CULTURAL EDUCATIONAL SOCIAL

Established 1964

AKITU 2018

Publication of the Assyrian Foundation of America Volume 42, Number 2, 2018 From the Editor & President Contents 04/01/18

March 2018 4 The True Story of 22 Congratulations Dear Magazine Subscribers and Readers, Legendary Queen of Andrew Adam As we approach the Assyrian New Year, I would like to take a moment to acknowl- edge the communications that I have received from many of you. Your positive 7 Destruction of a Biblical Tomb 22 Books reviews are much appreciated and your feedback helps us to improve the quality Uncovers Inscriptions on Assyrian King, The Imitation of Christ and content of this publication. ‘Great Gods’ I look forward to receiving your material in both languages; Assyrian and English. 23 In Memoriam I would also like to take this opportunity to welcome Mr. George Bet-Shlimon as the new editor of the Assyrian 8 Assyrians in Sandra Bonian ‘On the Brink of Extinction’ language section of Nineveh Magazine. George will be familiar to many of you, as he was one of the former As- Robert Adam syrian Foundation of America’s Presidents. Minashe Yonan 10 Assyrian, Athens and Italy Basso Badal Wishing all of you a Happy Akitu as well as a Joyous Easter! UGA Student brings together coffee and community for art project 26 Nineveh Donations Ninwe Maraha Maximizing contributions Editor, Nineveh Magazine 12 The Story of finding the Dec. 2017 through Feb. 2018 oldest Assyrian record Moneer Cherie 28 ’s Systematic Persecution of a Religious Minorities Happy Easter & Happy 14 Rami Moan Designing jerseys for top athletes 30 Local Cleats Artist Assyrian New Year 6768! Marvin Baroota

16 The Unknown Motherland Reconnecting with culture 32 Old Wine Making Process

This year, April 1st marks a significant day for all By the Assyrians in Turabdin .7676 ܐܬܕ݉ ܚ ܐܬܝܪܘܬܐ ܐܬܢ݉ ܫ ܐܬܟܼ ܝܪܒܘ ܐܟܼ ܝܪܒ ܐܬܡܝܩܕ ܐܕܐܥ Assyrians around the globe, as we will celebrate two of 17 Turkey’s Genocide of the Assyrians our most important festivals of the year, on the same day: ̈ ݉ ݉ Assyrian Baby Names Was an Islamist Crime 33 ܥܐܕܐ ܐܕܗܩܐܝ ܫܡ ݉ܢܬܬܐ ܐ،ܒ ܪܚܝ ܼܕܟ ܐ ܒܢܘܝܒܣܪܢܝ ܼܟܐܝܬܐܬ ܠܫܢܗ ܬܐܐܢ ܢܐܩܬܝܘܘܪܬܝܐܬ ܐܦ ܪܚܝܕܫܬܬܐܐ ܟܕ7676 . ܬ ܪܝ ܥܕܥܐܕܐ ܒܬܦܩܐ ܝܢܐ The Assyrian New Year 6768 (Akitu or Resha d’ Sheta), ܢܪܡܕ ܐܬܡܝܩܕ ܐܕܐܥܘ̈ 7676 ܐܬܝܪܘܬܐ ܐܬܢ݉ ܫ ܫܪ .ܕ.ܗ ܐܡܘܝ ܐܗܐܒ ܐܕ̈ ܕܚ ܡܥ݉ ܐܗܐ ܫܢܬܐ، ܚܕ ܒܢܝܣܢ ܐܝܬܠܗ ܐܢܢܩܝܘܬܐ ܦܪܝܫܬܐ ܟܕ ܬܪܝ ܥܕܥܐܕܐ ܒܬܦܩܐ ܝܢܐ .(and the resurrection of Jesus Christ (Eeda Goora ̈ ̈ ݉ ̈ The last time Easter coincided with Assyrian New Year ܡܥ ܐܢܪܡܕܕܐܥܕ ܥ ܐܬܡܝܩܕ ܝܪܬ ܐ ܢ ܐܕܐܥܘܐܕ ܐܬ ܩ7676ܦܬܕ ܐܐܬܬܝܝܪܪܘܚܬܐܐ ܐܐܗܬܓܢ݉ ܫ. )ܐܪܘܓܫܪ .ܕ . ܐܕܐܥܗ ܐܡ( ܘ ܐܚܝܫܡܝ ܐܗܐܒ ܥܘܐܕܕܫܝܚ ܡܥ 18 Our Great Assyrian New Year 34 Mass Exodus ̈ ̈ ̈ ̈ ̈ ݉ ݉ ݉ ̈ Forced Displacement of Iraq’s The origins of ܝܫܘܥ ܚ ܕܕܐ ܝܡܫܝܚܐ ܗ ܘ)ܐ ܒܫܥܐܕܐ ܢ ܬܐ ܓܘܪܐ(.6597 .ܓ ݂ܗܡܢܐ ܐܒܚܬܪܪܝ ܬܐ866 2ܕ،ܬ ܐܦܢܩܐܬ ܐܬ ܪܕܝܐܢ ܙܐܘ ܝܬܚܪܐܝ ܐܢܥܢܕܩܥܝܐܐܕܐ ܡܥܡ ܕܪܫ ܒܕ was in 1956. After 2018, these two special holidays will ݉ ݉ ݉ Indigenous Christian Assyrians ܚܕ ̈ܕܐܢ ܝܦܗܠܘܝܐ ܒܒܚܫܕ݉ܢ ܬܒܐܢ ܝܣܢ 6597.ܒ ܫ݂ܢܡܢܬ ܐ ܒ ݉ܬܪ2825 866ܘܡ2ܕ،ܪ ܐܫ ̈ܢ ܐܒ ܫܬܢܪܬܝܐ ܙܘܝ2808̈ܚ،ܐ ܘ ܐܒܢܬܢܪܩ ̈ܝܗܐܕ ܐ ܡܠܐ ܕܪܫ ܒܕܬܦܩܝ ܥܡ coincide once in 2029, and once in 2040, but not again for the rest of this century. ݉ ݉ ݉ .ܐܪܕ ܐܗܐܒ ܐܕ̈ ܕܚ Assyrian New Year Parade 19 ܢܦܠܝ ܒܚܕ ܒܢܝܣܢ ܒܫܢܬܐ 2825 ܘܡܕܪܫ ܒܫܢܬܐ 2808، ܘܒܬܪ ܗܕܐ ܠܐ ܬܦܩܝ ܥܡ .ܐܪܕ݉ ܐܗܐܒ ܐܕ̈ ܕܚ Shlama Foundation Chicago 38 ݂ܡܢ ܓܢܒ ܡܘܬ ܼܒܐ ܕܡܕܒ̈ܪܢܐ ܕܫܬܐܣܬܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܬܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܟܐ، ܒܛܠܒܐ ܝܘܢܝ On behalf of the Board of Directors of the Assyrian ̈ ̈ ̈ Thank you to AFA ݂ܡܢ ܓܩ݉ܢܬܒܘ ܼܟ ܘܡܢܘ ܬܝܼܒܘܐܡ ܐܕ ܕܡܝܕܠܒܢ̈ܪܝܢܐܐ ܡܕܫܠܝܬܐܐ ܣܡܬܚܐܕܘ ܐܬܐܬܘ ܪܒܝܐܢܬܐܐ ܬܕܪܐܝܡ ܪܙܝܘܟܝܐ،ܚܐ ܒܕܛܥܐܠܕܒܐܐ ܓܝܘܘܪܢܐܝ ܘܪܫ ܐ Foundation of America, I wish you an extraordinary and ̈ ݉ Turlock’s Sargis 20 ܩܬܘ ܼܟܕܘܫܢ ܬܝܐܘ ܕܡܐܐܬ ܘܕ̈ܪܝܝܠܐܢ ܝܥܐ ܡ ܡܒܠܝܝܬܐܘ ܬܡܘ ܚܼܟܕܘ̈ܘܢܬ،ܐ ܚ ܼܒܐ̈ܪ ̈ܢܘܐܬ ܘ ܼܬܟܪܘܝܢ ܙܘܘ̈ܪܝܚ̈ܚܡܐܘ ܼܕܟܘܥܢܐ.ܕ ܐ ܓܘܪܐ ܘܪܫܐ joyful day celebrating Eeda Goora and Resha d’ Sheeta et Atorayeh with your family, friends, and loved ones. May ̈ ݉ 39 Letter From the President joins Barcelona Academy ܕܫܢܬܐܡ ܪܕܝܐܐܬ ܘܐ̈ܪܠܝܗܐ ܐ ܥܒܡܪ ܼܟܒ ܝܠܐܬܘܡܬܘ ܬܼܟܢ ܘܢܒ،ܘ ܪܚܒܼܒܙ̈ܪܬܘܐ ܬܘ ܼܚܟܘܡܢܐ ܠܘ̈ܪܟܚܠܢܡ ܘܒܼܟܚܘܘܢ.ܠ ܡܢܐ ܘܚܕܘܬܐ. all God’s blessings shower over our scattered nation and Jackie Yelda keep everyone safe, healthy, and happy! .ܐܬܘܕܚܘ ܐܢܡܠܘܚܒ ܢܠܟܠ ܐܡܚܘ ܐܬܙܒܪܘܒ ܢܬܡܘܐܠ ܟܼ ܪܒ ܐܗܠܐ ܐܝܪܡ 21 Recipes Assyrian Section Shirvet Lobya 40 ̰ܓܟܠ ܼܝܢ ܝܠܕܐ، ܡܕܒܪܢܬܐ Jackline Yelda, AFA President ̰ܓܟܠ ܼܝܢ ܝܠܕܐ، ܡܕܒܪܢܬܐ

Articles submitted for publication will be selected by Assyrian Foundation of America established in June Address letters to: the editorial staff on the basis of their relative merit to Crew: 1964 and incorporated in the state of as a The Editor Assyrian literature, history, and current events. Dr. Ninwe Maraha (Editor) Sargon Shabbas, Circulation non-profit, tax- exempt organization dedicated to the NINWE MARAHA advancement of the education of Assyrians. Dr. Robert Karoukian Donatella Yelda Opinions expressed in NINEVEH are those of the Dr. Elizabeth Mickaily-Huber George Bet-Shlimon NINEVEH MAGAZINE respective authors and not necessarily those of Tamara Odisho Benjamin Heather Bou (Layout Designer) P.O. Box 2660 Yearly subscription fees NINEVEH or the Assyrian Foundation of America. Berkeley, California 94702 US...... $40 [email protected] International...... $50 2 3 This event is commemorated by the Ban- The True Story of quet Stela, which recorded thousands of guests and a celebration that lasted for 10 Semiramis days. Ashurnasirpal II stabilized the em- pire, putting down revolts with a level of Legendary Queen of Babylon cruelty that he made no attempt to hide. Courtesy of Nationalgeographic.com One inscription tells of the vengeance meted to rebels at one particular city of his realm:

I had a column built at the city gate and I flayed all the leaders who had rebelled and I covered the column with their skins. Some, I impaled upon the column on stakes and oth- ers I bound to stakes around it.

