From Might to Mandate Values in Rulers' Public Speeches
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Finnish Society Course
Finnish society course Finnish society Finland is located in Europe on the northern hemisphere of the globe. Finland is one of the Nordic countries. The others are Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. Finland shares a border with three neighbouring countries: Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east. Finland’s population is about 5.5 million and the surface area is around 338,500 square km. The population density in Fin- land is one of lowest in Europe. Finland has many forests and lakes: up to 75% of the surface area is forest and 10% water. Suomi Venäjä The official languages of Finland are Finnish, Swedish and Sámi. 4.8 million Finnish people speak Finnish as their mother tongue, 280,000 speak Swedish, and 1,900 speak Sámi. Oth- Norja er large language groups are Russian (79,000) and Estonian Ruotsi speakers (49,000). Everyone in Finland has the right to speak Viro their own language and enjoy their culture. About 69% of Finnish people belong to the Evangelic-Lu- theran church and 1,1% to the Orthodox Church. 1.7% have other religions. About 29% of the population do not belong to any religion. Freedom of religion is respected in Finland, and everyone can follow whichever religion they choose, or none. The right to follow a religion is safeguarded under the Constitution of Finland. Finnish society course - Finnish society - 2/2021 - englanti 2 History The state People have lived in Finland for more than 9,000 years. Dur- Finland is a republic headed by the President. -
Seppo Hentilä.Indb
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto President Urho Kekkonen of Finland and the KGB K IMMO RENTOLA A major post-Cold War history debate in Finland has been over the role of President Urho Kekkonen and his relations with the Soviet Union, in particular with the Soviet foreign intelligence. No surprise to anybody, variance of interpretations has been wide, fuelled by scarcity of sources on the most sensitive aspects, by the unavoidable ambiguity of an issue like the intelligence, and even by political leanings.1 As things stand now, even a preliminary assessment of available evidence – viewed from a distance – might prove useful. The Soviet Union regularly tried to build back-channel contacts and confi dential informal links with the Western powers. On the Soviet side, these contacts were usually conducted by intelligence offi cers, as were those to Robert Kennedy on the eve of the Cuban missile crisis,2 and to Chancellor Willy Brandt during his new German Ostpolitik.3 By far the 1 A good introduction to Finnish studies on Kekkonen in J. Lavery. ‘All of the President’s Historians: The Debate over Urho Kekkonen’, Scandinavian Studies 75 (2003: 3). See also his The History of Finland. Westport: Greenwood Press 2006, and the analysis of D. Kirby, A Concise History of Finland. Cambridge University Press 2006. 2 An account by G. Bolshakov, ‘The Hot Line’, in New Times (Moscow), 1989, nos. 4-6; C. Andrew, For the President’s Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and American Presidency from Washington to Bush. -
The Managerial Cube
ARTIKKELIT• RAIMO NURMI 269 The managerial cube Raimo Nurmi tinuum (see e.g. Nurmi, 1994, for another con ABSTRACT ceptualization of the relation between the two concepts). Many management textbooks argue that top The article introduces a manageria! cube thai management is in charge of the strategy and it consists of three continua: The first is management delegates the operations to the middle manage vs. leadership, the second strategic vs. op�rative, the third responsibility vs. power. The Pres1dents of ment and operative personnel. ln fact, top man Finland are reviewed and classified by means of the agement tends to be loaded with much opera cube. Admittedly, the interpretations remain tive routine (Mintzberg, 1973), and, strategies debatable. Nonetheless, it is argued thai the cube often emerge from middle management or even has potential for further conceptual refi�ement, empirical measurement and use as an mstrument for from the operative personnel (Viitanen, 1993). AII management development. manageria! tasks have, accordingly, strategic and operative qualities. Strategic qualities purport making the organization fit with its environment, and they include managing and leading chang Key words: Management, leadership, strategy, operations, responsibility, power. es, transitions and transformations. Operative qualities mean to implement the given strategy - or, in fact, sometimes even working without a strategy. ln this article, the two concepts are seen to make up a continuum. 