DOCSLIB.ORG

Greeks, Barbarians and Strangers in Papyrological Fragments of Lost Novels*

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Greeks, Barbarians and Strangers in Papyrological Fragments of Lost Novels* H/CEA/7WWXVII-XVIII, 1998-1999 GREEKS, BARBARIANS AND STRANGERS IN PAPYROLOGICAL FRAGMENTS OF LOST NOVELS* MARÍA PAZ LÓPEZ MARTÍNEZ University of Alicante For Emilio, SI8OCCKÓ(A,CJÚI (|nA,oco(¡)íac Una de las cuestiones que ha despertado reciente interés entre los helenistas es la postura que los griegos adoptaron hacia los otros pueblos antiguos con los que mantuvieron contacto, en una actitud oscilante entre la presunción y la curiosidad. Nuestro propósito es ilustrar el tema en el marco concreto de los fragmentos de novela, intentando alcanzar alguna hipótesis de carácter más general. One of the question which has aroused great interest amongs Hellenists over the last decades, surrounding which there ¡s extensive bibliography, is the Greeks' attitude to other peoples they termed barbarians. Even though we risk simplifying we could sum up by stating that the Greeks. Our aim here is to ¡Ilústrate this con- and 28-29; Zimmermann 1936, n° 6A, 6B and tradiction within the specific framework of 6C, 52-63; Stephens and Winkler 1995, 72-100; papyrolog'ical fragments which could have López Martínez 1998b, 121 -144): We shall start belonged to novéis now lost to us\ and by this with some fragments which recréate an short study arrive at some general conclusión2. atmosphere akin to Chariton's historical novel First, we will refer to texts which, directly (Hágg, 1987, 184-204). Parthenope (Ziegler, or indirectly, defend the Greek character. To RE, 18.4.1935-36), the daughter of the famous follow we will look at fragments, which have as tyrant Polykrates of Samos, is the heroine of a their main characters members of those novel in which the male protagonist is another barbarían nations the Greeks kept such cióse character from the history of Greece. Par- ties with over the centuries. For that very reason thenope's partner was Metiochos (Fabricius, they were so familiar to them: Phoenicians, 'Metiochos', RE, 15.2.1407-1408), son in turn Egyptians, Persians, Syrians, Babylonians, of the victorious hero at the battle of Marathón. Scythians, Arabs, Ethiopians... The desire to The plot takes place in a context which is learn about them usually follows one of two relatively near in time and space for the trends: apparent objectivity or a tendency towards xenophobia3. However, this is not the end of the matter. * Our thanks to Professor A. Bernabé, Universidad Complutense Greeks and barbarians both lived in the same and to Professor B.P. Reardon, UC Irvine, who have read this world of the «known», so the coordinates of the article and who are not responsible for any errors that remain. stories included in the above mentioned groups 1 These fragments have been catalogued as novéis in a way which are life-like, or even at times, taken from reality. may appear somewhat provisional. We have opted to apply an We are referring in particular here to the all-embracing criterion, even at the risk of offering, at times, more suggestions than conclusions, awaiting respondeant meliores historical novel. Beyond these limits lies an et doctiores, The catalogue we propose appeared in López unknown universe, governed by completely Martínez, 1997,636-642. imaginary laws. This is the world of the texts 2 Here we are exclusively concerned with the panorama the we include in the last section. fragments offer, and how the non-Greek influenced the complete novéis, and regarding the Greek/Barbarian antithesis itself, from I. Metiochos and Parthenope (PBerol a global viewpoint, we recommend Bibliography-Appendix A. 9588, PBerol. 7927, PBerol. 21179, POxy. 3 On the themes of nationaiism and the antithesis of the barbarían 435?; OBodl. 