The empire that Ashurnasirpal II’s Queen Semiramis surveys the building of Baby- grandson inherited may have been stable lon, of which she is the legendary founder. Edgar Degas’s mysterious, otherworldly 1861 painting and wealthy, but it did not stay that way at the Musée d’Orsay, Paris, reveals how the for long. King -Shamshi-Adad V appears Inspired by legends about the fierce Assyrian queen, 17th-century painter Louis de Caullery depicts Semiramis myth had lost none of its power. Semiramis hunting a lion, a symbol of royalty, in front of the gates of Babylon. The painting is part of to have spent a great deal of -resources the collections at Musée Fabre, Montpellier, France. in defeating his rebellious elder brother, who wanted to take the throne. By the time Shamshi-Adad died in 811 B.C., the III, was too young to rule. It would be left tradition, a certain amount of embellish- The only woman ever to have ruled the no where she is punished for her “sen- 2,800 years ago that so fascinated the empire was financially and politically to Queen Sammu-ramat to restore stabil- ment crept into her story, which seemed mighty Assyrian Empire, Semiramis sual vices.” The French Enlightenment world and allowed romantic legends to weakened. His young son, Adad-nirari ity to through her regency. to grow larger from one telling to the titillated writers and painters from the writer wrote a tragedy about her, sprout around her legacy? next. In the fifth century B.C., the great Roman period to the 19th century. which was later made into Rossini’s 1823 FROM MEMORY TO MYTH classical historian perpetuat- opera, Semiramide. Archaeologists have found four prin- Although the four main sources do not ed the memory of this queen using the Female rulers in ancient Meso- cipal artifacts that offer at least spell out whether she claimed the re- Greek form of her name: Semiramis. It is potamia were rare. But those who some evidence to piece together gency, the inscriptions make it clear that by this name that she is best known to- did rule made their mark on his- LIFE AND LEGENDS her biography. In the ancient city Sammu-ramat exercised a degree of po- day. tory. In the Neo-Assyrian regime of ! of (in modern-day Iraq), litical power—unlike that of any other 823-811 B.C. woman in the history of . It was , a Greek schol- the ninth century B.C., one wom- Grandson of Ashurnasirpal II, Shamshi-Adad V two statues dedicated to Nabu, the an commanded an entire empire secures Assyria by defeating his rebellious older Babylonian god of knowledge and The stela from the city of Kizkapanli, ar writing in the Roman world of Julius stretching from Minor to what brother. He marries Sammu-ramat, who will bear writing, mention her name. There for -example, mentions that the queen Caesar and Augustus, who solidified is today western . She was Sam- his heir, Adad-nirari. are also two stelae, one from Kiz- accompanied her son when he crossed much of Semiramis’s legend. His colos- mu-ramat, thought to mean “high 810-783 B.C. kapanli, a town in present-day the River to fight against the sal, semi-historical work Bibliotheke The widowed Sammu-ramat becomes queen regent king of the Assyrian city of Arpad. Her surveys events from creation myths to heaven.” Her five-year rule, while for the first five years of her son’s reign. Turkey, and the other from brief, appears to have inspired Inscriptions credit her with advising Adad-nirari III in Iraq, that mention her. Taken presence was unusual for the time, and his own day and age. In it he offers a de- long-lasting respect among her while on a military campaign. together, the four inscriptions es- the fact that the stela bothers to mention tailed, if somewhat fantastic, narrative of subjects and the world. Centuries 1st Century B.C. tablish at least the bare bones of her participation gives Sammu-Ramat’s the Assyrian queen. Some of Diodorus after her reign, Greek writers, and In his work Bibliotheke, Greek author Diodorus her story: The queen definitely actions a strong degree of honor and re- Siculus’s work is based on a previous, Siculus writes an embellished biography of Sammu- spect. now lost text by of Cnidus, a historians focused on Sammu-ra- ramat, using the Greek version of her name: lived in the Assyrian Empire be- mat and her achievements. They Semiramis. tween the ninth and eighth cen- By the time, Adad-Nirari III came of age Greek doctor who had served the Persian hellenized her name to Semiramis. 14th Century A.D. turies B.C., was married to King (he would reign until 783 B.C.), Sam- court in the fourth century B.C. From here, the Assyrian queen Semiramis’s increased reputation for sexual Shamshi-Adad V, who reigned mu-Ramat had impressed her subjects passed from the world of facts into promiscuity lands her in Dante's The Divine from 823 to 811 B.C., and was the with her strength and steadiness, as the According to Diodorus, Semiramis was Comedy, condemned to the second circle of for stela at Assur shows. Its inscription places born in (in present-day Israel), the realm of legend. Some cast eternity. mother of King Adad-Nirari III. her as a beautiful femme fatale 1748 her almost on a par with male rulers and the fruit of a pairing between the Syr- in a tragic love story. Classical au- Continuing the fascination with Semiramis, Voltaire With these key facts in place, his- is dedicated to “Sammu-Ramat, Queen ian goddess Derceto (a local version of thors attributed great accomplish- writes his tragedy Sémiramis, which the basis for torians have formed a clearer idea of Shamshi-Adad, King of the Universe, the Phoenician goddess and the Rossini's 1823 opera Semiramide. King of Assyria; Mother of Adad-Nirari, Babylonian Ishtar) and a young Syrian ments to Semiramis: commander of her significance, and know that Trigonometry in marine engineering: King of the Universe, King of Assyria.” man. Ashamed of the relationship, the of armies, and builder of the walls ! she entered Assyrian history at a of Babylon and monuments throughout critical moment for the empire. Her hus- In marine engineering trigonometry is used to build and nav- goddess abandoned the baby girl, who her empire. REAL POWER band was the grandson of Assyria’s great igate marine vessels. To be more specific trigonometryTHE LEGEND is usedBEGINS at first was cared for by doves. Later, the to design the Marine ramp, which is a slopingAfter surface Sammu-Ramat’s to con- death, her name chief shepherd of the king of Assyria Her allure did not diminish with time. The true story of the flesh-and-blood ruler, Ashurnasirpal II, a flamboyant A ninth-century B.C. stela found in the tem- She later inspired the Italian medieval Sammu-ramat remains elusive. The monarch who built a magnificent palace nectple lower of Nabu and in Nimrud higher in level what isareas, now Iraq it can beseems a slope to haveor even echoed a down through the ended up adopting the child and giving poet Dante, who placed her in his Infer- question lingers: What did she achieve at Nimrud in the early ninth century B.C. staircasedepicts Kingdepending Shamshi-Adad on its V. application. generations. In a society with a rich oral her the name Semiramis. 4 5 Semiramis grew into a young woman of quash uprisings in Persia to the east and extraordinary beauty. The royal governor in in North Africa. Later, Semira- of the province of , named Onnes, mis organized the most notable and diffi- was struck by her beauty when he met cult campaign of all: an invasion of . her while inspecting the royal flocks. But despite her careful planning, the in- Onnes obtained her adoptive father’s vasion was a disaster, and the queen was consent to marry her. After the wedding, injured. he took Semiramis with him to Nineveh. Later, Onnes was sent to besiege the city During her campaign in Africa, Semir- of Bactra in central Asia. Missing his amis had stopped in Egypt and consult- wife, he asked that she come to join him ed the oracle of the god Amun, which there. Not only did Semiramis travel to prophesied that her son Ninias would conspire against her and kill her. Fol- Writers credited Semiramis with founding Babylon, this remote spot to be with her husband, and building its walls (shown here, reconstructed, she also came up with a winning strate- lowing the failed conquest in India, the Archaeologist Musab Mohammed Jassim shows artifacts in the background). In reality, Babylon was founded gy that made the besieged city surrender. prophecy came true. According to Di- and archaeological pieces in a tunnel network running long before Semiramis. Its major building works were When he learned of this amazing feat, odorus, Semiramis’s son Ninias was plot- under the Mosque of Prophet Jonah, Nabi Yunus in , carried out by Nebuchadrezzar II, two centuries after ting against her to seize the throne. But in in eastern , Iraq March 9, 2017. her death. the Assyrian king wanted to meet the heroine and had her brought before him. this telling of her life, she wisely decided According to Diodorus Siculus, the king’s not to fight her son. Instead she peaceful- name was (Nineveh was suppos- ly ceded power to him. Other histories ISIS’ Destruction of Biblical Tomb of Jonah Uncovers edly named after him). Ninus fell in love provide different endings. The first-cen- with Semiramis at first sight and ordered tury A.D. Roman author Gaius Julius Inscriptions on Assyrian King, ‘Great Gods’ Onnes to trade his wife for one of Ninus’s Hyginus tells that the legendary queen daughters. Onnes boldly refused but was killed herself by throwing herself onto a Courtesy of ChristianPost.com subjected to so many threats by King Ni- burning pyre. Third-century Roman his- nus that he finally committed suicide. torian Justin claimed that Semiramis was On top of a hill in eastern Mosul called is also said to have “recon- ernor of Mosul had partially excavated The widowed Semiramis married Ninus indeed killed by her son. Nebi Yunus sits the sacred shrine con- structed the temple of the god Aššur [the the Nebi Yunus shrine back in the mid- and became the queen of Assyria. taining what’s believed to be the tomb chief god of the Assyrians],” another in- 19th century, and the Iraqi department INGREDIENTS FOR A GOOD TALE scription reads. It adds that Esarhaddon of antiquities revived the excavations in of the Prophet Jonah (as he was known also rebuilt the ancient cities of Babylon the 1950s, neither team uncovered the Tradition holds that Semiramis built the Within a few years of the marriage, King The legend of Semiramis presents clear Hanging Gardens of Babylon. If such in the Bible) or Yunus (in the Koran). and Esagil, and “renewed the statues of ancient palace. Ninus died. At this point, Diodorus Sicu- parallels with other ancient myths from Islamic State militants destroyed the the great gods.” gardens existed, they were most likely in Despite the destruction the shrine suf- Nineveh, whose lush landscaping features lus’s version of the queen’s life converges antiquity. Her divine origins echo that Prophet’s tomb in July 2014, after Iraqi archaeologists, who gained access fered at the hands of ISIS militants, the on this seventh-century B.C. panel at the with her historical one: Semiramis took of heroes such as Hercules. Her aban- they captured Mosul along with large to the tunnels dug by IS, have in the past archaeologists say many priceless ar- British Museum, London. personal charge of the government, act- donment as a baby is reminiscent of the swathes of northern Iraq. After Iraqi also found winged bulls and lions be- tifacts in the palace appear to remain ing as regent to her son, who was still a story told of the infancy of King Sargon government forces recaptured part longing to Esarhaddon, who ruled the intact, including a marble in- Neo-Assyrian empire in 7th century B.C. scription of King Esarhaddon believed child. of Akkad, as well as the biblical Book of of the city last month, a team of local to date to 672 B.C. Cuneiform, one of Exodus, in which Moses is abandoned archaeologists began documenting the IS originally destroyed the shrine, the earliest types of writing, was widely BUILDER AND COMMANDER as a baby and found by the daughter of damage done to the Nebi Yunus shrine. which is sacred to both Christians and used in ancient Mesopotamian civiliza- Muslims, while searching for artifacts According to the Greek historians, the the pharaoh. Semiramis’s consultation of In the process, they stumbled on a stun- tions. In another part of the ISIS-dug ning find: Buried deep underneath the to loot. The radicals were pushed out tunnels, the archaeologists found in- new queen’s ambitious building projects Amun and her attempt to invade India, of the city of Nineveh in the beginning tricate Assyrian stone sculptures of an earned admiration for her rule. Setting were both exploits that Alexander the shrine lay a previously undiscovered of 2017, and have lost most of their cap- ancient deities, a demi-goddess figure palace built before 600 B.C. for the As- tured territory in Iraq and Syria. out to emulate the agenda of her late Great undertook, tales very familiar to sprinkling the “water of life” to protect syrian ruler King . the humans in her care. husband, she is said to have ordered a Diodorus. Archaeologist Layla Salih has said about new city to be built on the banks of the Ancient 2,700-year-old inscriptions have the findings: “I can only imagine how “There’s a huge amount of history down Euphrates—-Babylon. Diodorus Siculus Queen Sammu-Ramat of history begat been uncovered underneath the biblical much Daesh (IS) discovered down there there, not just ornamental stones,” Salih SOLVING AN ANCIENT TABLET’S MATHEMAT- Tomb of Jonah, which was destroyed by before we got here.” “We believe they added. “It is an opportunity to finally even suggests that Semiramis erected not Queen Semiramis of legend, whose civ- Islamic State terror group militants in took many of the artifacts, such as pottery ICAL MYSTERY New findings suggest Babylonian ic accomplishments are lauded on the map the treasure-house of the world’s civilization was even more advanced than historians only the city but also its other features: 2014 in Iraq. The inscriptions mention and smaller pieces, away to sell. But what first great empire, from the period of its thought. the royal palace, the temple of Marduk, same level as her beauty. What stands “great gods” belonging to the Assyrian they left will be studied and will add a lot greatest success.” out is how both the woman and the myth tradition. to our knowledge of the period.” and the city walls. Other Greco-Roman Jonah is the biblical prophet who, as authors, including , claimed that were celebrated for things traditionally The latest archaeological digs beneath Salih and her colleagues believe the the Bible describes, was swallowed by Semiramis had been behind the fabu- associated with male rulers: scoring mil- the tomb have discovered inscriptions palace is tied to three generations of a large fish, possibly a whale. “In Chris- itary , building architectural describing the rule of the Assyrian king Assyrian kings. Built for King Sennach- tian tradition, the story of Jonah is an lous hanging gardens of Babylon, one of erib, who ruled from 705-681 B.C., it was wonders, and ruling with wisdom. Esarhaddon. “The palace of Esarhad- important one,” scholars Joel S. Baden, the seven wonders of the ancient world. don, strong king, king of the world, king renovated and expanded first by his son, a professor at Yale Divinity School, and The historical evidence in no way sup- of Assyria, governor of Babylon, king of Esarhaddon (681-669 B.C.) and later by Candida Moss, a professor at University ports their claims. and Akkad, king of the kings of his grandson, Ashurbanipal (669-627 of Birmingham, have noted. “Jonah’s de- lower Egypt, upper Egypt and Kush [an B.C.). The palace was partially destroyed scent into the depths in the belly of the ancient kingdom located south of Egypt in 612 B.C., when a coalition of , great fish and subsequent triumphant Diodorus Siculus tells how, after the in Nubia],” one of the deciphered en- Babylonians and others sacked Nineveh prophetic mission to Nineveh is seen construction of Babylon, Semiramis gravings reads. and put an end to the Assyrian capital’s as a reference to and prototype of the launched several military campaigns to dominance. Though the Ottoman gov- death and resurrection of Jesus.” 6 7 Walther and others who have advocated on tion. “ISIS is clearly responsible for genocide American value and a great export of ours,” Assyrians in Iraq are behalf of the Iraqi Christians say the Obama against Yezidis, Christians, and Shia Muslims she said, “and they were specifically targeted administration was reluctant to address their in areas it controls or has controlled,” Secre- because they are Christians and Yezidis.” plight. “The archdiocese of Irbil has received tary of State Rex Tillerson said Tuesday. “The ‘On the Brink of Extinction’ no direct government funding from the protection of these groups -- and others sub- State Department spokesperson Pooja Jhun- U.S. or U.N.,” Walther said. He blamed the ject to violent extremism -- is a human rights jhunwala said that while U.S. humanitarian Courtesy of www.aina.org Obama administration’s “mindset” that “peo- priority for the Trump administration.” aid is based “solely on need, regardless of eth- ple get aid on basis of immediate need only, nic or religious affiliation,” the department and the rationale is that you don’t want to dis- The U.S. House also passed a bill in June that has provided more than a billion dollars in Stephen Rasche says the next six weeks will supplies and other support to help residents who are now in Irbil, who left their homes, criminate against any individual.” While that would require the State Department to ad- aid to Iraqis, which includes aid to members be critical for saving some of the world’s old- repair their war-damaged homes enough to I would say life is not great for them,” said principle makes some sense, Walther said, it dress the needs of Iraqi and Syrian religious of minority communities. In addition, “sep- est Christian communities from extinction. return from their exile in Kurdistan. And it is Aaron Ashoff, the group’s regional director does not take into account the prospect that minorities targeted by ISIS, and to allow arate from U.S. humanitarian and stabiliza- Rasche is coordinating a task force trying to remarkably cheap. For many residents, a few for Europe and the Middle East. “What is the an entire community might be extinguished. federal relief dollars to flow through church- tion assistance, since 2008, the Department return tens of thousands of Christian families thousand dollars will be enough to restore for Christians who would return to based charities. “We are our brothers’ and sis- and USAID have provided more than $100 to the ancient Iraqi towns from which they their home to livability and allow them to the historic Christian communities in Nine- Julian Dobbs, an Anglican bishop who heads ters’ keeper,” said the bill’s lead sponsor, Rep. million in assistance specifically for Iraq’s were driven by ISIS three years ago. return -- though ultimately government sup- vah, we don’t know. But if they want to return a relief group called Barnabus Aid, said he Chris Smith, R-N.J., in an interview. “These religious and ethnic minority communities,” port will be needed for infrastructure like wa- to these communities, we are going to help has already seen a dramatic shift in tone people -- a large number have been slaugh- Jhunjhunwala said. “We have also led inter- U.S. and Iraqi forces drove ISIS out of the re- ter an power systems and to guarantee long- them.” from the Trump administration, indicating tered, the women have been raped, the men national initiatives to highlight the plight of gion last fall, but the string of historic Chris- term security for the communities. that persecuted Christians will see much beaten, their churches destroyed... and we these minority groups.” tian towns in the northern tip of Iraq that But these efforts are racing against time. The more support. “Under the previous admin- have not helped them.” have now been liberated stand in varying The recipients of the aid are overwhelmingly Iraqi school year begins in October, and Ra- istration, I was told personally by the State Walther of the Knights of Columbus said states of destruction. The towns now face a but not exclusively Christian. The aid project sche says families currently living as refugees Department ... that they had absolutely no His Democratic co-sponsor, Rep. Anna Es- helping the Iraqi Christians and other reli- “critical need over these next 60 days at the is also serving a smattering of other perse- in Kurdistan are unlikely to return to the area determination to assist Christian minorities hoo of California, said there is a bedrock gious minorities is not just a humanitarian latest -- really at the end of September -- to cuted religious minorities, including Yezidis once the school year has begun, uprooting in Northewestern Iraq,” Dobbs said. By con- American principle of separating church and mandate -- “it is also important in order to get in enough work and their children again. trast, the Trump administration has repeat- state, which makes it hard for the U.S. govern- ensure that ISIS’ program of genocide and re- enough of a core group And after three years away, edly referred to Iraqi Christians as victims of ment to provide aid targeted to a specific faith ligious cleansing is not successful, even after of the population back so if the families do not re- genocide who are entitled to special protec- group. “But freedom of religion is also a great they are defeated militarily.” that it can demonstrate a turn this year, they may viability for the recovery simply give up hope of ever of the town,” said Rasche, returning to Iraq, said Joop Persecuted Assyrians in Iraq Are Being Forgotten who works for the Catholic Koopman, spokesman for Archdiocese of Irbil and is Aid to the Church in Need, Courtesy of Washington Examiner now chief coordinator of a worldwide Catholic or- Although religious liberty in the United returned from his fifth trip to Iraq. Now a dis- said ISIS is “clearly responsible for geno- a newly formed Nineveh ganization that is another States is challenged almost daily, its authori- tinguished fellow and co-founder of the 21st cide” against Christians and in Iraq Reconstruction Commit- major donor to the recon- ty remains real and true (at least for now). But Century Wilberforce Initiative, which seeks and Shiite Muslims in Syria and elsewhere. tee, a coalition of the major struction effort. “If a signif- elsewhere there is little religious freedom. In to preserve religious liberty on a global scale, Wolf suggests several tangible ways to help Christian denominations icant number of Christians fact, is the most persecuted reli- Wolf had a grave warning to American politi- Christians in the Middle East. One of those in the region. don’t return soon, it may gion worldwide and Christians living in Iraq, cians who are hesitating to offer solutions to is implementing HR 390, the Iraq and Syria dash the hopes of any re- where Christianity all began, are suffering the dire situation in Iraq. “If something bold Genocide Accountability Act, which passed Rasche and others involved naissance for the Nineveh most as the Islamic State seeks to obliterate is not done by the United States and the in- in the House in June and still needs to pass in in the reconstruction say plains,” Koopman said. them. ternational community, I believe we will see the Senate before making progress forward. time is of the essence for the end of Christianity in the cradle of Chris- According to GovTrack, it’s got about a 40 rescuing a community Most of the Christian ref- In March 2017, the State Department deter- tendom and a loss of religious and ethnic di- percent chance of passing. The bill authoriz- that was among the first ugees have been living mined ISIS has committed genocide against versity throughout the region,” said Wolf, in es the Department of State and the United converted to Christianity in Irbil, where the local Christians in Syria and Iraq, but the U.S. still a press release. “This could result in further States Agency for International Develop- by the Apostles in the de- Catholic diocese has pro- Iraqi Assyrians attend a Holy Mother Mary mass at the church of Mart Shmoni in has done little to actually intervene. Before destabilization across the Middle East such ment (USAID) to “support entities assisting cades after the death of Je- Arbil, the capital of the autonomous Kurdish region of northern Iraq, on May 31, 2017. vided millions of dollars of the U.S. invaded in 2003, about 1.4 million as the Iranian effort to establish a land bridge minority groups in Iraq or Syria and entities sus Christ. “Christianity in rental and food assistance. Christians lived in Iraq. After being killed or to Iraq, Syria and to the Mediterranean and that are conducting criminal investigations Iraq is on the brink of extinction. They have and Shabak Muslims. The first $2 million The church’s charity has been a lifeline for driven out, there are now only about 250,000. present a threat to U.S. national security in- into perpetrators of genocide, crimes against gone from 1.5 million people to somewhere tranche of funding for the project came from the Christian community, but it also been a While refuge elsewhere entirely might be the terests.” humanity and war crimes in Iraq and Syria.” south of 200,000,” said Andrew Walther, the the Hungarian government this spring. That barrier to government support. “It essential- safest course of action, many want to stay to Wolf also says the U.S. should intervene in a U.S-based vice president of communications downpayment has already returned about ly ended up that the Christians, having been preserve their culture and faith that dates Although President Trump tweeted about more pointed way, viewing this as a fresh pri- for the Knights of Columbus, which recently 1,000 Christian families to the town of Te- supported in some fashion by global Chris- back centuries. Most Christian and Yazidi the genocide back in January, he has taken ority, keeping in mind what ISIS is capable announced a $2 million infusion to rebuild leskov, the northern-most boundary of the tians, were judged to be in a category where villages in northern Iraq have been liber- little other action, in terms of policy, to aid of, by “[utilizing] contractors who are able to the town of Karemles. “With the new school August 2014 ISIS offensive that chased more they didn’t need any more help from the U.N. ated, however, the undeniable destruction the situation. In fact, in June, he faced major leave the secured compound” and pressuring year coming and these towns having now than 100,000 Christians out of the Nineveh and the State Department,” Rasche said this and loss of life makes rebuilding a challenge. blowback from the Christian community as the Kurdistan Regional Government “to im- been liberated (from ISIS), people’s attitude is Plain. week in an interview from Teleskov. “We sat Plus, there is still political tension between several efforts to deport about 200 Christian plement constitutional reforms.” ‘well, we are either going to return home now in meetings where people told us if we laid the Iraqi government and the Kurdistan Re- Iraqis increased. A judge intervened, halting or we are going to leave forever.’ “ The evangelical relief group Samaritan’s off on the amount of aid that we were provid- gional Government. These groups still need the deportations. However, the Trump ad- While the political situation in Iraq remains Purse is focusing its effort in the town of Qa- ing so that their standards dropped ... then help, in terms of funding and protection, to ministration again last week acknowledged complex and dangerous, the United States The effort is based on rebuilding one town at raqosh, where it hopes to help rebuild about the U.N. would be happy to step in.” rebuild. Former Rep. Frank Wolf, R-Va., who ISIS’ attempt to completely wipe out Chris- should try to help these persecuted Chris- a time, providing design assistance, building 600 homes. “The life of Christians who fled served 34 consecutive years in Congress, just tians in Iraq. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson tians if at all possible. 8 9 “We spent countless hours discussing Walker’s Coffee Shop and Pub in Athens. “It was really cool to see her brining the philosophies of life as an artist. They kind of bringing her heart into Italy a lit- didn’t play pretend with me, they pre- “My previous installation was expensive tle bit by using these little bits of Athens pared me for the difficulties that would and I needed to use cheaper materials. and kind of putting them all together,” come with being an artist and believing He looked at my tea bag and suggested fil- Warnock said. in yourself continuously,” Nissan said. ters,” Nissan said. “That idea planted the seed and it evolved. I had no idea the proj- She is excited to see the final piece and “Whenever I would find myself de- ect would turn into my master’s thesis.” has nothing but kind words to say about pressed in Italy and with my art, I would the artist. reread their recommendation letters The main focus of Nissan’s project is to written for me for grad school. Some- merge one part of her personality with “If you’ve ever met Maria she has a very times you meet a person that changes another hence why she is using coffee big personality and her art is like that too everything. I met three.” and tea filters from both Athens and its very big and it’s very in your face kind of . and so I’m sure her professors over there Associate professor of art, Chris Hock- in Italy are thrilled to have her because ing, remembers Nissan and says that the “Athens and Italy have been major land- I’m sure she adds something that they’ve two still keep in touch even though Nis- marks in my identity and I wanted to never seen before and I’m proud that she san is currently all the way in Italy. He merge these two parts of me together,” comes from Georgia,” Warnock said. describes Nissan as ambitious talented Nissan said. and a hard worker. Hocking says that the A challenge that Nissan has face with Another aspect of the project is incorpo- her project is getting the word out. So- project sounds great but that he doesn’t rating the community. Nissan has collect- know much about it or how it looks. cial media has helped but she still needs ed filters from 14 different local Athens help to reach her goal of having 10,000 “I think it’s supposed to be an installa- restaurants for her project. Currently collaborators involved. tion size work which means it’s going to more than 1,000 people have unknow- be a very large kind of room sized piece ingly helped Nissan with her project. Archaeologist Musab Mohammed Jas- sim shows artifacts and archaeological but it trying to tie everybody in through “Each tea urn requires 80 people to smell and touch sight proximity to the pieces in a tunnel network running un- drink from it. Each coffee pot requires der the Mosque of Prophet Jonah, Nabi piece so it’s going to serve as a nice meta- 20 people, a total of 6,000 people that phor,” Hacking said. “The most interest- Yunus in Arabic, in eastern Mosul, Iraq have helped this art piece in the com- March 9, 2017. ing part is how it evolves and how she’s munities. My goal is 10,000 collabora- developing as a person and as an artist.” tors,” Nissan said. “I am asking all local restaurants who would be willing to participate to please Whether he knows it or not Hocking Brittany Warnock, general manager at played a huge role in Nissan’s project be- contact me,” Nissan said. “This project the Iron Factory in Athens and a close is constantly evolving and I am sure my Assyrian, Athens and Italy: cause the idea to use filters came from friend of Nissan’s, helped her to collect a conversation that she had with him at next trip to Athens will contribute to its UGA student brings together coffee filters while Nissan was still in Athens. growth.” and community for art project

University of Georgia graduate Maria Nissan Attended UGA where she earned that living in Athens provided her with a Nissan is utilizing her graduate thesis a degree in art education and lived in break from the cultural discrimination project to bring together the two cities Athens for six years. Living in Athens that she has face all her life as someone that she loves Athens, Georgia, and her left a lasting memory on her that she of Assyrian-Iraqi background. current home of Florence, Italy. says can’t compete with any other place that she visits. “When I first started my academic ca- Nissan, a Master of Fine Arts student, is reer here as an artist I had no confidence creating an immersive sensorial instal- “I was a flight attendant and have trav- in my art and didn’t understand it. But lation project. The project will be made elled to nine countries during 2017. No the people here, my professors, and the from coffee and tea filters that she is matter what place I am in I have never community saw something I didn’t,” collecting from both cities. In its final felt a stronger community than Athens,” Nissan said. “Athens just said yes, we ac- state the project will be an entire room Nissan said. “The locals here have a rich cept you, as is.” of filters that have been sewn together to history with the town’s character. You look like a tent. will never meet a person who says they Attending UGA helped Nissan to meet hate Athens.” some life changing professors that men- “I originally started this project because tored her and helped her transition I wanted to bring back a part of Athens The Athens community helped Nissan to from a student making art into an artist with me to Italy,” Nissan said. gain more confidence and understanding and they continue to help her through in her work as an artist. Nissan also said the difficulties of being an artist. 10 11 The story of finding the oldest Assyrian music record

