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Review Article on Wheat Flour/Wheat Bran/Wheat Husk Based Bio Composites

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Review Article on Wheat Flour/Wheat Bran/Wheat Husk Based Bio Composites International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 4, Issue 4, April 2014 1 ISSN 2250-3153 Review article on wheat flour/wheat bran/wheat husk based bio composites R. Siva Shankar1, S.A. Srinivasan1, Dr.S.Shankar2, Dr.R.Rajasekar3, R. Naveen Kumar4, P. Sathish Kumar1 1 PG Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Building and Mechanical Sciences, Kongu Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India. 2Associate Professor, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, School of Building and Mechanical Sciences, Kongu Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India. 3Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Building and Mechanical Sciences, Kongu Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India. 4Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Building and Mechanical Sciences, Kongu Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India. Abstract- In recent years, extensive studies have been carried out family is also a biodegradable and environmentally friendly crop. on natural fiber reinforced thermoplastics due to their low cost, It has been found to be an important source of fiber for high specific properties, simple fabrication methods, composites and other industrial applications. The mechanical biodegradable nature and diverse applications touching all properties of composites manufactured from polyester resin with commercial sectors. The challenge is to make composites with Kenaf fiber that blows to a height of at least 10 meter. properties that are not overly compromised by the use of low Traditionally hemp has been used to make ropes but these days technology. In this work, we review the performances of these its fiber is used to make items such as clothing, toys and shoes. resources, that is, wheat flour/wheat husk/wheat grain. By adding The fiber is fully biodegradable, non-toxic and may be recycled. natural fibers, composites are also obtained by extrusion process. Natural fibers are renewable resources in many developing These composites exhibit performances which allow their use countries of the world; they are cheaper, pose no health hazards only for short duration. The mechanical, morphological, and finally, provide a solution to environmental pollution by chemical, water absorption and thermal properties of finding new uses for waste materials. Furthermore, natural fiber biocomposites were studied. reinforced polymer composites form a new class of materials which seem to have good potential in the future as a substitute Index Terms- Biocomposite, Natural Fiber, Wheat flour, Wheat for scarce wood and wood based materials in structural Husk, Wheat Grain applications. Fibers obtained from the various parts of the plants are known as vegetable fibers. These fibers are classified into three categories depending on the part of the plant from which I. INTRODUCTION they are extracted. he use of natural fiber for the reinforcement of the Tcomposites has received increasing attention both by the 1. Bast or Stem fibers (jute, mesta, banana etc.) academic sector and the industry. Natural fibers have many 2. Leaf fibers (sisal, pineapple, screw pine etc.) significant advantages over synthetic fibers. Currently, many 3. Fruit fibers (cotton, coir, oil palm etc.) types of natural fibers have been investigated for use in plastics including flax, hemp, jute straw, wood, rice husk, wheat, barley, Properties of plant fibers depend mainly on the nature of the oats, rye, cane (sugar and bamboo), grass, reeds, kenaf, ramie, oil plant, locality in which it is grown, age of the plant, and the palm empty fruit bunch, sisal, coir, water, hyacinth, pennywort, extraction method used. For example, coir is a hard and tough kapok, paper mulberry, raphia, banana fiber, pineapple leaf fiber multicellular fiber with a central portion called “lacuna”. Sisal is and papyrus. Thermoplastics reinforced with special wood fillers an important leaf fiber and is very strong. Pineapple leaf fiber is are enjoying rapid growth due to their many advantages; soft and has high cellulose content. Oil palm fibers are hard and lightweight reasonable strength and stiffness. Some plant tough, and show similarity to coir fibers in cellular structure. The proteins are interesting renewable materials, because of their elementary unit of a cellulose macromolecule is anhydro-d- thermoplastic properties. Wheat gluten is unique among cereal glucose, which contains three alcohol hydroxyls (-OH) (Bledzki and other plant proteins in its ability to form a cohesive blend et al., 1996). These hydroxyls form hydrogen bonds inside the with viscoelastic properties once plasticized. For these reasons, macromolecule