2175) (Lavagnini 1922, 21-24 and the Greek, please refer to the Bibliography-Appendix B. 221 iníended reader (Herodotus 3.124; 3.140-51; 1995, 277-288; López Martínez 1998b, 296- 6.39-4I). The type of episode narrated in the 306): In the papyrus entitled Antheia there is a novel threw a rosy light on the role of the Greeks possible reference to the Taurians5. These in history. However, we cannot presume that people were the former inhabitants of the the same applies to the other peoples who Crímean península. They were pírates in the supposedly took part in the events, for it is a Black Sea and became allies of the Scythian well-known historical fact that Polykrates of king at the end of the Xlth century B.C. Samos was executed by the Persian satrap PS/151 and PMil Vogl. 260 (Lavagnini, Oroetes, and, according to a very plausible 1922, 32-33; Zimmermann, 1936, n° 5, 50-52; reconstruction of the story (Hágg, 1984, 61 -92), Stephens and Winkler 1995, 391-399; López young Parthenope was abducted by the king of Martínez 1998b, 329-336): Apollonius is the Persia and was thus the victim of another vile protagonist of some fragments in which the act. presence of satraps and magnates gathered PHarris 173 (López Martfnez 1998b, 337- together at a banquet held by the king filis the 340): The classification as novel of this papyrus scene with the atmosphere of the Orient. Some can not be ensured due to its poor condition. scholars believe this to be the original from The little left to us would lead us to believe ¡t to which the Latin novel Historia Apollonii Regís be linked to the work of Pseudo-Callisthenes, Tyr/laterderived. Possibly the oftquoted foreign as in the first chapter of this fictional biography adulteress also figured here (Chiarini, 1983, we are told that Alexander is educated by Greek 267-292). teachers. Terms such as Ttpóc jraí8et)Civ, xbv PBerol. inv. 11517 (Stephens and eXXr\vic\ióv and 'éXXr\v yevóuxvoc seem to Winkler 1995, 375-388; López Martínez 1998b, refer to the peculiarities of the Greek character. 266-275): Alongside all these fragments and their propaganda, one text stands out. We II. Kalligone(PSI981; POxy. ined. 112/ cannot fully ensure that it is a member of the 130 a4) (Zimmermann 1936, N° 4, 46-50; genre, although this would seem quite proba­ Stephens and Winkler 1995, 267-276; López ble. The plot refers directly to the sacred in Martínez 1998b, 145-155): At other times we Greek civilization, the sanctuary at Delphi and clearly see evidence of Greek chauvinism in the Pythia's oracle. To be highlighted is the fact the papyri. Kalligone's ñame which speaks for that there is fierce criticism here of a cultural itself and her strong personality lead us to symbol so cióse to the heart of the Greeks that assume that she must have been the heroine not even such a fine mind as Sócrates himself of the lost novel which the fragment bearing was capable of ever questioning its existence. the same ñame probably belonged to. We have The criticism is charged with fine rationalist tried to reconstruct the storyline of the novel spirit. In the scene we see the priest of Delphi by comparing it to one of Lucian's works entitled begging a bloodthirsty individual called Daulis Toxaris. Judging from this, Kalligone was for mercy. This character can be seen to be the abducted by the Scythians and in a fit of rage leader of a foreign army, according to the first she gives a speech in favour of her Greek editor's conjecture, or else he could be the head identity. The character is in many ways similar of a paramilitary group of villains like the one to that of Eurípides' Medea: both prove to have described in Phoinikika by Lollianus (v. infra). a very strong personality. There is even a Daulis fires his accusations of mercenary suggestion that they are slightly mentally behaviour in an expressive speech which is unbalanced. It turns out that they are also both striking for how modern his line of argument foreigners, although paradoxically they are in sounds. He also dares to boast about his cruelty opposite situations. Medea is a barbarían in to the cowering prophef whom he is threatening Hellenic territory and Kalligone is a Greek in to kill. The prophet implores his executioner not foreign lands. to commit the sacrilege of spilling his blood on POxy. 417 (Stephens and Winkler 1995, 438-443; López Martínez 1998b, 322-328): The Scythians could also be the ones who are res­ 4 Ourthanks to Professor Parsons, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford ponsable for the kidnapping of the small son of for having pointed out the existence of an unpublished papyrus, which would oorrespondto the same novel, POxy. ined. 112/130 a woman called Theano, who asks the Gods to (a). help her find his whereabouts. 