by Moneer Cherie of Sydney, Australia www.Qeenatha.com

goes on, and I am sure there are more waiting to be dis- epics from our history, we learn about our ancient glo- parcel to Australia. He had already told me that two of covered. ries, recent history and the never ending tragedies of our the three were not in a good shape, but I didn’t care. Even nation. if they came in pieces, we would finally confirm the exis- Assyrian music has played an important role in pre- tence of such early and rare Assyrian records! But when serving part of our language, heritage and culture. Mu- A hundred years have passed. Will our music or even It all began while searching for materials related to they arrived, they were in good playable condition, and sic has become the most widespread medium within our language survive another hundred years? I think modern Assyrian music from a book. At that time an old I managed to digitize all three of them, preserving the our nation. Although not many of our people. then or if there is no political change or stability in the Middle advertisement was found on a page in an Assyrian mag- original records for future reference. now, are able to read and write in Assyrian, almost all East, then the future looks grim, but let us hold out hope. azine entitled “New Assyria” published in the USA. The of us listen to our music - songs that tell stories and ad read: “We have Assyrian records. Send for catalogue.” Now I own three records dating back to 1917 making The magazine was dated 1917 and the ad was found by them the oldest known modern Assyrian records, and Mr. Abboud Zeitoune of Germany, author of two discog- they are numbered as No2, No3, and No4. So we know raphy music books. that No1 is missing, and we don’t know if there are more numbers out there? This discovery pushed back the date Until then, we never knew of the existence of Assyrian of the oldest known Assyrian record from 1929 by Mu- records dating back to 1917. Even with the help of the in- rassa Urshan to 1917, and the search continues. ternet, our search for more information went nowhere. However after more than a year, a person in America The records are 78-rpm Shellac, each record contains listed a few records on an auction-site. The auction page two songs. They are sung by an Assyrian couple, orig- was titled “Assyrian Records - Rare recordings”. I was in- inally from Iran but who resided in New Britain, Con- trigued, so I contacted the seller and asked him about necticut, named Joseph and Anna Younan (husband and his records. He said that he only bought them because wife). Joseph was born about 1893 in Persia, his records they had nice graphics on the label, meaning: the As- were released in the USA. The music is probably Azeri syrian winged bull with the Assyrian star. There were from an opera called “Arshin Mal Alan”, released in 1913. three records; he bought them from a flea market while The lyrics are in the modern Assyrian dialect and we are travelling in Massachusetts. not sure if they are translation of the Azeri opera or orig- inal lyrics. A photo of the couple was found in a book That made me interested in the records as I had nev- entitled “Assyrians of New Britain- Images of America”, er seen them before, and I thought these must be the published in the USA. missing old Assyrian records we have been searching for from the advertisement. I had to buy them! So I made We are always on the lookout for rare and unknown As- him an offer and he accepted and soon they arrived in a syrian records. So far, I have managed to accumulate a great and considerable collection, but the search still 12 13 and your husband that will stay with you Thursday morning, Bree Russell bent over a RamiXxxxxx Mona started his company at age 21. forever?” Mona says. “This picture with her, machine, sewing a red Toronto Raptors jack- her husband, their two kids and the trophy et. “We spend more time taking things apart He’s now designing jerseys for the nation’s top athletes and celebrities — with my jersey on — that will go down in than putting them together,” says Russell, Xx Xxxx history.” explaining that she removes the waistband, Courtesy of Detroitnews.com trim and logos from licensed apparel. “Then That, and the time TV personality Khloe Kar- we add in our own touches: zippers, the son is injured, we keep going. We can’t just dashian wore his yellow Tristan Thompson snakeskin.” slack,” says Mona, intimating he’s the key jersey to a Cavs game. Kardashian, who’s dat- player. “Like, I’m LeBron. If LeBron doesn’t ing Thompson, bought the No. 13 jersey from The 33-year-old Westland resident started as play, we’re not going to win the champion- a store owned by Mona’s friend. a seamstress two years ago, after she found ship.” “Later that night, we were watching . the job on Craigslist. “It’s been a really inter- I guess her boyfriend scores a point, and she esting experience to watch this company take TV personality Khloe Kardashian wears a gets up, and you see the jersey. At that mo- off,” says Russell, acknowledging the demand Renzo Cardoni Cleveland Cavaliers jersey. ment, it was just crazy, because it was like two from athletes and celebrities. “It’s always fun TV personality Khloe Kardashian wears a (Photo: Renzo Cardoni) iconic females in, like, less than a week wear- when you open and you’re like, ‘I Renzo Cardoni Cleveland Cavaliers jersey. ing my jerseys.” Mona says. “... Right there, I made that! And that person is wearing that!’ ” (Photo: Renzo Cardoni) knew that’s another lane I’m going to work Merging his interests into — making female sportswear and kids The next collection her three boys, now 23, 24 and 26. Thanks sportswear. Not just men’s.” to her eldest son, she also moved into a new While attending Fitzgerald High School in house. “He supports me now,” says Elham Mona always wanted to be an entrepreneur, Warren, Mona hung out with rising Detroit Mona, 57. “I’m so proud of him.” When he’s Customized pieces can reach nearly $1,400 but his mother served as his motivation to rappers. He wanted to be part of the indus- not traveling to such places as for a jersey and $400-plus for shorts. More work hard. “One of my goals was to make her try, but he didn’t rap. His interests were sports and Oregon — where he partnered with Nike affordable merch, including $175 Cardo- quit her job, like, ‘You don’t have to work no and fashion. So he merged the two and mar- to give 200 high school football players hood- ni hoodies and $95 tees, also is sold online. more. I got you, mom.’ And that’s what I did,” keted his product to musicians. ies this summer — Mona spends most days Growing up with a mother working two jobs, he says. Now Elham Mona only works part- he understands the prices aren’t cheap. “I’m in the lab trying to create “the next hottest As a test, Mona took the first jersey his mom time as an assistant store manager to avoid not trying to charge people this much be- thing.” bought him in sixth grade and embellished boredom. cause I want to,” he says. “It’s because I have it with snakeskin fabric. At the time, sports- to. We put all this time and effort into a piece; “I’m already working on stuff for wear designer Don C came out with hats fea- But there were days she left the house at 7 you have to make sure it’s worth what it is.” turing snakeskin and sports logos. “I was like, a.m. and didn’t return from work until 11:30 2020,” he says. Rami Mona, founder of Renzo Cardoni luxury athletic wear, talks about his Detroit-based ‘This is it. When he’s doing that with hats, I p.m. “They didn’t even see me,” she says of brand, which has become a favorite to pro athletes, celebrities and hip hop artists. know can do this with jerseys,’ ” Mona says. Coming up, he’s releasing an orange and His first item was a Michael Jordan jersey. black Jordan jersey for Halloween. He’s also Detroit — Rami Mona moves down a long linebacker Von Miller and New York Giants Mona turned the No. 23 into python snake- designing trunks and a robe that boxer Man- white table covered in his creations. He shows wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr. Detroit rap- skin and the mesh body into leather. This was ny Pacquiao plans to wear this fall. Detroit off a pair of wine and gold Cleveland Cavalier pers Big Sean and Dej Loaf have repped his around 2012. As Mona puts it, “leather was rapper Gary Thomas, known as GT, recent- shorts and a denim jersey with “Lakers” and Cardoni collection, as has Justin Bieber, Lil hot.” He popped on the fashion radar soon ly wore a Chicago Bulls camouflage hoodie “Bryant” airbrushed in yellow. He pauses at a Wayne, and Khloe Kardashian. At last after. The first big-name artist to support him while performing at Summer Jamz 20 at Joe tie-dyed hoodie for NFL wide receiver Jarvis season’s Super Bowl, the Atlanta Falcons de- was rapper . “He took me in like a Louis Arena. Thomas, 25, says he’s supported Landry. “I’m putting the Dolphins logo right fensive line sported his hoodies. He’s perhaps little brother. He respected what I was doing the brand from the beginning and loves its here,” says Mona, his tattooed fingers pass- the most sought-after, high-end sportswear and where I was coming from,” Mona says. vintage flair. “I get a lot of compliments from ing over the orange and blue dye, “and his designer in Detroit. Yet Mona started from “Being 21, not a lot of people have the vision older people,” he says. last name on the back and No. 14. One of the nothing in his mother’s basement. Skipping of just trying to start their own brand.” games coming up, if you watch, you’ll see him college, he sold his shoe collection for money Flash-forward to today, and Mona names Of the hundreds of pieces Mona designed, he warm up in this for sure.” to start Renzo Cardoni at age 21. (Renzo is a Beckham Jr. as his No. 1 fan. Before games, can’t pick a favorite. “Every time I make a new nickname; Cardoni nods to Detroit’s Cardoni fans can often spot the Giant warming up in jersey, I get inspired,” he says. “I still get that The tie-dye is a bit out of the ordinary for the Street, where a late friend lived.) “I didn’t have a Cardoni hoodie. “He was my client, but we feeling I get when I made my first one. As far young luxury sportswear designer, who typ- connections. I didn’t have resources from grew to be like brothers,” Mona says. as I came, I still feel like this is just the begin- ically deconstructs licensed athletic apparel college,” says Mona, wearing gold-rimmed ning for me.” and adds his own flair using leather, denim, glasses and a black Detroit “D” cap. “I took Yet his “biggest moment,” he says, was when camouflage and, his favorite material, snake- something from nothing, and I built it.” Stephen Curry’s wife, Ayesha, wore a Cardo- Mona could move to New York or Los An- skin. “That’s what I love about these athletes; ni snakeskin-lettered Warriors jersey. Grin- geles, where there’s materials he can’t buy they let me do what I want to do,” he says. “I Mona moved production from Shelby Town- ning, Mona launches into the story: Curry’s in the Motor City, but he’s a Detroit hustler. send them different mockups, and they give ship to the second floor of an Eastern Market brother, Seth Curry, contacted him to buy a And he wants to stay to help create a “fashion me the OK.” mixed-use space a few months ago. He now Golden State Warriors jersey. Thrilled, Mona district,” which doesn’t exist — yet. “It would has 10 seamstresses, two cutters and several sent it as a gift. Seth wore the jersey to a few be dope to see that one day Detroit has a De- The Sterling Heights resident, who just interns working on his “team.” A sports fa- games before giving it to Ayesha, who wore troit Fashion Week,” he says. “Hopefully ... I turned 26, has designed custom sportswear natic, Mona frequently drops sports analo- it like a dress the night her husband won the can be an influencer and motivate people to for such superstars as Carolina Panthers gies to describe his company that produces NBA Championship. “You know how you get build Detroit as one, maybe we can have that quarterback Cam Newton, Denver Broncos 50 pieces a week. “This is a team. If one per- married and you frame a picture with you one day.” 14 15 The Unknown Motherland Turkey’s Genocide of the Assyrians Was an Islamist Crime A century after the start of a bloody persecution, will a genocide come to be recognized tfor what it was? By Mardean Isaac elled by a deep and tragic belief that the moral legitimacy of the Assyrian cause will finally be priest was “tied to a pile of dry cow dung and rewarded. Calls for a “safe haven” and “interna- By Mardean Isaac | January 8, 2018 9:30 PM burnt alive,” another “stabbed to death as [he] tional protection” dominated Assyrian activist Just over a century ago this week, Turkish and knelt in prayer.” and advocacy efforts following the 2014 Islamic Kurdish forces invaded land that the Assyrian State invasion of the Nineveh Plain in Iraq, the Reconnecting with a culture people had inhabited since antiquity and began In cities like Diyarbakir, sexual slavery meant last nexus of substantial Assyrian demograph- that’s lost its home exterminating them. The slaughter that ensued being “passed from one Turk to another.” In ic concentration in the Middle East. It is deep- lasted from 1915-1923, leaving 300,000 Assyrians more remote terrain—the killing fields of Ur- ly significant that Raphael Lemkin explicitly dead and innumerable women abducted. mia and adjacent Hakkari—gunmen would linked his novel category of genocide (among “even sometimes rape young women who were whose victims he listed “Christian Assyrians” ) By Emmanuel Jacob Joseph Yacoub’s Year of the Sword: the Assyri- dying.” The American Medical Department in with the notion of international protection. The an Christian Genocide, published in French in Urmia observed that “not a woman or girl above nationstate had created a brand of group mas- 2014 and translated into English in 2016, is the 12 (and some younger) … escaped violation.” sacre particular to its form, whose redress had to come through the moral power and legislated Art: Matthew Fisher most accessible historical account of the events Ascertaining the number of abducted Assyrian that composed the genocide, as well as a com- women has proved more elusive than establish- interventions of international institutions. prehensive case for those events as genocide. ing the death toll. Since “all the girls, women Yacoub, emeritus professor of political science and children stolen by Turks were treated by A lack of resources and state legitimacy follow- Near the Old Teacher’s College and Women’s Sports Centre, and his vitriolic thirst for power. I’d sometimes spy them later at the Catholic University of Lyon, provides a them as Mahometans,” mass abductions served ing the genocide contributes to the ongoing facing the front of the Charles Perkins Building, stands a gar- on passively watching the BBC, absorbing scenes of gore and distillation of sources in the languages used by the symbiotic purposes of depleting the Assyr- failure (with some exceptions) by Assyrians to gantuan statue of Gilgamesh — the king of Uruk who terror- destruction from their native land. both the perpetrators of and witnesses to the ian population and its capacity for replenish- obtain recognition of it, a reward for its success- genocide. Year of the Sword is necessary for the ment and reproduction and expanding the size ful perpetration. The U.S. State Department , ised his people, battled demons, and sought immortality. Do- breadth and depth of scholarship that informs of the conquering Muslim groups. EU Parliament , and other bodies did, howev- nated by famed Assyrian sculptor Lewis Batros in 2000, it is And despite this, my dad often tells me he has one wish: to go that distillation, as well as the careful marshal- er, designate the more recent crimes of ISIS as ing of it into analysis. Yacoub’s attention to evidence of central plan- genocide. In this case, the designation focused one of the very few Near Eastern monuments on campus. A back to Iraq one day. It’s almost inconceivable to me, an out- ning and orchestration—the most pivotal of the on the intention of the perpetrators and was not quick peek inside the Nicholson Museum reveals more, with landish idea. “It’s not safe,” I tell him for conversation’s sake. The Assyrian genocide formed one distinct yet legal pillars of genocide recognition—is one of defined by the suffering of the victims, which some of its Assyrian artefacts dating back almost 4,000 years. It’s not that he wants to live in Iraq — instead, that he’s nostalgic indivisible chapter of a program of eradication Year of the Sword’s strongest legacies. Yacoub consisted of an enumeration of religious groups, that also encompassed the coeval Armenian specifies a widely observed repetition of process including Christians. No specific measures seek- for a life that existed before despair set in. My parents travelled and Greek genocides. The purpose was to put to the killings. Key elements included the re- ing to empower Assyrians followed the designa- History lesson: the Assyrians are indigenous Christians who around the globe before settling in Australia, but today — en- an end to the presence of all three Christian moval of men “to an unknown destination” and tion. claim descent from Assyria, one of the oldest civilisations in ervated, tired, and unable to continue due to constantly travel- peoples in the territory that became the Repub- the reading aloud of an edict from the Ottoman lic of Turkey. The politics of the genocide were state prior to executions and (“as sworn on the Genocide aims to erase the past in order to open the world. Their ancestral homelands are located at the point ling in hopes of finding a new home — their mind is plagued not the outgrowth of a robust nationalist ideolo- Koran”) an injunction to remain silent about a future free of its burdens. In Hakkari, the per- where the frontiers of Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey intersect. with images of the wreckage of the country they once called gy or tradition. (Turkish nationalism has always “acts committed by the executioners” and “the petrators were almost entirely successful in this Today, they’re one of the largest nationalities in the world with- home. No longer does my father envision Christians, Muslims struggled to reconcile the need for an atavistic fate of those executed.” That “all observers and aim. After thousands of years of continuous sense of racial origins, usually placed some- witnesses confirm that the conduct of the Turk- settlement by Assyrians, Hakkari exists today out a state of their own. Since the fall of the Assyrian Empire and Jews living in harmony, but rather, the corpses and ashes where within Central Asia, and the need to sub- ish authorities was motivated by a premeditated, predominantly in a state of wilderness. Scat- in 612 BC, Assyrians haven’t had a place to call home — some- that lie side-to-side on the grounds of Mosul. The children cry- jugate and cohere territories in Asia Minor.) The defined and criminal objective,” argues Yacoub, tered ruins of churches—some 250 Assyrian Republic of Turkey was instead founded upon confirms that “the driving force was not in the churches and monasteries were destroyed—are thing my parents know all too well. They grew up as part of the ing, begging for help. The churches, mosques, and synagogues the application of violent jihad to the territorial mountains but in the capital.” quiet monuments to a genocide intimately re- indigenous Assyrian Christian community in Iraq, and some- destroyed. Their own people, fleeing the motherland in hopes boundaries of the emerging Turkish state. The membered by its sons and daughters in Europe, times, they’re still prone to yearning for the quintessential of finding a better life. Islamization of Turkey was inseparable from the Discussion of potential responses to the geno- yet largely unknown to the descendants of its establishment of its national sovereignty. cide accompanied the spreading of news. perpetrators. Local Kurds often profess a lack elements of their childhood. Throughout my childhood, my Yacoub is excellent in mapping the network of of knowledge or curiosity as to why a Christian father would recount his memories of growing up in Despite being raised in a family of Iraqi Assyrians, I’ve never Yacoub discusses political developments in the institutions and actors involved in deciding the grandmother is listed on their ID cards. A local — of a schooling that was “regimented and stern,” his love for been able to visit Iraq, even though I’ve always had dreams of decades prior to the genocide: the draconian fate of the surviving Assyrians. tradition of confusing crosses etched onto the centralization of power in the flailing Ottoman stone of Assyrian churches with instructions to football, and most importantly, how the diverse faiths of Iraq flying out to motherland and discovering my Assyrian roots. caliphate under Sultan Hamid II (1876-1909), Soon after their emergence as a national politi- dig for treasure incites the exhumation of graves lived in harmony amongst each other. “It’s all different now,” And although I’ve never seen significant Assyrian relics in im- and the nationalism of the Young Turks who cal entity in the modern sense, Assyrians sought for personal enrichment, in a parody of excava- supplanted him and ushered in an era of geno- to overcome the circumscribing hostility of their tion aimed at the recovery of the past. my dad says when I ask him about what’s changed over the ages of Iraq, they’re still a constitutive part of my history and cide. This background is not treated as an in- neighbors through outreach to the West. They years. “Christians, Jews, and Muslims no longer live in peace.” personal identity. I grew up learning about The Epic of Gil- ductive source of understanding, but rather a were met with the reality that whatever sense Turkey refuses to acknowledge any genocide My parents fled Iraq in 1976 amid the rise of Saddam Hussein gamesh – the oldest work in literature. I researched the legacy context. Yacoub’s major focus is on detailing the of geographically expansive Christendom still on its own soil. President Recep Erdoğan, who act of killing. existed in Europe was rapidly dwindling, and recently described the persecution of Muslims and the Arab Socialist Ba’ath Party, leaving with nothing but of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and its influence on civilization; would disappear forever with World War I. One in Myanmar as genocide, said in 2009 that “it is the clothes on their backs. The act was so out of character for from creating the first library in the world to developing an ef- The methods of the Assyrian genocide were of the most telling individual lines in Year of the impossible for Muslims to commit genocide.” my typically cautious parents that it took me years to acknowl- fective courier system. mass murder, pillage, and the rape and ab- Sword speaks of Assyrian authors writing in Kurdish nationalist leaders continue to perse- duction of girls. Christian Pfander, the Ger- their native Assyrian : “Every author, cute Assyrians while occasionally invoking the edge just how brave they must have been. man-American Pastor of Urmia (in today’s without exception, expresses a sense of shock events of the genocide as a way to underscore For me, the statue of Gilgamesh is a visible reminder that my northwest Iran), wrote that “in the villages, the that Germany and Austria, two Christian coun- the need for an independent Kurdish state, From a young age, my parents forced me to read, write, and people flourished for years: Iraq was once home to a myriad of Kurds killed everyone they could get hold of.” tries, could have found themselves on the same dominated by the particular leadership mak- Assyrians were “hacked to death with axes and side as Turkey during the war.” ing the invocation. Yacoub makes it clear that speak a 2,000-year-old language which many consider dead. empires that would form civilization as we know it. Now, tragi- thrown into the river,” or left “half-executed … Kurds responded “enthusiastically under the Dinner tables were often informed by conservative Assyrian cally, the country is mostly forgotten; lying in ruins after years of exposed to the sun,” wrote Hyacinth Simon, a A hope for Christian solidarity from the West— planned and concerted direction of the Turkish French missionary and author, since, as “one which in the 19th century formed the basis of authorities” to the call of “holy war proclaimed values — we never mentioned issues like homosexuality and war and sectarian violence. Despite keeping dustbins and ibises Kurd said: Our soil is too pure to act as a tomb external Assyrian political and institutional en- in Kurdistan” a century ago. Yet in a part of the atheism, but my parents had no problem expressing their dis- for company, Gilgamesh remains a constant, potent symbol; a for Christian dogs.” gagement—shaded into a prayer-like approach world where martyrs are stacked like currency dain for Saddam Hussein. They often talked about the cruelty reminder of my heritage, my culture, and most importantly, the to the international community. From the Par- for claims made on the present, it is no surprise Clergymen were subject to spectacular forms is Peace Conference of 1919 to the present day, that the legacy of the Assyrian genocide, like of his totalitarian system, his antagonizing sectarian policies, struggle my parents went through to find a new home. of torture: “The skin was flayed from another Assyrians have been entrapped within systems ownership of the land that hosted it, is still up priest’s head before his throat was cut.” One of appeal and recourse to western powers, fu- for grabs. 16 17 Assyrian New Year Parade

6767/2017 Chicago, USA

Origins of our Great Assyrian New Year

by Elizabeth S. Mickaily-Huber, Ph.D.

The Assyrian New Year is known by many names: Traditionally, Akitu was a festival that lasted for twelve Kha b’Nisan, Resha d’Sheeta, or Akitu (as it was called days, beginning on the first after the Spring by our ancient forefathers). Indeed, this holiday was equinox. It was meant to celebrate the rebirth of the deity meant to usher away winter and to celebrate the arriv- Marduk who created the world out of chaos in the famed al of Spring, the revival of life and agricultural fertility Epic of Gilgamesh. As with many of the ancient gods of so important to our ancestors, clearly a precursor to Mesopotamia, Marduk was both king and deity, having our beloved Christian holiday of Easter. Much of what human attributes in addition to divine powers. Without is known about this holiday is revealed to us through a doubt, Akitu is one of the oldest recorded religious fes- cuneiform inscriptions on clay tablets found by ar- tivals in the world. chaeologists. Assyrians all over the world, in the dias- pora, as well as in Iraq and Syria celebrate with parties, The Persian observance of Nowruz that celebrates the parades, picnics, delicious food, traditional costumes vernal equinox on March 21 likely originates from Aki- and general goodwill. There is also a unique tradition tu. In 556 B.C., Nabonidus, son of the Assyrian priestess where Assyrian girls gather flowers and herbs, creat- Adad-Guppi of Harran, became King of Babylon. He ing colorful bouquets called Diqna d’Nisan (meaning reigned the city-state of Babylon until the invasion of “Beard of Spring”) that are then hung from the roof Cyrus the Great of Persia in 539 B.C., year of the Fall of tops of homes to welcome the New Year. Truly, it is a Babylon. It is said that Nowruz has been celebrated in celebration that brings all Assyrians together, regard- Persia (modern day Iran) since that time. As a matter of less of religious denomination, binding us together as fact, according to multiple sources, Persia’s rulers adopt- Assyrian Foundation of America a community and as a people descended from the Cra- ed the Babylonian calendar shortly after Babylon was dle of Civilization. conquered. The likelihood is therefore high that Nowruz th is a direct descendant of the Mesopotamian celebration 8 Annual Appreciation Event This holiday has its roots in ancient Mesopotamian re- of Akitu. ligion whose calendar began on the first day of “Nisan” Special Presentation by Joseph N. Hermiz corresponding to our modern calendar on the 1st of So this year, as you celebrate Assyrian New Year on April April. In the Julian calendar, the vernal equinox moved 1 with your friends and family, spare a thought to your Sunday, May 6, 2018 - from 3 pm 6 pm gradually away from March 21. However, the Gregorian ancient ancestors who maintained our traditions for over calendar reform restored the vernal equinox to its orig- 6 millennia through thick and through thin, remember At the Best Western Hotel inal date, but since the festival was now tied to the date, your fellow Assyrians in the homeland who have suffered rather than to the astronomical event of its origins, Kha significantly over the past years, recognize your rich cul- 380 South Airport Blvd., South San Francisco, California b’ Nisan remains fixed at March 21 in the Julian reckon- tural heritage and language, and never forget that you did ing, corresponding to April 1 in the Gregorian calendar. not choose to be Assyrian, you just got very very lucky! RSVP required: [email protected] Happy Akitu 6768!

