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Fehlalarme, Unfälle Und Beinahe-Katastrophen Mit Atomwaffen www.akav.de www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-LONG-de.pdf www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-SHORT-de.pdf www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-FOUR-PAGES-de.pdf 1/136 www.akav.de www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-LONG-en.pdf www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-SHORT-en.pdf www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-FOUR-PAGES-en.pdf Fehlalarme, Unfälle und Beinahe-Katastrophen mit Atomwaffen Uwe Werner Schierhorn [email protected] https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsXMxPLYeDTniZ2aKX4b6fA Wesseling, 16. Juni, 2021 www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-LONG-de.pdf Eine Langversion, eine Kurzversion und eine 4-Seiten-Version dieses Beitrages, die 2:1 verkleinert ausgedruckt werden kann, gibt es hier: www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-LONG-de.pdf www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-SHORT-de.pdf www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-FOUR-PAGES-de.pdf www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-LONG-en.pdf www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-SHORT-en.pdf www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-FOUR-PAGES-en.pdf Aus Gründen des Umweltschutzes bitten wir Sie, zu überlegen, ob ein Ausdruck besonders des Langversion- Artikels wirklich nötig ist! Siehe auch www.akav.de Zitat: „Wissen Sie, wenn man Raketen so schnell abschießen kann, sind Unfälle vorprogrammiert. So wie Fermi es über die Physik gesagt hat. Was nicht verboten ist, das ist vorgeschrieben. Irgendwann wird es passieren. Es gibt nichts, was den Abschuß von Atomwaffen unmöglich macht. Wenn die Wahrscheinlichkeit nicht „Null“ beträgt, dann wird es passieren.“ Frank von Hippel, Kernphysiker, Princeton University in „Countdown to Zero“ (2010) Ziele des Artikels Ziel des Artikels ist es, relevante Ereignisse bezüglich Fehlalarme, Unfälle und Beinahe-Katastrophen mit Atomwaffen darzustellen und ihre Ursachen auszuwerten. Dazu ist der Artikel in der Langfassung besonders nutzerfreundlich aufgebaut, alle relevanten Informationen aus verschiedensten Quellen sind als Fließtext 1:1 eingearbeitet, ohne dass man mit Links ins Internet gehen oder Literaturen beschaffen muss. Die Ergebnisse des Artikels sind im Abschnitt "Einführung in das Thema"/"Ursachen von Fehlalarmen, Unfällen und Beinahe-Katastrophen mit Atomwaffen" aufgeführt. Eine Aufschlüsselung nach Ursachen und Zeiträumen findet man im Bereich „Tabelle der Ursachen“. Eine Listung der Ereignisse in 1-Zeilen-Form mit Zeit- und Ortsangabe und mit codierter Ursache ist im Bereich „Ereignisse (Kurzdarstellung)“ zu finden. Eine ausführliche Listung der Ereignisse mit Zeit- und Ortsangabe, mit codierter Ursache, mit ausführlichen Beschreibungen aus verschiedenen Quellen samt Quellenbezeichnung ist im Bereich „Ereignisse (Langdarstellung)“ zu finden – jeder Absatz entspricht einer Quelle und wird am Ende des Absatzes durch die Quellen- Nummer der jeweiligen Quelle zugeordnet. Im Bereich „Quellen“ findet man die Art der Quelle, einen Link, falls er existiert, den Namen der Quelle und eine kurze Auflistung aller Ereignisse, die die Quelle sonst noch beinhaltet – durch Zeitangabe und Stichwort am Ende der jeweiligen Quelle in Klammern gesetzt. Fehlalarme, Unfälle und Beinahe-Katastrophen mit Atomwaffen/ False alarms, accidents and near-disasters involving nuclear weapons www.akav.de www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-LONG-de.pdf