5Line 2 of column III." Apteuav in line 7 of this same column PS/726 (Lavagnini, 1922,29-30, Zimmer­ could back up this theory. Refer to Iphigenia Among the Taurians, mann, 1936, n° 9, 78-84; Stephens and Winkler by Eurípides on this question. 222 the god's altar. The sacrilegious nature of to appear young, tender and loving in a way which Daulis' character would be easier to justify if appealed to people's taste during the Hellenistic we could maintain that he ¡s a foreigner who and Imperial Ages, but this is far from the image gets his just deserts for his impious behaviour. reflected by other sources (Plutarchus, Erotikos The ñame Daulis provides us with no information 753 d-e.Others Greek sources: Herodotus, 1.184, in this respect. 3.155; Hesychius, s.v.; Lucianus, De Syria dea D. 14 and Aelianus, Varia historia 7.1). The III. The next group to be discussed shows protagonists are two adolescents in love who evidence of a great step forward as it includes follow the social conventions dictated by a cul­ several texts which grant the barbarians leading tural koinh/ which goes far beyond linguistic roles.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Israel Museum Studies in Archaeology Volume 8 · 2016‒2017 Israel Museum Studies in Archaeology Volume 8 • 2016‒2017
    Israel Museum Studies in Archaeology Volume 8 · 2016‒2017 Israel Museum Studies in Archaeology Volume 8 • 2016‒2017 An annual publication of The Samuel and Saidye Bronfman Archaeology Wing, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem This volume was made possible by The Montgomery Securities and Friends Endowment Fund of the Israel Museum Additional support was provided by Dr. David and Jemima Jeselsohn, Zurich Editor: Silvia Rozenberg Associate editors: Shirly Ben-Dor Evian, Debby Hershman English editor: Miriam Feinberg Vamosh Advisory Board: Tallay Ornan, Rina Talgam, Haim Goldfus Design adaptation: Batya Segal Original design concept: Masha Pozina Printed by Elinir Digital Print, Petah Tikva All correspondence and papers for publication should be addressed to: The Editor Israel Museum Studies in Archaeology The Israel Museum, Jerusalem P.O.B. 71117, Jerusalem 9171002 Israel E-mail address: [email protected] ISSN 1565-3617 © The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, 2017 All rights reserved Front cover: Bronze candelabra and lamps from a Byzantine hoard, 6th century CE Back cover: Bezel design of a bronze signet ring from a Byzantine hoard, 6th century CE (drawn from the positive) Contents Yigal Bloch and Laura A. Peri 2 I Placed My Name There: The Great Inscription of Tukulti-Ninurta I, King of Assyria, from the Collection of David and Cindy Sofer, London Rachel Caine Kreinin 57 “Divine Reflexivity”: a Case Study of Greco-Roman Egyptian Terracotta Figurines from the Collection of the Israel Museum, Jerusalem Orit Peleg-Barkat, Hillel Geva and 74 A Monumental
    [Show full text]
  • The Two Babylons Or the Papal Worship Proved to Be the Worship of Nimrod and His Wife
    THE TWO BABYLONS OR THE PAPAL WORSHIP PROVED TO BE THE WORSHIP OF NIMROD AND HIS WIFE. With sixty-one Woodcut Illustrations from NINEVEH, BABYLON, EGYPT, POMPEII, &c. BY THE LATE REV. ALEXANDER HISLOP, OF EAST FREE CHURCH, ARBROATH. Seventh Edition. 1871 LONDON: S. W. PARTRIDGE & CO., 9 PATERNOSTER ROW. TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE LORD JOHN SCOTT, AS A TESTIMONY OF RESPECT FOR HIS TALENTS, AND THE DEEP AND ENLIGHTENED INTEREST TAKEN BY HIM IN THE SUBJECT OF PRIMEVAL ANTIQUITY; AS WELL AS AN EXPRESSION OF GRATITUDE FOR MANY MARKS OF COURTESY AND KINDNESS RECEIVED AT HIS HANDS; This Work IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED BY HIS OBLIGED AND FAITHFUL SERVANT, THE AUTHOR. This Digital Edition has been restored, expanded, reset and the images remastered by the Central Highlands Congregation of God. 20 February, 2021 2 Table of Contents Note By The Editor............................................................................8 Preface to the Second Edition............................................................9 Preface To The Third Edition..........................................................11 Editions Of Works...........................................................................18 THE TWO BABYLONS...................................................................1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................1 CHAPTER I.—Distinctive Character of the Two Systems...............5 CHAPTER II.—Objects of Worship...............................................17 Section I.—Trinity In Unity........................................................17