1. INTRODUCTION Responsibility vs. power is regarded in this article as the third manageria! continuum. Re Management and leadership are established sponsibility refers to manageria! behaviour to concepts in literature. Management as a "coun maintain or improve the position of the organiza terpoint" of leadership refers to manageria! work tion even at the cost of the manager - the cost process: e.g., the functions of management (like may be stress, unpleasant decisions, bad pub planning, coordinating, controlling, etc.) have licity and other persona! problems. -
Soldiering and the Making of Finnish Manhood
Soldiering and the Making of Finnish Manhood Conscription and Masculinity in Interwar Finland, 1918–1939 ANDERS AHLBÄCK Doctoral Thesis in General History ÅBO AKADEMI UNIVERSITY 2010 © Anders Ahlbäck Author’s address: History Dept. of Åbo Akademi University Fabriksgatan 2 FIN-20500 Åbo Finland e-mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-952-12-2508-6 (paperback) ISBN 978-952-12-2509-3 (pdf) Printed by Uniprint, Turku Table of Contents Acknowledgements v 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Images and experiences of conscripted soldiering 1 1.2 Topics in earlier research: The militarisation of modern masculinity 8 1.3 Theory and method: Conscription as a contested arena of masculinity 26 1.4 Demarcation: Soldiering and citizenship as homosocial enactments 39 2 The politics of conscription 48 2.1 Military debate on the verge of a revolution 52 2.2 The Civil War and the creation of the “White Army” 62 2.3 The militiaman challenging the cadre army soldier 72 2.4 From public indignation to closing ranks around the army 87 2.5 Conclusion: Reluctant militarisation 96 3 War heroes as war teachers 100 3.1 The narrative construction of the Jägers as war heroes 102 3.2 Absent women and distant domesticity 116 3.3 Heroic officers and their counter-images 118 3.4 Forgetfulness in the hero myth 124 3.5 The Jäger officers as military educators 127 3.6 Conclusion: The uses of war heroes 139 4 Educating the citizen-soldier 146 4.1 Civic education and the Suomen Sotilas magazine 147 4.2 The man-soldier-citizen amalgamation 154 4.3 History, forefathers and the spirit of sacrifice -
Finnish Studies
Journal of Finnish Studies Volume 23 Number 1 November 2019 ISSN 1206-6516 ISBN 978-1-7328298-1-7 JOURNAL OF FINNISH STUDIES EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS OFFICE Journal of Finnish Studies, Department of English, 1901 University Avenue, Evans 458, Box 2146, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TEXAS 77341-2146, USA Tel. 1.936.294.1420; Fax 1.936.294.1408 E-mail: [email protected] EDITORIAL STAFF Helena Halmari, Editor-in-Chief, Sam Houston State University [email protected] Hanna Snellman, Co-Editor, University of Helsinki [email protected] Scott Kaukonen, Assoc. Editor, Sam Houston State University [email protected] Hilary-Joy Virtanen, Asst. Editor, Finlandia University [email protected] Sheila Embleton, Book Review Editor, York University [email protected] EDITORIAL BOARD Börje Vähämäki, Founding Editor, JoFS, Professor Emeritus, University of Toronto Raimo Anttila, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Los Angeles Michael Branch, Professor Emeritus, University of London Thomas DuBois, Professor, University of Wisconsin, Madison Sheila Embleton, Distinguished Research Professor, York University Aili Flint, Emerita Senior Lecturer, Associate Research Scholar, Columbia University Tim Frandy, Assistant Professor, Western Kentucky University Daniel Grimley, Professor, Oxford University Titus Hjelm, Associate Professor, University of Helsinki Daniel Karvonen, Senior Lecturer, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Johanna Laakso, Professor, University of Vienna Jason Lavery, Professor, Oklahoma State University James P. Leary, Professor Emeritus, University of Wisconsin, Madison Andrew Nestingen, Associate Professor, University of Washington, Seattle Jyrki Nummi, Professor, University of Helsinki Jussi Nuorteva, Director General, The National Archives of Finland Juha Pentikäinen, Professor, University of Lapland Oiva Saarinen, Professor Emeritus, Laurentian University, Sudbury Beth L. -