www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-SHORT-de.pdf www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-FOUR-PAGES-de.pdf 2/136 www.akav.de www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-LONG-en.pdf www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-SHORT-en.pdf www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-FOUR-PAGES-en.pdf Inhaltsverzeichnis Einführung in das Thema 5 Ursachen von Fehlalarmen, Unfällen und Beinahe-Katastrophen mit Atomwaffen 5 Wie werden Atomwaffenunfälle definiert? 5 Unfälle bei der Marine 6 Die USA vermissen 17 Atombomben. Mindestens 6 Plutoniumkern 7 Permissive Aktion Link 7 Tabelle der Ursachen 8 Ereignisse (Kurzdarstellung) 9 1940 bis 1949 9 1950 bis 1959 9 1960 bis 1969 9 1970 bis 1979 10 1980 bis 1989 10 1990 bis 1999 11 2000 bis 2009 11 2010 bis 2019 11 2020 bis 2029 11 Ereignisse (Langdarstellung) 13 1940 bis 1949 13 1949 13 1950 bis 1959 14 1950 14 1951 18 1952 19 1953 19 1954 19 1955 19 1956 19 1957 21 1958 21 1959 25 1960 bis 1969 25 Fehlalarme, Unfälle und Beinahe-Katastrophen mit Atomwaffen/ False alarms, accidents and near-disasters involving nuclear weapons www.akav.de www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-LONG-de.pdf www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-SHORT-de.pdf www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-FOUR-PAGES-de.pdf 3/136 www.akav.de www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-LONG-en.pdf www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-SHORT-en.pdf www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-FOUR-PAGES-en.pdf 1960 25 1961 26 1962 31 1963 40 1964 40 1965 40 1966 41 1967 44 1968 46 1969 57 1970 bis 1979 57 1970 57 1971 57 1972 58 1973 58 1974 59 1975 59 1976 60 1977 60 1978 60 1979 60 1980 bis 1989 64 1980 64 1981 72 1982 72 1983 75 1984 103 1985 103 1986 107 1987 108 1988 108 1989 108 1990 bis 1999 110 1990 110 1991 110 1992 110 Fehlalarme, Unfälle und Beinahe-Katastrophen mit Atomwaffen/ False alarms, accidents and near-disasters involving nuclear weapons www.akav.de www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-LONG-de.pdf www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-SHORT-de.pdf www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-FOUR-PAGES-de.pdf 4/136 www.akav.de www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-LONG-en.pdf www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-SHORT-en.pdf www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-FOUR-PAGES-en.pdf 1993 110 1994 110 1995 110 1996 113 1997 113 1998 113 1999 113 2000 bis 2009 113 2000 113 2001 113 2002 113 2003 113 2004 113 2005 113 2006 114 2007 114 2008 119 2009 119 2010 bis 2019 119 2010 119 2011 119 2012 119 2013 119 2014 120 2015 121 2016 121 2017 122 2018 122 2019 123 2020 bis 2029 124 2020 124 2021 126 XXXX 127 Quellen 129 Fehlalarme, Unfälle und Beinahe-Katastrophen mit Atomwaffen/ False alarms, accidents and near-disasters involving nuclear weapons www.akav.de www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-LONG-de.pdf www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-SHORT-de.pdf www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-FOUR-PAGES-de.pdf 5/136 www.akav.de www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-LONG-en.pdf www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-SHORT-en.pdf www.fwes.info/fubk-21-1-FOUR-PAGES-en.pdf Einführung in das Thema Technischer Hinweis: Die Ergebnisse des Artikels sind im Abschnitt "Einführung in das Thema"/"Ursachen von Fehlalarmen, Unfällen und Beinahe-Katastrophen mit Atomwaffen" aufgeführt. Ursachen