18 19 Recipes Turlock’s Sargis joins Barcelona Academy Shirvet Lobya

Courtesy of www.TurlockmJournal.com (Green Bean Stew) Created by: Monika Vardeh & Flora Chalabi

Turlock soccer standout Hayden Sargis wants to Servings: 5-7 play professionally for FC Barcelona’s first team in Prep Time: 10 min A word from the cook: Spain. It would be the first and only time that a “Very few ingredients Turlock native had accomplished such a feat, but Cook Time: 1 hour for now he is one step closer to achieving his for this delicious main dish, Total Time: 1 hour 10 min ultimate goal after getting an opportunity to be part MUST TRY” of the only Barcelona Academy in the United States.

INGREDIENTS:

The final decision was made this past weekend by 1 lb chuck roast or steak Sargis and his family after the 15-year-old decided to Sargis will be leaving for Arizona on Saturday, pursue his life goal of becoming a pro soccer player for beginning his journey to, hopefully, the pros. 1 lb frozen or fresh green beans his favorite club. “I want to play for Barcelona in Spain. I will miss my 1 tsp salt “My ultimate goal is to play for FC Barcelona’s first family, but when I see Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo, 1 Tb paprika team and this puts me one step closer,” said Sargis. they left their families at 13 and it was probably hard for them,” said Sargis. “But you need to sacrifice to 1/2 cup tomato paste “What has kept me motivated is my desire to keep get somewhere sometimes.” playing, I watch all the pros, Messi, and I want to be 5- 6 cups of boiling water like them one day.” Sargis, who played for the Sacramento Republic Academy for the past two seasons, will take on his old fresh parsley for garnish Argentinian-born pro Lionel Messi is widely considered team with his new squad on Sept. 24 in Sacramento. the best player in the world and has played for Barcelona since 2004 when he was 17-years-old. His first league game is Sept. 2. INSTRUCTIONS The Barcelona Academy is based out of Casa Grande, “My next step is to go through this year, to envision 1. Use a medium to large pot over medium heat for 6. Lastly, add the green beans, put a lid over and Arizona and has all the necessities for a young and myself playing, but my next step for playing is browning the meat. allow to simmer over low heat for 1 hour. developing athlete, including an on-campus school by getting invited to play in Spain. I will be playing back 2. Cube the meat into 1-inch pieces and begin 7. Add chopped, fresh parsley for garnish and flavor. line and a little in the midfield,” Sargis added. Arizona State University. sautéing with a few Tb of canola oil for about “My dad has helped me a lot, taking me everywhere, 10-15 min (turn meat only 2-3 times, point here Traditionally, you would prepare Assyrian white rice Sargis will live on campus while attending school there but it’s a whole family effort and I like to thank is to develop a nice crust on the outside) that you would serve with this Green bean stew. as well, and focus on developing his soccer skills. Sacramento as well. Enjoy!!! 3. Add salt, paprika and tomato paste and cook The opportunity happened very suddenly. Sargis was “We raised a great kid, from his school which is most- for about 5 min, allowing the raw tomato paste part of a summer camp program put on by Stanislaus ly my wife helping him to get these scholarships for flavor to cook out. State soccer coach Dana Taylor. At the camp, scouts the academy,” Antonio added. “It’s a family support Recipe taken from: http://assyrianrecipes.com 4. Add 1/2 to 3/4 cups of boiling water, while con- saw the Turlock teen play. all the way, we are all extremely proud of him. He is stantly stirring and imcorporating the paste into “About Assyrian Recipes: We are 4 brothers who love getting closer and is a determined kid. When he is the water and meat. to eat. When the wooden spoon wasn’t used to chase “The coaches saw what they needed to see and liked out there it’s on, that is his love and passion, mark my us around the house, it helped make a great meal!” it and made requests and offers from there and the words he will achieve it, he will be at the highest level 5. Let pot simmer for about 10 min before adding rest is history,” said Hayden’s father Antonio. one day.” the remainder water (4-5 cups of boiling water)

20 21 Congratulations In Memoriam SANDRA BONIAN By Eden Naby Andrew Adam Marking the passage of the lives of Assyrians allows an avenue for detailing communal social and economic history. These details flesh out the political history of persecution that has led to the dispersion of this last Aramaic speaking community from the Middle East. Sandra Nader Bonian represents the pattern that begins with displacement by genocide, attempts to return to the home base, political persecution, and refuge Chiropractic College Graduation in the West. It helps to answer the question, “Why do we leave the Middle East?” My cousin (her grandmother Laya Dooman was my great-grandfather Benyamin Dooman’s sister), was born when the extended family had fled Andrew Jonathan Adam was born to Gilbert and Urmiah in 1918 to escape the Kurds and Turks (both local Azeris and the Ottoman invaders). By 1920 they had settled in Tabriz, where Sandra, the third surviving child of Elisha Nader and his wife Sophia, was born. The family returned to Urmiah when the Pahlavi government in Teh- Margaret Badal Adam in 1987. After high school, ran deemed itself safe from irredentist Assyrian claims for Urmiah as a homeland. By the 1930s Tehran had forced the American missionaries Andrew matriculated in CSU at the San Jose who had saved many Christian refugees between 1914 and 1918 to depart Urmiah altogether. campus and completed his university studies, Iran would not allow the return of those Urmiah Assyrians who had fled to the British-run refugee camps in Mesopotamia like Baquba. They graduating in 2010 with a Bachelor’s Degree. ended up working as best they could in the petroleum industry or in businesses where their literacy in English allowed them to build a modi- cum of normal life. Subsequently, he worked for one year at Google, On the eve of WWI, many Urmiah Assyrians owned property in villages and houses in Urmiah. Those who could return reclaimed those meanwhile he enrolled in additional science class- agricultural lands, and in some cases, successfully fought the legal battles through Iranian courts to gain control of property of dead relatives es in Organic Chemisty and Physics while working and those who had emigrated. Urmiah survivors gradually became economically successful enough to educate their children in professions, often in Tehran and Tabriz. Sandra’s family owned vineyards Wazirawa, grain fields in Dizza, and an almond orchard in Digala. Their house on full time. The following year, he applied to and was Urmiah’s main thoroughfare, Pahlavi Avenue, had built-in benches on either side of the gate to the compound. I remember seeing Sophia and accepted at the Palmer College of Chiropractic her mother-in-law, Esther, sitting on those benches. Medicine. Andrew graduated in 2016 from Palmer Sandra completed high school in Urmiah and gained a two-year pedagogical degree in Tabriz. Back in Urmiah, she became an elementary with a degree of Doctor of Chiropractic Medicine school principal, thanks to help from well-placed Muslim friends. Teaching was a profession for which many Assyrians, especially women, were well-suited due to their higher rate of education than local Muslim women during the early part of this century. A beauty of note, Sandra (D.C.). Since his graduation, he has been involved in had many suitors, including young and wealthy Muslims, among them the owner of the village of Gavilan, where one of the oldest Assyrian the field of Chiropractics. Andrew’s inspiration in churches is located. chiropractice even before matriculating in college Elisha found a suitable young Assyrian, Yosep Bonian (Benyamin), who had been orphaned with the death of his Assyrian father on the flight was to pursue a non-invasive and holistic approach to Hamadan in 1918. His mother Lucy, an Armenian refugee, from the Van area, was the sole known survivor of her entire family. After 1915, Urmiah provided refuge for survivors from southeast Turkey, both Armenian and Assyrian. As a young child fleeing Urmiah with his mother to treating patients. and father, Joseph had lost toes to frostbite in the mountains. Sandra and Yosep settled in Urmiah but moved to Tehran where Yosep Bonian gave piano lessons and Sandra taught. Due to the collapse of the irredentist Azerbayjan Demokrat (1945-46) in which many Assyrians and participated, a number of Assyrian families fled to . Yosep fled in 1951 and by 1957, all the Bonian family was living in Iraq. Sandra and her children visited Urmiah during the summers. Ever industrious, instead of attempting to teach in a completely different language setting, Sandra apprenticed as a seamstress and soon es- tablished her own design and sewing business. Her new skills, much sought after at a time when factory made-clothing did not exist, came in handy when she and her husband moved to the United States where her elder daughter, Stella, lived with her own family. The history of Assyrians with Iranian citizenship who took refuge in Iraq meant that, as Iran-Iraq relations deteriorated during the 1970s, often with an overt Kurdish component, the Baathist party forced these Assyrians out of Iraq. Some were simply put on trucks with 24 hour notice and dropped off across the border, anywhere. Others, like Sandra and her family, had the luxury of flying from Baghdad to Tehran. Thus in 1970 Welcome... the Bonian family found themselves in Iran again. Documents, language barriers and the hundreds of details of moving from one country to another stood in the way of the education of the Amarissa Violet Shabbas three college-aged children (Stella, Stephen, Svetlana). But thanks to other Assyrians and knowledgeable relatives such as the Gracy Ata- nouspoor, principal of Shushan Assyrian School in Tehran, and wife of Homer Nader, the children’s maternal uncle, paths were smoothed. We are happy to announce the newest addition to Gradually one by one, the children left Iran, Stella (Seiders) to Tulsa, Oklahoma, Stephen (who has trained at al-Hikma University, is now a Jesuit father) to various posts around the world, including Beirut, and US cities, and Svetlana (O’Gorman) to London. Sandra and the Shabbas family. Amarissa Violet Shabbas was her husband left Tehran in 1979, a few months after Iran became Ayatollah Khomeini’s Islamic State. born on January 16th, 2018 in Concord, CA. Sandra has four grandchildren, all half-Assyrian, and three great grandchildren. The lands and house in Urmiah were sold to non-Assyrians in 1976. Like many of us, our personal roots have survived, but we need to work harder for our cultural branches to thrive. Her parents, Atur and Livia Shabbas, are very excited to share this news with everyone.

Sarah and Sandra stand to the left with their brother the Bonians in Baghdad 1968 Homer and their cousin Charles Sayad just behind them 22 23 In Memoriam In Memoriam Robert B. Adam 1955 – 2017 By Gilbert Adam Minashe (Michael) Yonan 1934 - 2018

I would like to pay tribute and to celebrate the life of my beloved brother Rob- Passed away January 18th,2018 ert Adam, a long time resident of Scottsdale, Arizona, having resided there for well over 20 years. Prior to that, among other places, he lives in San Mateo for about 11 years, followed by more than 4 years in the Los Angeles area. He was born on May 15th, 1934 in Urmia, Iran to Soreya and Samuel Yonan. He was the youngest child of four children; one brother, Aprim and two Robert was born in Kirkuk, Iraq on July 31, 1955, the second son to Baba and Florence Adam. Robert is survived by his mother Florence, his wife Kim, his brothers sisters, Julia and Maria. Gilbert and Raman, his nephews Christopher, Dr. Andrew, and niece Catherine. Rob- ert is also survives by his uncle Ferdinand and aunties Alice, Gladys, as well as many He spent his teenage years living in Iraq with his brother and his family cousins and relatives. As for our dad, he passed away in 1997. and attended private school to study English and Assyrian at Habbaniya air Robert Adam was a beloved son and brother, devoted husband and cherished base. uncle who passed away on Saturday, September 23, 2017. He was preceded in death by his dad, his uncles Phrydon, Alfred, and Pnoel, as well as aunts Germaine and Agnes. It seems surreal that Robert passed away when he was so full of life just before In his early 20’s, he learned to make leather goods and opened a shoe shop his illness. You just never know what curve ball life throws at you. in Iraq to help support his family. He also studied electronics and earned Robert immigrated with his family to the United States, arriving in Ohio on a technical certification from the US. Soon after, he was hired by the American Embassy in Iraq as a Clerk and November 1, 1970, where the whole family spent some time with Uncle Alfred and his worked there with his brother for several years. He was highly valued and rewarded for his outstanding service family. Subsequently, he arrived in California and established residence in the Bay while working there. Area. Among his many talents and pastime pursuits, Robert loved playing golf and At the age of 28, he moved to England and shortly after to the US where he met his wife, Grazia Patricia Johnson dancing. Also, he was an avid sportsman, including being a fearless high-jump diver, an ardent water and jet-skier, enjoying boating, and deep sea fishing, catching fish more Yonan. They married on May 15, 1965, and raised their family in Fremont, CA. than twice his size, an automotive accomplished do-it-yourselfer, and motorcyclist. His Michael is survived by his three children; Jeffrey, Jennifer Bean and Jonathan Yonan and three grandchildren; will forever miss his infectious smile and quick sense of humor and Stephanie Marie Bean, Breann Patricia Yonan and Avarie Charli Ann Yonan. intelligence. He was nicknamed the Mayor of Scottsdale due to his popularity and long time residency there. During his professional career, Robert received many accolades. Among his commendations was being names as Director of the Year for all Hyatt Hotels World- wide. Prior to that, for more than six years, he worked as the Banquet Manager at the Hyatt Burlingame. The next 3 years, he held the Catering Manager position at the Hyatt Regency Los Angeles. Some of his other positions were Director of Catering and Con- ference Services for a period of fifteen years at the Hyatt Regency Scottsdale Resort. He was also promoted to the position of Director of Catering at the Prestigious Arizona Basso Badal 1933 - 2018 Biltmore Resort and Spa. Additionally, he held the position of Director of Events and By Solomon S Solomon Catering plus Conference Services at another upscale location, a 5-star Hilton Hotel called the Boulders, a Waldorf Astoria Resort. He was recognized by Hilton Hotels and Resorts as top producer. The last position he held was that of Director of Meetings and Basso passed away in Scottsdale, Arizona on January 27, 2018 at home following Events at the beautiful Bacara Resort and Spa in Santa Barbara, California. By this an illness of six months. She was laid to rest at “Phoenix Memorial Park”. Follow- time, his continued affliction coupled with misdirected medical treatment caused his health to deteriorate. His illness’ trajectory left him hoping against hope, resulting in ing funeral and burial services presided by Bishop Mar Aprim and four priests at his untimely passing, He had been battling his ailment courageously for almost two Saint Peter Assyrian Church of the East, everyone returned to the church to have years. Yet, eventually, he succumbed to his illness. He was laid to rest in the Bay Area. a memorial luncheon offered by her family. Robert had an outgoing personality. Because of his exuberant and extroverted Robert did have a heart of gold and demeanor, he socialized with famous personalities including Robin Williams and Jay Basso was born in Dohuk, Iraq in 1933 to Sliwo Solomon and Susember Youna- Leno, and rubbed elbows with Mohammad Ali, The Raiders Howie Long, the martial still had so much potential to offer. The artist movie star Chuck Norris and met Presidents Obama, Bush, Clinton and Reagan. following poem titled “God saw” seems than Solomon. Shortly thereafter, the family moved to Baghdad. In 1952, Basso to be quite fitting in this context: was married to Yousip Eyou Badal in Shaiba and they lived in Basra until 1975, Robert’s business acumen skills included specialties in budgeting, marketing, organizational skills, management and staff training. His professional qualifications in- when the family moved to Baghdad. There, the couple had four children (after cluded catering and conference services, with many years of management experience “God saw your getting tired having two in Basra). In 1976, the family immigrated to the U.S.A., settling in Chi- and an exceptionally strong track record of successfully directing, catering, and confer- And a cure was not to be, cago for the next 21 years. In 1997, the couple and their children moved to Arizona ence services at high-end four-star/ four-diamond hotels and resorts. During corporate So he put his arms around you meetings, he was values as an out-of-the-box strategic thinking, implementing inno- And whispered, “Come to me” with the exception of their son Tony who moved to California with his wife. vative marketing strategies and as an execution-minded visionary adept at building With tearful eyes we watched you, client loyalty and generating repeat business. Robert increased his departments’ profits Basso is survived by her husband Yousip of Scottsdale and six children. Tony and his wife Virginia of exponentially. We saw you pass away, Although we love you dearly, California, Rony and his wife Caroline of Scottsdale, Johny, Jaklin Rains, Nuha Safer and Edmon, all in We are all mortals. The only thing that we can carry is our legacy. The memo- We could not make you stay, Scottsdale, as well as eleven grandchildren. Basso is also survived by a siste, Khaton Odisho in the U.S. ry of Robert’s love for bis mom, wife, brothers, relatives and friends will endure. All else is fleeting. Only our legacy is not transient. Robert was beloved by all who were fortu- A golden heart stopped beating, along with and three brothers: Joseph, David, and Solomon. nate enough to have known him. He worked hard, up to 16 hours a day, sometimes 6 or Hard working hands at rest, 7 days a week, at times answering more than 200 emails a day, in addition to carrying God broke our hearts to prove to us, May her soul rest in peace in heaven. our his heavy responsibilities. He only takes the best.” Robert did have a heart of gold and still had so much potential to offer. The Solomon (Sawa) Solomon following poem titled “God saw” seems to be quite fitting in this context: 24 25 Assyrian Foundation of America!

Assyrian Foundation of America! Assyrian Foundation of America!

Assyrian Foundation of America!

Assyrian Foundation of America!

Assyrian Foundation of America is grateful to these businesses and their their and businesses these to grateful is America of Foundation Assyrian

The following companies offer gift matching programs to employees. employees. to programs matching gift offer companies following The

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with your company’s Human Resources office to see if they offer a a offer they if see to office Resources Human company’s your with Corporates’ Matching Gift Programs are The below list includes donations received from 12/1/2017 to 2/28/2018 only!

form and send to us for verification of your contribution. You You contribution. your of verification for us to send and form ! onaino of Foundation Assyrian Foundationdonations an of employer America makes to match its Any donations received after 2/28/2018 will be included in the next issue of the Nineveh Magazine. Assyrian Foundation of America! employees’ charitable contributions. Thank you for your generosity and support!

Corporates’ Matching Gift Programs are Edward P Miner 5,000.00 Peter Kiryakos DDS 750.00

to to donations an employer makes to match its Nathan Elias 2,000.00 Robert & Victoria Kaprelian 700.00

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to: to: matchingThe gift programfollowing. If yes, companies request an application offer and gift guidelines! matching programs to employees. 1. Check with your company’s Human Resources office to see if they offer a Noray Betbaba 200.00 Nina Charbakhshi 100.00 2. Complete the form and Assyriansend to us for verificationFoundation of your of contribution. America You is grateful to these businesses and their 2. Complete the form and send to us for verification of your contribution. You matching gift program. canIf eitheryes, request email to [email protected] applicationemployees and guidelines! who ORchoose mail to: to support Corporates’AFA in Matchingthis way. Gift Programs are Ninos David 200.00 Pera Daniels 100.00 Assyrian Foundationcan either of America,email to [email protected] Box 2770, Berkeley, CA 94740 OR mail to: donations an employer makes to match its Eden Naby Frye 200.00 Paul & Giwargis 100.00 Assyrian Foundation of America, PO Box 2770, Berkeley, CA 94740 2. Complete the form and send to us for verification of your contribution. You employees’ charitable contributions. Maha Hermes 200.00 Elias Hanna 100.00 can either email to [email protected] are OR mail to: Welltom & Linda Khoshabian 200.00 Samy Hermes 100.00 The following companies offer gift matching programs to employees. 1. Check with your company’s Human Resources office to see if they offer a Assyrian FoundationAssyrian Foundation of TheAmerica, following of America PO companies Box is grateful 2770, offer Berkeley,giftto these matching businesses CA programs 94740 and their to employees. matching gift program. If yes, request an application and guidelines! employeesAssyrian Foundation who choose of to America support isAFA grateful in this to way. these businesses and their The Assyrianemployees Observer who choose to support AFA in this way. 2. Complete the form and send to us for verification of your contribution. You Romena Jonas 100.00 & Mariana Samo 100.00

Editor Andrious Mama Jotyar can either email to [email protected] OR mail to:! 108 Alderney Road John & Beatrice Joseph 100.00 Francis Sarguis 100.00 Slade Green, Kent DA8 2JD Assyrian Foundation of America, PO Box 2770, Berkeley, CA 94740 The following companies offer giftUnited matching Kingdom programs to employees. Tony Khoshaba 100.00 Linda Scott-Mccabe 100.00 Assyrian Foundation of America is29 Januarygrateful 2018 to these businesses and their Nathan Michael 100.00 Shadrak & Jermaine Shabbas 100.00 1. Check with your company’s Human ResourcesThe following office companies to see offerif they gift matchingoffer a programs to employees. employees who choose Dr.to Ninwe support Maraha AFA in this way. Editor, Nineveh Magazine. matching gift program. If yes, requestAssyrian anFoundation application of America and guidelines! is grateful to these businesses and their Nathan Nasseri 100.00 Sarah Slefo 100.00 employees who choose to support AFA in this way. Dear Madam: George Nissan 100.00 Pierre Toulakany 100.00 2. Complete the form and send to us for verification of your contribution. You Thank you for sending to me two copies of Nineveh Magazine that I find of great interest. In future please Paul & Souha Odah 100.00 Voltaire & Greese Warda 100.00 sent me only one copy. Assyrian Observer, Assyrian Charity and myself are one person.can either AMJ as shown email to [email protected] OR mail to: above. Assyrian Foundation of America, PO Box 2770, Berkeley, CA 94740 Susan Odisho 100.00 Barbara Warda 100.00 My check is enclosed for $400 Ex Assyrian Charity & Relief Fund of U.K., as follows: $350 Assyrian Foundation of America donation for needy. Robert & Martha Paulissian 100.00 Sargon & Nancy Yelda 100.00 $50 for 1 copy Nineveh Magazine 2018 Subscription for AMJ address as shown above. Isaac Ramsini 100.00 Belles & Linda Yelda 100.00 The following companies offer gift matching programs to employees. By separate post I am also sending to you two separate issues of the Assyrian Observer for your perusal. Archy Ray 100.00 Frederick Aprim 90.00 Please also let members of your Nineveh Board see them andAssyrian many thanks Foundationtoo. of America is grateful to these businesses and their Dear Rabi Ninwe: employees who choose to support AFA in this way.

