THE PROCEEDINGS of The South Carolina Historical Association 2010 THE PROCEEDINGS of The South Carolina Historical Association 2010 Robert Figueira and Stephen Lowe Editors The South Carolina Historical Association South Carolina Department of Archives and History Columbia, South Carolina www.palmettohistory.org/scha/scha.htm © South Carolina Historical Association Officers of the Association President: Andrew Myers, University of South Carolina Upstate Vice President: Kevin Witherspoon, Lander University Secretary: Lars Seiler, Spring Valley High School Treasurer: Rodger Stroup, South Carolina Department of Archives and History (emeritus) Executive and Editorial Board Members J. Tracy Power, South Carolina Department of Archives and History (2010) W. Eric Emerson, Charleston Library Society (2011) Vernon Burton, Coastal Carolina University (2012) Robert C. Figueira, Lander University, editor Stephen Lowe, University of South Carolina Union, editor Officers of the Association Membership Application The SOUTH CAROLINA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION is an organization that furthers the teaching and understanding of history. The only requirement for membership is an interest in and a love for history. At the annual meeting papers on European, Asian, U.S., Southern, and South Carolina history are routinely presented. Papers presented at the annual meeting may be published in The Proceedings, a refereed journal. Membership benefits include: a subscription toThe Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association, notification of the annual meeting, the right to submit a pro- posal for a paper for presentation at the annual meeting, the SCHA Newsletter, and the annual membership roster of the Association. SCHA membership is from 1 January to 31 December. Student members must currently be enrolled in school. Regular members are those who are employed or are actively seeking employment. Life members are ten-year members of the or- ganization who have retired. To renew or join, please return this application with your check to: Rodger Stroup, Treasurer SCHA, South Carolina Department of Archives and History, 8301 Parklane Road, Columbia SC 29223 Telephone: (803) 896-6185; Fax: (803) 896-6186; E-mail: [email protected] Membership category (check one): Name and title (please print) ❑ Student ($10) Address ❑ Regular ($20) ❑ Life member City, state, and zip code Membership status (check one:) ❑ Renewal ❑ Phone/Institutional affiliation New E-mail address Area(s) of interest Editors’ Notes The Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association is a refereed journal contain- ing selected papers presented at the annual meeting. The editors and the other members of the Executive Board serve as the editorial committee, which is assisted by external reviewers chosen for their expertise. The opinions expressed in this journal represent the views only of the individual contributors; they do not reflect the views of the co-editors, other members of the editorial committee, or the South Carolina Historical Association. The South Carolina Historical Association asserts its copyright to the contents of this journal. The editors are especially indebted to those colleagues who reviewed papers for publication. Their comments and suggestions have greatly improved the quality of the papers presented here. Reviewers for the 2010 volume were: Joel Cleland, Lander University (emeritus) Avery Fouts, University of South Carolina Union Anita Gustafson, Presbyterian College Carmen V. Harris, University of South Carolina Upstate Richard Heiser, Presbyterian College Tom Pitts, Lander University W. Scott Poole, College of Charleston William Ramsey, Lander University Jessica Stern, California State University, Fullerton The editors wish to thank the authors whose papers are published here for their cooperation in revising their oral presentations and their written submissions. As has been the case often in the past, the assistance of Rodger Stroup and the South Carolina Department of Archives and History has been crucial in the production of this volume. Finally, very special thanks must be accorded to Judy Andrews for copy preparation and copyediting. Her speedy, careful, and judicious work in this capacity has once again greatly enhanced this volume. Contents The Age of Lincoln: Then and Now. ..7 Orville Vernon Burton, Coastal Carolina University Painting What Cannot Be Painted: Pieter Brueghel’s Silent Opinion. .. 23 David Basinger, Bob Jones University To “Vomit his Fury and Malice”: English Fears and Spanish Influences in the Exploration and Establishment of Carolina through 1670 . .31 Timothy P. Grady, University of South Carolina Upstate Origins and Development of College Football in South Carolina, 1889-1930 . .. 