von Fehlalarmen, Unfällen und Beinahe-Katastrophen mit Atomwaffen Die seit dem Ende der 40er Jahre aufgelisteten 87 Ereignisse verfügen über unterschiedliches Potential zu nuklearen Detonationen, zum Einsatz von Atomwaffen, zur nuklearen Eskalation, zum nuklearen Winter oder zur Vernichtung allen Lebens auf der Nordhalbkugel oder der gesamten Erde. Sie zeigen technisches und menschliches Versagen in etwa gleicher Größenordnung, ca. 43 zu 38, ursächlich für Fehlalarme, Unfälle und Beinahe-Katastrophen. Somit kann nicht davon ausgegangen werden, dass seitens des Menschen oder der immer komplexer und damit fehleranfälliger werdenden Technik Verbesserungen zu erwarten sind. Auch neue Technologien, wie z.B. K.I. (Künstliche Intelligenz), unvollständige, vage und unsichere Informationen verarbeitend, stellen keinen Ausweg dar. Es liegen vermeidbare, sowie auch unvermeidbare Ereignisse vor. Versagen von Maschinerie sind hauptsächlich den Trägersystemen (Luft/Land/See) und der Sensorik zuzuordnen, aber auch Computer- Problemen. Auf Seiten des Menschen stehen Missgeschick und Fehlentscheidungen ganz oben, gefolgt von Schlamperei und Drogenkonsum. Zeitlich betrachtet zeigt sich eine hohe Ereignisdichte während der (Türkei-)Kuba-Krise 1962 und während der 80er Jahre zu Zeiten der Hochrüstung (70.ooo Sprengköpfe). In den 50er und 60er Jahren gab es eine Reihe von Verlusten von Atomwaffen durch Herabfallen aus Flugzeugen, zum größten Teil ins Meer, oder in Form von sinkenden U-Booten. Bis heute gingen mindestens 50 nukleare Sprengköpfe und 9 nukleare Reaktoren auf See verloren, diese muss man finden, bergen und beseitigen. Niemals gab es eine nukleare Kettenreaktion, wohl aber radioaktive Verseuchungen nach Detonationen. Viele Verletzte und nahezu 4oo Tote sind zu beklagen. Zum Teil kam es zu fehlender Kommunikation bzw. fehlendem Zugriff auf Atomraketen über einen längeren Zeitraum. Mannschaften waren dienstuntauglich (Alkohol u.a.). Das kritischste Ereignis war, abgesehen von der (Türkei-)Kuba-Krise 1962, die ab 2. November 1983 vorbereitete und vom 7.-11. November durchgeführte atomare NATO-Kommando- Stabsübung „ABLE ARCHER 83“ und vorangegangene Aktivitäten der Sowjets. Damals herrschte Fehlinterpretation und Gruppendynamik in Moskau. Man sah sich unter Zugzwang, dem fehlinterpretierten "NATO-Angriff" mit einem Enthauptungsschlag gemäß des Planes „RJaN“ zuvorzukommen. Der Spion im NATO- Hauptquartier Rainer Wolfgang Rupp (Topas) beruhigte jedoch mit seinen Informationen an den Führungsoffizier Karl Rehbaum die Sowjetunion, wirkte also auf sowjetischer Seite deeskalierend und hat damit einen Beitrag zum Frieden geleistet. Weitere hoch kritische Ereignisse wären im Zusammenhang mit dem diensthabenden Offizier der Base Volk Field Wisconsin am 25.10.1962, dem U-Boot-Kommodore Wassili A Archipov während der Kuba-Krise am 27.10.1962, den mutmaßlichen 4 scharfen Abschusscodes für die Wasserstoff-Bomben der 498th Tactical Missile Group am 28.10.1962 in Okinawa, obwohl kein „DEFCON 1 = Kriegszustand“ herrschte und dem diensthabenden Raketen-Abwehr-Offizier Bruce K Brown von NORAD am 09.11.1979 zu nennen. Das bekannteste Ereignis ist zweifelsfrei die Nachtschicht des diensthabenden Raketen-Abwehr-Offizier Stanislav J Petrov von SERPUKHOV-15 am 26.09.1983. Aufgrund von Sperrfristen, allgemeiner Geheimhaltung und fehlender Presse kann von durchschnittlich 2 kritischen Ereignissen pro Jahr ausgegangen werden. Wie werden Atomwaffenunfälle definiert? Das US-Energieministerium definiert einen Atomwaffenunfall als: „ein unerwartetes Ereignis, das Atomwaffen
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