    [Show full text]
  • Biblical Assyria and Other Anxieties in the British Empire Steven W
    James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Libraries Libraries & Educational Technologies 2001 Biblical Assyria and Other Anxieties in the British Empire Steven W. Holloway James Madison University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.lib.jmu.edu/letfspubs Part of the European Languages and Societies Commons, Fine Arts Commons, Library and Information Science Commons, Literature in English, British Isles Commons, Near Eastern Languages and Societies Commons, and the Theory and Criticism Commons Recommended Citation “Biblical Assyria and Other Anxieties in the British Empire,” Journal of Religion & Society (http://moses.creighton.edu/jrs/2001/ 2001-12.pdf) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Libraries & Educational Technologies at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Libraries by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Journal of Religion & Society Volume 3 (2001) ISSN 1522-5658 Biblical Assyria and Other Anxieties in the British Empire Steven W. Holloway, American Theological Library Association and Saint Xavier University, Chicago Abstract The successful “invasion” of ancient Mesopotamia by explorers in the pay of the British Museum Trustees resulted in best-selling publications, a treasure-trove of Assyrian antiquities for display purposes and scholarly excavation, and a remarkable boost to the quest for confirmation of the literal truth of the Bible. The public registered its delight with the findings through the turnstyle- twirling appeal of the British Museum exhibits, and a series of appropriations of Assyrian art motifs and narratives in popular culture - jewelry, bookends, clocks, fine arts, theater productions, and a walk-through Assyrian palace among other period mansions at the Sydenham Crystal Palace.
    [Show full text]
  • [1821-1891], "Assyrian and Babylonian Inscriptions in Their
    .ASSYRI.AN AND B.ABYLONI.AN INSCRIPTIONS. 275 Man was to him an eternal ministry; it had never been closed by death, for death itself had been superseded by resurrection. To the mind of the Apostle, the history of the past had no need yet to be written ; for the past was to him still the present. The things of yesterday had, for him, no distinctive or peculiar interest ; for the Being whom he recognized as the Founder of Christianity was one whom he could have described, in the language of one of his own school, as "the same yesterday, and to-day, and for ever." G. MATHESON. ASSYRIAN AND BABYLONIAN INSCRIPTIONS IN THEIR BEARING ON THE OLD TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES. V. NIMROD AND THE GENEALOGY OF GENESIS X. IT is at first a somewhat surprising result of the studies of Assyriologists, that as yet no certain trace has been discovered of one whose name has been, from a very early period, prominent in many of the legends and traditions that gather round the history of Assyria. No interpreter has yet identified any combination of cuneiform characters with the name of Nimrod.1 Whatever explanation may be given of the fact, it at all events bears testimony to the caution and accuracy of the interpreters as a body. Few temptations would have been greater to an imaginative scholar than that of discovering, if it were possible, even at some sacrifice of the precision which is an element of a 1 Mr. George Smith, however (R. P., ill. 6), finds the name NIN·RIDU on a brick in the British Museum, as that of the guardian deity of Eridu, one of the earliest Babylonian cities.