I will be grateful if you could print the following note in the next issue of the esteemed Nineveh Magazine: Victor Orshan 80.00 Hilda Papion 50.00

I felt so sentimentally, reading the short but highly great dedication towards an Assyrian Nationalistic Bailis & Sylvia Shamun 75.00 Samrida Sargoni 50.00 son, the late Nadam Yonadam, who was so sadly killed-in-action in the beloved country of his forefathers Iraq, while with the coalition American forces People of all nationalities should remember and should Youash Tamras 75.00 George Yana 50.00 so respect Iraq more than other man-made countries – because God Almighty created mankind in the Garden of Eden in Iraq. Jane G. Phelps 60.00 Janet Yonan 50.00 I also felt so saddened reading the short eulogy of the late Arpine Onick as we were both students at the same school at the former RAF Station Habbaniya. The correct name of the school was: “The Assyrian/ Sanharib Shabbas 60.00 Victor Yousef 50.00 Armenian Union School”. - This came about when the Baquba Refugee Camps were disbanded in 1922, the Assyrians, Armenians and Assyrian Levy Soldiers had separate schools, three in all at Hanaidi Bagh- Thomas J Zia 60.00 Sargon & Matyam Bourang 40.00 dad. When we moved to Habbaniya the three schools having majority of Assyrian & Armenian united to this day. Raman Adam 50.00 Irene Dilak 30.00

Our best regards to you as well as the executive committee members especially those whom I know: Dr Rex & Viera Beteivaz 50.00 Albert Benjamin 25.00 Ninwe Maraha, Dr. Robert Karoukian and the present President Jackline Yelda. Henry Chamaki 50.00 Sargon & Samira Hermes 25.00 Yours Sincerely, Andrious Mama Jotyar, MBE addrress as shown above. Abraham & Dolphine David 50.00 Arpi Hovagimian 25.00 May God Almighty Bless you and protect you all too. - AMJ Note: This letter will also appear in the next issue of Assyrian Observer. Lazare Kianoun 50.00 Awisha Lazar 20.00

Please send donations to: Assyrian Foundation of America P.O. Box 2660 Berkeley, California 94702 * The amounts listed are charitable donations only and exclude subscription fees and membership dues 26 27 ployees are paid by the government. Without man Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Ar- Further complicating religious freedom, prop- any such financial support combined with ticle 9 of the Convention requires Turkey as a erty and fundamental rights for Christian and Turkey’s Systematic the lack of a legal status, non-Muslim reli- member state to protect freedom of religion, other non-Muslim religious minorities is the gious minorities, including the Ecumenical including the right to manifest religion in recent political unrest in Turkey. In July 2016, Courtesy of AINA.org Patriarchate and Turkey’s Alevi Muslim mi- worship, teaching, practice, and observance, an attempted coup against the government of nority, have difficulty in exercising religious subject only to limitations as necessary in a Turkey took place by an alleged faction of the Persecution freedom without sufficient foundation prop- democratic society in the interests of public military which Turkey blamed on Fethullah erties to produce income. The General Direc- safety, for the protection of the public order, Gulen, a Muslim cleric and his followers. The torate of Foundations in its administration health or morals, or for the protection of the government called on Turkish citizens to flood has limited the financial viability of religious rights and freedoms of others. the streets and thwarted the coup. Thereafter, of Religious minority community foundations. Turkey called for the extradition of Fethullah In the Treaty of Lausanne of 1923, Tur- Gulen who now resides and is based in the The European Court of Human Rights key guaranteed freedom of religion to its State of Pennsylvania. A massive government (ECHR) has been an alternative avenue to non-Muslim religious minorities. Articles 40 crackdown occurred, that resulted in an esti- Minorities pursue Christian and other non-Muslim reli- and 42 granted non-Muslim religious minori- mated 9000 police fired, 6000 military arrest- gious minority property rights in Turkey. For ties autonomy and legal status. ed, 3000 judges suspended, 21,000 teachers example, after extensive litigation, the Ecu- Courtesy of AINA.org suspended, and 1500 university deans ordered menical Patriarchate obtained a ECHR Judg- “All facilities and authorisation to resign. Turkey ordered a 3-month state of ment in 2008 for the return of the Prinkipos emergency followed by the government shut- (Buyukada) Orphanage Building. The Judg- will be granted to the pious foun- down of 45 newspapers, 16 television channels, The St. Gabriel Assyrian Monastery, found- cal Patriarchate, most of which are churches, important, it does not address the proper- ment produced in November 2010 a deed title dations, and to the religious and and 15 magazines. ed in 397 A.D., in , Turkey.Despite cemeteries, or other properties which pro- ties of seized religious minority foundations for the property in the name of Rum Patrikha- the world-wide recognition of the status of duce no income. that the government took over because of nesi, Patriarchate of the Roman Greeks, the charitable institutions of the said As the above significant events unfolded in His All-Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bar- its claim of lack of foundation management official name for the Ecumenical Patriarchate minorities at present existing in Turkey, false and derogatory articles were tholomew as the spiritual leader of all Or- With Turkey seeking accession to the Europe- or charitable purposes. Further, under the used by the government of Turkey. The deed reported in Turkey and Greece seeking to tie thodox Christians, the government of Tur- an Union, it sought to improve the property Decree, the determination of compensation, title as issued and accepted by the Turkish Turkey, and the Turkish Govern- His All-Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bar- key will give no legal standing and status to restrictions on non-Muslim religious minori- when in issue, is not made by an independent courts in the name of Rum Patrikhanesi in ment will not refuse, for the for- tholomew to Fethullah Gulen and the failed the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the historical ty foundations. In this regard, the 1935 Law on body but rather by the government. effect created a de facto legal status. It estab- coup. The intent was to disparage the Ecu- Holy Center of Orthodox Christianity at the Religious Foundations was amended during lished a legal argument to further the cause mation of new religious and char- menical Patriarchate and further inflame an Phanar, in . The lack of legal stand- the years of 2002 to 2008 to allow religious Accordingly, despite Turkey’s claims that the of obtaining official recognition of a legal per- itable institutions, any necessary anti-Christian climate in Turkey. Although ing and status in essence nullifies property minority foundations, with restrictions, to value of properties returned to all non-Mus- sonality for the Ecumenical Patriarchate and the Ecumenical Patriarchate is committed and other fundamental civil rights in Turkey acquire properties and apply for the return lim religious minorities exceeds one billion all religious minorities. facilities which are guaranteed to to the resolution of all issues of religious of confiscated properties. Within this histor- dollars, the application procedures in reality freedom and property rights peacefully and for the Ecumenical Patriarchate which pre- Also, in March 2011, Turkey implemented a other private institutions of that cludes its full exercise of religious freedom. ical context, Turkey’s then Prime Minister, proved to be more form over substance. In the within the existing government in Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdogan (now President), also end, it was not just the number of properties ECHR Judgment of March 2009 which re- nature.” (Article 42, para. 3). the false reporting threatens the progress to The Ecumenical Patriarchate cannot own in turned property rights to the Greek Ortho- its name the churches to serve the faithful announced by Decree, not parliamentary law, returned to foundations loyal to the Ecumen- seek additional property rights and religious on August 27, 2011, that 162 recognized minori- ical Patriarchate or other religious minority dox minority foundation, Kimisis Theodok- With the lack of legal standing on property freedom for Orthodox Christians and other or the cemeteries to provide for their repose. ou Greek Orthodox Church, on the island of Since it lacks a legal standing, the Ecumeni- ty foundations may apply to regain religious foundations that mattered, but the quality rights for the Ecumenical Patriarchate and religious minorities. properties declared and registered in 1936 and of properties returned. If properties are not Tenedos (Bozcaada). other non-Muslim religious minorities, these cal Patriarchate is powerless to pursue legal In April 2017, Turkey’s Constitutional Refer- remedies to assert property rights or even confiscated from them by the state or they income producing, they cannot be properly Further, a significant ECHR case was settled rights have not been respected by Turkey. could seek compensation. The Decree pro- maintained. In this regard and of most im- History has also shown that the Ecumenical endum vote approved calls for 2019 elections seek to repair deteriorating property without in 2013 whereby the General Directorate of that will replace Turkey’s parliamentary government approval. vided that applications to regain properties portance, the Turkish government continued Foundations returned the historic former Patriarchate itself has been further deprived generally had to be made within 12 months-- to delay or allow the election of religious mi- of other significant properties by virtue of its system with an all-powerful presidency and Ayia Foka Greek Elementary School building abolish the office of prime minister. The re- Instead and in lieu of legal standing, Turkey by August 27, 2012-- and regulations for imple- nority foundation board members to manage in Istanbul to the foundation despite the fact religious identity. has established a system of minority (com- mentation were adopted October 1, 2011. the properties. Without functioning religious sult will likely be to cement the absolute con- that it was utilized as the offices of the govern- During the time of the Treaty of Lausanne trol of President Erdogan and his political rul- munity) foundations for Orthodox Christians minority foundations, the return of property is ment’s European Union Ministry. and other non-Muslim religious minorities Of the 162 recognized minority foundations, meaningless because the properties, under ex- negotiations, the Turkish delegation de- ing party. With absolute control coupled with to hold properties supervised and controlled more than 70 Greek Orthodox foundations isting Turkish law, cannot be managed effec- However, the government of Turkey has re- manded that the Ecumenical Patriarchate Sunni Muslim dominance, Alevi Muslims, by the Turkish government’s General Di- claimed and timely submitted applications tively. Turkish law also restricts the eligibility fused to recognize these developments as be removed from Turkey as it symbolized Christian, and other religious minorities fear rectorate of Foundations. The Directorate for more than 1200 properties in issue. Of of Orthodox Christians who wish to serve as confirming legal status and has failed to reg- the last remnants of an international Chris- further restrictions on religious freedom. these applications, more than 300 were ac- tian and Greek religious presence in Turkey. regulates all the activities of religious com- religious minority foundation board members ister additional properties in the name of the Turkey should embrace the historical roots munity foundations which include approxi- cepted, and some 900 were rejected. Of the to manage the foundations. Clergy are not al- Ecumenical Patriarchate. The lack of legal Further, at that time, a bill was introduced in applications that were accepted, few result- the government of Turkey to establish a so- of Christian heritage and other faiths in its mately 75 Greek Orthodox, 42 Armenian and lowed to serve. With the significant decline in status persists. This is in stark contrast to lands. It should look upon His All Holiness 19 Jewish foundations. The 1935 Law on Re- ed in the actual transfer of title and few were population of Orthodox Christians eligible to Turkey’s international and national human called Turkish National Orthodox Church to income producing properties. Although counter the Ecumenical Patriarchate. This at- Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew, and all ligious Foundations, and a subsequent 1936 be elected board members, the religious mi- rights obligations. religious minority leaders, and their institu- Decree, required all foundations, Muslim or disputed by Turkey, religious minorities re- nority foundations will not be able to sustain tempt to create a Turkish National Orthodox ported that administration by the General Turkey is a member of the United Nations, Church with government support was led by tions, for their accomplishments and their non-Muslim, to declare their properties by returned properties. With the lack of legal desire to live in peace with equal property registering the same with the General Direc- Directorate of Foundations was slow and standing and status, the government then has Council of Europe, NATO, Organization for a since excommunicated village priest known arbitrary as even accepted applications were Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) as “Papa Eftim,” who in 1922 proclaimed a and fundamental rights. Turkey seeks to join torate of Foundations. the ability to declare the property abandoned the European Union and has binding obliga- not always processed. The August 27, 2012 and seize the same without compensation. and in 2005 began formal accession negotia- “Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate” with no au- Through its controls, the government of Tur- submission deadline also did not allow suf- tions to join the European Union. Moreover, thority, recognition or congregation. tions to ensure religious freedom for the Ecu- key has nationalized and/or declared certain ficient time to submit the required volume While Turkey points to the fact that its Sun- by virtue of its membership in all these or- menical Patriarchate and other religious mi- Greek Orthodox and other religious minority of paper work for most of the property ap- ni Muslim majority religion also lacks a legal ganizations, Turkey has taken on binding The status of the Ecumenical Patriarchate to norities that must be enforced. However, the foundations as non-functioning with no right plications. This was further complicated by personality, the Sunni Muslims are treated obligations to protect the rights of religious be recognized and remain in Turkey was fi- recent political movement in Turkey toward of appeal. This resulted in the systematic sei- the fact that local Turkish Government of- in a more favorable manner. For all practical minorities. nally settled by the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 Sunni Muslim uniformity in the government, zure of thousands of properties of Christian fices did not timely respond to requests for purposes Sunni Muslims have a “legal status” and reaffirmed by a League of Nations- Set education, and institutions throughout the and other non-Muslim religious minorities title documents which prevented processing exercised through The Diyanet or Director- As a participating state in OSCE, Turkey has tlement in 1930. However, this unrecognized country is cause for concern. The need con- in the years that followed, including thou- within the deadline. ate ( Presidency ) of Religious Affairs of the obligations under Article VII of the Helsinki priest, with Turkish government support, had tinues for world-wide diplomatic efforts from sands of income producing and valuable government which is all Sunni Muslim, and Accords to guarantee and protect the rights of seized in the interim Ecumenical Patriarchate other countries to exert political pressure on properties of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. In In addition, the Decree is limited. Proper- in effect controls the exercise of religious national minorities. The Concluding Docu- churches and properties in the Galata region of Turkey to require the government to comply 1936 the Ecumenical Patriarchate, its church- ties not declared by religious minority foun- freedom in Turkey. The Diyanet administers ment of the 1989 Vienna Meeting of the orga- Istanbul that his family descendants continue with its binding human rights and religious es and institutions, owned approximately dations under the 1936 law are not covered. mosques which must be all Sunni and over- nization requires participating states to pro- to hold to date. The Ecumenical Patriarchate freedom obligations. Legal standing and 8,000 properties. In 1998, 2,000 remained and Also, certain religious institutions, including sees all its religious training schools. It ob- tect the rights of religious communities. As has repeatedly called upon the government of status for the Ecumenical Patriarchate and today fewer than 500 properties are owned by Catholic churches, do not have foundations tains billions of dollars from the government a member of the Council of Europe, Turkey Turkey to return the churches and properties other religious minorities that will provide minority foundations loyal to the Ecumeni- or a legal status and are not covered. Most to function. Imans and other religious em- has ratified the European Convention on Hu- unlawfully seized but to no avail. meaningful property rights is the first step. 28 29 Local cleats artist gets big break with Bears: ‘This can be an empire for him’ Courtesy of Chicago Tribune

