential that the petitioned action may be purposes is a threat that is nearly breeding grounds (BirdLife International warranted. The 12-month review is impossible to resolve. Therefore, this 2000). The Heinroth’s shearwater is currently in progress and we must species receives a priority rank of 2. categorized as Vulnerable by the IUCN complete work on this petition because it is believed to have a very consistent with our responsibilities Magenta petrel (Pterodroma magentae) small population and breeding range under section 4(b)(3) of the Act. The magenta petrel is known from (IUCN 2002). The population estimate We are also in the process of making Chatham Island, New Zealand. It breeds for this species is 250–999 birds with an a final determination on whether to in a fragmented colony under dense unknown population trend (BirdLife delist the Mexican bobcat (Lynx rufus forest, is a marine bird species, and International 2000). There is no escuinapae). The United States, with presumably pelagic (BirdLife substantial evidence of a decline (IUCN support from Mexico and other International 2000, del Hoyo et al. 2002). countries, proposed to transfer the 1992). The magenta petrel was Heinroth’s shearwater does not Mexican bobcat from Appendix I to rediscovered in 1978 after 10 years of represent a monotypic genus. There is Appendix II of the Convention on intensive searching (Crockett 1994, as no substantial evidence of a population International Trade in Endangered cited in BirdLife International 2006). decline; however, because of its small Species of Wild Fauna and Flora This species is listed as Critically population size it faces threats that are (CITES), based on the bobcat’s Endangered by IUCN because it has moderate and non-imminent. This widespread and stable status in Mexico undergone an historic decline that is species was designated a priority rank of and the questionable taxonomy of the assumed to be greater than 80 percent in 11. subspecies. The U.S. proposal was 60 years, it has a very small population, accepted and the change went into and it is restricted to one extremely Findings on Species for Which Listing effect on November 6, 1992. On July 8, small location (IUCN 2002). The Is Warranted but Precluded 1996, we received a petition from the population is estimated to number 100– We have found that, for the following National Trappers Association, Inc. to 150 individuals. It is possible that the 50 bird species, issuance of proposed delist the Mexican bobcat. Our 12- species’ long-term decline may have listing rules, even for species with the month finding and proposed rule were begun to stabilize, but it is premature to highest listing priority numbers, will published on May 19, 2005 (70 FR assume that there is not a continuing continue to be precluded over the next 28895). Under section 4(b)(6) of the Act, decline until this information is verified year due to the need to complete we have a statutory responsibility to (BirdLife International 2000). The pending proposals to determine if other complete this rule-making process. species is predominantly threatened by species are threatened or endangered. We are also making a final introduced species that prey upon eggs, We will continue to monitor the status determination on whether to delist the chicks, and adults for food; compete for of these species as new information scarlet-chested parakeet (Neophema burrows, or destroy nesting sites becomes available. Our review of new splendida) and the turquoise parakeet (BirdLife International 2000). information will determine if a change (Neophema pulchella). On September The magenta petrel does not represent in status is warranted, including the 22, 2000, we announced a review of all a monotypic genus. The magnitude of need to emergency list any species or endangered and threatened foreign threat to the species is high due to its change the LPN of any of the species. species in the Order Psittaciformes as historic rapid decline, the current As explained in the previous section, part of a 5-year review under section estimate of a very small population, and one of our highest priorities in the 4(c)(2) of the Act (65 FR 57363). One a single, small breeding location. These coming year is to prepare proposed commenter suggested we consider these threats render the species highly listing rules for the six species of two species for delisting. The individual

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provided substantial scientific is endangered or threatened is also a CITES, the DSA staff is responsible for information, including information and function of available resources. The reviewing and making non-detriment correspondence with the government of number of species’ proposals pending, findings for permits for the export of Australia (the range country of these and the rate at which we can process species listed in Appendix-I and species) regarding the status of both proposals and add more proposals, Appendix-II of CITES , and the import species. Under section 4(b)(6) of the Act, depends on the staff resources available. of Appendix-I species. In 2004, DSA we have a statutory responsibility to Listing of foreign species under the Act either provided written non-detriment complete this rule-making process. is carried out by a different Service findings or written non-detriment On January 4, 2005, we received a program than the domestic Endangered advice for approximately 3,192 permits petition from 14 county officials Species program. The Division of that were issued by the Service’s representing 13 western States to list the Scientific Authority (DSA), within the Division of Management Authority Northern snakehead fish (Channa argus) Service’s International Affairs program, (DMA). In 2005, that number had as threatened or endangered under the is solely responsible for the increased to approximately 5,854 issued Act, and further, to designate the development of all listing proposals for permits. These figures do not include Chesapeake Bay region as critical foreign species and promulgation of the number of non-detriment findings habitat. On March 5, 2005, we received final rules, whether internally-driven or made for permit applications that were a petition from a private individual to as the result of a citizen petition. Unlike denied, abandoned, or withdrawn. de-list the tiger (Panthera tigris). We the Service’s domestic Endangered DSA’s other CITES responsibilities have a statutory responsibility under Species program, DSA does not have include proposing species for listing or section 4(b)(3) of the Act to process specific branch or field offices for delisting at the biennial meeting of the these petitions. endangered species functions. The DSA Conference of the Parties (CoP) (see On November 29, 2006, we received program consists of a Division Chief, a Article XI), and participating in the a petition from the Center for Biological Branch Chief, two botanists, and three CITES Plants and Animals Committee Diversity (CBD) to list 12 species of zoologists, when fully staffed. As of meetings, between each CoP, for the penguins as threatened or endangered September 2005, DSA had one zoologist dissemination of biological information under the Act. The petitioned species position vacant, and the Branch Chief and other Treaty business. include the emperor penguin position was vacant for most of 2006. The Division of Management (Aptenodytes forsteri) as threatened; Both positions were finally filled in Authority (DMA), which also operates Southern rockhopper penguin (Eudyptes August, 2006. We dedicate over 50 under the International Wildlife Trade chrysocome) as threatened; Northern percent of our existing staff resources to budget, is responsible for issuing rockhopper penguin (Eudyptes foreign endangered species listing permits under the Act, other ESA moseleyi) as endangered; Fiordland activities, including processing activities such as conducting section 7 crested penguin (Eudyptes petitions, preparation of the ANOR, and consultations, certain permitting pachyrhynchus) as endangered; snares listing species which have been provisions of the Marine Mammal crested penguin (Eudyptes robustus) as designated as warranted. Protection Act, issuing Injurious threatened; erect-crested penguin In determining the resources available Wildlife permits under the Lacey Act, (Eudyptes sclateri) as endangered; for listing actions under the Act, we and implementing parts of the Pelly macaroni penguin (Eudyptes must also balance these needs with the Amendment (section 8 of the chrysolophus) as threatened, or, if not resources needed for completing the Fisherman’s Protective Act). DMA also listed as threatened, CBD requested that other non-discretionary activities that manages CITES implementation we consider the South Georgia and are the responsibility of DSA staff and obligations. DMA and DSA share Marion populations as Distinct that are funded under the International responsibilities for implementation of Population Segments, or as a Wildlife Trade budget component of the the Wild Bird Conservation Act of 1992. ‘‘significant portion’’ of the species International Affairs program. This Therefore, the resources available for range; royal penguin (Eudyptes budget is used for not only the ESA ESA listing actions for foreign species is schlegeli) as threatened; white-flippered foreign listing activities, but also issuing limited by these competing non- penguin (Eudyptula albosignata) as permits under the Act, mandatory discretionary activities funded from the endangered; yellow-eyed penguin activities for U.S. implementation of International Wildlife Trade budget. If (Megadyptes antipodes) as endangered; CITES, implementing the Wild Bird additional resources become available, African penguin (Spheniscus demersus) Conservation Act of 1992, certain it will be our highest priority in the as endangered; and Humboldt penguin permitting provisions of the Marine coming year to prepare proposed listing (Spheniscus humboldti) as endangered. Mammal Protection Act, and parts of the rules for additional priority 2 We have a statutory responsibility under Pelly Amendment (Section 8 of the warranted-but-precluded species. section 4(b)(3) of the Act to process this Fisherman’s Protective Act). petition and are preparing our 90-day The United States is a party to CITES; Birds petition finding. and has the responsibility under the In addition to these listing actions, we Treaty to implement and enforce its Junin flightless grebe (Podiceps are also currently preparing a 5-year provisions (see Article VIII, paragraph taczanowskii) notice of review of all foreign-listed 1). CITES regulates and monitors listed The Junin flightless grebe is found wildlife species as required under species in trade through a system of only at Lake Junin, which is located section 4(c)(2) of the Act. During the permits. Species are listed based on the 4,080 m above sea level in central Peru coming year, we will also be working on level of threat to the species and that (Fjeldsa˚ 1981, as cited in O’Donnell and the 2008 ANOR, which sets priorities species’ need for conservation in Fjedsa˚ 1997). The lake covers for the next set of listing actions. Using international trade. Section 8A of the approximately 14,320 hectares bordered our best efforts to meet our statutory Act designates the Service, through its by extensive reed marshes and reaches responsibilities under the Act is a high Scientific Authority and Management a depth of 10 m at the center. The reed priority. Authority, to carry out the United marshes are continuous in some areas of Our ability to complete States’ CITES responsibilities. As the lake shore, but they also form a determinations on whether any species required under Articles III and IV of mosaic with stretches of open water in

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other areas. Considerable stretches of has been rapid expansion of the mine, and likely to remain so. Conversion of the lake are shallow, supporting dense and no available information to indicate the species’ habitat for agricultural growth of stonewort (Chara spp.) (del that pollution controls have been put in purposes is not likely to cease; nor will Hoyo et al. 1992). The Junin grebe place (Mbendi 2007). the land, once cleared, be allowed to prefers open lake habitat and remains in The Junin flightless grebe does not revert back to the wild habitat which is the center of the lake when it is not represent a monotypic genus. It faces optimal for the storks. The loss of breeding. During the breeding season, threats that are high in magnitude, such nesting trees lessens the number of however, it nests in areas of tall Scirpus as oscillations in ENSO conditions available sites for nesting, mating, and californicus tatora or bays and channels which can cause environmental recruitment of young to the population. along the outer edge of the 2–5 km-wide conditions that are harmful to the Drainage of wetlands to be used for reed marshes surrounding the lake species; and imminent because the cultivation further impacts the stork’s (O’Donnel and Fjedsa˚ 1997). The Junin declines in water quality are ongoing, habitat needs, forcing the birds into grebe feeds predominantly on fish and possibly increasing, as the result of inferior habitat which increases the (Orestias spp.), which constitute increased production at the Cerro del threats to the species survival. It approximately 90% of its diet (del Hoyo Pasco mine. It therefore receives a therefore receives a priority rank of 2. priority rank of 2. et al. 1992). Andean flamingo (Phoenicopterus The Junin grebe experienced a Greater adjutant stork (Leptoptilos andinus) dramatic decline during the 20th dubius) The Andean flamingo is restricted to Century. The species was considered The greater adjutant stork was high-altitude salt lakes in the Andes, abundant in 1938, and common in 1961, previously widespread and common, mainly between 3,500 and 4,500 m, with population estimates of several and found in much of South and from southern Peru through Bolivia to thousand birds (del Hoyo et al. 1992). Southeast Asia, from Pakistan through northern Chile and northwestern Current population estimates for the northern India, Nepal, and Bangladesh, Argentina (del Hoyo et al. 1992). Junin grebe range between 50 and 249 to Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Viet Nam, Population assessments for this species birds, with a decreasing population and Cambodia (BirdLife International vary greatly, but it is believed that trend (BirdLife International 2006). As a 2006). However, during the 20th 50,000–100,000 individuals existed result of the species’ decline, and Century the species experienced a rapid until the mid-1980s (Rocha and Quiroga because it is endemic to a single Andean decline, and currently the population 1997, as cited in BirdlLife International lake, the Junin grebe qualifies as estimate is 800–1,000 birds (BirdLife 2006). Commercial egg collection for Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red International 2006). Only two very small food was intensive during the mid-20th List (IUCN 2006). Current population and highly disjunct breeding Century and again in the early 1980s, numbers have been known to fluctuate populations remain: one in Assam, with estimates of thousands of eggs considerably from year to year. India (Saikia and Bhattacharjee 1989, as being taken annually. Unfavorable water Population fluctuations are believed to cited in BirdLife International 2006), the levels resulting from weather and be tied to relatively unstable climatic other in Cambodia (Mundkur et al. human manipulation, mining activities, conditions recently linked to El Nin˜ o/ 1995, as cited in BirdLife International erosion of nest sites, and human Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, 2006). During the 19th century, there disturbance are other factors that are with population numbers lowest during were vast colonies of millions of greater affecting productivity. In 1997, the dry years. Although the species appears adjutant storks in Burma, and del Hoyo entire population was estimated at able to recover in good years, it remains et al. (1992) noted that in Calcutta there 34,000 individuals, indicating that the unclear whether this process can be was ‘‘almost one [stork] on every roof.’’ species had experienced a rapid sustained, particularly in the face of The greater adjutant stork frequents population decline in less than 20 years other, continuing threats (IUCN 2006). marshes, lakes, paddy fields, and open (BirdlLife International 2006). Very low The original decline of this species was forest, and may also be found in dry breeding success has been reported for brought about by declines in water areas, such as grasslands and fields. It this species (Flamingo Action Plan quality of Lake Junin due to local is commonly found feeding at carcasses Questionnaire 1998, as cited in BirdLife mining activities and variations in water and rubbish dumps at the edges of International 2006), and population levels of up to 7 m, which are linked to towns (BirdLife International 2006). declines may continue unabated for electrical power generation by a local The greater adjutant stork is classified many years without an accurate hydroelectric power station. The water as Endangered by the IUCN (IUCN understanding of the extent of decline level draw-downs reduced nesting and 2006). Major threats to the species because of the extensive longevity of the foraging areas (BirdLife International include direct exploitation, such as species (del Hoyo 1992, as cited in 2000), and in 1969, the vegetation of hunting and egg collection from nesting BirdLife International 2006). It is also Lake Junin appeared to be dyed yellow colonies; habitat destruction, difficult to quantify the number of with breakdown products of sulphuric particularly lowland deforestation and juvenile birds that survive to adulthood acids and toxic fumes from a copper the felling of nest trees; and drainage, and successfully produce viable mine (del Hoyo et al. 1992). Of less agricultural conversion, pollution, and offspring. Due to the species’ significance, perhaps, was the over-exploitation of wetlands. The reproductive history, recruitment introduction of non-native trout species Assam population is considered uncertainty, and the abiotic threats to in the 1930s, which have replaced threatened by the loss of a readily the species, an assessment of the native fish species. Since 1975, several available food source, due to the population decline and the need for conservation measures have been reduced number of open rubbish dumps conservation measures to protect the implemented; Lake Junin was declared for the disposal of carcasses and species are challenging. a protected reserve, and the Peruvian foodstuffs (BirdLife International 2006). The Andean flamingo is categorized Government nationalized the mines of The greater adjutant stork does not as Vulnerable by the IUCN (IUCN 2006) Cerro del Pasco in an attempt to prevent represent a monotypic genus, but it and is also listed in Appendix II of pollution by the mine (del Hoyo et al. faces threats that are high in magnitude CITES (CITES 2006). Threats include 1992). Since that time, however, there and imminent because they are ongoing ongoing exploitation of the species as a