Finland's Legal Preparedness for International Disaster Response
HOST NATION SUPPORT GUIDELINES Finland’s legal preparedness for international disaster response – Host Nation Support Guidelines Finnish Red Cross 2014 Report on the regulation of the reception of international aid in Finland ECHO/SUB/2012/638451 The report is part of the project titled ”Implementation of the EU Host Nation Support Guidelines”, (ECHO/SUB/2012/638451) The project is funded by the Civil Protection Financial Instrument of the European Union for 2013– 2014, provided by the European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO) Author: Maarit Pimiä, Bachelor of Laws Mandators: The Finnish Red Cross, National Preparedness Unit The Department of Rescue Services of the Ministry of the Interior Translated by: Semantix Finland Oy Date: 14.3.2014 © Finnish Red Cross The European Commission is not responsible for the content of this report or the views expressed in this report. The authors are responsible for the content. 2 Report on the regulation of the reception of international aid in Finland ECHO/SUB/2012/638451 Contents Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ 6 Definitions ............................................................................................................................. 8 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Background of the report ..................................................................................... -
Finnish Studies Volume 18 Number 2 July 2015 ISSN 1206-6516 ISBN 978-1-937875-95-4
JOURNAL OF INNISH TUDIES F S International Influences in Finnish Working-Class Literature and Its Research Guest Editors Kirsti Salmi-Niklander and Kati Launis Theme Issue of the Journal of Finnish Studies Volume 18 Number 2 July 2015 ISSN 1206-6516 ISBN 978-1-937875-95-4 JOURNAL OF FINNISH STUDIES EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS OFFICE Journal of Finnish Studies, Department of English, 1901 University Avenue, Evans 458 (P.O. Box 2146), Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341-2146, USA Tel. 1.936.294.1420; Fax 1.936.294.1408 SUBSCRIPTIONS, ADVERTISING, AND INQUIRIES Contact Business Office (see above & below). EDITORIAL STAFF Helena Halmari, Editor-in-Chief, Sam Houston State University; [email protected] Hanna Snellman, Co-Editor, University of Helsinki; [email protected] Scott Kaukonen, Assoc. Editor, Sam Houston State University; [email protected] Hilary Joy Virtanen, Asst. Editor, Finlandia University; hilary.virtanen@finlandia. edu Sheila Embleton, Book Review Editor, York University; [email protected] EDITORIAL BOARD Börje Vähämäki, Founding Editor, JoFS, Professor Emeritus, University of Toronto Raimo Anttila, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Los Angeles Michael Branch, Professor Emeritus, University of London Thomas DuBois, Professor, University of Wisconsin Sheila Embleton, Distinguished Research Professor, York University Aili Flint, Emerita Senior Lecturer, Associate Research Scholar, Columbia University Titus Hjelm, Lecturer, University College London Richard Impola, Professor Emeritus, New Paltz, New York Daniel Karvonen, Senior Lecturer, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Andrew Nestingen, Associate Professor, University of Washington, Seattle Jyrki Nummi, Professor, Department of Finnish Literature, University of Helsinki Juha Pentikäinen, Professor, Institute for Northern Culture, University of Lapland Oiva Saarinen, Professor Emeritus, Laurentian University, Sudbury George Schoolfield, Professor Emeritus, Yale University Beth L. -
From Personality Cult Figure to Camp Image – the Case of President Urho Kekkonen
