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Samernas Sedvanemarker Samernas sedvanemarker Betänkande av Gränsdragningskommissionen för renskötselområdet Stockholm 2006 SOU 2006:14 SOU och Ds kan köpas från Fritzes kundtjänst. För remissutsändningar av SOU och Ds svarar Fritzes Offentliga Publikationer på uppdrag av Regeringskansliets förvaltningsavdelning. Beställningsadress: Fritzes kundtjänst 106 47 Stockholm Orderfax: 08-690 91 91 Ordertel: 08-690 91 90 E-post: [email protected] Internet: www.fritzes.se Svara på remiss. Hur och varför. Statsrådsberedningen, 2003. – En liten broschyr som underlättar arbetet för den som skall svara på remiss. Broschyren är gratis och kan laddas ner eller beställas på http://www.regeringen.se/remiss Omslag: Framsida: Renhjord på vinterbete omkring 1880. Kritteckning av den samiske konstnären Nils Nilsson Skum (1938). Originalteckning i Nordiska museet. Foto Birgit Brånvall. Baksida: Kungliga brevet den 4 juni 1886 med Sveriges första renbeteslag. Bilaga till statsrådsprotokoll i Justitiedepartementets ärenden 1886. Riksarkivet. Foto Emre Olgun. Tryckt av Edita Sverige AB Stockholm 2006 ISBN 91-38-22524-7 ISSN 0375-250X Till statsrådet och chefen för jordbruksdepartementet Regeringen beslutade den 24 januari 2002 (Dir. 2002:7) att tillsätta en särskild utredare för att klarlägga vilka marker som den samiska befolkningen enligt International Labour Organisations (ILO) konvention nr 169 traditionellt innehar respektive traditionellt utnyttjar tillsammans med andra. I uppdraget ingick även att fast- ställa den yttre gränsen för de områden som får användas för renskötsel. Samma dag förordnades lagmannen Jan Alvå till särskild utredare. Den 21 mars 2002 utsågs som sakkunniga professorn Kjell Åke Modéer, fastighetsrådet Kjell Westling och enhetschefen Barbro Julstad. Att som experter biträda utredningen utsågs den 15 november 2002 departementsrådet Birgitta Hansson (Jordbruksdepartementet), lantmätaren Lars Rubensson (skogsindustrin), marknadschefen Solveig Larsson (Lantbrukarnas Riksförbund), departements- sekreteraren Bror Saitton (Sametinget), gymnasieläraren Elisabet Israelsson (Svenska Samernas Riksförbund) och f.d. departements- rådet Anders Holmgren (Näringsdepartementet). Till sekreterare förordnades den 24 januari 2002 numera råd- mannen Lars Lindblad, den 1 oktober 2002 f.d. landsarkivarien Lars Rumar och den 1 mars 2005 numera kammarrättsfiskalen Åsa Nilsson. Genom tilläggsdirektiv, beslutade den 14 oktober 2004 (Dir. 2004:141), förlängdes utredningstiden till utgången av 2005. Docenten Lennart Lundmark har utformat avsnitt 5.1-4. Utredningen har antagit namnet Gränsdragningskommissionen för renskötselområdet (hädanefter Gränsdragningskommissionen). Härmed överlämnar utredningen sitt betänkande ”Samernas sedvane- marker”. Arbetet har bedrivits i nära samråd med berörda sakkunniga och experter. Betänkandet är därför skrivet i vi-form. Såsom framgår av SOU 2006:14 särskilda yttranden som fogas till betänkandet finns dock avvik- ande uppfattningar. Enskilda och företrädare för organisationer har skriftligen och muntligen hört av sig och framfört sina synpunkter. De frågor som sålunda ställts anses besvarade genom betänkandet. Utredningens uppdrag är slutfört. Lund i februari 2006 Jan Alvå /Lars Lindblad Lars Rumar Åsa Nilsson Innehåll Förkortningar..................................................................... 13 Sammanfattning ................................................................ 15 Summary .......................................................................... 33 Čoahkkáigeassu................................................................. 53 1 Inledning................................................................... 71 1.1 Samerna – ett ursprungsfolk i Sverige .................................... 71 1.2 Kort om rennäringen i Sverige ................................................ 71 1.3 ILO:s konvention nr 169......................................................... 74 1.4 ILO-utredningen – betänkandet 1999.................................... 74 2 Gränsdragningskommissionens uppdrag........................ 77 3 Utredningsarbetet ...................................................... 79 4 Rennäringens och samhällets förändringar .................... 83 4.1 Befolkningsutvecklingen ......................................................... 84 4.2 Renantalet................................................................................. 86 4.3 Renskötselns förändringar ...................................................... 91 4.3.1 Från fångstkultur till rennomadism ............................ 91 4.3.2 Intensiv och extensiv renskötsel.................................. 94 4.3.3 Skötesrenar och koncessionsrenskötsel ...................... 