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result of egg collection and declining mining in the Serra da Canastra area was considered fairly common at the habitat quality (IUCN 2006). Local (Bartmann 1994 and 1996, as cited in beginning of the 20th Century, but conservation actions are currently BirdLife International 2006). Dam severe habitat loss has had a major underway, such as habitat management, construction has destroyed suitable deleterious impact on the species (del prevention of egg collecting, and raising habitat, especially in Brazil and Hoyo et al. 1994). Population estimates public awareness about the species’ Paraguay. In Argentina, hunting and for the species have fallen from 1,000– decline and need for additional collecting specimens for exhibition are 2,499 individuals in 2000 (BirdLife conservation measures (BirdLife considered contributory factors to the International 2000), to a current International 2006). At this time, it is species’ decline (BirdLife International estimate of 250–999 individuals, with a difficult to assess the effectiveness of 2006). The Brazilian merganser is decreasing trend (BirdLife International these actions in alleviating the threats to considered extirpated in Mato Grosso do 2006). The bird is hunted for food even the Andean flamingo, as they have only Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paolo, and in protected areas, except Ucumari recently been put into place. Future Santa Catarina (BirdLife International (BirdLife International 2006). IUCN assessments of the species will be more 2006). There is only one recent record categorizes the species as Endangered likely to include such information, after of the species from Misiones, Argentina because it has a small contracted range the conservation actions have had (Benstead 1994; Hearn 1994, as cited in composed of widely fragmented patches sufficient time to produce tangible Collar et al. 1994), and it was last of habitat, which are declining (IUCN results. recorded in Paraguay in 1984 (BirdLife 2006). The Andean flamingo does not International 2006). The species is This species does not represent a represent a monotypic genus. The legally protected in Brazil and it occurs monotypic genus. Habitat loss is the threats to the species are high in in three Brazilian national parks (del greatest threat to the guan, and this magnitude, such as weather-related Hoyo et al. 1992). The Instituto threat is high in magnitude and water levels at nesting sites. The threats Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos imminent because the guan now are imminent because they continue to Recursons Naturais Renova´veis appears to be utilizing sub-optimal occur. Exploitation, egg collection, (IBAMA) in Brazil has established eight habitat as the result of continuing mining activities, human disturbance, committees to develop and monitor habitat destruction. The species is also and reductions in the quality of the conservation strategies for specific hunted for food everywhere except species’ habitat are all threats that could endangered species, including the Ucumari Regional Park. This species be addressed at the local level to protect Brazilian merganser (Marinia and Garcia therefore receives a priority rank of 2. the species, yet are ongoing. This 2004). Southern helmeted curassow (Pauxi species therefore receives a priority rank This species does not represent a unicornis) of 2. monotypic genus. It faces threats that are high in magnitude because the small The southern helmeted curassow is Brazilian merganser (Mergus populations are disjunct and known from central Bolivia and central octosetaceus) geographically isolated, resulting in and eastern Peru, where it inhabits The Brazilian merganser is found in populations which are unable to dense, humid, lower montane forest and extremely low numbers at a few, highly exchange genetic material and, are adjacent evergreen forest at 450–1,200 m disjunct localities in south-central therefore faced with the inbreeding (BirdLife International 2006). This Brazil, eastern Paraguay, and depression common to small, species prefers nuts of the almendrillo northeastern Argentina (BirdLife endangered populations. Additionally, tree (Byrsonima wadsworthii) as its International 2006). The species species with few remaining individuals major source of food. It also consumes inhabits shallow clear-water streams are particularly vulnerable to stochastic other nuts, seeds, fruit, soft plants, and rapid rivers, preferably surrounded events, such as large-scale storms that larvae, and insects (BirdLife by dense tropical forests. It is believed could eliminate the entire species at one International 2006). The southern to be a highly-sedentary species and time. The threats remain imminent helmeted curassow was previously presumably maintains its territory all because all of the factors contributing to classified as Vulnerable by IUCN; year (del Hoyo et al. 1992). The the destruction of the merganser’s however, after further assessment, it was Brazilian merganser is a good swimmer habitat are ongoing and likely to be uplisted in 2005 to Endangered (IUCN and diver, and feeds primarily on fish, permanent. It therefore receives a 2006). The species is estimated to be and occasionally on aquatic insects and priority rank of 2. declining very rapidly due to snails (Collar et al. 1992). uncontrolled hunting and habitat Recent records from Brazil, and a Cauca guan (Penelope perspicax) destruction. It has a small range and is newly discovered northern range The Cauca guan is endemic to the known from few locations in a narrow extension, indicate that the status of this west slopes of the West and Central elevational band, which continues to be species is better than previously Andes (Risaralda, Quindio, Valle del subject to habitat loss (IUCN 2006). The considered because several additional, Cauca, and Cauca), in Colombia (Collar population is estimated at 10,000– highly disjunct populations were et al. 1992). The stronghold for the 19,999 birds, with a decreasing located in 2002 (BirdLife International species is the Ucumari Regional Park, population trend (BirdLife International 2006). However, the Brazilian merganser Risaralda (BirdLife International 2006). 2006). Field surveys in portions of its remains close to extinction and the The Cauca guan inhabits large, humid range indicate gaps in species’ IUCN categorizes the species as primary forests at 1,600–2,150 m distribution (BirdLife International Critically Endangered (IUCN 2006). The (P.G.W. Salaman in litt. 1999 and 2000, 2006). The species is often hunted for population is estimated at 50–249 as cited in BirdLife International 2006). meat and its casque, or horn (BirdLife individuals and the trend is decreasing Individuals have also been located at International 2006), which is used to (BirdLife International 2006). Threats to lower elevations of 900–1,600 m on fashion native handicrafts (Cordier the species include the perturbation and exotic broadleaf tree plantations, 1971, as cited in Collar et al. 1992). pollution of rivers, which are secondary forest, and forest edge (Silva Other threats to the species include predominately the result of Arias 1996, as cited in BirdLife forest clearing for staple and export deforestation, agriculture, and diamond International 2006). The Cauca guan crops, road building, and rural

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development. In Peru, oil exploration International (Cuervo and Salaman communication, as cited by Storch threatens the species’ habitat and is 1999, as cited in Brooks and Strahl 2000). The Cantabrian Capercaillie opening the foothills to colonization 2000). Specialist Group estimates that and additional hunting (BirdLife There is very little suitable foraging population numbers have declined by International 2006). Large parts of the and nesting habitat remaining for use by 25–50 percent over the past 10–15 years southern helmeted curassow’s range are the species after the rapid deforestation (Storch 2000). Habitat loss, protected by inclusion in the Amboro and logging that has occurred fragmentation, and degradation related and Carrasco National Parks which throughout its range. Additionally, oil to forestry and tourism, illegal hunting, protects the species from hunting and extraction, gold mining, government and disturbance by human outdoor declining habitat due to development defoliation of illegal drug crops, activities have been identified as the and road building (BirdLife increased human encroachment, egg major causes of species’ and habitat International 2006). collecting, and hunting present serious decline (J. Castroviejo, personal The southern helmeted curassow does threats to the survival of the blue-billed communication, as cited by Storch not represent a monotypic genus. It curassow, indicating it could undergo 2000). Recent studies indicate that faces threats that are moderate in an extremely rapid population habitat fragmentation may have a greater magnitude as the population is fairly reduction over a very short time period effect on the species than previously large; however, the population trend has (BirdLife International 2006). The blue- recognized (Sua´rez-Seoane and Garcı´a- been declining rapidly. The threats to billed curassow is perhaps one of the Rove´s 2004, Garcia et al. 2005, Quevedo the species are imminent and ongoing. most endangered species identified as et al. 2005a, and Quevedo et al. 2005b). Therefore, it receives a priority rank of an immediate conservation priority by There are concerns that the population, 8. the Cracid Specialist Group (Brooks and as compared to other grouse Strahl 2000). International trade in this Blue-billed curassow (Crax alberti) populations, exhibits very low values of bird may be an additional threat to allelic richness and heterozygosity The blue-billed curassow historically survival of the species (J.V. Rodriguez which are commonly observed in occurred in northern Colombia, from the personal communication, as cited in endangered species. Combining such base of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Brooks and Strahl 2000). genetic factors with a high level of Marta west to the Sinu Valley and south The blue-billed curassow does not habitat fragmentation and consistent in Magdalena Valley to north Tolima represent a monotypic genus. The indications of low average fledging (BirdLife International 2006). It inhabits species faces significant threats that are success suggests some degree of humid forest up to 1,200 m, but is more high in magnitude. The curassow’s inbreeding depression may be affecting common below 600 m (del Hoyo et al. habitat continues to be seriously the population (Quevedo et al. 2005a). 1994), where it feeds on fruit, shoots, degraded by processes and pollution This is a subspecies that faces threats invertebrates, and possibly carrion associated with oil extraction, gold that are high in magnitude due to the (BirdLife International 2006). mining, and government defoliation of low number of individual animals, The blue-billed curassow is illegal drug crops. Increased human extensive habitat fragmentation, and categorized as Critically Endangered by encroachment is resulting in the very low allelic richness and IUCN (IUCN 2006) and is listed in destruction of habitat as land is cleared heterozygosity values which are all Appendix III of CITES by Colombia for agricultural purposes. The species is negative survival factors for an already (CITES 2006). The species was further threatened by egg collecting and declining subspecies. The threats are uncommon in the Santa Marta region at hunting, which continue unabated. The imminent because habitat the beginning of the 20th Century; it threats to the species are imminent and fragmentation, which this species is was perhaps most numerous in the ongoing; extremely limited foraging and particularly vulnerable to, continues, humid lowlands of the north coast of nesting habitat remains after the rapid and other man-made factors such as Colombia (Todd and Carriker 1922, as deforestation of the area. Therefore it hunting, outdoor activities, and tourism cited in Collar et al. 1992). The blue- receives a priority rank of 2. are not likely to end in the near future. billed curassow was becoming It receives a priority rank of 3. increasingly rare during the 20th Cantabrian capercaillie (Tetrao Century (Haffner 1975, as cited in Collar urogallus cantabricus) Gorgeted wood-quail (Odontophorus et al. 1992), and by the 1980s, the The Cantabrian capercaillie inhabits strophium) species had disappeared from a large the Cantabrian Mountains of northern The gorgeted wood-quail occurs on portion of its previous range (Estudillo Spain (Storch 2000). It occupies forest the west slope of the east Andes of Lopez 1986, as cited in Collar et al. and woodland habitats that consist Colombia in Santander and 1992). In 1994, the population was largely of coniferous species, Cundinamarca (Collar et al. 1992). It is estimated at 1,000–2,500 birds and local particularly Pinus sylvestris, conifers found on the forest floor of temperate reports have indicated recent and rapid from the Piscea and Abies genera, and and subtropical forests at 1,500–2,050 declines (BirdLife International 2006). isolated broad-leaved deciduous tree m, especially those dominated by The population trend for the species species (BirdLife International 2006). It Quercus humboldtii (del Hoyo et al. continues to be decreasing due to the prefers extensive areas of old-growth 1994). The gorgeted wood-quail is substantial threats it faces (BirdLife shady forest that include damp soil and probably dependent on primary-growth International 2006). Earlier reports interspersed bogs, areas of peat or forest for at least part of its life cycle, indicated that outside of a few forest glades, and a dense undergrowth of although it has also been found in patches bordering national parks, the ericaceous plants (Garcia et al. 2004). degraded habitats and secondary-growth species was nearly extinct (L.M. Renjifo, The IUCN currently designates the forest (BirdLife International 2006). Z. Calle, D. Rodriguez personal species as Endangered (IUCN 2006). The Since the 17th Century, the west slope communications, as cited in Brooks and population has been estimated at 250– of the East Andes has been extensively Strahl 2000). However, additional sites 300 adult males, equivalent to a total logged and converted to agriculture which are believed to harbor the species population size of fewer than 1,000, but (Stiles et al. 1999). Forest habitat loss have been identified in work supported it is more likely that only 600–750 birds below 2,500 m has been almost by the World Pheasant Association currently exist (A. Lucio, personal complete (Stattersfield et al. 1998), with

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habitat reduced in many areas to highly open marsh landscapes (Fjeldsa˚ 1983, as The Bogota rail is listed as fragmented relict patches on steep cited in BirdLife International 2006). Endangered by IUCN primarily because slopes and along streams (Stiles et al. This species is classified as Endangered its range is very small and is contracting 1999). The species is classified as by the IUCN because it has a very small owing to widespread habitat loss and Critically Endangered by IUCN because range of marshland around a single lake degradation. Furthermore, available it has an extremely small and highly- where habitat quality is declining (IUCN habitat has become widely fragmented fragmented range, with existing 2006). The population trend is (IUCN 2006). The current population is population records from only two decreasing and the current population estimated to range between 1,000–2,499 locations. Hunting and logging are likely estimate for this species is 1,000–2,499 individuals and the trend is decreasing to be causing continued declines in birds (BirdLife International 2006). (BirdLife International 2006). Although population and range (IUCN 2006). Since 1955, Lago de Junin has been the Bogota rail is declining, it is still Current population estimates range from affected by pollution and human- uncommon to fairly common, with 250 to 999 individuals and the induced water level changes, which some notable populations, including remaining population trend is declining may be adversely affecting the fringe nearly 400 birds at Laguna de Tota, (BirdLife International 2006). vegetation (J. Fjeldsa˚ 1987 personal some 50 territories at Laguna de la Additionally, until 1923, the species communication, as cited in Collar et al. Herrera, approximately 110 birds at was known only from Cundinamarca, 1992). Reed marsh habitat has been Parque La Florida, and other but there have been no reports of the destroyed due to frequent periods of populations at La Conejera marsh and species from that area since 1954 (Wege desiccation resulting from drought Laguna de Fuquene (BirdLife and Long 1995, in BirdLife International conditions which may be linked to the International 2006). Some of the birds 2006). It has been discovered in suitable ENSO, unsustainable water management occur in protected areas such as habitat in several areas since 1970, and by Electro Peru, and occasional flooding Chingaza National Park and Carpanta appears to be restricted to the larger oak with highly acidic water from the Cerro Biological Reserve. However, most forest remnants in the eastern de Pasco mines (J. Fjeldsa˚ in litt. to savanna wetlands are virtually Cordillera. Both remnants have Taylor and van Perlo 1998, as cited in unprotected. decreased considerably in size during BirdLife International 2006). Although The Bogota rail does not represent a the previous two decades (J. Velasquez the lake is a national reserve, mining monotypic genus. It is subject to threats and N. Silva in litt. 2004, as cited in and dam-building activities persist that are moderate in magnitude and BirdLife International 2006). It is along the lake shore, further altering the imminent. Therefore, it receives a possible that less disturbed forests that Junin rail’s habitat. priority rank of 8. have not been recently censused in west The Junin rail does not represent a Takahe (Porphyrio hochstetteri; Boyaca and Santander may retain monotypic genus. It faces threats that Previously Referred to as Porphyrio populations of the species (BirdLife are high in magnitude because the mantelli) International 2006). In November 1993, species lives along the shores of one 100 km2 of forest at Virolin was gazetted The takahe is endemic to New lake, and is dependent on the declining as a reserve, the Guanenta-Alto Rio Zealand and is the world’s largest extant quality of the lake’s habitat. The threats Fonce Flora and Fauna Sanctuary member of the rail family (del Hoyo et are imminent because water level (Andrade and Repizzo 1994), which al. 1996). The species, Porphyrio changes and management by Electro affords the species some protection from mantelli, has been split into P. mantelli Peru are not made with the rail’s needs indiscriminate hunting (BirdLife (extinct) and P. hochstetteri (extant) in mind. Furthermore, Lago de Junin is International 2006). (Trewick 1996, as cited in BirdLife This species does not represent a subject to perturbations resulting from International 2006). BirdLife monotypic genus. The threat to the the presence of ENSO, which is ongoing International (2000) incorrectly assigned species is high in magnitude because and is a change that cannot be the name P. mantelli to the extant form, few individuals are interspersed over a controlled by man. It therefore receives while the name P. hochstetteri was very highly-fragmented range. The a priority rank of 2. incorrectly assigned to the extinct form. threats are imminent because hunting Bogota rail (Rallus semiplumbeus) Fossils indicate that this bird was once and forest clearing, which have serious widespread throughout the North and impacts on the species, has been The Bogota rail is found in the East South Islands. However, when the ongoing since the 17th Century and Andes of Colombia on the Ubate´-Bogota´ species was rediscovered in 1948, it was continues. It receives a priority rank Plateau in Cundinamarca and Boyaca´. It confined to the Murchison Mountains in of 2. occurs in the temperate zone, at 2,500– Fjordland (BirdLife International 2000). 4,000 m (occasionally as low as 2,100 Originally, the species preferred forest Junin rail (Laterallus tuerosi) m) in savanna and pa´ramo marshes and grass ecosystems; it is now limited The Junin rail is endemic to the (BirdLife International 2006). This rail to alpine tussock grasslands on the Andean Highlands of central Peru along frequents wetland habitats with mainland and feeds primarily on juices the shores of Lago de Junin (BirdLife vegetation-rich shallows that are from the bases of snow tussock and the International 2006). It is known from surrounded by tall, dense reeds and rhizome of a fern species (BirdLife two sites on the southwest shore of the bulrushes. It feeds along the water’s International 2006). The takahe is listed lake, but may occur in other portions of edge, in flooded pasture land, and along as Endangered by the IUCN because it the approximately 150 km2 of marsh small overgrown dykes and ponds has an extremely small population surrounding the lake. The Junin rail (Varty et al. 1986; Fjeldsa˚ and Krabbe (IUCN 2006). The main cause of the inhabits rush marsh vegetation 1990 as cited in BirdLife International species’ decline has been competition bordering the lake. Details regarding 2006). This species is omnivorous, for tussocks by grazing red deer, Cervus habitat preference are not fully known consuming a diet that includes aquatic elaphus, which were introduced after (Fjeldsa˚ 1983, as cited in Collar et al. invertebrates, insect larvae, worms, the 1940s (BirdLife International 2006). 1992); however, the rail has been molluscs, dead fish, frogs, tadpoles, and Grazing also highly modified the habitat observed in mosaics of Juncus plant material (Varty et al. 1986; (del Hoyo et al. 1996). Predation by andecolus, mosses, and low herbs in BirdLife International 2006). introduced stoats, Mustela erminea is