From personality cult figure to camp image – the case of President Urho Kekkonen Tuuli Lähdesmäki , University of Jyväskylä, Finland Volume 6, Issue 1 (May 2009) Abstract Former Finnish President Urho Kekkonen (1900-1986) has two debated monuments in Finland. The debates surrounding these monuments contain intense rhetoric which indicates a particular sentiment towards Kekkonen. This attitude is described in the article in terms of cultic discourse. During the first monument project at the end of the 1980s, Kekkonen was still broadly seen as an official political icon, which was approached through personality cultic discourse. The second monument was executed in 2000 after large critical debates over the Kekkonen era and his persona. As a result of these debates, the cultic discourse transformed its traits – Kekkonen was consciously seen as a mythological figure whose features could be exaggerated, ironized and turned into hilarious stories. In the postmodern atmosphere of the turn of the millennium, the figure of Kekkonen was even aestheticized as camp. This article explains how the cultic discourse about Kekkonen has changed in Finland during the past two decades. Keywords: personality cult, cultic discourse, camp, monument, Urho Kekkonen, Finland Cultic discourse in monument debates Erecting a monument for the commemoration of a person is a practice which frequently produces public discussions on the meanings of the monument. Sometimes the monuments even cause severe debates, in which people are only seemingly talking about the monument -
International Human Rights Instruments As Domestic Laws
UNITED NATIONS HRI International Distr. Human Rights GENERAL Instruments HRI/CORE/1/Add.59/Rev.2 29 June 1998 Original: ENGLISH CORE DOCUMENT FORMING PART OF THE REPORTS OF STATES PARTIES FINLAND [28 February 1997] Paragraphs Page I. THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE ............ 1 - 20 2 A. General .................. 1 - 6 2 B. A short history .............. 7 - 8 2 C. Statistical information .......... 9 2 D. The national languages .......... 10 20 5 II. CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS AND GENERAL POLITICAL STRUCTURE ................... 21 - 30 6 III. GENERAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK WITHIN WHICH HUMAN RIGHTS ARE PROTECTED .......... 31 - 50 8 IV. INFORMATION AND PUBLICITY ........... 51 55 11 GE.98-16677 (E) HRI/CORE/1/Add.59/Rev.2 page 2 I. THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE A. General 1. With a total area of 338,145 km2, Finland is the seventh largest country in Europe. The longest distance from south to north is 1,160 km and the greatest width 540 km. Its total frontier is 3,600 km in length: 2,571 km are land borders, 586 km with Sweden, 716 km with Norway, and 1,269 km with Russia. The coastline is about 1,100 km long. 2. Approximately 70 per cent of the land surface is forest, 15 per cent cultivated land, settlement or roads and 15 per cent lakes and wasteland, such as swamps, arctic fells and sand. 3. The population of Finland in 1995 was 5,116,800. The average population density is 16.8 inhabitants/km2, which varies from 134 in the industrialized south to between 2 and 3 in the sparsely populated regions of the north. -
The Constitution of Finland and Parliament's Rules of Procedure
publication by the parliamentary office 3/2013 the constitution of finland and parliament’s rules of procedure The Constitution of Finland (731/1999, amendments up to 1112/2011 included) and Parliament’s Rules of Procedure (40/1999, amendments up to 1272/2010 included) NB: Unofficial translations Parliament of Finland 2013 On the cover: The facade of Parliament House Published with permission from the Ministry of Justice and Edita Publishing Oy. ISBN 978-951-53-3498-5 (nid.) ISBN 978-951-53-3499-2 (PDF) Erweko Oy Helsinki 2013 Contents The 2000 Constitution – Continuity and Strengthened Parliamentarism 5 The Constitution of Finland 13 Chapter 1 Fundamental provisions 14 Chapter 2 Basic rights and liberties 16 Chapter 3 The Parliament and the Representatives 22 Chapter 4 Parliamentary activity 25 Chapter 5 The President of the Republic and the Government 32 Chapter 6 Legislation 38 