itself (intramolecular) and between other wheat gluten has been utilized to process edible or biodegradable cellulose macromolecules (intermolecular) as well as with films or packing materials. Hemp is a bast lingo cellulosic fiber hydroxyl groups from the air. Therefore, all plant fibers are of a comes from the plant Cannabis sativa and has been used as hydrophilic nature; their moisture content reaches 8-13%. In reinforcement in biodegradable composites. Composites based addition to cellulose, plant fibers contain different natural on biologically degradable polyester amide and plant fiber (flax substances. The most important of them is lignin. The distinct and cottons) with good mechanical properties such as sufficient cells of hard plant fibers are bonded together by lignin, acting as water resistance and biodegradability have also been a cementing material. The lignin content of plant fibers investigated. Kenaf, Hibiscus cannabinus L a member of hibiscus influences its structure, properties and morphology. An important www.ijsrp.org International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 4, Issue 4, April 2014 2 ISSN 2250-3153 characteristic of vegetable fiber is their degree of polymerization biodegradability, and degradation are attributed to acids bases (DP). The cellulose molecules of each fiber differ in their DP and and UV radiation that alters the bio-composites back into their consequently, the fiber is a complex mixture of polymer basic building blocks (carbon dioxide and water). However, the homologue (C6H10O5)n. Bast fibers commonly show the highest properties of natural fibers that result from the chemistry of the DP among all the plant fibers (~10,000). Traditionally these cell wall components make some main problems in bio- fibers have been used for making twines, ropes, cords as composites. Therefore, to address these problems, improving the packaging material in sacks and gunny bags as carpet-backing natural fiber properties by modifying the basic chemistry of the and more recently as a geotextile material. cell wall polymers has been recommended. Natural fibers as reinforcement have recently attracted the attention of researchers because of their advantages over other established materials. Natural fibers are II. MATERIALS AND NATURAL FIBER Environmentally friendly PREPARATION fully biodegradable Wheat flour of starch content above 85 % and lower than 12 abundantly available % protein content was provided by Grand Moulin (Paris, Renewable and cheap and have low density France). Glycerol and magnesium stearate which was used as a Plant fibers are light compared to glass, carbon and additives for production of thermoplastic were taken as aramid fibers laboratory quality. Fibers are obtained from any of local sources. Light yellow color fibers called as a wheat husk which was The biodegradability of plant fibers can contribute to a grown up in Germany and collected through IGV institute, healthy ecosystem while their low cost and high performance Germany. Wheat gluten was taken from Milan, Italy and also fulfils the economic interest of industry. When natural fiber- wheat and spelt bran also bought from same place. o reinforced plastics are subjected at the end of their life cycle to The wheat flour and wheat husk was dried in the die at 80 c combustion process or landfill, the released amount of CO2 of the to remove moisture and other presence of impurities. Wheat fibers is neutral with respect to the assimilated amount during gluten taken from wheat bran .Preparation of sisal or cotton fiber their growth. The abrasive nature of fiber is much lower which with wheat flour based thermoplastic matrix biocomposites. leads to advantages in regard to technical process and recycling Production of matrix contain glycerol and magnesium stearate process of the composite materials in general. Natural fiber- then wheat flour then using different variation of fiber mixed reinforced plastics, by using biodegradable polymers as matrices using turbo mixer then pellets created by extrusion process. Then are the most environmental friendly materials which can be pellets were extruded again at 120oc with rotating speed 60 rpm. composed at the end of their life cycle. Natural fiber composites Then using hydraulic press give pressure of 10 kg/cm2 at same are used in place of glass mostly in non-structural applications. A temperature to create composites. number of automotive components previously made with glass fiber composites are now being manufactured using environmentally friendly composites. Although natural fibers and III. BIO-COMPOSITES their composites are environmental friendly and renewable Bio-composite are composite materials compromising one or (unlike traditional sources of energy, i.e., coal, oil and gas), these more phase(s) derived from biological origin. The natural fibers have several bottlenecks.
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