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also believed to be a significant threat to Zealand (BirdLife International 2006). It Jerdon’s courser (Rhinoptilus the species (BirdLife International prefers rocky shores, sand or gravel bitorquatus; previously referred to as 2006). Other potential competitors or beaches, and nests in scrapes on the Cursorius bitorquatus) predators include the introduced brush- shore away from the waterline (F.A. The Jerdon’s courser is a rare local tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, Schmechel in litt. 1999, as cited in endemic in southern India, where it is and the threatened weka, Gallirallus BirdLife International 2006). This principally found in the Eastern Ghats australis (New Zealand Department of species is classified as Endangered by of southern Andhra Pradesh and Conservation 1997). Since the 1980s, the the IUCN because it has an extremely population has fluctuated between 100– extreme southern Madhya Pradesh small population (IUCN 2006). In 1988, (BirdLife International 2006). 160 birds (Maxwell in press, as cited in based on past productivity information, BirdLife International 2006). Historically, the species was also it was feared that the species was at risk located in the Pennar and Godaveri Populations have been established on of extinction within 50–70 years (Davis four predator-free offshore islands— River valleys (Ripley and Beehler 1989; 1988, as cited in Schmechel and Kapiti, Mana, Tiritiri Matangi, and Ali and Ripley 1968–1998, as cited in Paterson 2005). Although the Maud-using birds that were translocated BirdLife International 2006). It prefers between 1984 and 1991 (BirdLife population is now slowly increasing sparse, thorny areas dominated by International 2006). Red deer have been due to intervention and management of Acacia, Zizyphus, and Carissa (BirdLife controlled in the Murchison Mountains the species (the Chatham Island group), International 2006). The courser may since the 1960s (BirdLife International population sizes can fluctuate as the also inhabit scrub-forest consisting of 2006). Overall, population numbers are result of stochastic events, with Cassia, Hardwickia, Dalbergia, Butea, slowly increasing due to intensive numbers on one island undergoing a and Anogeissus, interspersed with management of the island populations, long term decline (IUCN 2006). The patches of bare ground, in gently but fluctuations in the remnant total population has increased from undulating rocky foothills (BirdLife mainland population continue to occur approximately 50 birds in the early International 2006). Historically, the (IUCN 2006). Captive-breeding efforts 1970s to 100–110 birds during the courser was known from just a few have increased the rate of survival to breeding season of 1987–1988, which records and assumed to be extinct until one year of age from 50 percent to 90 included 44 breeding pairs (del Hoyo et 1986, when it was rediscovered around percent (BirdLife International 2006). al. 1996). A census conducted in 1998 Lankamalai (BirdLife International However, Takahe that have been revealed 140–150 birds, which 2006). translocated to the islands have higher represented a significant increase in Jerdon’s courser is listed as Critically rates of egg infertility and low hatching total population size (BirdLife Endangered by the IUCN because it is a success, contributing to the slow International 2006). In 2004, 266 birds poorly-known species consisting of a increase in the islands populations. were counted on the four islands in the single small, declining population Researchers postulated that the Chatham group, representing an (IUCN 2006). Threats include: difference in vegetation between the estimated population size of 310–325 exploitation of the scrub-forest, native mainland grassland tussocks and birds (Moore 2005, as cited in BirdLife livestock grazing, disturbance by that found on the islands might be International 2006). However, the humans and livestock, and rock affecting reproductive success. After population on South East Island has quarrying (IUCN 2006). Habitat testing nutrients from all available food gradually declined since the 1970s modeling has shown that it is possible sources, they concluded that there was (Schmechel and O’Connor 1999, as cited to ascertain an optimal level of grazing no effect, and advised that a and woodcutting that would maintain or supplementary feeding program for the in BirdLife International 2006). Introduced predators, as well as cattle create suitable conditions for the birds was not necessary or species; however, additional study is recommended (Jamieson 2003). and sheep, are a major threat on Pitt and Chatham Islands (B.D. Bell in litt. as necessary (Jeganathan et al. 2004). The There are grave concerns about population estimate for this species is inbreeding effects within this small cited in BirdLife International 2006). 50–249 birds, with a decreasing population. Jamieson (2006) suggests South East and Mangere Islands are free population trend (BirdLife International that limiting the potential effects of of mammalian predators, but 2006). Very few individuals have been inbreeding and loss of genetic variation oystercatcher populations are highly recorded so far, mainly due to the should be integral to any management variable, and the reason for the decline species’ nocturnal and retiring habits plan for a small, isolated, highly-inbred occurring on South East Island is (BirdLife International 2006). Members island species, such as the takahe. unknown (Schmechel and O’Connor of the Yanaadi community, who played Failure to address these concerns may 1999, as cited in BirdLife International a major role in the rediscovery of the result in reduced fitness potential and 2006). The birds of the Chatham Island species, were employed by the State much higher susceptibility to biotic and group are protected due to human Forest Department to locate individuals abiotic disturbances in the short term intervention and management. Nest in other localities and habitats in the and an inability to adapt to manipulation, fencing, signage, Eastern Ghats, but the results of this environmental change in the long term intensive predator control, and a search remain unknown (Bhushan 1995, (Jamieson et al. 2006). research program aimed at assessing the as cited in BirdLife International 2006). The takahe does not represent a effects of predators, flooding, and Jerdon’s courser does not represent a monotypic genus. It faces threats that management on breeding success have are moderate in magnitude and monotypic genus. The current threat to been underway for several years the species is high because there is only imminent. Therefore, it receives a (BirdLife International 2006). priority rank of 8. one small population in existence with The Chatham oystercatcher does not a declining population trend and the Chatham oystercatcher (Haematopus represent a monotypic genus. It faces species’ historic range has diminished. chathamensis) threats that are moderate in magnitude Threats to the species are imminent The Chatham oystercatcher is and imminent, and therefore it receives because it is highly susceptible to endemic to the Chatham Islands, New a priority rank of 8. human disturbance and livestock

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grazing which are ongoing; therefore, it International 2006). It has been Holyoak and Thibault (1984) receives a priority rank of 2. suggested that the species’ breeding estimated a population of 200–400 birds areas might have been located in the in 1975. In 1998, a maximum of 85 birds Slender-billed curlew (Numenius steppe zone, which has been cultivated were located and the population was tenuirostris) on a large scale, perhaps contributing to estimated at approximately 250 The slender-billed curlew migrates the rapid decline of the species (del individuals (Evva 1998, as cited in along a west-southwest route from Hoyo et al. 1996). Extensive draining of BirdLife International 2006). Siberia through central and eastern wetlands in North Africa, Iraq, and the The Marquesan imperial-pigeon does Europe (predominantly Russia, entire Mediterranean Sea region has had not represent a monotypic genus. It Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Hungary, a deleterious affect on this species, and faces threats that are high in magnitude Romania, and Yugoslavia) to southern many other wading bird species in because it is confined to one small Europe (Greece, Italy, and Turkey) and Eurasia (BirdLife International 2006). island population which is extremely North Africa (Algeria, Morocco, and The slender-billed curlew does not vulnerable to typhoons and volcanic Tunisia) (BirdLife International 2006). represent a monotypic genus. The eruption, stochastic events that could The only confirmed observations of magnitude of threat to the species is extirpate the entire species during one breeding activity were made between high and imminent because the major event. The threats to the species are 1914 and 1924, near Tara, north of threats, hunting and habitat loss, are imminent because there are no known Omsk, in Siberia, Russia (del Hoyo et al. ongoing. Although there has been no controls on hunting, nor is there a rat 1996). The few nests that were located actual change in threats since we eradication program that we are aware at that time were found on the northern published our last Notice, habitat loss of; hence, these threats remain and are limit of the forest-steppe zone in habitat represents an ongoing and imminent ongoing. Therefore, it receives a priority more typical of taiga marsh (BirdLife threat to the slender-billed curlew. rank of 2. International 2006). During winter Therefore, to ensure consistency in the Salmon-crested cockatoo (Cacatua migration the curlew utilizes a wide application of our listing priority moluccensis) variety of habitats, including steppe guidance, we changed the listing grassland, marshland, salt pans, priority number from 5 to 2 to reflect The salmon-crested cockatoo is brackish lagoons and wetlands, tidal that the threats are imminent. Therefore, endemic to the islands of Ambon, mudflats, fish ponds, semi-desert, and the priority rank for this species is 2. Haruku, Seram, Saparua and South sandy farmland near lagoons (BirdLife Maluku, Indonesia. Currently, the International 2006). Marquesan imperial-pigeon (Ducula species is believed to survive in one During the 19th Century, the slender- galeata) area on Ambon, while the remaining billed curlew was regarded as very The Marquesan imperial-pigeon is population lives on Seram. There are no common, but the species declined quite endemic to Nuku Hiva in the Marquesas recent records of the species on Haruku rapidly during the 20th Century Islands, French Polynesia. The species and Saparua (BirdLife International (BirdLife International 2006). The IUCN prefers remote wooded valleys from 250 2006). Lowland rain forest below 1,000 designates the species as Critically to 1,300 m in elevation in the west and m in elevation and unlogged lowland Endangered because it has an extremely north of the island. It also inhabits forest below 300 m are the most small population, the number of birds secondary forest and edge habitat near productive habitat for the species recorded annually continues to decline, banana and orange plantations (Holyoak (Marsden 1998). Studies conducted in and the population trend is continuing and Thibault 1984, as cited in BirdLife 1998 suggested that habitat rich in to decrease (IUCN 2006). The slender- International 2006). The Marquesan strangler fig trees and Octomeles billed curlew is listed in CITES imperial-pigeon is categorized as sumatranus, the tree species the Appendix I (CITES 2006). As recently as Critically Endangered by IUCN because cockatoos prefer for nesting, were also the 1960s and 1970s, flocks of more it has a very small population on one likely to produce the highest densities than 100 birds were recorded in diminutive island in an isolated of cockatoos, but these studies need Morocco (BirdLife International 2006). volcanic island chain in the south confirmation (Kinnaird et al. in prep., as However, during the 1980s, only 103 Pacific (IUCN 2006). cited in BirdLife International 2006). observations were confirmed, totaling Nuku Hiva was previously nearly The diet of salmon-crested cockatoos between 316 and 326 birds. The inaccessible to hunters, introduced consists of seeds, nuts, coconuts, population continued to decline rapidly grazers, and rats because of its remote berries, and insects and their larvae and by 1994, the population was location. However, the local habitat has (Forshaw 1989). estimated to range between 50–270 recently been modified and degraded by The salmon-crested cockatoo was birds, and current records suggest it may introduced vegetation and grazing by formerly a common species of the now be lower. Sporadic sightings of 1– feral livestock (Evva 1998; Seitre and lowlands within its range (del Hoyo et 3 birds are reported now and then, with Seitre 1991, 1992; as cited in BirdLife al. 1997). This species is one of three the exception of a flock of 19 birds in International 2006). Fortunately for the threatened members of the suite of 14 Italy in 1995 (BirdLife International species, the cattle have been eradicated, bird species that are entirely restricted 2006). and the number of goats and pigs are to the Seram Endemic Bird Area Historically, hunting levels have been decreasing (Evva 1998, as cited in (BirdLife International 2006). The IUCN high along the species’ entire migratory BirdLife International 2006). Illegal lists the species as Vulnerable (IUCN flyway, but reports of hunting seemed to hunting is one of two serious threats to 2006), and current populations are be the highest in Russia. Hunting is the species (Evva 1998, as cited in estimated at 62,400 individuals with a believed to be the primary factor for the BirdLife International 2006). The other decreasing population trend (BirdLife species’ decline (BirdLife International threat is believed to come from a rapidly International 2006). 2006). The likelihood of threats to the increasing introduced black rat (Rattus By the 1980s, salmon-crested breeding grounds has not been rattus) population which preys on eggs cockatoo populations were declining adequately assessed because the and the young of the species (Seitre and rapidly due to uncontrolled trapping for location of breeding and moulting areas Seitre 1991, 1992; as cited in BirdLife the caged-bird trade (BirdLife is unknown to date (BirdLife International 2006). International 2006). Concerns about

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unrestricted trade of the species led to Orange-fronted parakeet tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), a CITES Appendix-II listing in 1981 (Cyanoramphus malherbi) stoats (Mustela erminea), and rats (CITES 2006). After the CITES listing, The orange-fronted parakeet was (Rattus spp.) (BirdLife International some 74,509 individual salmon-crested treated as an individual species until it 2006). The NZDOC introduced cockatoos were exported from Indonesia was proposed to be a color morph of C. ‘‘Operation ARK’’, an initiative to from 1981–1990 (BirdLife International auriceps in 1974 (Holyoak 1974, as cited respond to predator problems in beech 2000). The level of imports from in Snyder et al. 2000). Further forests to prevent species extinctions, Indonesia from 1983–1988, as reported taxonomic analysis suggests that it including orange-fronted parakeets. to CITES, averaged 9,571 birds per year should once again be considered as a Predators are methodically controlled (Marsden 1995, as cited in BirdLife distinct species (Triggs and Daugherty with traps, toxins in bait stations, bait 1996; Juniper and Parr 1998; ITIS 2006). bags, and aerial spraying, as necessary. International 2001). Considering Hybridization with yellow-crowned Species’ distribution during the 19th unrecorded and undocumented parakeets (C. auriceps) has been Century was limited to New Zealand international trade, domestic trade, and observed at Lake Sumner (Snyder et al. and several offshore islands, including natural mortality, it is estimated that at 2000; Kearvell et al. 2002). Increased Three Kings, Hen, Big Chicken, Little least 10,000 birds were being removed competition between the yellow- Barrier, Great Barrier (rare), Kapiti from the Seram population annually crowned parakeet and the orange- (rare), the Chetwolde Islands, Stewart during the 1980s (Kinnaird et al. [in crowned parakeet in a habitat Island and satellite islets, Codfish, prep.], as cited in BirdLife International substantially modified by humans, Solander, Ruapuke, and the Auckland 2001). In October 1989, the salmon- competition with introduced finch Islands including Adams Island (Juniper crested cockatoo was transferred to species, and competition with wasp and Parr 1998). The parakeet was CITES Appendix-I. The change in listing species for invertebrates as a dietary previously believed to be most common source are considered other threats to status resulted in a decrease of legally on off-shore islands where predation by traded birds to zero; however the the species (Kearvell et al. 2002). introduced animals was less prevalent The NZDOC closely monitors all domestic market remains high (BirdLife than on mainland New Zealand (Juniper International 2006). Interviews in known populations of the orange- and Parr 1998). Currently, there are fronted parakeet. With such a limited villages suggest that perhaps as many as three remnant populations, all located 4,000 birds are still being captured each population, NZDOC focuses the species within a 30 km radius in Arthur’s Pass program on monitoring the breeding of year (Kinnaird 1999, as cited in BirdLife National Park and Lake Sumner Forest the wild population and captive- International 2001). Park (New Zealand Department of breeding efforts. Nest searches are In addition to the caged-bird trade, Conservation [NZDOC] 2006). This conducted, nest holes are inspected, and forest loss, ongoing habitat degradation species inhabits southern beech surveys are carried out in other areas to and fragmentation resulting from timber (Nothofagus spp.) forest (BirdLife look for evidence of other populations. extraction, human settlement, and International 2000; NZDOC 2006), with In May 2003, surveys successfully hydroelectric power projects are a preference for locales bordering stands located an additional orange-fronted additional threats to the species of mountain beech (N. solandri) (Snyder parakeet population, and identified a (BirdLife International 2006). In 2000, a et al. 2000). It requires mature trees with new population in 2006 on the predator- program was launched to promote natural hollows or cavities for nesting, free Chalky Island. NZDOC officials and breeding is linked with the irregular ecotourism which was linked to a local remove eggs from nests on the island so seed production by Nothofagus project to raise awareness about the that foster parakeet parents could (BirdLife International 2000). incubate the eggs and care for the plight of the salmon-crested cockatoo. The orange-fronted parakeet has an The income produced through the hatchlings until they fledged. The extremely small population and limited juvenile birds were then transferred ecotourism program was another range. There have only been a few back to the island. Monitoring of these incentive to protect and conserve the sightings since 1966 (Triggs and birds later in 2006 indicated that they cockatoos (BirdLife International 2000). Daugherty 1996), and previous had successfully nested and reared Current conservation measures suggest assessments of its status have ranged chicks. Additional birds will be added continuing and expanding the from more common than originally to Chalky Island to augment the awareness program and using the thought (Harrison 1970) to near population and to increase its genetic salmon-crested cockatoo as the island’s extinction (Mills and Williams 1980). diversity. flagship species to reduce trapping The IUCN classifies the species as The orange-fronted parakeet does not pressure and encourage local support Critically Endangered (IUCN 2006) and represent a monotypic genus. The for the survival of the species (BirdLife it is listed in Appendix II of CITES current population ranges between 100 International 2006). (CITES 2006). The New Zealand and 200 individuals, and the species’ The salmon-crested cockatoo does not Department of Conservation (NZDOC) distribution has become limited. (2006) considers the orange-fronted However, it faces threats that are represent a monotypic genus. It faces parakeet, or ka¨ka¨riki, to be the rarest moderate in magnitude because the threats that are high in magnitude. parakeet in New Zealand and because it NZDOC has taken important measures Despite measures taken by CITES to is classified as ‘‘Nationally Critical’’ to aid in the recovery of the species. reduce international trade of the species with a high risk of extinction NZDOC NZDOC implemented a successful by transferring the cockatoo to has been working intensively with the captive-breeding program for the Appendix I, trapping for the domestic species to ensure its survival. The orange-fronted parakeet. Using captive- pet market continues unabated. Ongoing population is estimated at 100–200 bred birds from the program, NZDOC habitat loss and degradation threaten individuals in the wild and declining established a population of the orange- the survival of the species, rendering (NZDOC 2006). There are several fronted parakeet on a predator-free these threats imminent and ongoing. reasons for the species’ decline; the island (Chalky Island). Individuals from Therefore, we have assigned the species most significant threats is predation by this population have successfully a priority rank of 2. introduced species such as the brush- reproduced and reared young. The

