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Karl Ernst Von Baer Genesis of Ground Ice First Soil Temperature Studies In Early investigations of permafrost in Siberia by Baltic-German and German scientists Diedrich Fritzsche1 ([email protected]) and Erki Tammiksaar2 1Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany 2University of Tartu, Faculty of Science and Technology, Estonia In the 18th and 19th centuries several (1815-1894) traveled through Siberia German and Baltic-German scientists collecting information about the flora, investigated almost unknown territories fauna, geology, climate, ethnology, Karl Ernst von Baer of the Russian Empire. Many of them were history and economy of the Far East of invited by Russian emperors and some Russia. Their results were mostly b e c a m e a c a d e m i c i a n s o f t h e S t . published in journals of the Russian Karl Ernst von Baer (1792-1876) the expedition to North and East Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Geographical Society. Information about was a Baltic-German naturalist Siberia by A. Th. von Middendorff. German naturalists like Georg Wilhelm Russia became available in Europe and member of the St. Petersburg The main task was to investigate Steller (1709-1746), Johann Georg Gmelin through special journals edited by Academy of Sciences. Between permafrost thickness, tempera- (1709-1755), Peter Simon Pallas (1741- Germans such as P.S. Pallas [1], J.G. 1838 and 1843 he collected all data ture and distribution [15]. Baer available on Siberian ever frozen drew the first permafrost map of 1811), Karl Ernst von Baer (1792-1876), Georgi [2], Th. Fr. Ehrmann [3], A. Erman ground. He wrote a special per- Siberia (below). Unfortunately his Ferdinand von Wrangell (1797-1870) and [4], K.E. v. Baer and G. v. Helmersen [5]. mafrost study including the first study and the map were not Alexander Theodor von Middendorff classification of permafrost and published before 2000 [16]. He suggested to carry out regular also suggested investigations of observations in the Shergin shaft. air and soil temperatures in Baer formulated instructions for British North America [17] [18]. First soil temperature studies in Yakutsk Karl Ernst von Baer in 1840 The western world was first therein in April 1829 by the informed of the permanent frozen German physicist Adolph Erman ground in Siberia by J.G. Gmelin (1806–1877). Down to the bottom who had reported about such a of the shaft (about 15 m deep at phenomenon in Yakutsk, but t h a t t i m e ) h e r e c o r d e d Leopold von Buch (1774–1853) continuously –7.5° C in deeper was doubtful and considered parts, which corresponded well to impossible that plants were the mean annual temperature in growing in this region on the Yakutsk of –7.4° C. This result can permanently frozen soil [6] [7]. On be regarded as the first record of the initiative of the merchant of the depth of permafrost of "Zero the Russian-American Company, Annual Amplitude". Erman Fedor Shergin, a shaft was dug in expected liquid water at the depth Yakutsk to get drinking water. To of about 190 m [9] [10]. Shergin´s Shergin´s surprise, they did not measurements published in 1838 reach water. Ferdinand von indicated temperatures of ~–0.6° Wrangell, new Governor of the C at the bottom of the shaft [8]. Russian America, insisted in 1829 Several scientists were doubtful on continuation of digging at the about Shergin´s data [10] [11]. expense of the Company in order Regular measurements in the to study the frozen ground Shergin shaft (1844–1846) were underneath Yakutsk. Between c a r r i e d o u t b y A . T h . v o n 1828 and 1837, they reached the Middendorff. He reported on a depth of about 116.5 m, but the bottom temperature –3.0° C [12] soil was continuously frozen [8]. and published his detailed The shaft appeared to be of great g e o t h e r m a l o b s e r v a t i o n s , importance for further geo- including data on the thermal cryological studies. conductivity of soils – a result of First measurements of the frozen geothermal measurements in the soil temperature were carried out Shergin shaft [13]. Baer’s map of permafrost distribution in Siberia drawn in 1843 [17] Shergin’s shaft in Yakutsk Profiles of soil temperature in 1 - Longitudinal section of the 116.5 m deep shaft. Shergin’s shaft Black dots symbolizing measuring cavities. 