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Variación Estacional En La Composición De Ensambles Sublitorales De Macroalgas Asociadas Al Alga Roja Gigartina Skottsbergii

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Variación Estacional En La Composición De Ensambles Sublitorales De Macroalgas Asociadas Al Alga Roja Gigartina Skottsbergii Anales Instituto Patagonia (Chile), 2016. Vol. 44(2):5-22 5 Variación estacional en la composición de ensambles sublitorales de macroalgas asociadas al alga roja Gigartina skottsbergii Setchell & Gardner, en el Estrecho de Magallanes, Chile Seasonal variation in the composition of subtidal macroalgal assemblages associated with the red macroalga Gigartina skottsbergii Setchell & Gardner, in the Strait of Magellan, Chile Johanna Marambio1,2, Sebastián Rosenfeld1,2, Jaime Ojeda1, Andrés Mansilla1,2 Resumen sublitorales de macroalgas en dos localidades del La creciente demanda de carragenanos por Estrecho de Magallanes. parte de la industria chilena y mundial ha provocado una fuerte presión extractiva sobre Palabras claves: Subantártico, macroalgas, las praderas naturales de ‘luga roja’, Gigartina biodiversidad, estacional, sublitoral. skottsbergii, desplazando el esfuerzo pesquero desde los 41°S hacia la zona más austral de Abstract Chile (54-56°S). A pesar del conocimiento The emergent demand for carrageenan by generado sobre la biología de G. skottsbergii, Chilean and global industries caused increasing se desconocen las macroalgas asociadas a sus extraction pressures on natural populations of praderas naturales, por lo tanto no se sabe ‘red luga’, Gigartina skottsbergii, displacing cómo afectan factores estresantes como: cambio fishing effort from 41°S to the southernmost climático, acidificación de los océanos, pesquería region of Chile (54-56 °S). artesanal, entre otros, sobre los organismos Despite the knowledge generated in the biology asociados a praderas de G. skottsbergii. En of G. skottsbergii, unknown the flora associated este trabajo se evalúa estacionalmente la com- with G. skottsbergii, therefore we don´t know, posición de las macroalgas asociadas a dos the real impacts of: global warming, ocean praderas ubicadas en el Estrecho de Magallanes. acidification, extractive fishery, among others, Los sitios de estudio corresponden a Santa María in benthic community associated with G. (Isla Tierra del Fuego) y Santa Ana (Península skottsbergii. In this work we evaluate seasonal de Brunswick). Se identificaron un total de composition of macroalgae associated with two 31 especies (21 Rhodophyta, 7 Ochrophyta populations of G. skottsbergii in the Strait of and 3 Chlorophyta). La riqueza promedio de Magellan. The study sites corresponded to Santa especies por cuadrante, en Santa Ana presentó María (Tierra del Fuego Island) and Santa Ana un aumento significativo durante el verano (Brunswick Peninsula). We identified a total (p<0,05), presentando la mayor riqueza en of 31 species (21 Rhodophyta, 7 Ochrophyta otoño (4,2±0,3), mientras que, en Santa María and 3 Chlorophyta). The species richness no se observaron diferencias significativas entre las estaciones del año (p>0,05). Los análisis 1 Laboratorio de Macroalgas Antárticas y Subantárticas multivariados arrojaron diferencias significativas (LMAS), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. en la composición de los ensambles de [email protected], [email protected], macroalgas entre las dos localidades, para cada [email protected], [email protected] estación del año (p<0,05). Este trabajo entrega 2 Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago, Chile el primer inventario estacional de ensambles Recibido: 5, jun. 2016 Aceptado: 6, jun. 2016 6 J. MARAMBIO et al. average of the macroalgae, per quadrant, in cobertura (Cubit, 1984). Sin embargo, para las Santa Ana have a significant increase during costas de California se ha descrito que la mínima summer, with the greatest richness in autumn cobertura de macroalgas se encuentra en invierno (p<0.05), meanwhile, Santa María did not show y la máxima en el verano tardío, estas variaciones significant differences between the different han sido asociadas a periodos de surgencias seasons (p>0.05). The multivariate analysis costeras (Murray & Horn, 1989). Este mismo showed significant differences in the assemblage patrón se ha observado hacia latitudes altas del composition of macroalgae between the two Hemisferio Norte en las costas de Islandia, en localities at each season (p<0.05). This work donde la cobertura de macroalgas aumenta en is the first report of the seasonal dynamics of verano y disminuye en invierno estos cambios se assemblages of subtidal macroalgae in the Strait correlacionan con la irradianza y nutrientes, pero of Magellan. no con la temperatura (Gunnarsson & Ingolfsson, 1995). Para el caso de los hábitats submareales, Key words: Subantarctic, macroalgae, los cuales no están sujetos a los mismos factores biodiversity, seasonal, subtidal. que