There’s an obvious intensity in Marvin Ba- this weekend, taking creative license to best was doing, specializing in website and logo roota’s stare. He’s leaning over a work bench, match each player’s charitable cause with his design, Baroota discovered the world of his neck extended and an airbrush in his personality. custom-designed cleats. He began dabbling right hand. At the moment, he’s meticulously It was a major undertaking for a budding with designs. And ultimately, he tried what spraying clouds onto a pair of Under Armour cleats artists. And yes, Baroota laughs when any ambitious millennial would. He cast cleats for Bears cornerback Cre’Von LeBlanc. he acknowledges that a year and a half ago a wide net on social media, reaching out to Baroota apologizes as he squeezes in lunch, he had no idea that “cleats artist” could be a NFL players through , Instagram and occasionally taking bites of a grilled cheese career path. Snapchat. while he works. He also apologizes for his fa- “I honestly had no clue this was actually a Trevathan was among those he first targeted. tigue, having slept, he says, no more than two thing,” he says. “What’s the worst that’s going to happen?” hours the previous night. Now Baroota is the founder, owner, CEO and Baroota says. “That these guys are going to Beside him are his two favorite forms of sus- — OK, yes — the lone employee of SoLe- tell me no?” tenance — a can of Red Bull, empty, and an gitCustoms. A graduate of Maine East High When Trevathan replied on Snapchat, Ba- side of his cleats as well as the “trick or treat” do his thing. I don’t try to put restrictions on ly,” Amukamara said, “this will help spread almost cashed bag of sunflower seeds. As any School, Baroota lives in a duplex with his roota knew he had his opening. message mixed in. Trevathan also loved the him. I don’t want to put anything in his head. awareness for leukemia and childhood can- artist will attest, 90 minutes can quickly turn parents and two of his siblings. His current “I could feel he was passionate about his words scrawled across the Velcro straps — I want the artist to be the artist. And he defi- cer.” into five hours when you become immersed studio is upstairs, a small bedroom his older designs and his work,” Trevathan says. “So “Lion King,” an homage to his favorite ani- nitely comes through.” Baroota charges between $250 and $400 per in the details. sister used to occupy. It has been converted why not give him the opportunity? Usually I mal and the “Lion-backer” moniker he was Baroota has since done a dozen other pairs job for his artistry (shoes sometimes includ- “It’s crazy sometimes,” Baroota says, “how the into Baroota’s dream chamber. might just look the other way. But he was per- given in Denver. for Mathieu, none more flashy than a pair ed) and says one job can take anywhere from time passes.” With the tight workspace and long hours re- sistent. I was new to Chicago. And I needed “Lions are hunters,” Trevathan said. “The of Louboutin-inspired cleats the Cardinals three to 10 hours, based on the intricacies. This month, Baroota has been engrossed in cently, Baroota has had to push to keep his somebody to help me get one pair of cleats kings of the jungle. They don’t take nothing safety wore before his Nov. 9 game against “Last year, I was pushing this on the play- the biggest stage of his new career venture. creativity stimulated. “I feel like I own my to pop.” from nobody. They lick their wounds and the Seahawks. White cleats, bright red soles ers,” Baroota says. “Now guys are sending me Earlier this year, he landed a contract with own sweatshop,” he says. “For myself.” Thus, the first pair of cleats Baroota ever they get back to work. That’s how that name and more than 150 tiny spikes screwed into cleats and wanting me to do my thing.” the Bears to be their go-to artist for the NFL’s But his rise in this still rather small niche can doctored up were the Halloween-themed came about. It was cool to have that repre- the leather. As a lifelong Bears fan, Baroota has also been Week 13 “My Cause, My Cleats” campaign, a be summarized with the two words he asked navy-and-orange Nikes that Trevathan wore sented on the shoes.” “Those I couldn’t wear during a game,” pinching himself as he realizes a dream of weekend that allows players to promote char- himself when he first started. Why not? for the Bears’ Oct. 31 win over the Vikings in Trevathan tweeted a short video of the cleats Mathieu says. “I’m pretty sure they’d have working with the organization. itable causes on their shoes. Social skills 2016. Initially, Trevathan was surprised to a few hours before kickoff that night. Team- thrown me out. But man, it was a good look.” As for the fad? Trevathan said this is the nat- On Sunday at Soldier Field, Baroota’s work learn that Baroota knew all about his lifelong mates gave the shoes a look and started ural next frontier for players who strive to will be on display when the Bears host In many ways, this traces back to Baroota’s interest in Halloween. “He did his film study, talking. And, well, that’s how word spreads. Creative license complement their play with the right combi- the 49ers. boredom with his old job and Danny Tre- I guess.” It’s hard to pin down exactly when this cus- nation of style and swagger. This is just a new In all, the 24-year-old Des Plaines resident vathan’s Halloween obsession. Looking for The Bears linebacker was impressed by the Baroota also got lucky connecting with Car- tomized cleats phenomenon became a thing. avenue. hand-painted cleats for 23 Bears to wear a change from the graphic design work he bats and the jack-o-lantern painted along the dinals Pro Bowl defensive back Tyrann Baroota gives a nod to Brandon Marshall, Mathieu added, “Everybody wants to be dif- Mathieu. His initial message sat in Mathieu’s who drew attention and a $10,500 fine for ferent. Especially on the football field. And Twitter mentions for months. But as Mathieu wearing lime green cleats during a Monday we have so many uniform codes and restric- aimed to inject his 2017 season with added night game for the Bears in 2013. Marshall was tions, guys can’t always dress how they want flair, he eventually replied. raising awareness for mental health issues. to dress and feel how they want to feel. I think “There are a lot of people who reach out and Bears cornerback Prince Amukamara first the cleats part of this has given guys an outlet hit you up wanting to do some kind of busi- noticed Giants teammates Odell Beckham to express themselves.” ness,” Mathieu says. “They have these ideas. Jr. and Victor Cruz dabbling in personalized Mathieu laughs at the origins of his rela- People want to be your stylist, your financial cleats during his last season in New York in tionship with Baroota. This all began with a adviser, your lawyer. I usually don’t respond. 2015. stranger 1,700 miles away sending unprompt- But this was different. I felt like I wanted to “They always had something new,” Amu- ed solicitation on social media. Now that ran- try something new with my cleats. And I gave kamara said. “I still remember these cleats dom stranger has a growing clientele of NFL Marvin a shot.” Odell wore with Rudolph and these little players. Why not? jingle bells. And when he was in that feud “I’m not surprised,” Mathieu says. “Especially The first pair of decorated cleats Mathieu with Josh Norman, Josh was known as Bat- in this day and age. All you really need is a lit- wore — in the Cardinals’ August exhibition man. So Odell came back with Joker on his tle bit of faith and confidence. And just shoot game against the Bears — were shiny red cleats. I enjoyed that creativity.” your shot. Marvin took his shot. And things with an image of a cardinal split across both Amukamara is excited to wear one pair of are starting to go well.” shoe tops. Baroota also sent Mathieu a pair his Baroota-designed cleats Sunday. They’re Trevathan jokes that whenever he meets up of brown cleats with an Arizona desert theme Wonder Woman-themed as a tribute to Char- with Baroota, Baroota’s fingers are caked in and some gray shoes with a honey badger lotte Rogers, the 14-month-old daughter of paint. “That lets me know he’s working.” emblazoned on. Bears assistant athletic trainer Will Rogers, “This can be an empire for him,” the line- “Rarely do I give him ideas,” Mathieu says. “I who dressed as Wonder Woman for Hallow- backer adds. “It’s skyrocketing.” usually just send him some cleats and let him een amid her battle with leukemia. “Hopeful- 30 31 32 33 ‘the government of Iraq continues to tolerate of such protection, the voice of the international 15 March 2016, the U.S. House of Representatives Mass Exodus: The Forced Displacement of Iraq’s Indigenous Christian systematic, ongoing, and egregious freedom vio- human rights regime, including that of influential unanimously passed a resolution calling the atroc- lations, including violent, religiously-motivated state actors such as the United States, the United ities perpetrated by the Islamic State against reli- Assyrians, How and Why State Actors and the International Human Rights Regime attacks.’ Beyond purely rhetorical gestures about Kingdom and the European Union has been vital gious and ethnic minorities in Iraq and Syria ‘war Failed in Their Responsibility to Protect This Vulnerable Minority Community the protection of minorities in the country, Iraqi to the plight of Assyrians not going unaddressed. crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide.’ governments since 2003 have not implemented Writing on the legitimate authority of internation- The final vote was 393-0. Concerned with the lack measures that would curtail the mass exodus of al human rights bodies, Steven Wheatley argues of response from the then-Obama Administra- Joseph Haweil BA(Hons)Melb** Assyrians. Responding to the ongoing violence that the role of international human rights bod- tion to the plight of minorities like the Assyrians against minorities, an Iraqi bishop noted that ies is understood as ‘ensuring that States parties the U.S Congress had itself imposed a deadline, 17 ‘now Christians … will never trust any democracy comply with their international obligations’ and March 2016, for the Obama Administration to de- Mass Exodus: The Forced Displacement of The The rapid decline of an Assyrian presence in Iraq been dormant in their response, not having under- in Iraq … Both the Iraqi national and the Kurdish ‘delimiting the circumstances in which it is appro- termine whether the actions of the Islamic State onslaught of the so-called Islamic State in the is most appropriately considered in the historical taken to tangibly stem the flow of Assyrians from governments disappoint … both have shown now priate for external actors to take an interest in the constituted genocide. On the very last available Middle East has brought a renewed internation- context of wider Christian persecution and mass Iraq. that it was all just empty promises.’ This theme treatment of human persons within the State.’ date imposed by the deadline, former U.S. Secre- al focus on the status and condition of ethnic and displacement in the Middle East. Todd Johnson of despair and abandonment emanates from the tary of State John Kerry declared the Islamic State’s religious minorities in the region. In the case of of the Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary as- The Moral Culpability of the Republic of Iraq Iraqi government’s support of sectarian divisions, Through its establish human rights bodies, the actions to be genocide after it ‘tried to slaughter Iraq, Christians, including the country’s indige- serts that in 1910 Christians represented 13.6% of its inability to control the national security envi- UN has since 2003 reported on the human rights whole communities, enslaved captive women nous Assyrians have historically been the largest the Middle East’s population. He goes on to argue Assyrians have historically had a ‘contentious ronment, the facilitation of religious influence on violations and mass displacement of Christians and girls for sex, and sought to erase thousands of non-Muslim minority group. While the barbarity that by the 2025, Christians are expected to repre- relationship with sites of power’. As early as the national legislation and the absence of state struc- in Iraq. This has included through the reporting years of cultural heritage by destroying churches, and provocativeness of the Islamic State and sim- sent just 3% of the Middle East largely as a result British Mandate of Iraq the Assyrians had active- tures for a pluralistic society. For Assyrians, add- of the Office of the UN High Commissioner for monasteries and ancient monuments.’ Earlier, in ilar groups has been the catalyst for the noted in- of emigration. More specifically, Iraq’s Christian ly pursued repatriation to their homelands in the ed to these factors has been the lack of protection Refugees (UNHCR) and the Human Rights Coun- February 2016, the European Parliament had also ternational attention, the modern plight of Iraq’s community has witnessed the most rapid and Hakkari Mountains in Turkey, sought self-deter- for key Christian sites like churches, the de facto cil. At the 28th session of the UN Human Rights passed a resolution unanimously recognising the Christian minorities actually has its inception in staggering decline. The 1987 Iraqi census, the na- mination and resisted accommodation in a new imprimatur given to militias for ethnic cleansing Council in March 2015 for example, the UNHCR Islamic State’s actions to be genocide. the United States-led intervention in Iraq and the tion’s last official national count enumerated 1.4 Iraqi state without autonomy. This lengthy antag- of Christian neighbourhoods and that there has reported on the ‘human rights situation in Iraq in toppling of Saddam Hussein’s Baathist regime million Christians in Iraq. In 2011, the United Na- onism coupled with the distinctiveness of Assyri- been little encouragement or incentive for those light of abuses committed by the so-called Islam- The designations from the UN, the U.S. govern- in 2003. Since that time minorities have suffered tions Assistance Mission for Iraq noted that since ans as a non-Muslim, non-Arab/Kurdish indige- who have fled to return. Addressing state reac- ic State in Iraq.’ The report concluded that some ment and EU hold significant symbolic weight. from ‘killings, kidnappings, torture, harassment, 2003, between 250,000-500,000 Christians, about nous group has made Assyrians a primary target tions to religious minorities W. Cole Durham Jr., instances of violence perpetrated against civilians They have however had a negligible impact. It forced conversions and the destruction of homes half the Christian population had left the country. of Arab nationalist and Islamist movements. This aptly defines these various reactions including the because of their affiliation to an ethnic or reli- is noteworthy that these pronouncements have and property’ on a disproportionate and target- A more recent report published in 2016 by Open historical reality provides context to contemporary failure to address societal intolerance. Durham gious group ‘may constitute genocide.’ Earlier in neither established nor mandated specific new ed scale. So severe has been the impact of these Doors, the University of East London and others Iraq where, as Benjamin Isakhan notes, ‘Assyrians affirms that even if a state may have passed laws July 2014 following the Islamic State taking large measures to address the plight of the Assyrians. human rights abuses and so large the scale of following the rise of the Islamic State estimated have been routinely caught in the crossfire since against discrimination and religious intolerance, parts of Mosul and the , the UN Furthermore, since their promulgation, they did subsequent mass displacement that leading in- just 200,000-250,000 Christians left in Iraq noting 2003 and are the subjects of sustained oppression where enforcement is passive, ‘those engaged in Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon had condemned not result in a change of U.S. policy or, for the part ternational journals of record such as The New that of 250,000 registered Iraqi refugees in Syria and active persecution.’ Iraq’s role as the primary persecution or harassment have de facto immuni- ‘systematic persecution of minority populations in of the UN, in new targeted remediation measures. York Times have boldly asked, ‘Is This the End between 2004 and 2010, 44% were Christian, a state actor in this scenario, particularly following ty.’ Therefore, Iraq’s failures as to the situation of Iraq.’ In an unprecedented move, the UN Security Despite bodies such as USCIRF and the UN Hu- of Christianity in the Middle East?’ Indeed, com- significantly disproportionate sum. While these its new-found democratisation from 2003, should the Assyrians are manifold. Namely, ignoring the Council met in March 2015 for a full-day debate on man Rights Council having documented and re- mentators warned as early as 2008 that ‘Iraq’s in- figures affirm the plight facing Christians inthe naturally have been to protect its most vulnerable need to protect vulnerable national components the persecution of ethnic and religious minorities ported on the persecution and mass displacement digenous Assyrians are facing cleansing from Iraq region, they fall within a wider pattern where, communities. Instead, according to the United in a precarious security climate; perpetuating a in the Middle East. Referring to the Islamic State of Assyrians for up to a decade before the advent if the U.S. Government continues to ignore the according to the International Society for Human States Commission on Religious Freedom (US- religio-sectarian state; absolving itself of respon- by its Arabic acronym the UN High Commission- of the Islamic State, the official determinations crisis and does not take action immediately.’ It is Rights, 80% of all acts of religious discrimination CIRF), ‘the lack of effective government action to sibility for the provision of targeted humanitari- er for Human Rights Zeid Ra’ad Hussein declared highlighted above came only in the wider context this theme of ‘taking action’, that is, intervention in the world are directed at Christians. Adding to protect these communities from abuses has estab- an support; providing no incentive to abate mass that ‘Da’esh is an abomination.’ Hussein went on of the Islamic State. More precisely, they have been on behalf of this vulnerable minority community the latter analysis, a 2012 Pew Research Center lished Iraq among one of the most dangerous plac- displacement and exodus; and of course most im- to argue that ‘if we attend to minority rights only couched in the heinous attacks on the non-Muslim which this paper will examine closely in assessing study found that Christians experienced harass- es on earth for religious minorities.’ This strong portantly, the complete absence of accountability after slaughter has begun, then we have already Yazidis of Iraq, who were not subject to the wider how and why state actors and the international ment and discrimination in 135 countries because censure of Iraq’s response to human rights abus- for perpetrators of violence and human rights vi- failed.’ This theme continued with Hussein not- persecution suffered by Assyrians and others from human rights regime more broadly, failed in their of their faith. The Assyrians have a long history of es against Assyrians from USCIRF, a U.S. federal olations. ing that ‘States overlooked abuses of marginalised 2003 until the rise of the Islamic State. If the ongo- ‘responsibility to protect’. Lord Jonathan Sacks, persecution in the Middle East and in Iraq both commission was not isolated however. Iraq was communities’ and highlighted these abuses ‘only ing exodus of Assyrians and other minorities from former chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom has before and after the Republic’s formation in 1932. first placed on USCIRF’s “Watch List” in 2007 and The Moral Culpability of State Actors and the after the outbreak of violence, despite preceding Iraq is a barometer of the impact of international argued that “the ethnic cleansing of Christians This chain of persecution includes the genocide has subsequently been recommended by the body International Human Rights Regime years of exclusion.’ This assessment provided in human rights regime declarations, the statistical throughout the Middle East is one of the crimes against the ‘Assyrians in the early twentieth cen- to the U.S. Department of State for designation the context of human rights abuses against Iraq’s data provided in this paper affirms a clear failure against humanity of our time.’ This significant tury, the quest of Saddam Hussein to assimilate as a “Country of Particular Concern”, the highest Prevailing theories of international relations hold minorities at the Security Council can be consid- on the part of global actors. Insofar as the situation assessment underscores the importance of a Christians to an Arabic Iraqi nation between 1974 possible designation, each year from 2008-2016. that states ‘are primarily responsible for promot- ered a self-admission of failure on the part of the on-the-ground is concerned, fewer Assyrians are scholarly examination of this subject. Although and 1989, and at the hands of Islamist militants Commenting on the 2017 report, the USCIRF’s ing and protecting human rights within their ter- international human rights regime in its respon- left in Iraq after the world’s symbolic condemna- this topic is contemporary and remains both a in the wake of the of 2003.’ Since over- James J. Zogby noted that ‘the decimation of Iraq’s ritorial jurisdiction.’ While the role of the United sibility to protect vulnerable minority communi- tion than they were before it was offered. James lived-reality on-the-ground for the communities running large swathes of Iraqi territory in 2014, Christian community–all took place on our watch’ Nations (UN) and the wider international human ties. Indeed, that this meeting at the pinnacle of Waller has accurately assessed the impact of such concerned and the subject of attention govern- including Mosul and the Nineveh Plains, the his- and ‘we have ownership for this mess.’ Although rights regime is indirect and concerned with su- the UN system came a full 12 years after some of declarations and concluded that ‘regardless of mentally, meaning can be drawn from analysis toric homeland of Iraq’s Assyrians, the Islamic the latter points to a recognition that the 2003 U.S. pervising state behaviour under international the most horrific persecution of Assyrians and whatever language we use to invoke the phrase and reporting published to date. Therefore, this State has become the latest facilitator of forced intervention helped create the conditions for the human rights standards, the UN also functions to other ethno-religious minorities in Iraq is itself “never again”, our collective response to the pro- research paper will draw in particular on reports, displacement. The century-long historical pattern human rights abuses and mass displacement in ‘encourage, prod, push, and sometimes embarrass an indictment on the international human rights tection of civilian populations under duress from publications and statements from state actors and of severe human rights abuses has therefore been question, the government of Iraq is unequivocal- states to take active steps to protect and promote regime and its deficient response. violence or genocidal conflict has been far less key parties in human rights global governance. the primary driver of the Assyrians’ ensuing mass ly condemned in many reports. The 2010 report human rights.’ This paper has argued that Iraq, than adequate.’ For Iraq’s Assyrians at least, a “far displacement from Iraq. As this paper will exam- notes for instance that ‘perpetrators of such attacks the state in which major human rights violations The responses of influential state actors such as less than adequate” response is in many ways an A Historical Chain of Persecution and Mass Dis- ine, despite the well-documented and widely re- are rarely identified, investigated, or punished, have been perpetrated, has been wholly negligent the U.S. and the European Union have also been understatement. placement ported numerical decline post-2003, state actors creating a climate of impunity.’ The 2013 report is in its obligations under international law to pro- important components in the overall approach and the international human rights regime have more direct and critical in its tone affirming that tect its etho-religious minorities. In the absence of the international human rights regime. On