    [Show full text]
  • Assyrian Period (Ca. 1000•fi609 Bce)
    CHAPTER 8 The Neo‐Assyrian Period (ca. 1000–609 BCE) Eckart Frahm Introduction This chapter provides a historical sketch of the Neo‐Assyrian period, the era that saw the slow rise of the Assyrian empire as well as its much faster eventual fall.1 When the curtain lifts, at the close of the “Dark Age” that lasted until the middle of the tenth century BCE, the Assyrian state still finds itself in the grip of the massive crisis in the course of which it suffered significant territorial losses. Step by step, however, a number of assertive and ruthless Assyrian kings of the late tenth and ninth centuries manage to reconquer the lost lands and reestablish Assyrian power, especially in the Khabur region. From the late ninth to the mid‐eighth century, Assyria experiences an era of internal fragmentation, with Assyrian kings and high officials, the so‐called “magnates,” competing for power. The accession of Tiglath‐pileser III in 745 BCE marks the end of this period and the beginning of Assyria’s imperial phase. The magnates lose much of their influence, and, during the empire’s heyday, Assyrian monarchs conquer and rule a territory of unprecedented size, including Babylonia, the Levant, and Egypt. The downfall comes within a few years: between 615 and 609 BCE, the allied forces of the Babylonians and Medes defeat and destroy all the major Assyrian cities, bringing Assyria’s political power, and the “Neo‐Assyrian period,” to an end. What follows is a long and shadowy coda to Assyrian history. There is no longer an Assyrian state, but in the ancient Assyrian heartland, especially in the city of Ashur, some of Assyria’s cultural and religious traditions survive for another 800 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Zaphon.De Martin Lang and Sebastian Fink Zaphon
    MWM 2 Melammu Workshops and Monographs 2 Proceedings of the 2 the of Proceedings Literary Change in Mesopotamia and Beyond nd and 3 and Routes and Travellers rd Melammu Workshops between East and West Proceedings of the 2nd and 3rd Melammu Workshops Edited by Rocío Da Riva, www.zaphon.de Martin Lang and Sebastian Fink Zaphon MWM-2-Cover.indd 1 07.05.2019 15:13:29 Literary Change in Mesopotamia and Beyond and Routes and Travellers between East and West Proceedings of the 2nd and 3rd Melammu Workshops Edited by Rocío Da Riva, Martin Lang and Sebastian Fink Melammu Workshops and Monographs Volume 2 Edited by Sebastian Fink and Robert Rollinger Scientific Board Alberto Bernabé (Madrid) Josine Blok (Utrecht) Rémy Boucharlat (Lyon) Eckart Frahm (New Haven) Mait Kõiv (Tartu) Ingo Kottsieper (Göttingen) Daniele Morandi Bonacossi (Udine) Sabine Müller (Marburg) Simonetta Ponchia (Verona) Kurt Raaflaub (Providence) Thomas Schneider (Vancouver) Rahim Shayegan (Los Angeles) Shigeo Yamada (Tsukuba) Literary Change in Mesopotamia and Beyond and Routes and Travellers between East and West Proceedings of the 2nd and 3rd Melammu Workshops Edited by Rocío Da Riva, Martin Lang and Sebastian Fink Zaphon Münster 2019 The Melammu Logo was drawn by Rita Berg from a Greco-Persian style seal found on the north-eastern shore of the Black Sea (Dominique Collon, First Impressions: Cylinder Seals in the Ancient Near East (London: British Museum Publications 1987), no. 432). Illustration on the cover: P.E. Botta / E. Flandin: Monument de Ninive, Bd. 1: Architecture et sculpture. Paris 1849. Tf. 41. Literary Change in Mesopotamia and Beyond and Routes and Travellers between East and West.
    [Show full text]
  • Babel and Rear Window: Architectural Models from New Media
    Babel and Rear Window: Architectural Models from New Media Contemporary architecture history, theory, and criticism since the 1960s have sought to put architecture and linguistics either at odds or in cahoots. Some portray architecture as the paragon of resistance to any critical theories involving language. Others ambitiously align architecture with linguistics, semiotics, hermeneutics, and other theories of meaning. This confrontation intensifies in the case of film theory. Not only does film portray much architecture and landscape, it seems to have developed its own sense spatiality and temporality, competing with architecture’s “main business.” This paper takes an “Ur-example” of architecture (the Tower of Babel) and compares it with what many have regarded as an “Ur-film,” Alfred Hitchcock’s Rear Window. Because both exemplars combine matters of shape, space, and time with questions of knowledge and discovery, any comparison can but help getting to the bottom of architecture’s radical semiology. One of the oldest metaphors of building, the Biblical story of the Tower of Babel (Fig. 1), refuses to resolve the tension between meaning and mute form and presents a puzzle rather than a paradigm. Biblical scholarship has deepened the mystery. The Hebrew authors of Genesis, who were likely working from Babylonian or Sumerian precedents, may have intended to provide an account for the multiplicity of cultures and languages, with the moral kernel of advice against using or even seeking a meta-language packed in for good measure. The model for the Tower of Babel, the ziggurat, was a different kind of architectural device, however. As its Akkadian name suggests (bab’el or bab-ilu — “Gate of God”), its function was to facilitate communication with the divine, not disrupt it.1 1 Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Assyria & Babylonia