Chapter 7 State finances 42 Chapter 8 International relations 46 Chapter 9 Administration of justice 49 Chapter 10 Supervision of legality 52 Chapter 11 Administration and self-government 56 Chapter 12 National defence 58 Chapter 13 Final provisions 59 Parliament’s Rules Of Procedure 61 Chapter 1 Parliamentary session 62 Chapter 2 Bodies elected by the Parliament 63 Chapter 3 The initiation of matters in the Parliament 69 Chapter 4 Preparation of matters for plenary session 74 Chapter 5 Consideration of matters in plenary session 80 Chapter 6 Parliamentary documents 89 Chapter 7 Administration of the Parliament 91 Chapter 8 Miscellaneous provisions 93 Chapter -
Seinäjoen Kokoomus • Sata Vuotta • 1919-2019
S E I N Ä J O E N KO KO O M U S SATA VUOTTA • 1919-2019 1919 S E I N Ä J O E N 2019 SEINÄJOEN KOKOOMUS • SATA VUOTTA • 1919-2019 Hyvä ystävä! Seinäjoen Kokoomus ry:llä on vuonna yritteliäisyys antaa mahdollisuudet 2019 tärkeä juhlavuosi: täytämme kehittää hyvinvointiamme. kunniakkaat 100 vuotta. Juhlistamme sitä juhlan ja kädessäsi olevan historiikin Haluan kiittää juhlan hetkellä lämpimästi merkeissä. Sataan vuoteen mahtuu lähes kaikkia Seinäjoen Kokoomuksessa koko itsenäisen Suomen historia ja taival. t o i m i v i a j a t o i m i n e i t a a k t i i v e j a . Vaikeuksien kautta on luotu hyvinvoin- Panoksenne yhteisten asioiden hoidossa tiyhteiskunta, jossa on moni asia hyvin. Se on ollut äärettömän tärkeää. Myöskään on vaatinut paitsi taistelua itsenäisyydestä ilman hyviä yhteistyökumppaneita, kuten myös paljon työtä ja viisaita päätöksiä, Seinäjoen kaupunkia, yhdistys ei voi joita on tehty yhdessä Suomea rakentaen. menestyä – teille myös kiitos. Erityisesti Kokoomus on ollut aina vastuullinen, h a l u a n v i e l ä k i i t t ä ä S e i n ä j o e n yksilöä kunnioittava arvopuolue, joka on Kokoomuksen kunniapuheenjohtajaa ja toiminut koko yhteiskunnan hyväksi niin juhlatoimikunnan puheenjohtaja Matti valtakunnallisesti, alueellisesti kuin Kuvajaa 100-vuotisjuhlamme valmistelun paikallisestikin. koordinoinnista ja historiikin kokoamises- ta. Seinäjoen Kokoomus on jäsenmäärältään suurin Pohjanmaan maakuntien alueella Vastuu alkaa siitä, että välittää. Tämän toimivista Kokoomuksen jäsenyhdistyk- Kokoomuksen taannoisen vaalisloganin sistä. Tänä päivänä jäseniä on noin 130. olen kokenut itselleni läheiseksi. Sen Yhdistys toimii aktiivisesti Kokoomuksen voimin jatketaan kohti satavuotiskautta Seinäjoen kunnallisjärjestössä yhteistyös- sopivasti uudistuen, hyviä perinteitä sä muiden paikallisten kokoomusyhdis- hylkäämättä. -
International Human Rights Instruments As Domestic Laws
UNITED NATIONS HRI Distr. International GENERAL HRI/CORE/1/Add.59/Rev.1 Human Rights 25 June 1996 Instruments Original: ENGLISH CORE DOCUMENT FORMING PART OF THE REPORTS OF STATES PARTIES FINLAND [10 August 1995] Paragraphs Page I. LAND AND THE PEOPLE ................ 1- 8 2 A. General .................... 1- 6 2 B. A short history ................ 7- 8 2 II. CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS AND GENERAL POLITICAL STRUCTURE ..................... 9-22 3 A. General .................... 9-12 3 B. The national language ............. 13-22 3 III. STATISTICAL INFORMATION .............. 23 5 IV. GENERAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK WITHIN WHICH HUMAN RIGHTS ARE PROTECTED ................... 24-39 7 V. INFORMATION AND PUBLICITY ............. 40-45 9 GE.96-16917 (E) I. LAND AND THE PEOPLE A. General 1. With a total area of 338,145 km2, Finland is the seventh largest country in Europe. The longest distance from south to north is 1,160 km and the greatest width 540 km. Its total frontier is 3,600 km in length: 2,571 km are land borders, 586 km with Sweden, 716 km with Norway, and 1,269 km with Russia. The coastline is about 1,100 km long. 2. Approximately 70 per cent of the land surface is forest, 15 per cent cultivated land, settlement or roads and 15 per cent lakes and wasteland, such as swamps, arctic fells and sand. 3. The population of Finland in 1992 reached the 5 million mark. The average population density is 16.5 inhabitants/km2, which varies from 130 in the industrialized south to between 2 and 3 in the sparsely populated regions of the north.