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From Might to Mandate Values in Rulers' Public Speeches

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From Might to Mandate Values in Rulers' Public Speeches Department of Social Sciences University of Helsinki Finland FROM MIGHT TO MANDATE VALUES IN RULERS’ PUBLIC SPEECHES IN FINLAND 1809-2000 Anneli Portman ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented for public examination, with the permission of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Helsinki, in the Small Hall, Fabianinkatu 33, on 11 April 2014, at 12 noon. Publications of the Department of Social Research 2014:4 Social Psychology © Anneli Portman Cover: Jere Kasanen Photo: Giuseppe Zerilli Copyright of presidents photos: The Finnish Defence Forces, used by permission Distribution and Sales: Unigrafia Bookstore http://kirjakauppa.unigrafia.fi/ [email protected] PL 4 (Vuorikatu 3 A) 00014 Helsingin yliopisto ISSN-L 1798-9140 ISSN 1798-9132 (Online) ISSN 1798-9140 (Print) ISBN 978-952-10-9094-3 (Print) ISBN 978-952-10-9095-0 (Online) Unigrafia, Helsinki 2014 ABSTRACT This study looked at the values expressed in rulers’ (Czars and Presidents) public speeches in Finland from 1809-2000. During this time Finland underwent a transformation from a small, rural, backward, peripheral province into one of the forefront Western democracies in terms of transparent democratic practices, citizens’ welfare, education, and living standards. Rulers never reign in a vacuum, whether they are democratically elected presidents or hereditary emperors. Their rule is subject to cultural expectations, which is linked to the place and time of their reign. Culture, i.e. the shared beliefs and assumptions uniting both rulers and the people they reign over, influences the perceptions of what kind of reigning is recognized as just and suitable. At the core of culture are its values, the abstract goals according to which the society tries to live, concepts of what is good and worthy to be pursued. Society’s values are manifested and upheld through rituals and ceremonies, such as recurring public speeches. These speeches are most often held by the heads of state, acting as gatekeepers and spokesmen for the entire society. Three types of written collections of speeches directed to the entire population were used: Parliament Opening Speeches (1809-2000), Prayer Day Declarations (1812-1999) and New Year’s Speeches (1935-2000). The texts were analyzed using qualitative theory-driven content analysis. For the analysis a coding manual was created, which was based on Schwartz’ Theory of Basic Human Values and on previous Finnish value research. Overall changes of values in the data follow the predicted pattern of societal pluralization, but not secularization. The findings confirm the applicability of the survey-based Schwartz Value Theory also for archival value research. However, the findings also demonstrate that the two value types (Spirituality and Work- related values) found in previous Finnish studies, are also necessary to capture the essence of this timeframe. Contrary to the expectations of the value theory, Self-enhancement values (Power and Achievement) and Self-direction values are not presented as values for the individual, but only as values for the collective. The Czars and Presidents mostly differ on scope of their value emphasis. In their speeches the Czars concentrate on Benevolence, Spirituality and Conformity values, i.e. they emphasize the in-group and its welfare. As for the Presidents, they appeal to a wide variety of values, and reflect more the contemporary political situations, for instance Work-related values are accentuated especially in the times of crisis (e.g. war, recession). As the rulers present themselves as promoters of the society’s goals, they also act as creators and protectors of cohesion in their speeches. This results in the emphasis on Self- transcendence values and on values promoting social cohesion, especially Conservation values. Towards the end of the time included in this study (1980s and 1990s) there is a marked rise in Universalism values, as questions of nature 3 conservation and maintenance of global peace come to the forefront of the larger political agenda. This thesis applies social psychological viewpoints to political history, thus deepening the researching and the interpretation of historical phenomena. The results of this study underline the importance of the context in value research, and contribute to the widening of value research into political and archival data. Furthermore, this study adds to the research of how societal cohesion is rhetorically maintained. The results can also be applied in larger societal context to better understand the links between leaders and their followers. 