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NZDOC monitors wild nest sites, and is adjacent island of Lifou in 1925 and large tree cavities where one to two constantly looking for new nests and 1963 failed (BirdLife International young are raised (BirdLife International new populations, as evidenced by the 2006), possibly due to the presence of 2000). 2003 discovery of a new population. ship rats and Norwegian rats (Rattus The taxonomic status of this species The NZDOC recognizes that the most norvegicus) (Snyder et al. 2000). was long disputed, primarily because significant threat to the species is A recovery plan for the Uvea parakeet the species was unknown in the wild to predation, and has initiated a successful was prepared for the period 1997–2002, biologists until 1992 (del Hoyo et al. program to remove predators. The which included strong local 1997). Trappers apparently discovered threats of hybridization, competition for participation in population and habitat the species sometime during the late food, and highly altered habitat are monitoring (Snyder et al. 2000). The 1970s or early 1980s. Between the early imminent as they are ongoing. species has recently increased in 1980s and early 1990s, approximately Therefore, this species is assigned a popularity and is celebrated as an island 400–1,200 birds were exported from priority rank of 4. emblem (Robinet and Salas 1997; Bolivia, and many are now in captivity BirdLife International 2006). Increased in the European Union and in North Uvea parakeet (Eunymphicus uvaeensis) awareness of the plight of the species America (World Parrot Trust 2003). This This species was previously known as and improvements in law enforcement species is severely threatened by Eunymphicus cornutus, but was split capability are helping to address illegal previous trapping for the national and into E. cornutus and E. uvaeensis trade of the species. In 1998, a captive- international cage-bird trade. Recent following the treatment by Juniper and breeding program was initiated to estimates indicate that there are Parr (1998) (BirdLife International restock the southern portion of Uvea. between 75 and 150 individuals in the 2006). The Uvea parakeet is restricted to Measures are now being taken to control wild (Snyder et al. 2000). This species Uvea, New Caledonia. It is found predators and prevent further is categorized as Critically Endangered primarily in forest habitat, notably, colonization by rats (BirdLife by the IUCN and is listed in Appendix those dominated by Agathis and International 2006). Current Uvea I of CITES (IUCN 2006; CITES 2006). Araucaria and general woodlands, and parakeet numbers are increasing, but The species is legally protected in feeds on the berries of vines and the any relaxation of conservation efforts or Bolivia (Juniper and Parr 1998). The Eco flowers and seeds of native trees and introduction of rats or other predators Bolivia Foundation patrols existing shrubs (del Hoyo et al. 1997). The could lead to a rapid decline of the macaw habitat by foot and motorbike, species is restricted to areas of old- species (IUCN 2006). and the Armonia Association of Santa growth forest with nesting holes, but the The Uvea parakeet does not represent Cruz is searching the Beni lowlands for greatest number of birds occurs close to a monotypic genus. It faces threats that more populations. Additionally, the gardens with papayas which they can are moderate because important Armonia Association is building an utilize as a food source (BirdLife management efforts have been put in awareness campaign aimed at the International 2006). place to aid in the recovery of the cattlemen’s association to ensure that Early population estimates were species. However, all of these efforts these birds are not hunted by trappers alarmingly low; 70–90 birds and must continue to function, because this on their property (Snyder et al. 2000). declining (Hahn 1993). Surveys in 1993 species is an island endemic with The blue-throated macaw does not yielded estimates of approximately 600 restricted habitat in one location. represent a monotypic genus. It faces birds, and in 1998 some 750 birds were Threats to the species are imminent threats that are moderate because wild located (P. Primot, in litt. 1999, as cited because illegal trade still occurs, and the birds are no longer taken for the legal in BirdLife International 2006). In 1999, removal of 30 to 50 percent of the old wild-bird trade as a result of the species’ it was believed that 742 individuals growth forest which the birds are CITES listing, and it is also legally lived in northern Uvea, with 82 birds dependent upon for nesting holes protected in Bolivia. Wildlife managers living in the south (Primot 1999, as negatively impacts the reproductive in Bolivia are actively protecting the cited in BirdLife International 2006). requirements of the species. We assign species and searching for additional The IUCN classifies the species as this species a priority rank of 8. populations. Threats to the species are Endangered because it occupies a very imminent and ongoing because hunters Blue-throated macaw (Ara small, declining area of forest on one still trap the birds for the illegal bird glaucogularis) small island (IUCN 2006). The species trade. We assigned this species a was uplisted from Appendix II to The blue-throated macaw is endemic priority rank of 8. Appendix I of CITES in July 2000, due to forest islands in the seasonally to unsustainable trade of the species flooded Beni Lowlands (Lanos de Southeastern rufous-vented ground (CITES 2006). Habitat destruction Moxos) of Central Bolivia (Jordan and cuckoo (Neomorphus geoffroyi dulcis) during the last 30 years has caused a 30 Munn 1993). It inhabits a mosaic of The southeastern rufous-vented to 50 percent decline in primary forest. seasonally inundated savanna, palm ground cuckoo is a subspecies found in The species is also threatened by the groves, forest islands, and humid southeastern Brazil from Espirito Santo illegal pet trade, mainly for the domestic lowlands. This species is found in areas to Rio de Janeiro (del Hoyo et al. 1997). market (BirdLife International 2006). where palm-fruit food is available, It is found in tropical lowland evergreen Nesting holes are cut open to extract especially Attalea phalerata (Hesse forests, where it feeds on large insects, nestlings, which render the holes 1998, as cited in BirdLife International scorpions, centipedes, spiders, small unsuitable for future nesting. The 2000). It inhabits elevations between frogs, lizards, and occasionally seeds increasing lack of nesting sites is 200 and 250 m (BirdLife International and fruit (del Hoyo et al. 1997). The believed to be a limiting factor for the 2000). These macaws are not found to subspecies is not globally threatened, species (BirdLife International 2006). congregate in large flocks; but are seen although populations of ground cuckoos Predation is also a threat to the survival most commonly traveling in pairs, and in southern Brazil appear to be under of the species. Juveniles are taken by on rare occasions may be found in small threat due to continuing deforestation predators such as the native brown flocks of up to five individuals (Collar (del Hoyo et al. 1997). It is a rare, local, goshawk (Accipiter fasciatus). et al. 1992). The blue-throated macaw solitary subspecies that is dependent Introductions of the species to the nests between November and March in upon large blocks of undisturbed forest

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(del Hoyo et al. 1997). This extremely et al. 1994a; as cited in IUCN Red List high in magnitude and imminent timid species is among the first to 1996). The species occurs in dwarf, because it is ongoing. Therefore, it disappear if its primary forest habitat is humid elfin forest and paramo, at receives a priority rank of 2. altered, and in southeastern Brazil 3,100–4,500 m, from November through Chilean woodstar (Eulidia yarrellii) where it occurs, most of this type of January and in humid temperate forest forest has been destroyed (IUCN 1978– at about 2,400 m during the rest of the The Chilean woodstar is restricted to 1979). It is poorly known, has a small year (Philips 1989). a very small area on the Pacific coast range, and is highly sensitive to human There are over 100 museum from Tacna, Peru, to extreme northern disturbance (BirdLife International specimens of this species, suggesting it Antofagasta, Chile (Collar et al. 1992). It 2001). This subspecies is protected was more common in the past (Philips is only known to regularly breed in the under Brazilian law (IUCN 1978–1979). 1989). Between 1950 and 1993, the only Lluta and Azapa valleys, Arica The threats to the subspecies are high confirmed sighting of the species was Department, in extreme northern Chile in magnitude because human three individuals in 1980 (BirdLife (BirdLife International 2000). It inhabits disturbance and habitat destruction are International 2000). Recent fieldwork desert river valleys and gardens, mainly ongoing and constitute highly targeting the species has produced a few from sea level to about 750 m (Collar et significant impacts on the cuckoo’s additional records, but it is clearly rare al., 1992). The Chilean woodstar is survival. The subspecies is dependent within a very limited range (Philips usually a solitary feeder and has been upon large blocks of undisturbed forest 1989). The population estimate for the reported feeding in gardens on Lantana habitat for its life-cycle requirements, species is 50–249 birds, with a and Hibiscus flowers (Collar et al. 1992), and habitat destruction within the decreasing population trend (BirdLife but it is comparatively rare in such cuckoo’s range results in a patchy International 2006). This species is habitats (Howell and Webb in prep., as landscape, reducing the availability of classified as Critically Endangered in cited in BirdLife International 2000). the type of forest habitat necessary for the 2006 IUCN Red List and is listed in The Chilean woodstar was reported to the subspecies. It therefore receives a Appendix II of CITES (IUCN 2006; be common at the beginning of the 20th priority rank CITES 2006). It qualifies as Critically Century (Collar et al. 1992). More of 3. Endangered because it has an extremely recently, surveys have found this small range and the population is species to be scarce to locally common Margaretta’s hermit (Phaethornis restricted to one location where habitat (Howell and Webb in prep., as cited in malaris margarettae; Previously is being rapidly converted and there is BirdLife International 2000). It is Referred to as Phaethornis margarettae) ongoing volcanic activity (BirdLife unclear whether this represents a Margaretta’s hermit was first International 2006). The main threat to serious decline or previous observers described as a new species in 1972 by the species is conversion of trees in the did not identify flowering trees favored A. Ruschi (Sibley and Monroe 1990). elfin forest to charcoal, although media by this species (BirdLife International Current taxonomic studies place coverage of the species has encouraged 2000). Indigenous plants favored by the Margaretta’s hermit as a subspecies of authorities to control access to the forest Chilean woodstar may be severely the great-billed hermit (Phaethornis and forbid charcoal production (Philips threatened by agriculture (Collar et al. malaris) (Sick 1993), which is not 1989). Potato cultivation and livestock 1992). The population is estimated at considered globally threatened. This grazing on ridge crests rapidly destroyed 2,500–10,000 birds, with a decreasing subspecies is found in the understory of suitable habitat in these areas (Philips population trend (BirdLife International inundated lowland forest, secondary 1989). Some ridges are almost 2000). The IUCN classifies the species growth, bamboo thickets, and completely devoid of natural vegetation, as Endangered because it has a very shrubbery. Margaretta’s hermit is found and even if black-breasted pufflegs still small range, and all populations are in coastal East Brazil and is limited to occur in these areas, their numbers are confined to remnant habitat patches in forest remnants; consequently, further most likely quite low (BirdLife two desert valleys. The desert valleys habitat destruction is a threat to the International 2000). Recently, however, are heavily cultivated (IUCN 2006). The subspecies (del Hoyo et al. 1999). The the Jocotoco Foundation has established extent, area, and quality of suitable Margaretta’s hermit is listed in the Yanacocha Reserve on the slopes of habitat are believed to be declining as a Appendix II of CITES (CITES 2006). Volcan Pichincha, protecting 960 result of human encroachment (Collar et Habitat destruction is a significant hectares of Polylepis woodland, as well al. 1992). The Chilean woodstar is listed threat to Margaretta’s hermit that is high as the entire range of the black-breasted in Appendix II of CITES. All exports of in magnitude and imminent because it puffleg in an effort to protect and hummingbirds from Peru and Chile are is ongoing and likely permanent due to conserve the species, which has become controlled (BirdLife International 2000). the high pressure for coastal the ‘‘Emblem of the City of Quito’’ The Chilean woodstar represents a development in the area. Therefore, we (WorldLand Trust 2005). The area will monotypic genus. It faces threats that assign the subspecies a priority rank of be managed by the Corporacio´n are high in magnitude because 3. Ornitolo´gica de Ecuador (Ornithological indigenous food sources utilized by the Corporation of Ecuador, CECIA), a species are believed to be severely Black-breasted puffleg (Eriocnemis conservation organization which will threatened by agricultural development. nigrivestis) also manage ecotourism, environmental Furthermore, the species’ range has The black-breasted puffleg is now education, and conservation initiatives been severely reduced due to human confined to the northern ridge crests of including restoration of the Polylepis activity; all populations are now Volcan Pichincha and Volcan Atacazo, woodland (Foundacion Jocotoco 2005). confined to remnant habitat patches in in Pichincha Province, northwest The black-breasted puffleg does not two desert valleys. The species’ habitat Ecuador (BirdLife International 2000). represent a monotypic genus. The long- continues to decline due to human In 1983, there was a possible sighting of term loss of habitat is the most encroachment. Although there has been the species at Loma Gramalote on significant threat to the species as loss no actual change in threats since our Pichincha, and an additional three of the species’ elfin forest habitat to last Notice was published, habitat loss individuals were located in 1993 at the charcoal production and conversion to represents an ongoing and imminent same location (Collar et al. 1992, Krabb agriculture are ongoing. This threat is threat to the Chilean woodstar.

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Therefore, to ensure consistency in the it faces threats that significantly impact Okinawa woodpecker (Dendrocopos application of our listing priority the species and are high in magnitude. noguchii), Previously Known as guidance, we changed the listing These threats include persistent habitat (Sapheopipo noguchii) priority number from 4 to 2 to reflect destruction due to logging and clearing The Okinawa woodpecker lives in the that the threats are imminent. Therefore, for agriculture. The species’ range is northern hills of Okinawa Island, Japan. we assign the species a rank of 2. decreasing rapidly, resulting in a very Okinawa is the largest island of the Esmeraldas woodstar (Acestrura small and severely fragmented area Ryukyus Islands, a small island chain berlepschi) available for the species. These threats located between Japan and Taiwan (Winkler et al. 2005). This species is The Esmeraldas woodstar is restricted are therefore imminent and ongoing, to a small area on the Pacific Slope of and likely to persist because the habitat confined to Kunigami-gun, or Yambaru, the Andes of western Ecuador on which the woodstar is dependent has with its main breeding areas located (Esmeraldas, Manabi, and Guayas), been severely altered by human along the mountain ridges between Mt. where only very rare and localized disturbance and is unable to regenerate Nishime-take and Mt. Iyu-take (BirdLife populations are found (BirdLife due to the presence of grazing animals. International 2006). It prefers mature, International 2000). The woodstar Therefore, the species receives a priority subtropical evergreen broadleaf forests, generally prefers lowland, moist forest rank of 2. with tall trees greater than 20 cm in habitat (del Hoyo et al. 1999). It has also diameter (Research Center, Wild Bird Helmeted woodpecker (Dryocopus been recorded in the canopy of semi- Society of Japan 1993, as cited in humid secondary growth at 50–150 m in galeatus) BirdLife International 2001). Trees of this size are generally more than 30 December through March, when it is The helmeted woodpecker is endemic believed to breed (Becker et al. 2000). years old and are confined to hilltops to the southern Atlantic forest region of (Brazil 1991). The Okinawa woodpecker The species has not been recorded in southeastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay, this habitat type at other times of year, feeds on large arthropods, notably beetle and northeastern Argentina (BirdLife and there is no evidence concerning its larvae, spiders, moths, and centipedes, International 2001). It is found in tall long-term ability to survive in this type fruit, berries, seeds, acorns, and other of forest habitat (BirdLife International lowland and montane primary forest, in nuts (Winkler et al. 2005). They forage 2000). forest that has been selectively logged, in old-growth forests with large, often The Esmeraldas woodstar inhabits and generally near large tracts of intact moribund trees, accumulated fallen one of the most threatened forest forest (BirdLife International 2001). This trees, rotting stumps, debris, and habitats within the Neotropics (del woodpecker feeds on beetle larvae undergrowth (Short 1993, as cited in Hoyo et al. 1999). All forest types within which live beneath tree bark. The BirdLife International 2001). This the species’ range have diminished species forages primarily in the middle woodpecker often nests in hollow rapidly due to logging and clearing for canopy of the forest interior (del Hoyo Castanopsis cuspidata trees (Research agriculture (Dodson and Gentry 1991, as et al. 2002). Center, Wild Bird Society of Japan 1993, cited in BirdLife International 2000). as cited in BirdLife International 2001). Recent field work on the helmeted Prior to the rediscovery of the once- This species is classified as Endangered woodpecker revealed that the species is by the IUCN. The woodstar inhabits a believed extinct ivory-billed less rare than once thought (BirdLife very small and severely fragmented woodpecker in Arkansas’ Cache River International 2000). It is listed as range, which is decreasing rapidly in National Wildlife Refuge in 2005 size. Ongoing declines in the bird’s Vulnerable by the IUCN (IUCN 2006). (USFWS 2005), the Okinawa population are linked to persistent The current population is estimated at woodpecker was considered the world’s habitat destruction (IUCN 2006). The no more than 10,000 individuals and rarest extant woodpecker species species is listed in Appendix II of CITES decreasing (BirdLife International 2000). (Winkler et al. 2005). The IUCN (CITES 2006). The current population The greatest threat to the species is categorizes the species as Critically estimate for this species is 1,000–2,499 widespread deforestation. Numerous Endangered because it is comprised of birds with a decreasing population sightings since the mid-1980s includes a single diminutive, declining trend (BirdLife International 2000). a pair in the Brazilian State of Santa population, which is threatened by the Persistent grazing by goats and cattle is Catarina in 1998, where the species had continued loss of old-growth and a serious threat to the species because not been seen since 1946 (del Hoyo et mature forest to logging, dam they damage the understory and prevent al. 2002). The helmeted woodpecker is construction, agricultural clearing, and regeneration of the forest that this protected by Brazilian law and golf course construction. Its limited species utilizes (Dodson and Gentry populations occur in numerous range and tiny population make it 1991, as cited in BirdLife International protected areas throughout its range vulnerable to extinction from disease 2000). Dodson and Gentry (1991) (BirdLife International 2000). Further and natural disasters such as typhoons indicated that rapid habitat loss is studies are needed to clarify species (IUCN 2006). During the 1930s, the continuing, at least in unprotected distribution and status (del Hoyo et al. Okinawa woodpecker was considered areas, and extant forests will soon be 2002). nearly extinct. By the early 1990s, the eliminated. In Manabi Province, the breeding population was estimated to be Esmeraldas woodstar occurs in The helmeted woodpecker does not about 75 birds, with a total estimated Machalilla National Park (Collar et al. represent a monotypic genus. The population ranging between 146 and 1992), but it does not receive adequate magnitude of threat to the species is 584 individuals (BirdLife International protection because its habitat is moderate because the population is 2006). The species is legally protected threatened by illegal settlement, much larger than previously thought in Japan and occurs in small protected deforestation, livestock-grazing, and and imminent because the forest habitat areas on Mt. Ibu and Mt. Nishime habitat clearance by people with land which the species is dependent upon is (BirdLife International 2006). The rights (BirdLife International 2004). constantly being altered by man. It Yambaru, a forest area in the Okinawa The Esmeraldas woodstar does not therefore receives a priority rank of 8. Prefecture, was designated as a national represent a monotypic genus; however, park in 1996, and conservation