99 5 Innehåll SOU 2006:14 4.4 Renskötseln och samhället.....................................................101 4.4.1 Gränsspärrningar och dislokationer ..........................101 4.4.2 Jordbrukets och skogsbrukets inverkan....................103 4.4.3 Kommunikationerna...................................................104 4.4.4 Handeln .......................................................................106 5 Rennäringens historiska gränslinjer ............................109 5.1 Lappskattelandens historia i Norr- och Västerbottens lappmark .................................................................................109 5.1.1 Ointressets tid (till cirka 1655)..................................110 5.1.2 Otvetydighetens tid (1655–1673)..............................111 5.1.3 Obeslutsamhetens tid (1673–1696)...........................111 5.1.4 Oenighetens tid (1696–1800).....................................112 5.1.5 Oredans tid (1800–1898)............................................113 5.1.6 Inhiberad stadga ..........................................................115 5.1.7 Omvandlingens tid (1898–1928) ...............................117 5.1.8 ”Anarki och allmän oreda” .........................................120 5.1.9 Nya byordningar.........................................................121 5.1.10 Döda innehavare..........................................................124 5.2 Lappmarksgränsen..................................................................125 5.2.1 Oreda i kustbygden.....................................................126 5.2.2 ”Svenskt folk” i lappmarken.......................................127 5.2.3 Gränsdragningen.........................................................128 5.2.4 Färre konflikter i norr.................................................129 5.3 Odlingsgränsen och avvittringen ..........................................130 5.3.1 En ny skogspolitik ......................................................132 5.3.2 Avvittringsstadgan 1873 .............................................133 5.3.3 Flera uppgifter.............................................................134 5.3.4 Särskilda möten ...........................................................136 5.3.5 Den definitiva gränsen................................................137 5.3.6 Nybyggen ovan odlingsgränsen .................................139 5.3.7 Generösa bedömningar...............................................141 5.3.8 Lagstiftarna och odlingsgränsen ................................142 5.4 Vinterbetesrätten nedanför lappmarksgränsen före 1886....144 5.4.1 Fyra förordningar........................................................145 5.4.2 Tiggare och vallhjon....................................................147 5.4.3 Privata uppgörelser .....................................................149 6 Innehåll SOU 2006:14 5.4.4 Vinterbete i kustlandet............................................... 150 5.4.5 Uppgifter i domböcker .............................................. 152 5.4.6 Avvittring i kustlandet ............................................... 155 5.4.7 Sommar och vinter...................................................... 156 5.4.8 Stadga för Lappmarken .............................................. 158 5.5 Lappmarker och renbetesfjäll i Jämtland och Härjedalen ... 158 5.5.1 Jämtlands lappmarker................................................. 158 5.5.2 Avvittringen i Jämtland och Härjedalen ................... 163 5.5.3 Stridigheter om vinterbetesrätten.............................. 168 5.5.4 Renbetesfjällen utvidgas............................................. 171 6 Sedvanerätten lagfästs.............................................. 175 6.1 Behovet av en nationell renbeteslag...................................... 175 6.1.1 Oreda i författningarna .............................................. 175 6.1.2 Exemplet hägnadsskyldigheten.................................. 176 6.2 1886 års renbeteslag ............................................................... 182 6.2.1 Mycket framstående kommittéledamöter................. 183 6.2.2 Sedvanerätten lagfästs................................................. 185 6.3 1898 års renbeteslag ............................................................... 187 6.3.1 1892 års jämtländska förslag ...................................... 188 6.3.2 1895 års lappkommitté. Märklig omsvängning i Jämtlands län............................................................... 189 6.3.3 Lagens slutliga utformning ........................................ 190 6.4 1928 års renbeteslag ............................................................... 191 6.4.1 Två betänkanden......................................................... 191 6.4.2 Lagens slutliga utformning ........................................ 192 6.5 1971 års rennäringslag...........................................................
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