4 TIIVISTELMÄ Tämä tutkimus tarkastelee Suomen hallitsijoiden (tsaarien ja presidenttien) julkisissa puheissa esiintyviä arvoja vuosien 1809–2000 aikana. Tänä aikana Suomessa tapahtui suuri muutos: köyhästä takapajuisesta maakunnasta Euroopan äärilaidalla tuli demokraattinen länsimaa, joka erottuu edukseen kansalaisten hyvinvoinnin, koulutuksen ja elintason suhteen. Tutkimuksen aineisto koostuu kolmenlaisista kirjallisessa muodossa olevista koko kansalle suunnatuista julkisista puheista: Valtiopäivien avajaispuheet (1809–2000), rukouspäiväjulistukset (1812–1999) sekä uudenvuodenpuheet (1935–2000). Tekstit analysoitiin käyttäen teorialähtöistä laadullista sisällönanalyysiä. Analyysi perustuu laajalti Schwartzin arvoteoriaan sekä aiempiin suomalaisiin arvotutkimuksiin. Yhteiskunnan arvot ovat jaettuja käsityksiä siitä, mikä on hyvää ja tavoittelemisen arvoista, ja ne vaikuttavat siihen, minkälainen hallitseminen näyttäytyy oikeana ja tarkoituksenmukaisena. Arvoja tuodaan ilmi muun muassa erilaisten rituaalien ja seremonioiden kautta, joita ovat esimerkiksi vuosittain toistuvat julkiset puheet. Näitä puheita pitävät yleensä hallitsijat tai muut johtohenkilöt, toimien ikään kuin koko yhteisön äänitorvina. Puheissa esiintyvät arvomuutokset seuraavat ennakoitua mallia demokratian mukanaan tuomasta yhteiskunnan monimuotoistumisesta, mutta eivät vahvista oletettua hengellisyyden ja henkisyyden väistymistä. Tutkimuksen tulokset vahvistavat kyselytutkimuksiin perustuvan Schwartzin arvoteorian soveltuvuuden myös kirjoitetun materiaaliin tutkimiseen, laajentaen sen sovellusaluetta muuhunkin kirjalliseen ja poliittiseen aineistoon. Lisäksi tulokset osoittavat että aiemmissa suomalaisissa tutkimuksissa löydetyt työn arvot sekä henkisyysarvot ovat olennaisia tämän aikavälin kulttuurin kuvaamiseksi. Toisin kuin tutkimuksen pohjalla oleva arvoteoria olettaa, eivät valta-, itseohjautuvuus- ja suoriutumisarvot ole puheissa esillä yksilön vaan yhteisön arvoina. Tutkimuksen tulokset korostavat kontekstin merkitystä arvotutkimuksessa. Tsaarien ja presidenttien suurin ero on puheissa voimakkaimmin korostettujen arvojen keskittymisessä. Tsaarit painottavat hyväntahtoisuus-, henkisyys- ja yhdenmukaisuusarvoja huomattavasti enemmän kuin muita arvoja. Presidentit puolestaan painottavat laajempaa kirjoa arvoista, jotka heijastelivat enemmän kutakin senhetkistä poliittista tilannetta. Näin oli varsinkin kriisiaikoina (esim. sodat, taloudellinen lama), jolloin myös työ itseisarvona nostettiin painokkaasti esille. Lisäksi hallitsijat asemoivat itsensä puheissaan yhtenäisyyden luojiksi ja suojelijoiksi sekä yhteisön päämäärien edistäjiksi. Tästä seuraa se, että puheissa korostettiin itsensä ylittämisarvoja ja yhtenäisyyttä edistäviä arvoja, kuten esim. yhdenmukaisuutta. Väitöskirjani soveltaa sosiaalipsykologiaa poliittisen historian tutkimukseen ja tulkintaan. Lisäksi sen tulokset valottavat sitä, kuinka yhteiskunnallista yhtenäisyyttä retorisesti ylläpidetään. Tuloksia arvojen merkityksestä yhteisöjen 5 yhdistäjinä voidaan myös soveltaa johtajien ja seuraajien välisen yhteyden tutkimiseen laajoissa yhteiskunnallisissa konteksteissa. 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have always believed that the sum is greater than its parts, that for going far, one needs to travel in company. Nowhere is this truer than in academic research. Not only have we been able to come thus far thanks to the work of those who have gone before us, but scientific knowledge is in its basic nature cumulative. I have had privilege to be surrounded by fine scholars and great thinkers, both past and present, as I have been engaged in the present research. I would like to express my sincerest thanks to the people to whom I am mostly indebted, while recognizing that many more than the space allows me to mention have also greatly influenced me through their writings or in person. First of all I want to thank my supervisor Professor Klaus Helkama. If it hadn’t been for his patient scholarly gardening, this thesis would never have emerged from the bed of weed-like profusion of ideas into to the finished work it is. His breadth and depth of understanding combined with the great kindness with which he treats others has challenged me not just as scholar, but also as a person, and I hope I will be able to emulate what I have seen in him during these years. A firm believer in a university the primary goal of which is to foster civilization and thinking, he provided an environment which was characterized by both scientific rigor and freedom of exploration, both of which greatly shaped my research. I also want to thank my external examiners, Professor Sonia Roccas and Dr. Esa Pohjanheimo, for their encouraging comments and helpful suggestions. I also want to especially thank Professor Anna-Maija Pirttilä-Backman. She has been the source for much professional and personal help and encouragement, and I will always be grateful for the patience she has shown with my numerous questions and many interruptions,
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