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organizations have purchased sites two locations (IUCN 2006). The current fragmented range. The species’ range where the woodpecker occurs to population size is unknown, but the continues to decline from habitat loss establish private wildlife preserves (del population trend is believed to be and a lack of habitat regeneration (IUCN Hoyo et al. 2002). decreasing (BirdLife International 2006). 2006). The population is estimated at The Okinawa woodpecker represents The yellow-browed toucanet does not 250–999 individuals and declining a monotypic genus. This species faces represent a monotypic genus. The (BirdLife International 2000). threats that are moderate in magnitude magnitude of threat to the species is Regeneration of Polylepis woodlands is because the species is legally protected moderate and non-imminent. Therefore, prevented by uncontrolled fires, heavy in Japan, and its range occurs in several it receives a priority rank of 11. grazing, harvest for fuel and protected areas. However, the threats to Royal cinclodes (Cinclodes aricomae) construction, and the inadequacy of re- the species are imminent because the forestation projects. Loss of Polylepis old-growth habitat, upon which the The royal cinclodes occurs in the habitat is the greatest threat to the species is dependent, continues to be Andes of southeastern Peru (Cuzco, survival of the white-browed tit- removed, and preferable habitat Apurimac, and Puno) and adjacent spinetail (Fjeldsa˚ and Kessler 1996, as continues to be altered for agriculture Bolivia (La Paz) (BirdLife International cited in BirdLife International 2000; and golf courses. It therefore receives a 2000). It is found in tiny humid patches Rome 2003). International non- priority rank of 7. of Polylepis woodland and montane government organizations (NGO’s) have scrub, mainly at 3,500–4,800 m (Parker attempted to draw local attention to the Yellow-browed toucanet et al. 1996). This species is classified as (Aulacorhynchus huallagae) plight of Polylepis woodlands in Cuzco, Critically Endangered by IUCN because with the hope that it may lead to better The yellow-browed toucanet is known it has an extremely small population environmental controls (Fjeldsa˚ and from only two localities in north-central that is restricted to a severely Kessler 1996, as cited in BirdLife Peru, La Libertad, where it is fragmented and rapidly declining International 2000). The American Bird uncommon, and Rio Abiseo National habitat (IUCN 2006). In addition, no Conservancy and the Peruvian Park, San Martin, where it is very rare sub-population is thought to exceed 50 Association for the Conservation of (BirdLife International 2006). There mature individuals (IUCN 2006). The Andean Ecosystems have teamed have been recent reports of the species population estimate for this species is together with Conservation from Leymebambe (T. Mark in litt. 2003, 50–249 birds, with a decreasing International’s Critical Ecosystem as cited in BirdLife International 2006). population trend (BirdLife International Partnership Fund (CEPF) to protect the It inhabits a narrow altitudinal range 2000). The species’ main threat is the Polylepis forests and develop between 2,125 and 2,510 m, preferring inability of Polylepis to regenerate due alternatives for local consumption of the canopy of humid, ephiphyte-laden to the uncontrolled use of fire and heavy fuel and timber. The joint program montane forests, particularly areas that grazing (Fjeldsa˚ and Kessler 1996, as provides Polylepis saplings for forest support Clusia trees (del Hoyo et al. cited in BirdLife International 2000). regeneration, and Eucalyptus saplings 2002; Fjeldsa˚ and Krabbe 1990, as cited Harvesting for timber, firewood, and for use as an alternative timber species. in BirdLife International 2006). This charcoal, although locally destructive, The villagers are paid to plant the narrow distributional band may be could be sustainable if regeneration was saplings in a community aid program, related to the occurrence of the larger allowed to occur (Fjeldsa˚ and Kessler ensuring stakeholder benefits for the grey-breasted mountain toucan 1996, as cited in BirdLife International Polylepis forest regeneration; and it is (Andigena hypoglauca) above 2,300 m, 2000). hoped, increased population numbers of and the occurrence of the emerald The royal cinclodes does not the white-browed tit-spinetail and other toucanet (Aulacorhynchus prasinus) represent a monotypic genus. The endangered species that depend on this below 2,100 m (Schulenberg and Parker, magnitude of threat to the species is habitat (Rome 2003). as cited in Collar et al. 1992). The high due to an extremely small The white-browed tit-spinetail does species’ restricted range remains population that inhabits a small, not represent a monotypic genus. The unexplained, and recent information severely fragmented range. The magnitude of threat to this species is indicates that both of the suggested immediacy of threat to the species is high as the population is very small and competitors have wider altitudinal imminent resulting from the continuing declining. The immediacy of threat to ranges which completely encompass the fragmentation of habitat and lack of the species is imminent and continues range of the yellow-browed toucanet regeneration of the Polylepis forest. We due to continuing fragmentation of its (Collar et al. 1992 and J. Hornbuckle in therefore have assigned a priority rank Polylepis forest habitat. It has therefore litt. 1999; as cited in BirdLife of 2 to this species. received a priority rank of 2. International 2006). The yellow-browed toucanet does not appear to occupy all White-browed tit-spinetail Black-hooded antwren (Formicivora potentially suitable forest available (Leptasthenura xenothorax) erythronotos, Previously Referred to as within its range (Schulenberg and The white-browed tit-spinetail is Myrmotherula erythronotos) Parker 1997, as cited in BirdLife restricted to a severely fragmented range The black-hooded antwren inhabits International 2006). in south-central Peru in the Runtacocha early successional secondary growth Deforestation has been widespread in highland (Apurimac), the Nevado habitats, and the understory of remnant this region, but has largely occurred Sacsarayoc Massif, and the Cordillera old-growth secondary forests in coastal below the toucanet’s altitudinal range Vilcanota (Cuzco) (BirdLife southeastern Brazil (BirdLife (BirdLife International 2006). However, International 2000). These birds occur International 2000; Harris and Pimm coca growers have taken over forests in small, widely scattered patches of 2004). This antwren species was within its altitudinal range, probably humid Polylepis woodlands at 3,700– previously known only from twenty resulting in some reductions in the 4,550 m (BirdLife International 2000). skins that were collected during the19th species’ range and population (IUCN Since 2000, the IUCN categorizes the Century (Buzzetti 1998, E. Mendonc¸a 2006). It is listed as Endangered by white-browed tit-spinetail as and L.P. Gonzaga in litt. 2000, as cited IUCN because of its very small range Endangered because of its extremely in BirdLife International 2006), and was and extant population records from only small population and limited, believed to be extinct until it was

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rediscovered in 1987 (Harris and Pimm Amaro), forest patches along the Linha magnitude because it has a significant 2004). The IUCN classifies the species Verde highway, and north to southern impact on the species. Threats to the as Endangered because it has a very Sergipe (in the vicinity of Crasto and species are imminent because the small and highly fragmented range. The Santa Luzia de Itanhia), Brazil (Collar et species utilizes only a very small, black-hooded antwren appears to be al. 1992, Pacheco and Whitney 1995, J. fragmented range within which the declining rapidly in response to Minns in litt. 1998, B.M. Whitney in litt. extent and quality of its habitat are continuing habitat loss. Currently, it is 1999, and J. Mazar Barnett in litt. 2000; continuing to decline. It therefore known to inhabit seven sites (IUCN all as cited in BirdLife International receives a priority rank of 2. 2006). The population is estimated at 2006). Recent fieldwork indicates that Brown-banded antpitta (Grallaria 1,000–2,499 birds with a decreasing species’ distribution is not as disjunct as milleri) population trend (BirdLife International previously considered because the 2006). IUCN notes, however, that there species has been found in remnant The brown-banded antpitta is is a serious need for new population forest and secondary-growth patches endemic to the Volcan Ruı´z-Tolima demographic information because the along the northern coast of Bahia at massif of the central Andes (Caldas, species’ current population size is Conde and Jandaı´ra (Souza 2002, as Risaralda, Quindı´o, and Tolima), unknown (IUCN 2006). The black- cited in BirdLife International 2006). Colombia (BirdLife International 2006). hooded antwren resides in one of the Although populations may have been In Ucumari, this species has been most densely populated regions of vastly reduced over time, the species’ recorded in three types of habitat with Brazil and deforestation has been preference for early successional no significant difference in population occurring for more than 400 years secondary-growth habitat means its density between the three: Early (BirdLife International 2003). The main range is likely to have been secondary growth vegetation with a high threats to the species include ongoing underestimated (BirdLife International density of herbs and shrubs; the urbanization, industrialization, and 2006). The fire-eye also favors the understory of 30-year-old alder (Alnus) agricultural expansion. The antwren’s tangled, dense undergrowth of lowland plantations; and the understory of 30- habitat has been reduced to less than 10 forests as well as other semi-open year-old secondary forest (Kattan and percent of its original extent (Brown and habitats where horizontal perches are Beltran 1997, as cited in BirdLife Brown 1992, as cited in BirdLife located close to the ground (BirdLife International 2006). Kattran and Beltran International 2003). International 2006). Currently, the (2002) found that the species exhibited high site fidelity over a relatively small There have been recent reports that population is estimated at 1,000–2,499 territory. Between 1911 and 1942, only the species has been seen with individuals (BirdLife International ten specimens were collected at increased frequency at a coastal reserve 2006), an increase from the population elevations of 2,745–3,140 m in Caldas near Rio De Janeiro, the Reserva estimate in 2000, which indicated and Quindı´o (Kattan and Beltra´n 1997, Ecolo´gica de Jacarepia´ (Worldtwitch between 250 and 999 individuals BirdLife International 2006; as cited in 2006). The black-hooded antwren remained in the wild (BirdLife BirdLife International 2006). The inhabits an Endemic Bird Area (EBA), International 2000). The increase in species was not seen for more than 50 which is an area BirdLife International population numbers may be attributed years, until it was rediscovered in May selects for habitat-based conservation of to recent fieldwork which indicates that birds. Designating a particular area or 1994, in Ucumarı´ Regional Park, distribution was not as disjunct as Risaralda (Kattan and Beltran 1997, region as an EBA encourages national previously thought because the species and local governments to increase and BirdLife International 2003; as cited in was found to reside in habitat that had improve conservation measures for the BirdLife International 2006). Surveys not been considered to contain the EBA, and possibly, other areas of conducted between 1994 and 1997 species (Souza 2002, as cited in BirdLife concern (BirdLife International 2003). along a narrow elevational band of International 2006). From 2000–2004, This particular EBA is located in coastal 2,400–2,600 m discovered 11 more birds the fringe-backed fire-eye was southeast Brazil around the Baı´a Ilha which were subsequently banded. Based categorized as Critically Endangered by Grande in south Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on these surveys, it was estimated that the IUCN because of its extremely small (BirdLife International 2001; BirdLife 106 individuals were present in a 0.63 range and declining habitat, and International 2006). km2 area (Kattan and Beltran 1997, The black-hooded antwren does not because it was known from a few, 1999; as cited in BirdLife International represent a monotypic genus. It faces highly-fragmented localities (IUCN 2006). Further observations of the threats that are high in magnitude; the 2002). The fringe-backed fire-eye is now species were made during 1998–2000 on most significant threat is loss of habitat. classified as Endangered by the IUCN the southeast slope of Volca´n Tolima in The antwren prefers remnant old- because the fieldwork has shown that the Rı´o Toche Valley, where it is growth secondary forests; however, it the species’ range is more extensive considered uncommon and local resides in one of the most densely than previously known. It does, (Lo´pez-Lanu´ s et al. 2000, Lo´pez-Lanu´ s populated regions of Brazil, where however, still have a very small, in litt. 2000, P.G.W. Salaman in litt. deforestation has occurred for centuries. fragmented range within which the 1999, 2000; and Renjifo et al. 2002; as Threats are imminent because extent and quality of its habitat are cited in BirdLife International 2006). In degradation and loss of the species’ continuing to decline, and where it is 1999 and 2000, the brown-banded habitat is a continuing problem as a only known from a few localities (IUCN antpitta was also found in the Rı´o result of urbanization, industrialization, 2006). The species is protected under Blanco watershed (Caldas) and near and agricultural expansion. Therefore, Brazilian law (BirdLife International Roncesvalles (Tolima) (Renjifo et al. the species receives a priority rank of 2. 2006). The greatest threat to the species 2002, as cited in BirdLife International continues to be habitat loss (BirdLife 2006). Fringe-backed fire-eye (Pyriglena atra) International 2006). The greatest threat to the brown- The fringe-backed fire-eye is known The fringe-backed fire-eye does not banded antpitta is conversion of habitat from the narrow coastal belt of Atlantic represent a monotypic genus. The for agricultural purposes and habitat forest in the vicinity of Salvador, coastal greatest threat to the species continues fragmentation (Wildlife Conservation Bahia (west of the town of Santo to be habitat loss. This threat is high in Society 2006, BirdLife International

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2006). Since the 1950s, forested land Particular sites where the species has Naka in litt. 1999; as cited in BirdLife has been converted to agriculture in the been located, at low densities, include International 2006). It inhabits humid Rı´o Toche Valley and natural vegetation Serra Negra (on the upper Dourados lowland Atlantic forest. At one of these cover within a narrow elevational band, River) and the headwaters of the Sa˜o localities, Salto do Pirai, the species has between 1,900 and 3,200 m where the Francisco, both in Minas Gerais; and typically been found in habitats which species is most likely to be found, has Serra do Cipo´ and Carac¸a in the hills include forest edge, well-shaded been reduced to about 15 percent and tablelands of central Brazil secondary growth, and sections of low, (BirdLife International 2006). The IUCN (BirdLife International 2003). epiphyte-laden open woodland near has classified the species as Endangered Although the species was once watercourses (Mazar Barnett et al. 2000, since 1994 because it is known from considered rare (Sick and Texeira 1979, as cited by BirdLife International 2006). very few locations, in a very small range as cited in Collar et al. 1992), it is now It feeds predominantly in the midstory (IUCN 2006). This classification also found in reasonable numbers in certain of medium-sized trees, and mated pairs takes into account continuing habitat areas of Brasilia (D. M. Teixeira, in litt. appear to remain within small well- loss and degradation within that limited 1987, as cited in Collar et al. 1992). The defined areas (Mazar Barnett et al. 2000, range (IUCN 2006). Population estimates population is estimated at more than as cited by BirdLife International 2006). for this species range between 250–999 10,000 birds, with a decreasing In 2004, the IUCN changed the birds, with a decreasing population population trend (BirdLife International Kaempfer’s tody-tyrant’s decade-long trend (BirdLife International 2006). It 2000). The IUCN categorizes Scytalopus classification from Endangered to should be noted however, that Kattan novacapitalis as Lower Risk/near Critically Endangered because the and Beltran (2002) found that threatened (IUCN 2006). The species species has an extremely small and population densities are higher than occupies a very limited range and is fragmented range, with recent records previously assumed because the species presumably losing habitat around from only two locations, and ongoing is very secretive and difficult to locate Brasilia. However, its distribution now deforestation is occurring in the vicinity in the forest understory. Significant appears larger than initially believed, of these sites (IUCN 2006). The numbers of brown-banded antpittas are and the swampy gallery forests where it population estimate is 1,000–2,499 protected in Ucumarı´ Regional Park, is found are not conducive for individuals and declining (BirdLife Risaralda (Kattan and Beltran 1997, as clearance, protecting at least some of the International 2006). The Atlantic forest cited in BirdLife International 2006), species’ habitat (D. M. Teixeira in litt. has been extensively deforested, and the unlike the Rı´o Toche watershed area 1987, as cited in Collar et al. 1992). The lowland forest continues to be cleared which does not provide any form of Brasilia tapaculo is currently protected in the vicinity of the two remaining sites legal protection for the species. The by Brazilian law (Bernardes et al. 1990, (BirdLife International 2006). The limited remaining forest within the as cited in Collar et al. 1992), and it is Kaempfer’s tody-tyrant is protected by watershed continues to diminish and found in six protected areas (Machado Brazilian law, occurring in one has become increasingly fragmented et al. 1998, Wege and Long 1995; as protected area, and in adjacent forest (Lopez-Lanus et al. 2000) cited in BirdLife International 2006). (BirdLife International 2006). The brown-banded antpitta does not Annual burning of adjacent grasslands This species does not represent a represent a monotypic genus. The limits the extent and availability of monotypic genus. Threats to the species threats to the species are high in suitable habitat, as does wetland are high in magnitude because the magnitude, and the conversion of drainage and the sequestration of water Kaempfer’s tody-tyrant displays specific habitat for agricultural purposes is the for irrigation (Machado et al. 1998, as habitat preferences that are becoming most significant threat. Previously cited in BirdLife International 2006). more difficult to locate over time. The forested land has been converted to The Brasilia tapaculo does not species is adapted to specific areas agriculture, and natural vegetative cover represent a monotypic genus. The within the forest, and mated pairs within a narrow elevational band where magnitude of threat to the species is appear to remain within small, well- the species is most likely to be found moderate because the population is defined locales. However, ongoing (between 1,900 and 3,200 m) has been much larger than previously believed deforestation has had a significant reduced to about 15 percent of its and preferred habitat is swampy and impact on the species’ habitat and is former extent. Habitat fragmentation, difficult to clear. Threats are imminent, limiting the species to a very small, range reduction, and the decline in however, because habitat is being extremely fragmented range. The threats habitat quality are imminent and drained for agricultural irrigation and to the species are imminent because ongoing threats to the species. It grassland burning limits the extent of deforestation of the Brazilian Atlantic therefore receives a priority rank of 2. suitable habitat. Therefore, it receives a forest is ongoing. Therefore, it has been priority rank of 8. assigned a priority rank of 2. Brasilia Tapaculo (Scytalopus novacapitalis) Kaempfer’s tody-tyrant (Hemitriccus Ash-breasted tit-tyrant (Anairetes The Brasilia tapaculo is found in kaempferi, Previously Referred to as alpinus) swampy gallery forest, disturbed areas Idioptilon kaempferi) The ash-breasted tit-tyrant is confined of thick streamside vegetation, and The Kaempfer’s tody-tyrant is very to semi-humid Polylepis-Gynoxys dense secondary growth of the bracken rare and has a very small, extremely woodlands in the high Andes in Peru fern Pteridium aquilinum, from Goia´s, fragmented range which is estimated to and Bolivia (BirdLife International the Federal District, and Minas Gerais, be about 19 km2 (BirdLife International 2000). There are two widely disjunct Brazil (Negret and Cavalcanti 1985, as 2006). The species is only known from populations: the subspecies A. a. cited in Collar et al. 1992; Collar et al. three localities in Santa Catarina, Brazil: alpinus occurs in the Cordilleras Central 1992; BirdLife International 2000). The one record at Salto do Pirai near Villa and Occidental, Peru, and A. a. Brasilia Tapaculo will occasionally Nova in 1929, one specimen that was bolivianus occurs in the Cordillera colonize disturbed areas near streams collected at Brusque in 1950, and Oriental, Peru, and in the Cordillera (BirdLife International 2003). This another in Reserva Particular do Patrimoˆ Real, Bolivia (Collar et al. 1992; Fjeldsa˚ species has only been recorded locally nio Natural de Volta Velha, near Itapoa´ and Kessler 1996; BirdLife International within Formas in Goia´s, around Brası´lia. in 1998 (Mazar Barnett et al. 2000, L.N. 2000). It is relatively common in the