los intermareales (e.g. alta intensidad de luz y desecación), también se han descrito variaciones INTRODUCCIÓN estacionales en la composición de las comunidades algales. Por ejemplo, en las costas de bahía La Paz, Los hábitats rocosos ofrecen varios desafíos, México, se ha observado que la mínima riqueza a la hora de evaluar el estado de las comunidades y abundancia de macroalgas se encuentra en costeras. Dentro de las características más invierno y la máxima en el verano tardío, debido importantes de estos hábitats, se encuentra una a la alta variación de temperatura de esta zona alta variabilidad espacial y temporal de factores (Cruz-Ayala et al. 1998). Patrón contrario ocurre ambientales, que dan como resultado múltiples en costas de la isla Jeju, Corea del Sur, donde la estructuras comunitarias, que pueden cambiar con estacionalidad marca los patrones de riqueza de el tiempo, o generar incluso parches dentro del la flora submareal, presentando entre invierno y mismo hábitat (Murray et al. 2016). Asimismo, primavera la riqueza más alta, siguiéndole el verano las comunidades algales costeras están sujetas a temprano (Chan & Sook, 2012). Para el caso de procesos físicos (e.g. acción del oleaje, inestabilidad latitudes altas del Hemisferio Sur, en las costas del substrato, desecación (Contreras-Porcia et al. de la península Antártica, donde las variaciones 2011), temperatura, fotoperiodo, ph entre otros de luz y temperatura están estrictamente ligadas (Dawes, 1998) y biológicos (e.g. herbivoría), los a la estacionalidad, las mayores coberturas de cuales determinan la composición y abundancia, macroalgas se observan en periodos estivales (Kim, de las especies que allí habitan (Yodzis, 1993). 2001), ya que a finales de primavera y comienzo Dentro los factores que afectan la estructura del verano, las algas se encuentran en un estado de las comunidades algales, la estacionalidad es óptimo fisiológico, debido a que las condiciones uno de los más relevantes (Cubit, 1984). En el ambientales son ideales para un alto nivel de caso de los hábitats intermareales se ha descrito fotosíntesis (Becker et al. 2010). Por lo tanto, en que la variación estacional de las comunidades general debido al efecto de la latitud y a condiciones de macroalgas depende de la latitud y de factores ambientales locales, hacia altas latitudes en ambos ambientales locales (Hill & Hawkins, 1991; hemisferios se ha descrito cambios estacionales Gunnarsson & Ingolfsson, 1995; Thompson, notables en la riqueza y abundancia de comunidades 2000; Jenkins, 2001). Por ejemplo en zonas de macroalgas costeras (Ojeda, 2013). templadas del Hemisferio Norte, en las costas de Para el sistema de canales y fiordos Oregon, se ha descrito que durante el periodo subantárticos (43°S a 56°S), gran parte del invernal las macroalgas presentan un rápido conocimiento ficológico comenzó a gestarse en crecimiento, mientras que durante los meses numerosas expediciones científicas realizadas estivales, debido a la alta desecación y a la presión desde el siglo XIX (ver Ramírez, 2010; Mansilla de herbivoría, estas comunidades reducen su et al. 2013). No obstante, estudios sobre la VARIACIÓN ESTACIONAL DE MACROALGAS ASOCIADAS A GIGARTINA SKOTTSBERGII 7 caracterización de ensambles de macroalgas por pradera (Ávila et al. 2004). La extracción de han sido escasos (Guzman & Ríos, 1981; Ríos esta especie tiene por objeto proveer de materia & Mutschke, 1999; Benedetti-Cecchi & Cinelli, prima a la industria procesadora de hidrocoloide 1997). Recientemente Ojeda (2013), realizó carragenano (carragenina), gel de múltiples una caracterización temporal y espacial de la aplicaciones utilizado principalmente en la comunidad de macroalgas en Isla Navarino, industria alimenticia y cosmética (Romo et al. encontrando que los ensambles de macroalgas no 2001). En razón a la creciente demanda, tanto presentan un patrón de estructuración espacial, e por parte de la industria nacional como por la incluso pueden existir diferencias en la estructura necesidad de materia prima desde el extranjero, de los ensamble de macroalgas entre sitios, para las praderas naturales han sufrido gran impacto similares niveles intermareales dentro de una y su recuperación ha sido lenta, mostrando misma bahía. Asi mismo, este autor encontró indicios de la devastación de las praderas que los ensambles de macroalgas presentaron naturales en la región de Puerto Montt, Chile una marcada dinámica estacional, encontrándose (41°S). Por esta razón, en la actualidad buena la mayor riqueza y abundancia en verano, en parte de la presión extractiva se ha desplazado relación a los periodos invernales. Sin embargo, hacia el sur, en primera instancia hacia el área todas estas contribuciones se han realizado en del Golfo de Penas (~47ºS) y posteriormente ambientes intermareales. El único trabajo que hacia la Región de Magallanes (~53ºS; Romo et evalúa ensambles
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