4 - Sandstone found in the bottom part. Genesis of ground ice First measurements were carried out by Adolph Erman in 1829 (upper 15 m) and by 6 - Thermometer in a copper shell (b) filled with A. Th. von Middendorff (1844-46) over the tallow - used by Middendorff. whole shaft’s depth. They have been 7 - Tool for preparation of measuring cavities in the repeated - amongst others - by Belokrylov shaft’s wall Scientific world was deeply “fossil ice“ and “ice rock” Photo: Senkin (1938-39) and Lukin (1959-63) Scheme: A. Th. v. Middendorff [13] Data after Solovev [14] impressed by the first photographs (Steineis) in geocryology [22]. of huge ground ice wedges Alexander von Bunge did not agree published by Baron Eduard von with him. In 1902, Bunge was the Toll in 1897. He speculated that first one to publish a hypothesis of these formations were relicts of the genesis of ground ice by Hunting for Mammoth carcasses glaciers and introduced terms like thermal contraction [23]. The Russian empire participated learned that close to the Sagastyr in the 1st International Polar Year station there was a place, well of 1882–1883 with two Arctic known to indigenous people, stations, one on Novaya Zemlya where a mammoth was found. He and the other on Sagastyr Island prolonged the trip for another in the north of the Lena delta. year and found the carcass [20]. Regular soil temperature measu- In 1885–1886, an expedition rements in three different depths organized by the St. Petersburg were included in the meteoro- Academy of Sciences under his logical program of both stations. command studied New Siberian On Sagastyr, these observations Islands where mammoth ivory Baron Eduard von Toll in 1889 were carried out by the astrono- was frequently found [21]. Eduard Ice wedges at the coast of Bolshoy Lyakhovskiy Island mer and geophysicist Adolph von Toll (1858–1902) acted as the Photos: Eduard von Toll [22] Eigner (1854– ?) [19], while zoologist and geologist of the [9] Erman, A.: Reise um die Erde durch Nordasien und die beiden Tammiksaar; edited by Lorenz King. Berichte und Arbeiten aus der References Oceane. Historische Abteilung, 2. Bd. Berlin (1838): 250-252 Universitätsbibliothek und dem Universitätsarchiv Giessen, Bd. 51 A l e x a n d e r v o n B u n g e expedition. It was the first natural [10] Erman, A.: Extract from a letter dated Berlin March 5, 1838. The (2001) Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London 8 (1838): 212-213 [19] Eigner, A.; Lenz, R. (ed.): Beobachtungen der russischen [1] Pallas, P.S. (ed.): Nordische Beyträge zur physikalischen und [11] Erman, A.: Beschaffenheit des sibirischen Erdbodens und seiner Polarstation an der Lenamündung. II. Theil. Meteorologische (1851–1930) served as a medical scientific expedition to the geographischen Erd- und Völkerbeschreibung, Naturgeschichte und Temperatur. Annalen der Erd-, Völker- und Staatenkunde, Bd. 2, R.5 Beobachtungen. I. Lieferung. Beobachtungen vom Jahre 1882-1883 Oekonomie. 7 Bände. Logan, St. Petersburg (1781-1796) 1831/32 (1832): 541-543 (1886): 95-129 d o c t o r. B o t h w e r e B a l t i c - archipelago in which inter alia [2] Georgi, J.G.: Geographisch-physikalische und naturhistorische [12] Middendorff, A.T.v.: Bericht über den Schergin-Schacht zu [20] Bunge, A.v.: Naturhistorische Beobachtungen und Fahrten im Beschreibung des Rußischen Reichs zur Uebersicht bisheriger Jakutsk. Annalen der Physik und Chemie 62. Bd. (1844): 404-415 Lena-Delta. Aus Briefen an den Akademiker L.v. Schrenck. Bulletin de Kenntnisse von demselben. 4 Teile, Friedrich Nicolovius, Königsberg [13] Middendorff, A.T.v.: Geothermische Beobachtungen. In: Reise in l'Académie impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg. T. XXIX No.3 Germans. The head of the station numerous remains of Pleistocene (1797-1801) den äussersten Norden und Osten Sibiriens: Einleitung, Klimatologie, (1884): 422-476 [3] Ehrmann, Th. Fr.: Neueste Kunde vom Russischen Reiche in Geognosie. St. Petersburg, Bd. 1 (1) (1848): 83-183, Taf. XII-XIV [21] Schrenck, L.v.; Bunge, A.v.; Toll, E.v.: Die von der Kaiserlichen was Lieutenant Nikolay D. mammals were found referring to Europa und Asien. Diesbachische Buchhandlung, Prag (1808) [14] Solov’ev, P.A.: Shakhta Shergina, Yakutsk, Institut Akademie der Wissenschaften ausgerüstete Expedition nach den [4] Erman, A.: Archiv für wissenschaftliche Kunde von Russland. merzlotovedeniya SO RAN (1997) (in Russian) Neusibirischen Inseln und dem Jana-Lande. Beiträge zur Kenntniss Jürgens (1847–1898). Bunge was a relatively warm climate in late Reimer, Berlin (1841-1867) [15] Baer, K.E.v., Brandt, F., Lenz, E., Meyer, C.: Instructions donnees a des Russischen Reiches und der angrenzenden Länder Asiens, Dritte Alexander von Bunge [5] Baer, K.E.v.; Helmersen, G.v. (eds.): Beiträge zur Kenntniss des M. le docteur de Middendorff, pour son voyage en Siberie. Bulletin de la Folge (1887) Russischen Reiches und der angränzenden Länder Asiens. Folge 1. Classe physico-mathematique de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences [22] Toll, E.v.: Iskopaemye ledniki Novo-Sibirskikh ostrovov, ikh especially interested in mammoth Pleistocene. The expedition ca. 1895 Bdch. 1-26 (1839-1872) de St.-Pétersbourg, T. 1 (1843): 177-185 otnoshenie k trupam mamontov i k lednikovomu periodu (Ancient [6] Buch, L.v.: Einige Bemerkungen über Quellen-Temperatur.
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