43 Fritz Hamer, South Carolina State Museum Beaufort and Louvain: Public Reaction to Library Destruction during the American Civil War and the World Wars. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 57 Roger K. Hux, Francis Marion University “A Little Learning is a Dangerous Thing”: Attitudes Toward Popular Literacy in Sixteenth-Century England.. 67 Carol A. Loar, University of South Carolina Upstate Confessionalization and the Creedal Tradition. 79 Lincoln Mullen, Brandeis University “We Are Marching to Zion”: Zion Church and the Distinctive Work of Presbyterian Slave Missionaries in Charleston, South Carolina, 1849–1874 .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 91 Otis Westbrook Pickett, University of Mississippi “Educational Opportunities for African Americans in the South Carolina Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933-1942”. .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 105 Robert Waller, Clemson University, Emeritus Minutes of the Seventy-seventh Annual Meeting. .. .. 117 7 The Age of Lincoln: Then and Now Orville Vernon Burton ou are forewarned that you are listening to the interpretation of an academic Ywhose judgment led him to study the American South and teach at the University of Illinois for thirty-four years, became a Lincoln scholar, and now teaches at Coastal Carolina University in South Carolina. Before talking about my book, The Age of Lincoln, I would like to suggest you take a look at a website (http://TheAgeofLincoln.com) where I have tried marrying the Internet with the book providing more extensive notes and discussions. The website also has Internet links to many of the sources in the notes. I was inspired to include the primary documents upon which The Age of Lincoln’s interpretation is based when Dr. James McPherson, my thesis advisor (who was, as usual, gracious enough to read the manuscript), questioned me on my interpretation of Jefferson Davis’ response to the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. I argue very differently than most historians who make the case that Jefferson Davis expressed regret about Lincoln’s assassination. In my response to Jim McPherson, I photocopied the testimony of Lewis F. Bates, at whose home in Charlotte, North Carolina, Davis was staying on 19 April when he learned of Booth’s success. Bates testified in May 1865 at the trial of the Lincoln murder conspirators that Davis loosely quoted from Shakespeare’s Macbeth, “if it were to be done at all, it were better that it were well done.”—meaning that the conspirators should have completed their goal of also killing Vice President Andrew Johnson, Secretary of State William Seward, and War Secretary Edwin Stanton. Since Jim had not seen this testimony, I decided to put all sources that were available in the public domain on the website. The AgeofLincoln.com website contains excerpts from the book, extensive documentation, historiographical discussions, explorations of where I agree and disagree with other historians, sources, a discussion board, instruction regarding how to email me, and the assurance that I will respond! I want the website to be useful to teachers so that they can help students learn historical thinking, particularly how historians, or at least one historian, frame historical problems, how historians use evidence, and how historians produce a historical narrative. I hope the website makes this process as transparent as possible. I also have hopes that the website will engage an expanding generation of younger folks at home on the Internet. Perhaps it will stimulate interest in learning the joys of reading a book. Already Lincoln is the most written about American and, on the world scene, is behind only Jesus and Shakespeare; if the number of books I have been asked to The Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association 1 8 review on Lincoln in the last two years is an indication, Shakespeare has concern for his second place ranking. Thus, I am often asked, what is different about my book, The Age of Lincoln? The Age of Lincoln is comprehensive and interpretive, and I cannot cover everything. But I thought you might enjoy hearing about five topics where I have made what are either new arguments or done something different than most scholars of the Civil War era. Thus, while I will not be able to develop these areas in any detail, I hope it will give you something to think about. And I would like to conclude with some remarks relevant to race and today. First, I was interested in Lincoln’s legacy, and in an answer to a question, I will rephrase from one of President Bill Clinton’s more infamous lines. Rather than worrying what the meaning of “is” is, I am interested in what the meaning of “us” is. Lincoln is about us, who we are. In the 13 April 2009 edition of Newsweek, editor Jon