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Runtacocha highland, Apurimac, and and Chiclayo in recent years (G. induced deforestation and introduced the Cordillera Vilcabamba, Cuzco Engblom in litt. 1998, 1999, 2000; predators (IUCN 2006). Habitat loss has (Fjeldsa˚ and Kessler 1996, as cited in Flanagan and Cha´vez-Villavicencio occurred throughout the subspecies’ BirdLife International 2000). The IUCN 2000; Begazo et al. 2001; as cited in range, and other threats include categorizes the ash-breasted tit-tyrant as BirdLife International 2006). Searches at competition with the bare-eyed robin Endangered because it has a very small other sites and in apparently suitable (Turdus nudigenis), brood parasitism by population and is confined to a habitat habitat have failed to locate the species the shiny cowbird, hunting by humans which is severely fragmented and (G. Engblom in litt. 1998, 1999, 2000; as for food, and predation by mongooses undergoing continuing decline in cited in BirdLife International 2006). and other introduced predators (Raffaele extent, area, and quality (IUCN 2006). The species occurs in desert scrub at et al. 1998). The population is estimated at 250–999 elevations up to 500 m, in areas of individuals and declining (BirdLife riparian thicket, and low dense, and This subspecies faces threats that are International 2000). Extensive cattle open woodland dominated by Prosopis high in magnitude because of a grazing is the primary threat to the trees, with some Acacia spp. (G. declining population trend, and species, especially in Ancash, which, Engblom in litt. 1998, 1999, 2000; as imminent resulting from ongoing combined with the uncontrolled use of cited in BirdLife International 2006). deforestation, competition with other fire, prevents Polylepis regeneration The IUCN categorizes the Peruvian avian species, brood parasitism, and (Fjeldsa˚ and Kessler 1996 and G. Servat plantcutter as Endangered because of its predation by animals and humans. It in litt., as cited in BirdLife International extremely small and fragmented range, therefore receives a priority rank of 3. 2000). Additionally, recent changes and its remaining habitat is subject to Eiao Polynesian warbler (Acrocephalus from camelid to sheep and cattle rapid and continuing destruction and caffer aquilonis) farming, erosion, and soil degradation degradation (IUCN 2006). The caused by agricultural projects and population is currently estimated at The Eiao Polynesian warbler is deforestation are contributing factors to 500–1,000 individuals and declining restricted to dry forest on Eiao Island in the continued decline of the species (BirdLife International 2006). Threats the Marquesas Islands. Decker (1973) (Fjeldsa˚ and Kessler 1996, as cited in include the near-complete conversion of found that other races of the subspecies BirdLife International 2000). coastal river valleys to cultivation, occupy a variety of habitats possessing The Asociacio´n Armonı´a, removal of the shrub layer by grazing trees or tall bushes, ranging from Conservacion de Aves en Bolivia goats, and burning and logging for cultivated areas to dense forests. By (Conservation of Birds in Bolivia), firewood and charcoal (Engblom in litt. 1960, only tiny remnants of woodland which is associated with BirdLife 1998, 1999, 2000; as cited by BirdLife remained on the island, and after many International, currently has two projects International 2000). in the field to support the conservation A portion of the species habitat is years of grazing by introduced sheep of the ash-breasted tit-tyrant. The first, located within an area that is owned by and swine, it was described as being a initiated in 2003, led to the discovery of PetroPeru; the company prevents barren desert of rock and orange clay. several new sites for the ash-breasted tit- trespassing on its lands, and as a result, This warbler was apparently common in tyrant and the royal cinclodes. The goal the species is afforded some protection. 1922, when the Whitney South Sea of the project is to conduct ecological PetroPeru has also supported fieldwork Expedition collected a number of research on the ash-breasted tit-tyrant and educational programs for the specimens (Holyoak 1975, as cited by regarding its reproduction, territory size species (Elton 2004). IUCN 1978–1979). Three more and behavior, which is essential for the The Peruvian plantcutter does not individuals were collected in 2 days in species long-term conservation efforts. represent a monotypic genus. Threats to 1929, and it was still present in small The other project involves meetings the species are high in magnitude due numbers in 1968 (Holyoak 1975, as with local communities that live near to forest land conversion for agriculture, cited by IUCN 1978–1979). The the remaining fragments of Polylepis removal of the shrub layer by grazing population in 1987 was estimated at forests, to present information regarding goats, and burning and logging for 100–200 individuals (Thibault, personal the importance of these forest fragments. firewood and charcoal. The threats are communication to Philippe Raust, The project hopes to gain local support imminent because this land conversion Socie´te´e´ d’Ornithologie de Polyne´sie in developing methods to decrease is ongoing and continues to reduce the 2003). Threats include predation by threats to the forests and their species’ range. Therefore, it receives a invasive mammals and a lack of habitat associated fauna (Asociacio´n Armonı´a priority rank of 2. regeneration (Thibault, personal 2005). St. Lucia forest thrush (Cichlherminia communication to Philippe Raust, The ash-breasted tit-tyrant does not iherminieri sanctaeluciae) Socie´te´e´ d’Ornithologie de Polyne´sie represent a monotypic genus. The threat 2003). This subspecies is also is high in magnitude for this species The St. Lucia forest thrush is found threatened by stochastic events, such as on the island of St. Lucia in the West because grazing cattle prevent typhoons, which could extirpate this Indies (Raffaele et al. 1998). It generally regeneration of the Polylepis forest that entire subspecies. is essential to the species. Threats to the inhabits the undergrowth of mid- and species are imminent because habitat high-altitude primary and secondary The most significant threat to the Eiao degradation is ongoing. Therefore, we moist forest (Raffaele et al. 1998; Keith Polynesian warbler is habitat loss and have assigned it a priority rank of 2. 1997, as cited in BirdLife International its continued destruction due to grazing 2000). On St. Lucia, it is uncommon to of introduced species. The threat is high Peruvian plantcutter (Phytotoma rare, but was considered numerous in in magnitude because the threat affects raimondii) the late 19th Century (Keith 1997, as the entire population of this island The Peruvian plantcutter formerly cited in BirdLife International 2000). It endemic species. The threat is imminent inhabited the coastal region of northern is currently treated as a subspecies of as it is ongoing and is rendering the Peru from Tumbus to Lima (BirdLife the forest thrush (Cichlherminia island largely barren of suitable habitat International 2006). There have only iherminieri), which is classified as for the warbler. It therefore receives a been records from two areas, near Talara Vulnerable by IUCN because of human- priority rank of 3.

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Codfish Island fernbird (Bowdleria population that is inferred to be Heritage Committee and others to punctata wilsoni) declining due to habitat loss (IUCN further protect the islands through The Codfish Island fernbird is found 2006). It further notes that the species enactment of the Special Law for only in low scrub habitat on Codfish would be classified as Critically Galapagos which includes: stricter Island, off the northwest coast of Endangered if the species’ range was controls on immigration to the site; Stewart Island, New Zealand (IUCN judged to be severely fragmented (IUCN creation of a quarantine system to 1979). Codfish Island’s native vegetation 2006). The population estimate for this combat alien species; the creation of a has been modified by introduced species is 250–999 birds with a much larger marine reserve around the Australian brush-tailed possums decreasing population trend (BirdLife islands with improved legal protection; International 2006). The very tall old- limitations on property rights and (Trichosurus vulpecula). Fernbird growth forest on Ghizo is still under economic activities to make these populations have also been reduced due threat from clearance for local use, consistent with the goal of conservation, to predation by weka (Gallirallus firewood, and gardens, and the areas of and; increased national funding australis scotti) and Polynesian rats other secondary growth, which are sub- allocation to the site (WHS 2006). (Rattus exulans) (Merton 1974, personal optimal habitats for this species, are Designating the Galapagos Islands as a communication, as cited in IUCN 1979). under considerable threat from WHS, however, has also led to an In 1966, the status of this subspecies clearance for agricultural land (BirdLife increase in tourism, which has in turn was considered relatively safe International 2006). produced a negative effect on the (Blackburn 1967, as cited in IUCN The Ghizo white-eye does not islands through the increased volume of 1979), but estimates dating from 1975 represent a monotypic genus. It faces waste generated by tourists, and more indicated a gradually declining threats that are moderate in magnitude importantly for this species, the spread population numbering approximately and imminent. Threats are continuing of invasive species. 100 individuals (Bell 1975, as cited in because the old-growth forest which the The medium tree-finch does not IUCN 1979). At that time, the subspecies species is dependent upon is still being represent a monotypic genus. The was absent from areas of Codfish Island cleared for local use and secondary magnitude of threat to the species is that it had formerly occupied growth is being converted for moderate in magnitude as the species is (Blackburn 1967, as cited in IUCN agricultural purposes. Therefore we common in the forested highlands and 1979). Several conservation measures assign the species a priority rank of 8. its habitat has not been highly degraded. have been undertaken on Codfish The immediacy of threat is non- Medium tree-finch (Camarhynchus Island. An eradication program for the imminent because the species’ habitat is pauper) weka was carried out between 1980 and protected by the area’s national park 1985 (Taylor 2000), and Polynesian rats The medium tree-finch is endemic to and WHS status. We therefore give this were eradicated from Codfish Island in Floreana in the Galapagos Islands, species a priority rank of 11. August 1998 (Conservation News 2002). Ecuador (BirdLife International 2006). It The fernbird population is rebounding is common in the highlands and Cherry-throated tanager (Nemosia strongly with the removal of invasive considered uncommon to rare on the rourei) predator species (Hayley Meehan, New coast (Harris 1992). The finch prefers The cherry-throated tanager is Zealand Forest and Birds, personal montane evergreen and tropical currently known from Fazenda communication, 2003). deciduous forest, the Scalesia zone, and Pindobas IV in Espirito Santo, Brazil, The Codfish Island fernbird is a humid scrub (Stotz et al. 1996). This where small numbers have been subspecies that is now facing threats poorly known species is considered recorded since 1998 (Bauer et al. 2000). that are low to moderate in magnitude Vulnerable by the IUCN because Prior to 1998, the species was only because the removal of invasive population trends are unknown; it has known from one type specimen, predator species has allowed for a a very small range, and it is restricted collected around the mid-19th Century strong rebound in the subspecies’ to a single island where introduced in Muriae, Minas Gerais, and from a population. Threats are non-imminent species are a potential threat (IUCN flock of eight individuals seen in the because the conservation measures to 2006). Predator control is occurring on region of Jatiboca, Espirito Santo, in prevent the invasion of predatory Floreana, Santa Cruz, and Santiago 1941 (Collar et al. 1992). Unconfirmed invasive species have proven to be very Islands (H. Vargus and F. Cruz (in litt.) sightings of the tanager at the Augusto successful. It therefore receives a 2000, as cited in BirdLife International Ruschi (Nova Lombardia) Biological priority rank of 9. 2006). The Galapagos Islands are a Reserve in 1992 (Scott 1997) and national park and were declared a Fazenda Pedra Bonita, Minas Gerais led Ghizo white-eye (Zosterops luteirostris) World Heritage Site (WHS) in 1979 to intensive fieldwork in an effort to The Ghizo white-eye is endemic to (BirdLife International 2006). When a document the presence of the species Ghizo in the Solomon Islands (BirdLife specific area is designated a WHS it (Bauer et al. 2000). Two groups of N. International 2006). Birds are locally means that the area is considered rourei have been definitely located, a common in the remaining tall or old- globally important, and it is in the population of at least six individuals at growth forests located on Ghizo interest of the international community Fazenda Pindobas IV and another of at (Buckingham et al. 1995 and Gibbs to preserve the site for future least eight individuals at Caetes. Further 1996, as cited in BirdLife International generations of humanity. The protection observations of a low-density 2006). It is less common in scrub close and conservation of the site becomes a population from the reserve at Augusto to large trees and in plantations concern of all the World Heritage Ruschi confirmed Scott’s (1997) (BirdLife International 2006), and it is countries. Furthermore, funds for sightings of the species (Venturini et al. not known whether these two habitats certain conservation projects can be 2005). can support sustainable breeding obtained through the World The species inhabits the canopy of populations (Buckingham et al. 1995, as Conservation Fund by designees Atlantic dense ombrophyllous montane cited in BirdLife International 2006). (UNESCO 2006). forest at elevations of 850–1,200 m The IUCN classifies this species as The Government of Ecuador (GoE) has (Venturini et al. 2005). There is Endangered because of its very small also been encouraged by the World evidence of the species’ occurrence in

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coffee plantations and plantations of movements will provide an improved The Lord Howe pied currawong is a Eucalyptus sp. and Pinus spp., but these understanding of the species’ subspecies facing threats that are low in sightings are sporadic and believed to be population status and distribution magnitude and non-imminent. related to movements between (IUCN 2006). Population estimates range Therefore, it receives a priority rank of fragments through corridors of from 2,500 to 10,000 individuals 12. otherwise unsuitable habitat (Venturini (BirdLife International 2006), and it is et al. 2005). The cherry-throated tanager considered Vulnerable by the IUCN Invertebrates is categorized as Critically Endangered (IUCN 2006). The species is threatened Harris’ mimic swallowtail (Eurytides by IUCN because of its extremely small by the rapid and widespread loss of [syn. Mimoides] lysithous harrisianus) range and small population (IUCN habitat for beachfront development and Harris’ mimic swallowtail is native to 2006). The population is estimated at occasionally appears in the illegal cage- Brazil and may also occur in Paraguay 50–249 individuals and declining bird trade (BirdLife International 2006). (Collins and Morris 1985; Finnish The black-backed tanager does not (BirdLife International 2000). Extensive University and Research Network deforestation is believed to have had an represent a monotypic genus. The threat (Funet) 2004). Two populations are adverse impact on the species (IUCN to the species is low to moderate in confirmed in Rio de Janeiro and it is 2006). This species is protected by magnitude due to the species’ fairly believed to be extant in Espirito Santo Brazilian law and its range may include large population size and range. The (Keith S. Brown, Jr., Livre-Docent, protected areas (BirdLife International threat is, however, imminent because Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 2000). The owners of Fazenda Pindobas the species is threatened by rapid and Brazil, pers. comm. 2004). Harris’ mimic IV have expressed interest in protecting widespread loss of habitat due to swallowtail occupies the sandy flats the remaining native forest on their beachfront development. Therefore, we above the tidal margins of the coastal property (Venturini, in litt. 2000, as give this species a priority rank of 8. Atlantic Forest. The IUCN designated cited in BirdLife International 2006). Lord Howe pied currawong (Strepera this subspecies as Endangered in 1988, Fazenda Pindobas IV has been graculina crissalis) designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) 1990, and 1994 (IUCN 1996). However, by BirdLife International. The IBA The Lord Howe Island subspecies of it has not been re-evaluated using the program is a worldwide initiative to the pied currawong is endemic to the 1997 criteria, nor has it been included identify and protect a network of critical Lord Howe Island group in New South on the 2006 IUCN Red List (IUCN 2006). sites for the conservation of the world’s Wales, Australia. The highest densities The Brazilian Institute of the birds. The owners of Fazenda Pindobas of nests are located on the slopes of Mt. Environment and Natural Resources IV are cooperative with the scientists Gower and in the Erskine Valley, with (Instituto Brasileiro do a Meio Ambiente studying the species within their smaller numbers on the lower land to de do Recursos Naturais Renova´veis; particular IBA (BirdLife International the north (Knight 1987, as cited in IBAMA) considers this subspecies to be 2006). Garnett and Gabriel 2000). This critically imperiled. The cherry-throated tanager does not subspecies is highly mobile, and The flight habits of the Harris’ mimic represent a monotypic genus. Loss of individuals can be found anywhere on swallowtail are such that individuals habitat is the most significant threat to the island as well as on offshore islands are very hard to locate (K. Brown, Jr., the species, and this threat is high in such as the Admiralty group (Garnett pers. comm. 2004). Only one of the two magnitude because there has been and Gabriel 2000). Pied currawong known populations in Rio de Janeiro extensive deforestation within the territories include sections of streams or has been well-studied. This population species’ extremely limited range. This gullies that are lined by tall timber has varied in numbers ranging between threat is imminent because deforestation (Garnett and Gabriel 2000). They feed 50–250 individuals over an eight year continues throughout the area. on dead rats, possibly chase and kill live period, and in 2004, was reported to be Therefore, the species receives a priority rats, and have also been recorded taking viable, vigorous, and stable (Brown rank of 2. seabird chicks, poultry, and the chicks 1996; K. Brown, Jr., pers. comm. 2004). of the Lord Howe woodhen In 1997, a second population in Rio de Black-backed tanager (Tangara (Tricholimnas sylvestris) and white Janeiro was located and confirmed in peruviana) terns (Gygis alba). The pied currawong the Poc¸o das Antas Biological Reserve, The black-backed tanager is endemic will also consume fruits and seeds where it had not been seen for thirty to the coastal Atlantic forest region of (Hutton 1991 and McFarland 1994, as years. Researchers believe that southeastern Brazil, with records from cited Garnett and Gabriel 2000). Local additional populations are likely to exist Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paolo, Parana, Santa residents have been known to kill within the reserve (K. Brown, Jr., pers. Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, and currawongs that have attacked poultry, comm. 2004). Espirito Santo (Argel-de-Oliveira, in litt. woodhens, or terns (Garnett and Gabriel The adult Harris’ mimic swallowtail 2000, as cited in BirdLife International 2000). However, it is unknown what mimics at least three Parides spp. which 2006). It is largely restricted to coastal effect this localized killing has on the are located within its range. Mimicry sand-plain forest and littoral scrub, or overall population size and distribution (being similar in appearance to other restinga, and has also been located in of the subspecies (Garnett and Gabriel non-related species) can produce errors secondary forests (BirdLife International 2000). The Lord Howe pied currawong when attempting to determine the 2006). The black-backed tanager is is listed as Endangered on the schedules species’ range, distribution, and existing generally not considered rare within of the New South Wales Threatened population. Farther north along the suitable habitat (BirdLife International Species Conservation Act (Garnett and coastal plain, the species is often 2006; IUCN 2006). It has a complex Gabriel 2000) because it has a limited confused with the Fluminense distribution with periodic local range, only occurring on Lord Howe swallowtail (Parides ascanius) (K. fluctuations in numbers owing to Island (New South Wales National Parks Brown, Jr., pers. comm. 2004). It is seasonal movements, at least in Rio de and Wildlife Service 2003). In the possible that Harris’ mimic swallowtail Janeiro and Sao Paolo (BirdLife Action Plan for Australian Birds (2000), exists in Espirito Santo, but that it has International 1992; IUCN 2006). the population was estimated at been mistaken for the Fluminese Clarification of the species’ seasonal approximately 80 mature individuals. swallowtail (Brown 1991; Otero and