    1 Will be published in: Melammu Symposia V. Commerce and Monetary Systems in the Ancient World: Means of Transmission and Cultural Interaction, R. Rollinger/Ch. Ulf (Hg.), Stuttgart 2004 Some Observations on the Image of the Assyrian and Babylonian Kingdoms within the Greek Tradition, by Reinhold Bichler ([email protected]) Preface: Berossus and the former Greek tradition1 Within the field of extant Greek historical writing on the subject of the Assyrian and Babylonian kingdoms the fragments of Berossus’ History of Babylonia, written by a so-called “Chaldean” priest2, but addressed to a Greek-speaking audience, deserve our special attention. How could Berossus’ account correspond to the legendary and speculative tradition presented by the former Greek historians? Since Berossus probably had access to some cuneiform sources and was more familiar with the cultural tradition of his country than any other author of our sources written in Greek, he should be able to give us a more solid information than his famous predecessors, in particular Herodotus and Ctesias. And this is certainly true, as far as only names and dates are concerned and – to a certain extent – also some concrete deeds of the rulers of Babylon in the first millennium BC, mainly during the time of the Neo- Babylonian Empire. But there are a lot of major problems to consider, if we look at the information given in the fragments of his work as far as the history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and his relationship to the contemporary Babylonian kingdom are concerned. Yet even the fragments relating directly to the Neo-Babylonian kings are in some way dubious since they seem to be written under the influence of former Greek traditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Lesson 10 - Genesis 10, 11, & 12
    Lesson 10 - Genesis 10, 11, & 12 GENESIS Lesson 10 - Chapters 10 and 11 The importance of Genesis chapters 10 and 11 is that they are the bridge from the beginning of the New World, after the Flood, to the greatest of the Biblical patriarchs, Abraham. As brief as these two chapters are, we get a linkage of genealogy between Shem and Abraham…..as well as the all important lines of descent that have now been divided and separated into 3 distinct groups, each with its own destiny. And, this destiny was contained in the blessings, and for one son, a curse, that Noach pronounced upon his 3 boys. Let me make something clear: Shem, Ham, and Yefet were NOT the only sons Noach had produced. They were but the sons selected for reasons unknown to be included in the group of tzaddik…..the righteous……those 8 people who were allowed to live through the Flood, for the purpose of repopulating the Earth. Noach had many sons and daughters over the 600 years of life he had attained at the moment the Flood began. And, I suspect, fathered more AFTER the flood. They were apparently unimportant to the purpose of the story, so they were not written of. Of course, Shem, Ham and Yefet WERE the only surviving sons of Noach. All the rest….daughters, grand daughters, grandsons, great grandsons, and too many “greats” to speak, all were deemed wicked by Yahweh and all were destroyed right along with everyone else in the deluge. In V 6, we follow the line of Ham….
    [Show full text]
  • Mystery, Babylon the Great
    MYSTERY, BABYLON THE GREAT Volume 1 by I. A. Sadler Published by the author: Chippenham, England. Distributed in Zambia by Free Grace Evangelistic Association Kingdom Life Tabernacle PO Box 81277, Kabwe. Cell 0977 227763, E-mail: [email protected] Website: www:freegrace-ea.org Copyright, I. A. Sadler 2014 Previous editions printed and published in England First Edition 1999 Reprinted 2000 Second Edition 2001 Revised and reprinted 2003 Reprinted 2006 Reprinted in 3 volumes 2009, 2010 and 2013 (Zimbabwe) Telugu Edition 2011 (India) Dutch Edition 2013 (Netherlands) This edition is printed in Zambia by El-Roi General Dealers, PO Box 80203, Kabwe. Other Books by Dr I A Sadler "Jesus, the Way" – Walking in the way of salvation, turning neither to