**Joseph Haweil is postgraduate coursework candidate for the Master of International Relations at the University of Melbourne. This 2017 research 7. Joshua Castellino and Kathleen A. Cavanaugh, Minority Rights in the Middle East (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 211-212. essay was submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the International Migration course forming part of the Master’s programme. Joseph Ha- 8. “2010 Report on Human Rights in Iraq,” United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq, published January 2011, http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/IQ/ weil, the son of an Assyrian father and Greek mother, resides in Melbourne, Australia. In November 2016 he became the first person of Assyrian UNAMI_HR%20Report_1Aug11_en.pdf. ancestry to ever be elected to public office in Australia’s second-most populous state, Victoria. He is currently serving his first 4-year term as a mu- 9. “Hope for the Middle East,” OpenDoors, Served, University of East London and Middle East Concern, accessed May 31, 2017, http://www.opendoorsuk.org/cam- paign/documents/H4ME-report.pdf. nicipal Councillor at Hume City Council and works as civil servant for the Australian Government. 10. Paul Valley, “Christians: The world’s most persecuted people,” Independent, July 26, 2014. 11. “Religious Hostilities Reach Six-Year High,” Pew Research Center, published January 14, 2014, http://www.pewforum.org/2014/01/14/religious-hostili- 1. Chris Chapman and Preti Taneja, “Uncertain Refuge, Dangerous Return: Iraq’s Uprooted Minorities,” Minority Rights Group International, 2009: 9. ties-reach-six-year-high/. 2. Eliza Griswold, “Is This the End of Christianity in the Middle East?” The New York Times Magazine, July 22, 2015. 12. “In Response to Persecution: Findings of the Under Caesar’s Sword Project on Global Christian Communities,” University of Notre Dame, accessed May 25, 2017, 3. Michael Youash, “Iraq’s Minority Crisis and U.S. National Security: Protecting Minority Rights in Iraq,” American University International Law Review 24 (2008- http://ucs.nd.edu/assets/233538/ucs_report_2017_web.pdf. 2009): 342. 13. Castellino and Cavanaugh, Minority Rights in the Middle East, 213. 4. The “Responsibility to Protect” is a United Nations concept established in the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document in which Heads of State and Government 14. Ibid, 215. affirmed their responsibility to protect their own populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity and accepted a collective 15. Benjamin Issakhan., ed., Legacy of Iraq: From the 2003 War to the ‘Islamic State’ (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015), 17. responsibility to encourage and help each other uphold this commitment. See “Responsibility to Protect,” United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Re- 16. The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) is an independent, bipartisan U.S. federal government commission dedicated to sponsibility to Protect, http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/about-responsibility-to-protect.html. defending the universal right to freedom of religion or belief abroad. It makes policy recommendations to the President, the Secretary of State, and the Congress and is 5. Jonathan Sacks, “We are facing an unprecedented age of terror,” Telegraph, March 29, 2016. appointed by the President. See http://www.uscirf.gov/. 6. Maria Abi-Habib, “Christians, in an Epochal Shift, Are Leaving the Middle East,” Wall Street Journal, May 12, 2017. 17. “Iraq Press Conference – Commissioner Statements,” United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, published December 16, 2008, http://www. 34 35 A Clash of Civilisations? Explaining the Inaction such delay and restraint. Analysing neo-liberal pled with the proliferation of sectarianism at the iraq/28122016. and humanitarian interventionism, some scholars highest levels of the Iraqi government created a 40. James Waller, Confronting Evil: Engaging Our Responsibility to Prevent Genocide (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016) 363. The persecution and mass displacement of Assyr- have noted that the issue of credibility and suspi- vacuum in which militant groups, the most vicious 41. “Hope for the Middle East,” OpenDoors, Served, University of East London and Middle East Concern, 17. ians in Iraq has occurred within an environment cion of ulterior motives warrant careful consider- incarnation being the Islamic State, took hold of 42. Paul S. Rowe, “The Middle Eastern Christian as Agent,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 42 (2010): 473. where radical Islamic groups have been working ation given ‘how the domestic population is likely large parts of the country’s territory. In the context 43. John L. Allen Jr., The Global War on Christians: Dispatches from the Front Lines of Anti-Christian Persecution (New York: Image, 2016), 28. towards the ethnic cleansing of the country. This to perceive the motives and interests of intervening of a state struggling to govern itself and subject to 44. John L. Allen, “The War on Christians: The global persecution of churchgoers is the unreported catastrophe of our time,” The Spectator, published October 5, 2013, has been ‘with the aim of making the country powers.’ Other scholars move beyond connecting the deterioration of law and order, Islamist groups, https://www.spectator.co.uk/2013/10/the-war-on-christians/#. purely Islamic.’ As we have shown, global actors the inaction to only a desire to avoid religious sen- first al-Qaeda and then the Islamic State launched 45. Merve Bendle, “Yearning for the Apocalypse,” Quadrant, published March 11, 2015, https://quadrant.org.au/opinion/qed/2015/03/yearning-apocalypse/. and the international human rights regime have sitivities. Hannibal Travis for instance attributes an unprecedented assault on one of Iraq’s most 46. Michael Heazle and Iyanatul Islam, eds., Beyond the Iraq War: The Promises, Pitfalls and Perils of External Interventionism (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Pub- demonstrated a marked hesitancy in addressing the rejection of solidarity with Middle East Chris- vulnerable groups, the Christian Assyrians. This lishing, 2006), 9. this reality until the brutality of the Islamic State tians to geo-political and economic interests ar- paper has argued that state actors and the inter- 47. Hannibal Travis, ““Native Christians Massacred”: The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians during World War I,” Genocide Studies and Prevention: An Interna- became the focus of international attention. Sig- guing that ‘the United States, Britain, and France national community demonstrably failed in their tional Journal Vol 1:3 (2006): 349. nificant nuance and complexity surrounds the have largely ignored the persecutions of the Chris- duty under the precents of international human 48. “A rock and a hard place: The fate of Iraqi Christians is a dilemma as well as a tragedy,” The Economist, published July 14, 2014, http://www.economist.com/blogs/ reasons why it took so long for western powers tians of Iraq, Lebanon, Egypt, and Sudan, while rights law to protect the Assyrians. As a contem- erasmus/2014/07/iraqi-christians-and-west. to proffer public condemnation and why such re- rushing to save the oil-rich Muslim states of Saudi porary topic and still unfolding situation, the pre- 49. Paul S. Rowe, “The Middle Eastern Christian as Agent,” 472. luctance to manifest this condemnation in action Arabia and Kuwait, as well as besieged minority vailing causal factors and subsequent outcome will has been demonstrated. Writing on the ‘Middle Kurds, Bosnians, and Kosovars.’ While economic continue to be determined by analysts and schol- East Christian as Agent’ and the limited nature of and geo-political factors are entirely relevant, this ars in the many years ahead. In the interim, this pa- scholarship in this field, Paul S. Rowe attributes paper holds that ‘the West’ has not intervened to per has assessed the post-2003 plight of the Assyr- Bibliography an International New Agency, published September 30, 2008, www.aina.org/ ‘wariness toward religion as an explanatory vari- protect Iraq’s Christians to avoid perceptions on ians in Iraq and offered three contentions; firstly guesteds/20080930141149. able’ noting a ‘fear of the divisiveness of studying two fronts; on the one hand, to avoid the charge that the Iraqi state absolved itself of its responsibil- “A rock and a hard place: The fate of Iraqi Christians is a dilemma as well as a tragedy.” The Economist, published July 14, 2014, http://www.economist.com/blogs/eras- “Mass Migration of Christians spells end of church in Iraq, warn activists.” Rudaw, the unique experiences of such communities.’ from Islamists and/or Arab leaders that western ity to act making only symbolic gestures; secondly, published December 28, 2016, http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/28122016. 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In light of these Allen Jr., John L. “The War on Christians: The global persecution of churchgoers is the unreported catastrophe of our time.” The Spectator, published October 5, 2013, https:// “Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights stereotype of Christianity as the oppressor rather actors and the international human rights regime realities, the Assyrians of Iraq, a centuries-old peo- www.spectator.co.uk/2013/10/the-war-on-christians/#. on the human rights situation in Iraq in the light of abuses committed by the so- than the oppressed.’ Islamist groups like al-Qaeda have proven to be unaTble or unwilling to put ple ‘rooted in the history and culture of the Middle called Islamic State in Iraq and the and associated groups.” United Nations and the Islamic State often employ grandiose ni- aside the discussed perceptions from both Islamic East’ were left to annihilation. 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Sacks, Jonathan. “We are facing an unprecedented age of terror.” Telegraph, March 29, 21. Nuri Kino, “The marginalization of Iraq’s minorities was expected,” Assyrian International New Agency, published September 30, 2008, www.aina.org/ 2016. guesteds/20080930141149. Castellino, Joshua and Cavanaugh, Kathleen A. Minority Rights in the Middle East. 22. W. Cole Durham Jr., “State Reactions to Minority Religions: A Legal Overview,” in State Responses to Minority Religions, ed. David M. Kirkham, (Burlington: Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. “Security Council Urged to ‘Stop the Madness’ as Terrorists Trample Cultural, Reli- Ashgate, 2013), 5. gious Diversity of Middle East.” United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, 23. Ibid, 5. Chapman, Chris and Taneja, Preti. “Uncertain Refuge, Dangerous Return: Iraq’s Up- published March 27, 2015, https://www.un.org/press/en/2015/sc11840.doc.htm. rooted Minorities.” Minority Rights Group International (2009): 1-48. 24. Thomas G. Weiss et al., The United Nations and Changing World Politics (Boulder: Westview Press, 2014), 189. “Statement attributable to the Spokesman for the Secretary-General on the systematic 25. Ibid, 189. persecution of minorities 26. Steven Wheatley, “On the legitimate authority of international human rights bodies,” in The Legitimacy of International Human Rights Regimes: Legal, Political Durham Jr., W. Cole. “State Reactions to Minority Religions: A Legal Overview.” In State Responses to Minority Religions, edited by David M. Kirkham, 3-15. Burlington: in Mosul.” United Nations Secretary-General, published July 20, 2014, http://www. and Philosophical Perspectives, eds. Andreas Follesdal, Johan Karlsson Schaffer and Geir Ulfstein (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 84. Ashgate, 2013. un.org/sg/statements/index.asp?nid=7880. 27. “Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the human rights situation in Iraq in the light of abuses committed by the so-called Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant and associated groups,” United Nations Human Rights Council, published March 13, 2015, https://www.google.com.au/ Griswold, Eliza. “Is This the End of Christianity in the Middle East?” The New York The “Responsibility to Protect” is a United Nations concept established in the 2005 url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjyt7fwu6HUAhVIwLwKHRmQDqIQFggoMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. Times Magazine, July 22, 2015. World Summit Outcome Document in which Heads of State and Government affirmed ohchr.org%2FEN%2FHRBodies%2FHRC%2FRegularSessions%2FSession28%2FDocuments%2FA_HRC_28_18_AUV.doc&usg=AFQjCNHfueSvJ9PiIQg6aZpcYHPd- their responsibility to protect their own populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic “H.Con.Res.75 Expressing the sense of Congress that the atrocities perpetrated by ISIL cleansing and crimes against humanity and accepted a collective responsibility to en- nQVBrw. courage and help each other upload this commitment. See “Responsibility to Protect.” 28. Ibid, 5. against religious and ethnic minorities in Iraq and Syria include war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide.” United States Congress, last updated March 15, 2016, United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect, http:// 29. “Statement attributable to the Spokesman for the Secretary-General on the systematic persecution of minorities in Mosul,” United Nations Secretary-General, www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/about-responsibility-to-protect.html published July 20, 2014, http://www.un.org/sg/statements/index.asp?nid=7880. https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-concurrent-resolution/75/text. 30. “Security Council Urged to ‘Stop the Madness’ as Terrorists Trample Cultural, Religious Diversity of Middle East,” United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Heazle, Michael and Islam, Iyanatul, eds. Beyond the Iraq War: The Promises, Pitfalls Travis, Hannibal. ““Native Christians Massacred”: The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyr- Releases, published March 27, 2015, https://www.un.org/press/en/2015/sc11840.doc.htm. and Perils of External Interventionism. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2006. ians during World War I.” Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal 31. The term Da’esh is a transliteration of the terrorist groups’ Arabic acronym and is used pejoratively in the Middle East and elsewhere to delegitimize the group. Vol 1:3 (2006): 327-371. 32. “Security Council Urged to ‘Stop the Madness’ as Terrorists Trample Cultural, Religious Diversity of Middle East,” United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press “Hope for the Middle East.” OpenDoors, Served, University of East London and Middle East Concern, accessed May 31, 2017, http://www.opendoorsuk.org/campaign/docu- Valley, Paul. “Christians: The world’s most persecuted people.” Independent, July 26, Releases. 2014. 33. Ibid ments/H4ME-report.pdf. 34. Ibid “In Response to Persecution: Findings of the Under Caesar’s Sword Project on Global Waller, James. Confronting Evil: Engaging Our Responsibility to Prevent Genocide. 35. “H.Con.Res.75 Expressing the sense of Congress that the atrocities perpetrated by ISIL against religious and ethnic minorities in Iraq and Syria include war Christian Communities.” University of Notre Dame, accessed May 25, 2017, http://ucs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide,” United States Congress, last updated March 15, 2016, https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-concur- nd.edu/assets/233538/ucs_report_2017_web.pdf. rent-resolution/75/text. Weiss, Thomas G. et al. The United Nations and Changing World Politics. Boulder: 36. Michelle Boorstein, “Kerry to issue statement on ISIS and genocide,” Washington Post, published March 17, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of- “Iraq Press Conference – Commissioner Statements.” United States Commission on Westview Press, 2014. faith/wp/2016/03/17/kerry-to-issue-statement-on-isis-and-genocide/?utm_term=.de07fd11744e. International Religious Freedom, published December 16, 2008, http://www.uscirf.gov/ 37. Matthew Rosenberg, “Citing Atrocities, John Kerry Calls ISIS Actions Genocide,” New York Times, March 17, 2016. countries-and-issues/iraq-press-releases/iraq-press-conference-commissioner-state- Wheatley, Steven. “On the legitimate authority of international human rights bodies.” ments. In The Legitimacy of International Human Rights Regimes: Legal, Political and Philo- 38. Jack Moore, “European Parliament Recognises ISIS Killing of Religious Minorities as Genocide,” Newsweek, published April 2, 2016, http://www.newsweek.com/ sophical Perspectives, edited by Andreas Follesdal, Johan Karlsson Schaffer and Geir european-parliament-recognizes-isis-killing-religious-minorities-genocide-423008. Issakhan, Benjamin, ed. Legacy of Iraq: From the 2003 War to the ‘Islamic State’. Edin- Ulfstein, 84-116. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. 39. “Mass Migration of Christians spells end of church in Iraq, warn activists,” Rudaw, published December 28, 2016, http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/ burgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015. Youash, Michael. “Iraq’s Minority Crisis and U.S. National Security: Protecting Minority Rights in Iraq.” American University International Law Review 24 (2008-2009): 341-375. 36 Kino, Nuri. “The marginalization of Iraq’s minorities was expected.” Assyri- 37 Shlama Foundation Sends a Special Thank You to AFA On January 23, 2018, in the context of #OperationS- mileNineveh, the Shlama Foundation completed the con- struction of a second house in the Nineveh Plains. This work took four months longer than planned due to block- ades and restrictions at checkpoints manned by the Iraqi Army, Hashd Shabi, and Peshmerga Forces. The Shlama Foundation sent out a special thank you for the financial contribution of the Assyrian Foundation of America to this project.

Specifically, this house was being built to help an Assyr- ian family return to their village after three and a half years of displacement resulting from the Islamic State’s destruction of their home. Sadly, the family’s grand- mother who was suffering from a tumor passed away just one week after moving into their new home. Nevertheless, Shlama Foundation wrote, “ We will forever be thankful to the Assyrian Foundation of America for letting her see her family return to their home before she passed away. “Sadly, the story of this family is but one of thousands who have suffered in the homeland. However, thanks to the contributions of AFA members, more and more Assyrians will be able to return home.

THANK YOU AFA!

38 39 ܵ ܵ ܐܹ̈ܪܝܼ ܒܼ ܥ ܐܹ̈ܢ ܫܸ 05 ܘܓܵ ܐܝܵ ܪܘܿ ܬܐܵ ܐܵܝܠܵ ܝܼ ܒܼ ܸܬ ܐܕܵ ܝܵ ܘܼ ܚܕܕ ܐܢܵ ܪܥܘܣ ܐܵܝܠܵ ܝܼ ܒܼ ܸܬ ܐܕܵ ܝܵ ܘܼ ܚܕ ܐܠܵ ܒܵ ܘܼ ܝ ܐܹ̈ܢ ܫܸ 05 ܢܘܿ ܥܡܫܸ ܪܐܵܝ ܦ ܕܝܼܿ ܒ

ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ 2 ܐܵܝܣܸ ܸܐܬܫܼ ܐܫܝ ܢܠ ܐܸܝܢܒܸ ܐܫܸ ܪܫܸ ܐܫܡܚܼܿ 1 ܐܵܝܠܝܼ ܒܼ ܸܬ ܐܕܵ ܝܵ ܘܼ ܚ ܘܗܕ ܐܕܵ ܠܘܡ ܟܼ ܝܼ ܪܒ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ ܵ ܿ ܐܝܵ ܪܘܬ ܐ ܐܡܵ ܫܸ ܘ ܐܥܪܐܼ ܘ ܐܢܵ ܫܵ ܠܸ ܕ݉ ܚܼܿ ܐܵܝܢܵ ܒܼܵ ܗ݉ ܕܼ ܐܠܒܵ ܘܼ ܝ ܠܥܼ ܐܹ̈ܢܫܸ ܝܼ ܫܡܚܼܿ ܠ ܑܹ ܵ ܵ ܼܿܚܡܫ ܼܝ، ܸܫ ܢܸܐ ܵܚܕܪ ܝ ܠ ܵܡ ܵܐܐ )155( ܘ ܵܗܘ ܝ ܫܪ ݉ ܓܝܵܐ ܘ ܼܿܚ ݉ܕ ܪܹ̈ܫ ܸܟܣܦܐ ܘܪܹ̈ ܵܫܢܘܹ̈ ܵܬܐ ܒܢ ܝ ܵܬܐ ܠ ܵܩܝܵܐ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐܝܵ ܪܘܿ ܬ ܐ ܐܵܝܠܵ ܝ ܒ ܹ̈ܬ ܐܕܝܵ ܘ ܚ ܘܓܵ ܐܝܵ ܪܘܿ ܬ ܐ ܐܵܝܠܵ ܝ ܒ ܸܬ ܐܕܵ ܝܵ ܘ ܚ ܘܓܵ

݉ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ 4 ܐܵܝܥܪܙ ܐܸܝܢܸܪ ܐܬܡܘ ܐܕ ܐܠܩܚܼܿ ܒ ܐܸܢ ܫܸ ܝ ܫܡܚܼܿ 3 ܐܵܝܚܵ ܢ ܡܼܿ ܡܥܼ ܕ ܐܙܼܿ ܡܸܪ ܐܝܵ ܘܗܵ ܕ ܐܬ ܐܠ ܟܘ ܠܡܫܸ ܪ ܵ ܵ ܐܝܵ ܗܵ ܠ ܐܸܕ ܢܘ ܦ ܐܸ ܝܢܵ ܒܵ ܗܕܵ ܐܸܢ ܫܸ ܝ ܫܡܚܼܿ ܐܵܝܥܝܼ ܒ ܪ ܘܗܿ ܐܒܵ ܟܼ ܘ ܟܠ ܐܠܸ ܩܘ ܣܡ ܐܢ ܘܓܵ ܬ݉ ܠܬܒܸ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐܵܝܢܵ ܒ ܐܚܵ ܠܦ ܐܢܵ ܘܿ ܓ ܐ ܘܓܵ ܐܸܢ ܫܸ ܝ ܫܡܚܼܿ ܐܵܝܠܝ ܒ ܹ̈ܬ ܪܘܿ ܬ ܐܕ ܐܡܵ ܘ ܝܘ ܐܸܕ ܗܣܵ ܕ ܐܪܟܵ ܕ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐܝܵ ܪܘܿ ܬ ܐ ܐܵܝܠܵ ܝ ܒ ܹ̈ܬ ܐܕܵ ܝܵ ܘ ܚ ܘܓܵ ܐܝܵ ܪܘܿ ܬ ܐ ܐܵܝܠܵ ܝ ܒ ܹ̈ܬ ܐܕܵ ܝܵ ܘ ܚ ܘܓܵ

ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܿ 6 ܐܝܵ ܪܘܼ ܫ ܢܡ ܢܣܼܿ ܝܼ ܢܕ ܐܚܵ ܪܝܼܿ ܒ ܐܕܵ ܝ ܠܝ݉ ܟܘ ܠܫܝ ܦ 0 ܐܵܝܠܫܒܸ ܐܠ ܐܪܟܵ ܐܼ ܟܝܐܼ ܐܸܢܫܸ ܝ ܫܡܚܼܿ ܵ ܵ ܐܵܝܢܵ ܬܵ ܡܘ ܐ ܐܡܵ ܘܝܵ ܐܗܵ ܐܵ ܐܘܸ ܗܵ ܕ ܟܘ ܠܡܫܸ ܪܘ ܐܸܝܪܣܸ ܠܟ ܢܡ ܘ ܐܸܢܘܵ ܝ ܙ ܢܡ ܐܛܸ ܚܸ ܠ ܐܫܪܦ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܐܝܵ ܘܗܵ ܐܬܵ ܟ ܝ ܪܒ ܐܬܵ ܝܪܘܿ ܬ ܐ ܐܬܵ ܕܚܼܿ ܐܬܵ ܢ݉ ܫܸ ܐܵܝܢܩܼ ܘ ܐܵܝܢܸܪܒ ܐܡܫܘ ܓܘ ܐܚܸ ܘ ܪܠ ܗܠܹ̈ ܝ ܐܸܬܘ ܕܚܼܿ ܘ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܿ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐܝܵ ܪܘܿ ܬ ܐ ܐܵܝܠܵ ܝ ܒ ܹ̈ܬ ܐܕܵ ܝܵ ܘ ܚ ܢܡ ܐܝܵ ܪܘܬ ܐ ܐܵܝܠܝ ܒ ܹ̈ܬ ܐܕܝܵ ܘ ܚ ܘܓ