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Brown 1984; R. Robbins, Research designated this swallowtail as Rozelle Beach as priority locations to Entomologist, National Museum of Vulnerable, but it has not been re- receive protected area status within the Natural History, Department of evaluated using the 1997 criteria (IUCN next five to seven years (NEPA 2003). Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, 2006). The species is protected under In 2004, habitat destruction was Washington, DC pers. comm. 2004). Jamaica’s Wildlife Protection Act of considered a primary threat to the IBAMA listed Harris’ mimic swallowtail 1998 and is included in Jamaica’s species. Rozelle has undergone as ‘‘strictly protected’’ in 1989. National Strategy and Action Plan on extensive habitat modification for Collection and trade of the species are Biological Diversity, which has agricultural and industrial purposes prohibited under this listing (Brown established specific goals and priorities (IUCN 2006). Mining operations, 1996). for the conservation of Jamaica’s deforestation, and the lack of public Habitat destruction due to biological resources (Schedules of The awareness for conservation issues are urbanization, and air and water Wildlife Protection Act 1998). threats throughout most of the island pollution are the main threats to this The Jamaican kite swallowtail appears (WWF 2001a, 2001b, 2001c). subspecies (Brown 1996; Central to have a low population level, but Additionally, the West Indian Intelligence Agency (CIA) 2006). The occasionally becomes locally abundant lancewood, the larval stage’s food plant, Poc¸o das Antas Biological Reserve, during breeding season for a week or is a commercially desirable tree. Its where one population of the Harris’ two at its breeding site. There is only wood is used to make fishing rods, pool mimic swallowtail is known to exist, one known breeding site being utilized cues, and other products (Windsor was established in 1974 and by the species at this time. This area is Plywood 2004). Harvesting the tree encompasses 5,300 hectares of inland located in Rozelle, where the removes the larval stage’s food source, Atlantic Forest territory (WWF 2006; swallowtails brood in early summer and and poses an additional threat because Decree No. 73,791 1974). In the period occasionally again in early fall (Collins the swallowtail does not thrive in between 1989 and 2002, the Reserve and Morris 1985; Garraway et al. 1993; disturbed habitats (Collins and Morris experienced at least six fires; however, Smith et al. 1994). Episodic population 1985). there have been no recent reports of explosions have been recorded which The Jamaican kite swallowtail is also fires within the Reserve, and it appears are subsequently accompanied by subject to naturally occurring, high that significant progress is being made significant westerly migrations of males impact stochastic events. Jamaica lies in engaging private landowners in when population numbers become high within the Atlantic Ocean hurricane belt conservation efforts near the Reserve (Brown and Heineman 1972; Collins and is subject to severe tropical weather, (Cullen et al. 2005; Matsuo 2005; WWF and Morris 1985; Garraway et al. 1993). such as tropical storms, and hurricanes 2001a). Espirito Santo lies completely Considerable numbers of Jamaican kite (Mahlung 2001). In the last 18 years, within the Atlantic Forest region. Only swallowtails were reported in western Jamaica has been devastated by a 8.4 per cent (less than 400,000 hectares) Jamaican parishes during the 1940s and tropical storm (Tropical Storm George in of the original forest remains and only 1950s (Bailey 1994; Garraway et al. 1998), a Category 3 hurricane (Hurricane 3 per cent (or 72,263 hectares) is 1993). Adult Jamaican kite swallowtails managed and protected by the state or have recently been sighted as far away Gilbert in 1988), and four Category 5 federal government (Critical Ecosystem as St. Thomas, as well as westward to hurricanes (Hurricane Mitch in 1998; Partnership Fund (CEPF) 2001; Roach St. Andrew, St. Ann, Trelawny, and the Hurricane Ivan in 2004; Hurricane 2002). extreme western coast Parish of Dennis and Hurricane Emily in 2005). Harris’ mimic swallowtail does not Westmoreland. The species has The hurricanes resulted in extensive represent a monotypic genus, but it is a reportedly migrated even as far as damage throughout the island, subspecies. The current threats to the Florida (Bailey 1994; Funet 2004; Harris particularly in Rozelle, which species are low in magnitude because of 2002; Smith et al. 1994; WRC 2001). experienced 75 percent erosion in 1988 the two known populations, one is Under normal conditions, the from Hurricane Gilbert, and extensive considered to be viable, vigorous, and Jamaican kite swallowtail disperses no beach erosion in 2004 during Hurricane stable and the other population has been farther than three kilometers from its Ivan (The United Nations Environment located and confirmed in the Poc¸o das breeding site, but considering the Programme-Caribbean Environment Antas Biological Reserve, where it had presence of the larval host-plant Programme (UNEP-CEP) 1989; Go Local previously not been seen for thirty throughout the island (R. Robbins, pers. Jamaica 2004). years. The threats are non-imminent comm. 2004), it is likely that additional In 2000, the Jamaican kite swallowtail because the species is strictly protected breeding sites exist. The only known was identified as a species that was by Brazilian law. Furthermore, at least larval food plant is West Indian threatened by commercial trade in the one population resides in the Poc¸o das lancewood (Oxandra lanceolata) (Bailey European Union (EU); one female Antas Biological Reserve, where the 1994; Xerces 2004); adult food Jamaican kite swallowtail alone had a species and its habitat are protected and preferences are unknown. market value of US$150 (Melisch 2000; preserved. Researchers presume that the The John Crow Mountains, spanning Schu¨ tz 2000). This species is not listed species’ distribution is larger than several parishes where Jamaican kite under CITES, nor is it listed on the currently known, and are attempting to swallowtail adults have been found, was European Commission’s Annex B (Eur- locate other populations inhabiting the declared a protected area in 1993. lex 2006), both of which regulate Reserve and additional sites within the Cockpit Country (Trelawny Parish), international trade in animals and coastal Atlantic forest, including where Jamaican kite swallowtail adults plants of conservation concern. There is suitable areas in Paraguay. Therefore, have recently been sighted, is described no captive breeding program for the the species is designated a priority rank as nearly impenetrable to humans owing Jamaican kite swallowtail at this time. of 12. to its terrain (WRC 2002). In 2001, the Protection under the Wildlife Protection area became part of the Parks-in-Peril Act, which carries a maximum penalty Jamaican kite swallowtail (Eurytides project (The Nature Conservancy (TNC) of $100,000 (Jamaican Dollars) or 12 marcellinus) 2004–06). In 2003, the National months imprisonment, appears to be The Jamaican kite swallowtail is Environment and Planning Agency effectively protecting this species from endemic to Jamaica. The IUCN (NEPA) identified Cockpit Country and illegal trade (NEPA 2005c).

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The Jamaican kite swallowtail does have been located in Rio de Janeiro (International Finance Corporation (IFC) not represent a monotypic genus. State (K. Brown, pers. comm. 2004). 2002). Macae´ has been an oil boom town Threats to the species are moderate in Recent information suggests that at least since 1968, supporting offshore drilling magnitude because Jamaica has taken two additional populations may exist, rigs and the natural gas-fired Macae´ several important regulatory steps to one far inland within the Poc¸o das Merchant Power Plant which was built preserve their native swallowtail Antas Biological Reserve, and another in 2003 (IFC 2002). Prior to species. Habitat destruction, however, is along the coast in the Restinga de construction, United States-based El an ongoing problem. Although there has Jurubatiba National Park (K. Brown, Jr., Paso had committed to several projects been no actual change in threats since pers. comm. 2004). Although the species that would mitigate the environmental this species was originally ranked in our is generally sparsely distributed, it can impacts of the power plant. These December 7, 2004, 12–Month Finding be seasonally common, with sightings of projects included promotion of on a Petition to List Seven Foreign up to 50 individuals in one morning environmental recovery, preservation of Species of Swallowtail Butterflies as (Otero and Brown 1984; Tyler et al. a mangrove preserve, and reforestation Threatened or Endangered (69 FR 1994). It is unknown whether the of native species within the Macae´ river 70580), habitat loss represents an species can produce more than one basin (IFC 2002). In April 2006, El Paso ongoing and imminent threat to the brood per year. Populations are sold its interest in the power plant to Jamaica swallowtail. Therefore, to localized, and require a large area to Brazilian-based Petrobras (El Paso ensure consistency in the application of maintain a viable population (Otero and Corporation 2006). The current status our listing priority process, we changed Brown 1984). and future disposition of the mitigation the listing priority number from a 5 to Over an 8-year period (1984 to 1991), projects are unknown. an 8 to reflect that the threats are the population at Barro de Sa˜o Joa˜o was This species requires a large area to imminent. Therefore, it receives a found to fluctuate widely each year maintain a viable population; therefore, priority rank of 8. (ranging from 20 to 100 individuals). the Poc¸o das Antas Biological Reserve is Individuals can fly distances of up to considered the species’ best hope for Fluminense swallowtail (Parides 1000 m. Individuals from this viable conservation. Recent sightings of the ascanius) population migrate widely in some Fluminense swallowtail in the The Fluminense swallowtail is years, which will likely enhance inter- Jurubatiba National Park, which is larger endemic to Brazil’s restinga habitat population gene flow (K. Brown, Jr. than Poc¸o das Antas Biological Reserve, (Thomas 2003). Restinga habitat, or pers. comm. 2004). Much less is known may bode well for the species. However, Atlantic coastal forest, is a distinct type about the other two Fluminense the management plan for the Jurubatiba of coastal tropical and subtropical moist swallowtail populations. The Poc¸o das National Park is not yet completed, and broadleaf forest found in Brazil. Antas Biological Reserve is considered the Park is understaffed, lacks Restingas form on sandy, acidic, and the only protected area with suitable infrastructure, and has land ownership nutrient-poor soils, and are habitat that is large enough to maintain problems (Anonymous 2003). characterized by medium sized trees a viable Fluminense swallowtail colony. Unlike Harris’ mimic swallowtail, the and shrubs adapted to coastal Researchers have located large numbers Fluminense swallowtail is easy to conditions. Although the species has of the swallowtails in the Reserve, and capture. The species is strictly protected been reported in the three Brazilian all of the Reserve’s populations are from commerce in Brazil, and a German states of Rio de Janeiro, Espirito Santo, being actively monitored (Otero and market study in 2000 identified the and Sao Paulo where suitable habitat Brown 1984; R. Robbins, pers. comm. Fluminense swallowtail as being exists, the only confirmed populations 2004). commercially threatened in the EU (K. are in Rio de Janeiro. The caterpillar This species is threatened by habitat Brown, Jr., pers. comm. 2004; Melisch feeds on a species in the Dutchman’s destruction and commercial trade. The 2000; Schu¨ tz 2000). The species is not pipe genus (Aristolochia macroura) range of the Fluminense swallowtail listed in the CITES Appendices, but it (Otero and Brown 1984). Adult overlaps that of the Harris’ mimic is listed on Annex B of the European Fluminense swallowtails prefer swallowtail and faces similar threats to Union’s Council Regulation (EC) No. nearshore environments, delta and its restinga habitat, including 338/97, which regulates imports of estuarine forest and swamps, but have urbanization, land conversion for certain species into any country also been known to frequent scrub cultivation and cattle grazing, and fires belonging to the European Union (Eur- habitats and urban locations (Brown in the Poc¸o das Antas Biological Lex 2006). Import of an Annex B-listed 1996; K. Brown, Jr., pers. comm. 2004). Reserve. However, there have been species must be accompanied by Since 1988, the IUCN has designated efforts to alleviate threats through information that demonstrates that the this species as Vulnerable, based on a resolutions of land disputes, efforts to import will not detrimentally affect the small distribution and a decline in the increase public awareness of the plight conservation status of the species or its number of populations due to habitat of the butterflies, and private habitat (Eur-Lex 2006). There is no fragmentation and decline. In 1973, the landowner’s agreements to participate recent information regarding the current Fluminense swallowtail was the first in conservation measures for the market for this species in the European invertebrate to be placed on Brazil’s list species. Union. of animals threatened with extinction. It The population located near the The Fluminense swallowtail does not was originally listed due to habitat Jurubatiba National Park may face represent a monotypic genus. The destruction, and IBAMA continues to threats from industrialization. The current threats to the species are consider the species imperiled. sandy-soiled Barro de Sa˜o Joa˜o, where moderate in magnitude because three In Rio de Janeiro, the only the best-documented Fluminense additional populations have been Fluminense swallowtail population that swallowtail population is located, is discovered recently, and it is believed was known for some time was located within the Macae´ River basin. This river that two additional populations are in Barro de Sa˜o Joa˜o. However, with basin provides the coastal drainage about to be located in the restinga. The large amounts of suitable habitat habitat preferred by the Fluminense species is desirable in trade, but it is remaining to support Fluminense swallowtail and marks the outer edge of strictly protected from international swallowtails, several large populations the Jurubatiba National Park trade by Brazilian and EU regulation.

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Threats to the species, however, are Commercial exploitation is local populations are not abundant imminent and ongoing because habitat considered to be a threat to Hahnel’s (Collins and Morris 1985). We were alteration and fragmentation continues Amazonian swallowtail (Melisch 2000; unable to locate current conservation or due to increased urbanization, land Schu¨ tz 2000). A survey of German population status information for conversion for cultivation and cattle markets found swallowtails to be among Bhutan, Laos and Myanmar, and grazing, and periodic fires. Therefore, it the most popular species being sold; information for the remaining range receives a priority rank of 5. Hahnel’s Amazonian swallowtails sold countries is limited. for USD $200 per pair (Schu¨ tz 2000). In 1994, with no verified occurrences Hahnel’s Amazonian swallowtail Currently, there is limited trade of the in 50 years, researchers considered the (Parides hahneli) species over the internet. The species is species to be in immediate danger of Hahnel’s Amazonian swallowtail is not listed in the CITES Appendices, but extinction in China. However, the endemic to two known populations it is listed on the European species has since been reported in Fuji, along the tributaries of the middle and Commission’s Annex B, which regulates Guangxi, Hubei, Jiangsu, Sichuan, and lower Amazon Basin of Amazonas and imports of certain species into the EU. Yunnan Provinces (The United Nations Para´ States in Brazil (Collins and Morris It is unclear how this listing has affected Environment Programme-World 1985; New and Collins 1991; Tyler et al. trade in the species; however, experts Conservation Monitoring Center 1994). The species occupies a wide agree that species with restricted (UNEP–WCMC) 1999; Igarashi and range and is common in some areas, but distributions or localized populations, Fukuda 2000; Sung and Yan 2005). The is usually characterized as a species that such as the Hahnel’s Amazonian species is classified by the 2005 China is very local, rare and patchy in swallowtail, are more vulnerable to Species Red List as Vulnerable (China distribution due to its preference for over-collection than those with a wider Red List 2006). highly specialized habitat (K. Brown, Jr., distribution (K. Brown, Jr., pers. comm. In India, the species has previously pers. comm. 2004). The swallowtail 2004; R. Robbins, pers. comm. 2004). been reported in Assam, Darjeeling, depends upon stranded beaches of river Hahnel’s Amazonian swallowtail does Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim, and West drainage areas. Wells et al. (1983) not represent a monotypic genus. The Bengal (Collins and Morris 1985; East- describes the habitat as ancient sandy current threats to the species are low in Himalaya.com 2006; Prime.travels.com beaches covered by scrubby or dense magnitude and non-imminent; 2006). However, we were unable to vegetation that is not floristically therefore, it receives a priority rank of confirm the population status of the diverse. The larval host-plant is 11. species in any of the regions except believed to be a species in the Sikkim, where a sighting was confirmed Dutchman’s pipe genus, either Kaiser-I-Hind swallowtail (Teinopalpus in 2003 (Ministry of Environment and Aristolochia lanceolato-lorato or A. imperialis) Forests 2005). The Kaiser-I-Hind acutifolia. The Kaiser-I-Hind swallowtail is swallowtail is listed on Schedule II of In 1983, the IUCN categorized this native to the Himalayan regions of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act of species as Rare; however, in 1996, when Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, 1972 (Collins and Morris 1985; Indian the species was most recently assessed, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam (Food Wildlife Protection Act 2006). the IUCN determined that there was and Agriculture Organization (FAO) In Nepal, the Kaiser-I-Hind insufficient data to determine its status 2001; Igarashi 2001; Masui and Uehara swallowtail has been reported along the (Wells et al. 1983; IUCN 2006). In Brazil, 2000; Osada et al. 1999). This swift southern border of Godavari and in the Hahnel’s Amazonian swallowtail is species prefers undisturbed montane central region of Pokhara (Anonymous listed as a species under study, but it is deciduous forests and flies at altitudes 2002; Environmental Law Alliance not listed on the Brazilian list of of 1500 and 3050 m (Bond 1964; Worldwide (E-Law) 2002). The animals threatened with extinction Igarashi 2001; Tordoff et al. 1999). swallowtail reportedly produces one (MMA 2006), perhaps due to the Although the species was first described brood in the spring in Nepal , as species’ wide range and tendency to be in 1843, its life history was not well opposed to the production of the normal locally common (K. Brown, Jr., pers. characterized until 1986 (Igarashi and two broods elsewhere throughout the comm. 2004). Fukuda 2000). The Kaiser-I-Hind species’ range (Anonymous 2002). The Threats to the species include swallowtail produces two broods per Kaiser-I-Hind swallowtail is protected competition with other species, habitat year, the first in spring, and another in by the National Parks and Wildlife destruction, and commercial trade. This late summer (Igarashi 2001). Females of Conservation Act of 1973 (E-Law 2002; species occupies the same range with the species are much larger than males His Majesty’s Government of Nepal another swallowtail butterfly, Parides and males predominate in sex ratio (HMGN) 2002; Shreshta 1999). chabrias ygdrasilla, and mimics at least calculations (Bond 1964). Larval host- In Thailand, the species has been two other genera that occupy the same plants may differ across the species’ reported in Chang Mai province area, Methona and Thyrides (Brown range, and include: Magnolia campbellii (Pornpitagpan 1999) but we have not 1996). Previously, researchers believed in China (Igarashi and Fukuda 2000; been able to find additional locality or that this species might suffer from host- Sung and Yan 2005; Yen and Yang status information. The Kaiser-I-Hind plant competition with the other 2001); Magnolia spp. in Vietnam (Funet swallowtail and 13 other invertebrates butterfly species in the region (Collins 2004); Daphne spp. in India, Nepal, and are listed under Thailand’s Wildlife and Morris 1985; Wells 1983); however, Myanmar (Funet 2004); and Daphne Reservation and Protection Act of 1992, this has not been demonstrated, nor has nipalensis also in India (Robinson et al. which makes it illegal to collect wildlife it been observed. The species has 2004). (whether alive or dead) or to have the extremely limited habitat preferences; In 1996, the IUCN categorized the species in one’s possession (FAO 2001; therefore, any type of river modification Kaiser-I-Hind swallowtail as a species of Hongthong 1998; Pornpitagpan 1999). activity, such as impoundment, Least Concern and it has not been re- In Vietnam, the Kaiser-I-Hind channelization, or levee construction evaluated using the 1997 criteria. The swallowtail has been confirmed in three would have an immediate and highly species remains in this category in the Nature Reserves (Tordoff et al. 1999; negative impact on the species (Wells et 2006 IUCN Red List (IUCN 2006). Trai and Richardson 1999), but there is al. 1983; New and Collins 1991). Despite its widespread distribution, no domestic regulatory protection for