the right hand nor to the left. (81 pages) "The Love of God" – As displayed in the life, death and resurrection of the Lord Jesus Christ. (84 pages) “The Authority of God” – Where the Word of a King is, there is Power. (32 pages) Contents CONTENTS Volume 1 Preface Explanation of References - Note to the Second Edition. Chapter 1. In the Beginning God Introduction - The Creation and the Fall of Man - The Devil Cursed by God - Babylonian Perversion of Genesis. Chapter 2. Nimrod and the Mysteries Nimrod Founds Babylon - Nimrod is Killed and Deified as the Sun God - The Mysteries - Semiramis Deified as the Queen of Heaven - The Three Beasts - Initiation Ceremonies of the Mysteries - The Deceptive Symbolism of the Mysteries. Chapter 3. Israel and the Religion of Babylon Introduction - Pharoah - The Golden Calf - Molech, Baal and Ashtareth - Dagon and Baal-zebub - Uzziah in the Temple - Lucifer and Merodach - The Testimony of Jeremiah and Ezekiel - Destruction of Jerusalem and the Babylonian Captivity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Two Babylons – Alexander Hislop
    The Two Babylon’s Alexander Hislop Table of Contents Introduction Chapter I Distinctive Character of the Two Systems Chapter II Objects of Worship Section I. Trinity in Unity Section II. The Mother and Child, and the Original of the Child Sub-Section I. The Child in Assyria Sub-Section II. The Child in Egypt Sub-Section III. The Child in Greece Sub-Section IV. The Death of the Child Sub-Section V. The Deification of the Child Section III. The Mother of the Child Chapter III Festivals Section I. Christmas and Lady-day Section II. Easter Section III. The Nativity of St. John Section IV. The Feast of the Assumption Chapter IV Doctrine and Discipline Section I. Baptismal Regeneration Section II. Justification by Works Section III. The Sacrifice of the Mass Section IV. Extreme Unction Section V. Purgatory and Prayers for the Dead Chapter V Rites and Ceremonies Section I. Idol Procession (15k) Section II. Relic Worship (16k) Section III. The Clothing and Crowning of Images Section IV. The Rosary and the Worship of the Sacred Heart Section V. Lamps and Wax-Candles Section VI. The Sign of the Cross Chapter VI Religious Orders Section I. The Sovereign Pontiff Section II. Priests, Monks, and Nuns Chapter VII The Two Developments Historically and Prophetically Considered Section I. The Great Red Dragon Section II. The Beast from the Sea Section III. The Beast from the Earth The Two Babylons – Alexander Hislop Section IV. The Image of the Beast Section V. The Name of the Beast, the Number of His Name— Invisible Head of the Papacy Conclusion 2 The Two Babylons – Alexander Hislop Introduction "And upon her forehead was a name written, MYSTERY, BABYLON THE GREAT, THE MOTHER OF HARLOTS AND ABOMINATIONS OF THE EARTH."--Revelation 17:5 There is this great difference between the works of men and the works of God, that the same minute and searching investigation, which displays the defects and imperfections of the one, brings out also the beauties of the other.
    [Show full text]
  • Assyria - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia 11/5/09 12:28 PM
    Assyria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 11/5/09 12:28 PM Assyria From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Ancient Assyria was a civilization centered on the Upper Tigris river, in Mesopotamia Mesopotamia (Iraq), that came to rule regional empires a number of times in history. It was named for its original capital, the ancient city of Assur (Akkadian: Aššur; Arabic: .(Atur ݏݏݏݏ ,Ašur ݏݏݏݏ :Aššûr, Aramaic אַשור :Aššûr; Hebrew ﺃﺷﻮﺭ The term Assyria can also refer to the geographic region or heartland where these empires were centered. During the Old Assyrian period (20th to 15th c. BCE, Assur controlled much of Euphrates · Tigris Upper Mesopotamia. In the Middle Assyrian period (15th to 10th c. BCE), its Sumer influence waned and was subsequently regained in a series of conquests. The Neo- Eridu · Kish · Uruk · Ur Lagash · Nippur · Ngirsu Assyrian Empire of the Early Iron Age (911 – 612 BCE) expanded further, and Elam under Ashurbanipal (r. 668 – 627 BCE) for a few decades controlled all of the Susa Fertile Crescent, as well as Egypt, before succumbing to Neo-Babylonian and Akkadian Empire Median expansion, which were in turn conquered by the Persian Empire. Akkad · Mari Amorites Isin · Larsa Contents Babylonia Babylon · Chaldea 1 Early history Assyria Assur · Nimrud 2 Old Assyrian city-states and kingdoms Dur-Sharrukin · Nineveh 2.1 City state of Ashur Hittites · Kassites 2.2 Kingdom of Shamshi-Adad I Ararat / Mitanni 2.3 Assyria reduced to vassal states Chronology 3 Middle Assyrian period Mesopotamia 3.1 Ashur-uballit I Sumer (king list)
    [Show full text]