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Timber Frame Tension Joinery Schmidt and Mackay

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Timber Frame Tension Joinery Schmidt and Mackay TIMBER FRAME TENSION JOINERY Richard J. Schmidt Robert B. MacKay A Report on Research Sponsored by the TIMBER FRAME BUSINESS COUNCIL WASHINGTON,D.C. Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering University of Wyoming Laramie, WY 82071 October 1997 50272-101 1. REPORT NO. 2. 3. Recipient's Accession No. REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Timber Frame Tension Joinery October 1997 6. 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Richard J. Schmidt & Robert B. MacKay 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering University of Wyoming 11. Contract(C) or Grant(G) No. Laramie, Wyoming 82071 (C) (G) 12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address 13. Type of Report & Period Covered Timber Frame Business Council final 1511 K Street NW, Suite 600 Washington, D. C. 20005 14. 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract (Limit: 200 words) Timber-frame connections use hardwood pegs to hold the main member (tenon) within the mortise. Design of these connections is currently beyond the scope of building codes and the National Design Specification for Wood Construction (NDS). The objective of this research is to determine the feasibility of the yield model approach for the design of these connections. The research includes a study of the mechanical properties of the pegs used in mortise and tenon tension connections. Properties of interest include the peg' s flexural yield strength, the dowel bearing strength of a peg as it loads the frame material, and the peg' s shear strength. The results of this research show that the existing yield model equations from the NDS are applicable to hardwood pegs used as dowel fasteners in mortise and tenon connections. However, additional yield modes specific to these connections are needed. 17. Document Analysis a. Descriptors traditional timber framing, heavy timber construction, structural analysis, wood peg fasteners, dowel connections, yield model b. Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms c. COSATI Field/Group 18. Availability Statement 19. Security Class (This Report) 21. No. of Pages unclassified 87 Release Unlimited 20. Security Class (This Page) 22. Price unclassified (See ANSI-Z39.18) ii OPTIONAL FORM 272 (4- Department of Commerce Acknowledgments Acknowledgments go to the Timber Frame Business Council for their financial support of this project. For providing materials, thanks are extended to Scott Northcott; Christian & Son, Inc.; Resource Woodworks; Riverbend Timberframing, Inc.; Duluth Timbers; Timberpeg; The Cascade Joinery; and Timberhouse Post and Beam. Table of Contents Page 1. Introduction................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 General Overview .....................................................................................................................1 1.2 Objective and Scope .................................................................................................................2 2. Timber Framing Background....................................................................................4 2.1 History of Timber Framing .....................................................................................................4 2.2 Review of Relevant Research...................................................................................................6 3. European Yield Model and Proposed Additions ..................................................... 10 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................10 3.2 Development of European Yield Model .............................................................................10 3.3 Alternate Derivation of the Mode IV Yield Model Equation ..........................................14 3.4 Application of the European Yield Model to Timber-Frame Connections...................18 3.5 Additional Yield Model Equations .......................................................................................22 4. Peg Testing Procedures and Analysis......................................................................28 4.1 General Testing Procedures for Hardwood Pegs...............................................................28 4.2 Bending Test Procedure.........................................................................................................30 4.3 Shear Test Procedure..............................................................................................................32 4.4 Dowel Bearing Test Procedure .............................................................................................33 4.5 Full-size Joint Test Procedures .............................................................................................37 5. Test Results..............................................................................................................40 5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................40 5.2 Bending Test Results ..............................................................................................................41 5.3 Shear Test Results ...................................................................................................................46 ii 5.4 Dowel Bearing Test Results...................................................................................................52 5.5 Full-size Test Results ..............................................................................................................53 6. Overall Connection Strength and Design Recommendations ................................55 6.1 Application of Factors of Safety ...........................................................................................55 6.2 Current Design Procedures ...................................................................................................56 6.3 Recommendations for Timber-Frame Joinery....................................................................56 7. Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work ............................................62 7.1 Concluding Statements...........................................................................................................62 7.2 Recommendations for Future Work ....................................................................................62 iii List of Tables Page Table 5-1 Bending Test Correlation Coefficients..........................................................................42 Table 5-2 Additional Correlation Coefficients...............................................................................42 Table 5-3 Correlation Between Peg Dia. and Bending Strength.................................................43 Table 5-4 Bending Yield Strength Results......................................................................................44 Table 5-5 Combined Bending Results.............................................................................................45 Table 5-6 Correlation Data for Shear Tests ...................................................................................47 Table 5-7 Correlation Between Peg Dia. and Yield Stress...........................................................48 Table 5-8 Shear Results Summary ...................................................................................................49 Table 5-9 Shear Test Results Summary...........................................................................................49 Table 5-10 Average Values of Moisture Content and Specific Gravity .....................................51 Table 5-11 Preliminary Dowel Bearing Strength Results (WO Pegs in Doug. Fir) .................52 Table 5-12 Dowel Bearing Test Summary......................................................................................53 Table 5-13 Dowel Bearing Test Correlation Data.........................................................................53 Table 5-14 Full-size Test Results .....................................................................................................54 Table 5-15 5% Shear Exclusion Value Summary ..........................................................................55 Table 6-1 Kessel Results Summary..................................................................................................59 iv List of Figures Page Figure 1-1 Typical Mortise and Tenon Connection........................................................................1 Figure 1-2 American Timber Frame (Redrawn from Sobon and Schroeder, 1984) ..................2 Figure 3-1 Single Shear Failure Modes............................................................................................11 Figure 3-2 Double Shear Failure Modes.........................................................................................11 Figure 3-3 Assumed Dowel Rotation Load Diagram...................................................................12 Figure 3-4 Assumed Dowel Yielding Load Diagram....................................................................12 Figure 3-5 Assumed Load, Moment and Shear Diagrams...........................................................15 Figure 3-6 Typical Load Deflection Curve (Bending Test, ¾” Dia. Red Oak Peg).................19 Figure 3-7 Combined Shear - Bending Failure ..............................................................................20
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