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the species. It is afforded some Kaiser-I-Hind swallowtails (both progress to add qualified species to the protection, however, because the Nature countries account for more than 50 Lists of Endangered and Threatened Reserves are considered to have low percent of the trade). In addition to Wildlife and Plants and to remove levels of disturbance (Tordoff et al. China, India and Thailand are the only species from the lists for which the 1999; Trai and Richardson 1999). range countries that have been protections of the Act are no longer Habitat destruction is the greatest identified as sources of legal specimens necessary. We are making expeditious threat to this species which prefers in international trade. There are progress in listing and delisting species undisturbed high altitude habitat. In unconfirmed reports that the Kaiser-I- as shown by the recent high-priority China and India, the Kaiser-I-Hind Hind swallowtail is being captive-bred listing actions: our December 7, 2004, swallowtail populations are threatened in Taiwan (Yen and Yang 2001); 12-month finding on a petition to list by habitat modification and destruction however, according to CITES trade data, seven foreign species of swallowtail due to commercial and illegal logging only one export of captive bred butterflies as threatened or endangered (Yen and Yang 2001; Maheshwari 2003). specimens has been reported since the (69 FR 70580); publication of a 12- In Nepal, the two locations where the 1987 listing, and those were month petition finding and proposed species has been confirmed are Teinopalpus spp. eggs that were rule to delist the Mexican bobcat (Lynx threatened by habitat disturbance and exported from the Philippines in 2002. rufus escuinapae) on May 19, 2005 (70 destruction resulting from mining, fuel Since 1993, there have been no reported FR 28895); our September 2, 2005, final wood collection and burning, and seizures of Kaiser-I-Hind swallowtail in rule listing the scimitar-horned oryx, grazing animals (Baral et al. 2005; E-Law the United States (Office of Law addax, and dama gazelle as endangered 2002). Nepal’s Forest Ministry considers Enforcement, U.S. Fish and Wildlife (70 FR 52319); our March 29, 2006, final habitat destruction to be a critical threat Service, Arlington, Virginia, pers. rule listing the Tibetan antelope as to all biodiversity, including the Kaiser- comm. 2006). endangered (71 FR 15620); and our June I-Hind swallowtail (HMGN 2002). In summary, the Kaiser-I-Hind 28, 2006, 90-day finding to a petition to Habitat degradation and loss caused by swallowtail is native to eight countries delist the Morelet’s crocodile (71 FR deforestation and land conversion for in southern and southeast Asia. 36743). We also published a proposed agricultural purposes is a primary threat Population status information is lacking rule to list six foreign birds as to the species in Thailand (Hongthong throughout the species’ range, except in endangered on November 23, 2006 for 1998; FAO 2001). Nepal and China, where the species is which listing was found to be warranted Commercial utilization is another considered vulnerable and rare, in our 2004 ANOR (71 FR 67530). In threat to the Kaiser-I-Hind swallowtail. respectively. Habitat degradation and addition to these actions, since The species is valued for its beauty, and conversion threaten the species in at publication of the 2004 ANOR, we thus, its marketability. In China, the least four range countries (China, India, promulgated a special rule to control the Kaiser-I-Hind swallowtail is considered Nepal, and Thailand), principally trade of threatened beluga sturgeon to be more valuable than the Southern because the species prefers undisturbed (Huso huso) on March 4, 2005 (70 FR tailed birdwing butterfly (Ornithoptera habitat. The Kaiser-I-Hind swallowtail is 10493) and a final rule to manage U.S. meridionalis), which was reportedly collected for commercial trade in at captive bred scimitar-horned oryx, valued at U.S. $8,700 per pair, in 2000 least four range countries (China, India, addax, and dama gazelle under the Act (Schu¨ tz 2000; Watanabe 1997). Nepal, and Thailand), and three range on September 2, 2005 (70 FR 52310). According to the Nepal Forestry countries have reported limited Our ability to make progress in adding Ministry, the high commercial value of international trade in the species or removing qualified species to the endangered species on the local and (China, India, and Thailand). At least Lists of Endangered and Threatened international market may result in local three of the range countries (India, Wildlife and Plants is dependent upon extinctions of many of Nepal’s most Nepal, and Thailand) have additional resources available. As discussed endangered plants and animals, protective regulatory measures in place previously, along with having this including this species (HMGN 2002). for conservation of the species. responsibility, the DSA must also carry Unsustainable collection for the The Kaiser-I-Hind swallowtail does out its other responsibilities under the souvenir trade is also a primary threat not represent a monotypic genus. The Act, its responsibilities under CITES, to the species in Thailand (FAO 2001), current threat to the species is moderate and its responsibilities under the Wild where villagers from Chang Mai to low in magnitude due to its wide Bird Conservation Act. Currently, more province have nicknamed the Kaiser-I- distribution, conservation in than 50 percent of DSA staff resources Hind butterfly the ‘‘motorbike insect’’ international trade afforded by CITES, are devoted to listing activities under because a ‘‘villager in this northern and additional protective regulatory the Act. We will continue to make province [who is] lucky enough to catch measures that are in place in at least expeditious progress to add or remove one will earn enough money to buy a three of the five species’ range species from the Lists consistent with motorcycle’’ (Pornpitagpan 1999). In countries. Threats are imminent because our available staff and budget resources. Vietnam, Kaiser-I-Hind swallowtails are the Kaiser-I-Hind swallowtail is acutely Monitoring reported to be among the most valuable affected by habitat disturbance and of all butterflies (World Bank 2005). degradation, which is ongoing Section 4(b)(3)(C)(iii) of the Act The Kaiser-I-Hind swallowtails (both throughout its range. Additionally, requires us to ‘‘implement a system to the Kaiser-I-Hind swallowtail and the considering the high prices reaped by monitor effectively the status of all Golden Kaiser-I-Hind swallowtail) were the species in international trade, species’’ for which we have made a listed in CITES Appendix II in 1987 collection continues to be a threat to the warranted-but-precluded 12-month (UNEP–WCMC 2006a). Between 1991 species. Therefore, it receives a priority finding, and to ‘‘make prompt use of the and 2005, 160 Kaiser-I-Hind swallowtail rank of 8. [emergency listing] authority [under specimens were exported in section 4(b)(7)] to prevent a significant international trade (UNEP–WCMC Progress in Revising the Lists risk to the well being of any such 2006b). The United States is the largest As described in section species.’’ For foreign species, the importer of the butterflies and China 4(b)(3)(B)(iii)(II) of the Act, we must Service’s ability to gather information to exported the largest percentage of show that we are making expeditious monitor species is limited. While the

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Service welcomes all information of the Service’s Division of International facing these species; (5) pointing out relevant to the status of these species, Conservation, the World Conservation taxonomic or nomenclatural changes for we have no ability to gather data in Union species specialist groups (IUCN), any of the species; (6) suggesting foreign countries directly and cannot and attend scientific meetings to obtain appropriate common names; or (7) compel another country to provide current status information for relevant noting any mistakes, such as errors in information. Thus, this ANOR plays a species. As previously stated, if we the indicated historical ranges. critical role in our monitoring efforts for identify any species for which References Cited foreign species. With each ANOR, we emergency listing is appropriate, we request information on the status of the will make prompt use of the emergency A list of the references used to species included in the notice. listing authority under section 4(b)(7) of develop this notice is available upon Information and comments on the the Act. request (see ADDRESSES section). annual findings can be submitted at any time. We review all new information Request for Information Authors received through this process as well as We request the submission of any The primary author of the bird any other new information we obtain further information on the species in portion of this notice is Marie T. using a variety of methods. We collect this notice as soon as possible, or Maltese and the primary author of the information from the peer-reviewed whenever it becomes available. We invertebrate portion of this notice is Dr. scientific literature, unpublished especially seek information: (1) Patricia De Angelis. Both authors are in literature, scientific meeting Indicating that we should remove a the Division of Scientific Authority, proceedings, and CITES documents taxon from warranted or warranted-but- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (see (including species proposals and reports precluded status; (2) indicating that we ADDRESSES section). from scientific committees). We also should remove a species from warranted Authority obtain information through the permit or warranted-but-precluded status; (3) application processes under CITES, the documenting threats to any of the This notice of review is published Act, and the Wild Bird Conservation included species; (4) describing the under the authority of the Endangered Act. We also consult with staff members immediacy or magnitude of threats Species Act (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.).

TABLE 1.—CANDIDATE REVIEW [C=listing warranted but precluded; L=to be listed]

Birds status Scientific name Family Common name Historic range Category Priority

C ...... 2 ...... Podiceps taczanowskii ...... Podicipedidae ...... Junin flightless grebe ...... Peru. L ...... 2 ...... Pterodroma macgillivrayi .... Procellariidae ...... Fiji petrel ...... Fiji. C ...... 2 ...... Pterodroma axillaris ...... Procellariidae ...... Chatham petrel ...... Chatham Islands, New Zea- land. L ...... 8 ...... Pterodroma cookii ...... Procellariidae ...... Cook’s petrel ...... New Zealand. L ...... 2 ...... Pterodroma phaeopygia ..... Procellariidae ...... Galapagos petrel ...... Galapagos Islands, Ecua- dor. L ...... 8 ...... Pterodroma magentae ...... Procellariidae ...... magenta petrel ...... Chatham Islands, New Zea- land. L ...... 11 ...... Puffinus heinrothi ...... Procellariidae ...... Heinroth’s shearwater ...... Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea, Sol- omon Islands. L ...... 2 ...... Leptoptilos dubius ...... Ciconiidae ...... greater adjutant stork ...... South Asia. L ...... 2 ...... Phoenicopterus andinus ..... Phoenicopteridae ...... Andean flamingo ...... Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru. C ...... 2 ...... Mergus octosetaceus ...... Anatidae ...... Brazilian merganser ...... Brazil. C ...... 2 ...... Penelope perspicax ...... Craciidae ...... Cauca guan ...... Colombia. C ...... 8 ...... Pauxi unicornis ...... Craciidae ...... southern helmeted Bolivia, Peru. curassow. C ...... 2 ...... Crax alberti ...... Craciidae ...... blue-billed curassow ...... Colombia. C ...... 3 ...... Tetrao urogallus Tetraonidae ...... Cantabrian capercaillie ...... Spain. cantabricus. C ...... 2 ...... Odontophorus strophium .... Odontophoridae ...... gorgeted wood-quail ...... Colombia. C ...... 2 ...... Laterallus tuerosi ...... Rallidae ...... Junin rail ...... Peru. C ...... 8 ...... Rallus semiplumbeus ...... Rallidae ...... Bogota rail ...... Colombia. C ...... 8 ...... Porphyrio hochstetteri ...... Rallidae ...... takahe ...... New Zealand. C ...... 8 ...... Haematopus chathamensis Haematopodidae ...... Chatham oystercatcher ...... Chatham Islands, New Zea- land. C ...... 2 ...... Rhinoptilus bitorquatus ...... Glareolidae ...... Jerdon’s courser ...... India. C ...... 2 ...... Numenius tenuirostris ...... Scolopacidae ...... slender-billed curlew ...... Africa, Algeria, Bulgaria, southern Europe, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Morocco, Romania, Russia, Tuni- sia, Turkey, Ukraine, and Yugoslavia. C ...... 2 ...... Ducula galeata ...... Columbidae ...... Marquesan imperial-pigeon Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia. C ...... 2 ...... Cacatua moluccensis ...... Cacatuidae ...... salmon-crested cockatoo .... South Moluccas, Indonesia.

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TABLE 1.—CANDIDATE REVIEW—Continued [C=listing warranted but precluded; L=to be listed]

Birds status Scientific name Family Common name Historic range Category Priority

C ...... 4 ...... Cyanoramphus malherbi ..... Psittacidae ...... orange-fronted parakeet ..... New Zealand. C ...... 8 ...... Eunymphicus uvaeensis ..... Psittacidae ...... Uvea parakeet ...... Uvea, New Caledonia. C ...... 8 ...... Ara glaucogularis ...... Psittacidae ...... blue-throated macaw ...... Bolivia. C ...... 3 ...... Neomorphus geoffroyi Cuculidae ...... southeastern rufous-vented Brazil. dulcis. ground cuckoo. C ...... 3 ...... Phaethornis malaris Trochilidae ...... Margaretta’s hermit ...... Brazil. margarettae. C ...... 3 ...... Eriocnemis nigrivestis ...... Trochilidae ...... black-breasted puffleg ...... Ecuador. C ...... 2 ...... Eulidia yarrellii ...... Trochilidae ...... Chilean woodstar ...... Chile, Peru. C ...... 2 ...... Acestrura berlepschi ...... Trochilidae ...... Esmeraldas woodstar ...... Ecuador. C ...... 8 ...... Dryocopus galeatus ...... Picidae ...... helmeted woodpecker ...... Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay. C ...... 7 ...... Dendrocopus noguchii ...... Picidae ...... Okinawa woodpecker ...... Okinawa Island, Japan. C ...... 11 ...... Aulacorhynchus huallagae .. Ramphastidae ...... yellow-browed toucanet ...... Peru. C ...... 2 ...... Cinclodes aricomae ...... Furnariidae ...... royal cinclodes ...... Bolivia, Peru. C ...... 2 ...... Leptasthenura xenothorax .. Furnariidae ...... white-browed tit-spinetail .... Peru. C ...... 2 ...... Formicivora erythronotos .... Thamnophilidae ...... black-hooded antwren ...... Brazil. C ...... 2 ...... Pyriglena atra ...... Thamnophilidae ...... fringe-backed fire-eye ...... Brazil. C ...... 2 ...... Grallaria milleri ...... Formicariidae ...... brown-banded antpitta ...... Colombia. C ...... 8 ...... Scytalopus novacapitalis .... Conopophagidae ...... Brasilia tapaculo ...... Brazil. C ...... 2 ...... Hemitriccus kaempferi ...... Tyrannidae ...... Kaempfer’s tody-tyrant ...... Brazil. C ...... 2 ...... Anairetes alpinus ...... Tyrannidae ...... ash-breasted tit-tyrant ...... Bolivia, Peru. C ...... 2 ...... Phytotoma raimondii ...... Phytotomidae ...... Peruvian plantcutter ...... Peru. C ...... 3 ...... Cichlherminia iherminieri Turdidae ...... St. Lucia forest thrush ...... St. Lucia Island, West In- sanctaeluciae. dies. C ...... 3 ...... Acrocephalus caffer Sylviidae ...... Eiao Polynesian warbler ..... Marquesas Islands, French aquilonis. Polynesia. C ...... 9 ...... Bowdleria punctata wilsoni Sylviidae ...... Codfish Island fernbird ...... Codfish Island, New Zea- land. C ...... 8 ...... Zosterops luteirostris ...... Zosteropidae ...... Ghizo white-eye ...... Solomon Islands. C ...... 11 ...... Camarhynchus pauper ...... Thraupidae ...... medium tree-finch ...... Floreana Island, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. C ...... 2 ...... Nemosia rourei ...... Thraupidae ...... cherry-throated tanager ...... Brazil. C ...... 8 ...... Tangara peruviana ...... Thraupidae ...... black-backed tanager ...... Brazil. C ...... 12 ...... Strepera graculina crissalis Cracticidae ...... Lord Howe pied currawong Lord Howe Islands, New South Wales.

Invertebrates status Scientific name Synonyms Common name Historic range Category Priority

C ...... 12 ...... Eurytides lysithous Graphium lysithous Harris’ mimic swallowtail ..... Brazil, Paraguay. harrisianus. harrisianus; Mimoides lysithous harrisianus. C ...... 8 ...... Eurytides marcellinus ...... Graphium marcellinus; Jamaican kite swallowtail ... Jamaica. Neographium marcellinus; Protographium marcellinus (nom. inv.); Protesilaus marcellinus. C ...... 5 ...... Parides ascanius ...... n/a ...... Fluminense swallowtail ...... Brazil. C ...... 11 ...... Parides hahneli ...... n/a ...... Hahnel’s Amazonian swal- Brazil. lowtail. C ...... 8 ...... Teinopalpus imperialis ...... n/a ...... Kaiser-I-Hind swallowtail ..... Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thai- land, Vietnam.

Dated: April 13, 2007. H. Dale Hall, Director, Fish and Wildlife Service. [FR Doc. E7–7443 Filed 4–20–07; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

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