40 41 ܀ ܲ ܲ ܐܹܢܪܵ ܘ ܛܕ ܐܦܵ ܚܠ ܲ ܠܥ ܝ ܡܸܝܕ ܐܬܵ ܐܦ ܗܲ ܠܵ ܝ ܐܬܵ ܪܝ ܩܢ ܵ ܲ ܐܹܢܘܵ ܪܸܪ ܝܹܪܬ ܝ݉ ܢܐܕ ܐܵ ܝ ܡ ܐܢܵ ܝ ܗܲ ܘܲ ܢ ܝܥ ܕ ܐܹܥܡܸܕ ܀ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܐܡܹ ܸܕܠ ܐܩܹ ܘ ܫܓ ܐܹܕ ܗܣ ܲ ܐܹܢ ܝܥ ܝ݉ ܢܐ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܐܹܥܡܸܕ ܐܹܝܘ ܪ̰ܓܡ ܗܘܢܘܢܒܕ ܐܹܕܠ ܫ ܠܥ ܀ ܵ ܵ ܐܬܢܡܵ ܸܕ ܝ ܬܘ ܬܪܝܲ ܗܲ ܠܝ ܗܲ ܘܲ ܬܟ ܝ ܪܟ ܗܲ ܘܲ ܥܡܸܕ ܠܝܒܹ ܐܬܵ ܢܡܵ ܝ ܛ ܝ ܬܘ ܪܐܹܚ ܗܲ ܠܵ ܝ ܗܲ ܘܲ ܬܪܝ ܛܢ ܗܲ ܘܲ ܒܘ ܥ ܘܓܵ ܢܝܹܪܗܢܲ ܬܝܒܹ ܝ ܬܘ ܬܪܝܲ ܲ ܒܝ ܵܬܐ ܕܐ ܘܡܬ ܝ ، ܪܩ ܝ ܵܥܐ ܕܚܹܐܪ ܘܬ ܝ ، ܢ ܝܫ ܝ ܘ ܲ ܗܝ ܵܡܢ ܘܬ ܝ ܹܒܝܬ ܲܢܗܪܹܝܢ، ܲ ܵ ܲ ܐܪܥܐ ܕ ܐ ܵܒ ܵܗܬ ܝ ، ܹܒܝܬ ܝܸܠ ܝܕ ܘܬ ܝ ܹܒܝܬ ܲܢܗܪܹܝܢ، ܵ ܵܩܐ ܢ ܵܛܪܬܐ ܕܚܹܐܪ ܘܬ ܲܘܗ؛ ܹܒܝܬ ܲܩ ܒ ܪ ܝ ܕܸ ܵܡ ܵܢܐ .ܢܝܹܪܗܢܲ ܬܝܒܹ ܀ ܲ ܵ ܐܹܕ ܗܣ ܲ ܐܹܢ ܝܥ ܝ݉ ܢܐ ܵ ܐܹܝܪܸܓ ܐܹܥܡܸܕ ܝ݉ ܢܐ ̰ ܲ ܐܹ ܝܠܒܸ ܐܹܢ ܝܥ ܝ݉ ܢܐܵ ܕ ܐܹ ܝܠܟܸ ܐܢܵ ܝ ܝ ܟ ܐܕܵ ܗܲ ܘܲ ܢܘܲ ܢܒܠܸ ܐܕܵ ܗܵ ܣܒܸ ܵ ܐܢܵ ܒ ܙܲ ܕ ܐܪܩܘ ܝ ܬܘܲ ܚܬ ܵ ܐܪܕܵ ܕ ܐܬܵ ܘ ܚܡ ܡܕ݉ ܩܲ ܵ ܲ .ܐܪܒ ܚܲ ܘ ܐܡܵ ܚܪ ܐܠܵ ܕ ܀ ܵ ܐܚܵ ܒ ܸܕ ܐܩܵ ܝ ܢܓܵ ܢܘܸ ܝ ܗܲ ܘܲ ܪܘ ܕܗ ܲ ܐܢܵ ܐ ܐܚܵ ܒܕܡܲ ܠ ܝ ܡܸܕ ܗܹܢܚܸ ܦܫܲ ܬܒܸ ܲ .ܐܚܵ ܘܵ ܛ ܢܡ ܝ ܬܡܘ ܐ ܐܩܹ ܘ ܪܦ ܠ ܐܩܵ ܀ ܀ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܝ ܠ ܐܠܹ ܟܡ ܐܠܹ ܝ ܕܢܡܸ ܐܚܵ ܪܘ ܐ ܐܗܐ ܘܓ ܐܹܢܪܵ ܘ ܛܕ ܐܦܵ ܚܠ ܲ ܠܥ ܝ ܡܸܝܕ ܐܬܵ ܐܦ ܗܲ ܠܵ ܝ ܐܬܵ ܪܝ ܩܢ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܕܸܡܥܹܐ ܕ ܥܝ ܢ ܲܘ ܲܗ ܝ ܵܢܐ ܡ ܝ ܵܐ ܕܐܢ ݉ܝ ܬܪܹܝ ܪܸܪ ܵܘܢܹܐ ܡܢ ܕܫ ܕܫܬܐ ܕ ܸܥܠܕ ܒ ܹܒܐ ܠܝܬ ܚܝܠܐ ܕ ܡܫ ܹܠܐ ܠ ܝ، ܲ ܲ ܲ ܢܘܬܝ ܐܹܪܝ ܕܗ ܢܸܐ ܢܘܬܚܐ ܘ ܀ ܵ ݉ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܢܘ ܡܝܬܐ ܐܡܹ ܸܕܠ ܐܩܹ ܘ ܫܓ ܐܹܕ ܗܣ ܲ ܐܹܢ ܝܥ ܝ݉ ܢܐ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܗܠܝ ܐܬܚܝ ܬܦ ܐܚܵ ܪܘ ܐ ܐܹܥܡܕ ܐܹܝܘ ܪܓܡܲ ܗܲ ܘܲ ܢܘܲ ܢܒܕ ܐܕ ܠ ܲ ܫ ܠܥ ܵ ܸ ̰ ܹ ܢܘ ܡܥܸܕܙ ܐܠ ܀ 42 ܵ ܵ 43 ܐܬܢܡܵ ܸܕ ܝ ܬܘ ܬܪܝܲ ܗܲ ܠܝ ܗܲ ܘܲ ܬܟ ܝ ܪܟ ܗܲ ܘܲ ܥܡܸܕ ܠܝܒܹ ܐܬܵ ܢܡܵ ܝ ܛ ܝ ܬܘ ܪܐܹܚ ܗܲ ܠܵ ܝ ܗܲ ܘܲ ܬܪܝ ܛܢ ܗܲ ܘܲ ܒܘ ܥ ܘܓܵ ܢܝܹܪܗܢܲ ܬܝܒܹ ܝ ܬܘ ܬܪܝܲ ܲ ܒܝ ܵܬܐ ܕܐ ܘܡܬ ܝ ، ܪܩ ܝ ܵܥܐ ܕܚܹܐܪ ܘܬ ܝ ، ܢ ܝܫ ܝ ܘ ܲ ܗܝ ܵܡܢ ܘܬ ܝ ܹܒܝܬ ܲܢܗܪܹܝܢ، ܲ ܵ ܲ ܐܪܥܐ ܕ ܐ ܵܒ ܵܗܬ ܝ ، ܹܒܝܬ ܝܸܠ ܝܕ ܘܬ ܝ ܹܒܝܬ ܲܢܗܪܹܝܢ، ܵ ܵܩܐ ܢ ܵܛܪܬܐ ܕܚܹܐܪ ܘܬ ܲܘܗ؛ ܹܒܝܬ ܲܩ ܒ ܪ ܝ ܕܸ ܵܡ ܵܢܐ .ܢܝܹܪܗܢܲ ܬܝܒܹ ܀ ܲ ܵ ܐܹܕ ܗܣ ܲ ܐܹܢ ܝܥ ܝ݉ ܢܐ ܵ ܐܹܝܪܸܓ ܐܹܥܡܸܕ ܝ݉ ܢܐ ̰ ܲ ܐܹ ܝܠܒܸ ܐܹܢ ܝܥ ܝ݉ ܢܐܵ ܕ ܵ ܢܘ ܕܝܪܹ ܦ̮ ܕܟܲ ܐܒ݂ܵ ܬܵ ܟ ܢܡ̣ ܐܩܵ ܘܲ ܣܦܵ ܕܚܲ ܠ ܗ̇ ܠܝ ܐܝܵ ܪܵ ܩ ܒܸ ܡܗܲ ܠܠܸ ܢܝܪܹ ܗܢ ܲ ܐܬܵ ܪܘ ܨ ܐܗܵ ܐܵ ܒ ܵ ܵ ܲ .ܝ ܪܩܵ ܐܙܹ ܝ ܢܐܕ ܝܒܵ ܘܢܵ ܠ ܐܢܵ ܝ ܐ ܪܒܵ ܨܒܸ ܡܗ ܠܠܸ ܣܘ ܝܠܘ ܝܘ ܐܒܹ݂ ܣܵ ܝ ܥ

ܐܕܵ ܚ ܬܘ ܒ ܐܬܵ ܘ ܢܥܵ ܕܘ ܡܵ ܐܕܵ ܚ ܗܠܹ ܝ ܐܒ݂ܵ ܗܝܵ ܒ ܣܘ ܝܠܘ ܝ ܝ ܒܪܵ ܠܠܸ ܥܸ ܕ ܐܬܵ ܪܘ ܨܒ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܬܚܬ ܠܕ ܐܬܪܘ ܨܒܘ :ܐܢܵ ܫܵ ܠܸ ܕ ܐܬܪܛܢ ܬܘ ܒ ܠܝܐܹ ܝ ܢܕܵ ܡܝܵ ܠܘܸ ܝ ܒܪ ܕܝܲ ܒ ܬܒ݂ ܝ ܬܟ

ܸܒܥ ܵܕ ܵܢܐ ܕܫ ݂ܵܒܩ ܵܬ ܕܒ ܲܫܝ ܵܢܐ ܸܟܠ ܹ ܝܐ ܝ ܵܢܐ ̣ܡܢ ܲܝܡ ܝ ܵܢܐ: ܲ ܢܗ ܹܪܝܢ ܸܠܠ ܲܗܡ، ܵܓܐ ܹܢܐ ܣ ܘܦ ܘܪ ݂ܵܓܢ، ܵܪܒ ܝ ܝ ܘܠܝ ܘܣ ܘ ܵܪܒ ܝ ܵܬ ܲ ܢܪܕ ܝܢ ܲ ܡܢܣ ܘܪ ) ̣ܡܢ ܣ ܝܥ ܵܬ ܵܥ ݂ܒ ܲܘܕ ܵܬܐ )ܟܠܵ ܪܘܲ ܬܕ ܐܬܵ ܘ ܦܬܵ ܘܫܵ ܕ

ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐܣܵ ܝܛ ܪܩܹ ܠ ܐܢܵ ܝ ܐܒܹ݂ ܘ ܪܩܡ ܣܘ ܝܠܘ ܝ ܝ ܒܪܘ ܐܕܹ ܪܒܹ݂ ܪܬ ܐܢܵ ܝ ܡܪ ܠܠܸ ܥܸ ܕ ܐܬܪܘ ܨܒ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ .ܗܣܹ ܝܛ ܪܩܸ ܠ ܗܠܹ ܝ ܐܠܒܘ ܩ ܐܒܹ݂ ܣܵ ܝ ܥ ܢܘ ܕܝܪܹ ܦ̮ ܕܟ :ܢܓ݂ ܪܘ ܦܘ ܣ ܐܢܹ ܐܓ ܠ

4 3

44 45 ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܐܙܵ ܪܘ ܚܕ ܠܗ ܐܪ ܦܣܒܸ ܐܢܵ ܝ ܐܒܹ݂ ܝ ܬܝ ܐܦܹ ܘܠܝܵ ܘ ܣ ܘ ܝܠܘ ܝ ܝ ܒܪ ܠܠܸ ܥܸ ܕ ܐܬܪܘ ܨܒ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܐܝܵ ܪܘܬܐ ܐܢܫܠ "ܚܦܠܡܘ ܚܦܠܝܵ " :ܐܪܕܣ ܐܟܹ ܪܸ ܘ ܫ ܐܙܹ ܐܦܹ ܘܠܝܵ ܕ ܐܗܹ ܒܵ ܐ ܘ ܟܠܪܘܬܕ ܐܬܘ ܦܬܘܫܵ ܕ ܐܡܹ ܕܵ ܗ ܢܡ̣ ܐܢܵ ܝܵ ܢܡܹ ܕܚ .ܐܪܹ ܫ ܸ ܸ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ݇ ܵ ܵ ܵ :ܐܢܝ ܡܝ ܢܡ̣ ܐܝܵ ܡܕܩ ܐܓܪܓ ܒ ܐܒܹ݂ ܝ ܬܝ .ܐܙܵ ܪܘ ܚ ܐܗܐܒ ܐܢܝ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܟܠܪ ܘܬܕ ܐܬܘ ܦܬܘܫܕ ܵܪܒ ܝ ܝ ܘܠܝ ܘܣ ܦܛܪ ܘܣ، ܵܓܢܣ ܲܘܢ ܵܟܠ ܹܒܐ، ܣ ܝܣ ܝܠ ܵܝܐ ܓ ܲܘܪ ܓ، ܓ ܹܪܝܣ ܐ ܘܪܡ ܵܝܐ، ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܒ ܝܕ: ܪܒ ܝ ܝ ܘܠܝ ܘܣ ܦܛܪ ܘܣ ܕܓ ܘܠܦ ܫܢ ܢܗ ܹܪܝܢ ܸܠܠ ܗܡ، ܝ ܘܠܝ ܘܣ ܸܠܠ ܗܡ، ̮ܦ ܹܪܝܕ ܘܢ ܥ ܝ ܵܣ ݂ܹܒܐ، ܓܐ ܹܢܐ ܣ ܘܦ ܘܪ ݂ܓܢ. ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܐ ܪܕܣܸ ܬܘ ܒ ܐܬܘ ܢܥܕܘܡܵ ܗܠܹ ܝ ܐܒ݂ܵ ܗܝܵ ܒ ܣܘ ܝܠܘ ܝ ܝ ܒܪ ܬܚܬ ܠܕ ܐܬܪܘ ܨܒ ܐܡܹ ܠܫܲ ܠܘ ܐܪܹ ܘܲ ܥܙ ܐܠ ܹ ܝܵ ܠ ܐܝܹ ܘ ܪܩܡ ܲ ܠ ܗܠܹ ܐܪܹ ܘ ܫ 1996 ܬܵ ܢ݇ ܫܸ ܢܡ̣ ܐܗܵ ܣܘ ܝܠܘ ܝ ܝ ܒܪܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ݇ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ݇ ܵ ܲ :ܐܢܝ ܡܝ ܢܡ̣ .ܐܦܹ ܘܠܝܘ ܐܪܹ ܩܘ ܡ )2017( ܬܢܫܸ ܐܗܵ ܐܒܘ :ܐܝܵ ܢܪܘܦ̮ ܝ ܠܟܵ ܒ ܟܠܪܘܬܕ ܬܢܝ ܕܡܕ ܐܢܹ ܪܡܥ )Adults( ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ : 2017 ܢܪܵ ܝ ܙܚܕ ܐ ܚܵ ܪܝܲ ܒ ܬܵ ܝܪܵ ܩܡ ܲ ܕ ܐܡܵ ܬܵ ܘ ܚܒ .ܐܕ ܘ ܠܝܲ 5 ܘ ܐܡ ܠܫܲ 10 ܗܠ ܹ ܹ ܹ ܪܡ ܝ ܵܢܐ ܬܪ ݂ܹܒܪ ܹܕܐ ) ̣ܡܢ ܣ ܝܥܬ ܥ ݂ܒܘܕܬܐ ܕ ܵܫܘܬܦ ܘܬܐ ܕܬܘܪܠܟ(، ܵܣܡ ܹܕܝ ݂ܒ ܝܕ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ̇ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܫܘܬܦ ܘܬܐ ܕܬܘ ܪܠܟ ܡ ܘܪ ܸܝܙܠܗ ܠ ܚܕ ܚ ܘܪܙܐ ܩܐ ܡܩ ܪ ݂ܒܬ ܕ ܹܩܪ ܛܝ ܹܣܐ ܘܣܕܘ ܹܬܐ ) ܬܓܒ ܵܪ ܵܢܐ ܕܣ ܝܥ ܵܬ ܵܥ ݂ܒ ܲܘܕ ܵܬܐ ܕ ܵܫܘ ܵܬܦ ܘ ܵܬܐ ܕܬ ܲܘܪ ܵܠܟ(، ܐܪ ܹܝܠܐ ܵܟܠ ܹܒܐ، ܹܐܡ ܝܠ ܝ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܕ ܡܢܬܝܬ ܠܝܠܘ ܹܦܐ. ܒܨ ܘܪܝ ܹܬ ܕܠ ܬܚܬ ܸܒܕ ܚ ܹܙܐ ܝܬܘܢ ܠ ܐ ܹܢ ܐ ܝܠܘ ܹܦܐ ܟܫ ܝ ܹܪܐ ܵܟܠ ܹܒܐ، ܵܓܢܣ ܲܘܢ ܵܟܠ ܹܒܐ، ܲ ܢܗ ܹܪܝܢ ܸܠܠ ܲܗܡ، ܣ ܝܣ ܝܠ ܵܝܐ ܓ ܲܘܪ ܓ ، ܓ ܹܪܝܣ ܐ ܘܪܡ ܵܝܐ، ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ .ܣܘ ܝܠܘ ܝ ܝ ܒܪܵ ܝܢܵ ܦܵ ܠܡ ܲ ܠܘ ܓܐ ܹܢܐ ܣ ܘܦ ܘܪ ݂ܓܢ، ܝ ܘܠܝ ܘܣ ܸܠܠ ܗܡ، ̮ܦ ܹܪܝܕ ܘܢ ܥ ܝ ܵܣ ݂ܹܒܐ، ܪܒ ܝ ܝ ܘܠܝ ܘܣ ܦܛܪ ܘܣ.

2 1

46 47 ܳ ܶ ܳ ܰܿ ܳ ܳ ̈ ܰ ܰܿ ܰ ܳ ܽ ܐܝܳ ܢܓܢܼ ܳ ܫ ܐܢܙܒ ܐܬܼ ܝܳ ܢܒܼ ܙܒܼ ܬܟܼ ܡ ܐܬܼ ܝܳ ܥܘ̈ ܫ5) ܳ ̈ ܰܿ ̈ܶ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܿ ܶ ܺ ܿ ܳܿ ܽܿ ܺܿ ܽ ܐܬܼ ܝܳ ܠܬ ܐܢܓܿ ܠܠܛ ܬܝܼ ܚܶ ܬ ܓ ܐܘܢܝܢܕ ܐܬܠܘܦܡܰ ܒ ܐܝܳ ܡܳ ܕܼ ܩܰ ܢܝܟܘܪܫܰ ܐ ܰܿ ܰܿ ܿ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܰܿ ܽ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܺ ܰܿ ̈ܳ ܿ ܳ ܶ ܶܿ ܰ ܳ ܺ ܿ ܪܒܥܬܬܐ ( ܐܝܳ ܡܳ ܕܼ ܩܰ ܐܝܳ ܢܘܓܰ ܐܒܼܳ ܪܩܕ ܐܝܳ ܦܘܼ ܕܪܼ ܘ ܠܐܛܩ ) ܐܚܝܳ ܫܡܕ ܐܢܥܳ ܕ ܐܬܣܼ ܟܼ ܢ ܢܝܕ ܘܢܗ ܐܚܝܳ ܠܙ ܐܡܳ ܕ66) ܳ ܶ ܽ ܺ ܺ ܰ ܽ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܢܢܒܼ ܠ ܪܘܛܕ ܐܒܝܼܳ ܠܨ ܝܓܪܿ ܘܓܶ ܐܝܣܳ ܚܰ ܬܘܼ ܦܝܼ ܨܺ ܝܰ ܒܿ ܡܬܚܬܼ ܐܘ ܐܝܳ ܒܪܿ ܥܰ ܐܢܫܳ ܠܠ ܽ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܺ ܶ ܳ ܿ ܽܿ ܐܝܳ ܝܪܘܳ ܣ ܐܢܫܳ ܠܠ ܪܒܥܿ ܐ ܐܐܝ̈ ܓܿ ܣܰ ܐܒܼ̈ ܬܼ ܟ ܒܘܼ ܬ ܺ ܰܿ ܳ ܿ ܢܐܪܒܓ ܠܝܠܟܼ ܢܐܪܒܓ ܡܝܣܳ ܐܝܳ ܒܢܕ ܐܒܼܳ ܬܼ ܟ1) ܿ ܳ ܳ ܿ ܶ ܿ ܽ ܿ ܳ ܿ ܢܐܪܒܓ ܠܝܠܟܼ ܢܐܪܒܓܕ ܐܫܢܐ̱ ܕ ܗܪܒ ܥܘܫܝܶ ܕ ܐܒܼܳ ܬܼ ܟ2) ܶܿ ܳܿ ܳ ܰܿ ܰܿ ܿ ܰ ܢܝ̈ ܬܒ 351 ܐܝܳ ܣܪܦ ܡܐܝܟܼ ܪܒ ܪܡܘܰ ܥܽ ܬܼ ܝܳ ܥܳ ܒܪ̈ܐ3) ̈ ܺ ܶ ܰ ܿ ܳ ܿ ܗܡܝܰ ܥܢܰ ܠܝܐܟܝܼ ܡ ܡܝܣܳ ܐܦܘܼ ܨܪ̈ܽ ܦܼ ܕ ܐܒܼܳ ܬܼ ܟ4) ܰܿ ܰ ܰ ܿ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܺ ܿ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܰܿ ܶ ܿ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܫܒܗܪܩܕ ܢܡܥܢ ܐܚܝܫܡܕܒܼ ܥ ܐܢܦܠܼ ܡ ܫܡܓܠܓܼ ܕ ܐܬܣܡܗܡ5) ܳ ܳ ܰܿ ̈ܶ ܰܿ ܿ ܳ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܿ ܶ ܽ ܿ ܳ ܳ ܺ ܿ ܓܦܐ̱ -ܓܨܐ̱ (6ܬܡ ̈ܝܗ ܼܬܐ ܕ ܼܛܐܓܘܪ : ܓܢܬܐܢܓܐܠܝ ، ܩܛ ܼܦܐ ܕܓܢܐ ، ܓ ܢܢܐ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܿ ܶ ܿ ܿ ܳ ܳ ܐܬܘܡ̈ ܐܕ ܐܒܶ ܝ̈ ܒܛܺ ܐܪ̈ܦܼ ܣܳ ܕ : ܐܓܓܢܳ ܫܶ ܕ ܐܬܪ̈ܝܡܙܺ 7) ܐܝܪܘܛ ܪܝܫܒ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܺ ܰ ܼ ܝܒܿ ܪܘܡܽ ܚܰ ܕܿ ܐܣܶ ܘ̈ ܡܽ ܢܳ 8) ܳܿ ܺ ܿ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܿ ܶ ܺ ܳܿ ܰ ܰܿ ܰ ܶ ܿ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܽ ܳ ܿ ܿ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܺܿ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶܿ ܺ ܺ ܳ ܿ ܳ ܳܿ ܽ ܿ ܰܿ ܰ ܰ ܿ ܳ ܰܿ ܳ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܶ ܺ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܐܬܩܝܫܦ ܢܟܼ ܗ ܗܬܠܼ ܡܕ ܗܝܬܝܼ ܐ ܐܬܡܓܪܿ ܬ ܘܐ ܘܗ̱ ܐܡܰ ܝܣܳ ܢܐܕ ܫܢܐ̱ ܫܪܦ ܠܐ ܗܬܘܼ ܢܪܒܥܡܰ ܕ ܐܬܼ ܝ̈ ܠܝܕ ܢܡܘ ܐܒܼ ܐ ܢܡ (ܓܨܐ̱ ) ܬܼ ܢܫ ܐܬ̱ܢܝܕܡܼ ܕܝܼ ܡܐܕ ܐܢܕܚܘܐܒ ( ܫܒܗܪܩ ) ܗܡܫܕ ܐܕܚܼ ܐܬܝܼ ܪܩܒ ܕܼ ܠܝܬܼ ܐ - : ܗܕܼ ܠܘܡ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܳܿ ܺ ܰ ܳܿ ܺ ܰ ܳܿ ܺ ܰ ܳܿ ܰ ܳܿ ܿ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܺ ܶ ̈ ܰ ܰܿ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܽ ܿ ܰܿ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܰܿ ܕܫܡܗ ܢ ܰܥܡܢ ܘܐ ܳܡܐ ܕ ܳܫܡܗ ܰܡܢܘܫ ، ܼܘܟ ܼܕ ܰܡܢܥ ܠܫ ܼܬ ܕܫܢ ̈ܝ ܰܚ ܰܝܘ ̱ܗܝ ܐ ܼܬ ܰܓܙܝ ܡܢ ܰܚܘܣܢܐ ܐ ܼܳܒܗ ܳܝܐ ܒ ܰܡܘܬܐ ܘ ܺܣܩܝܠܬܐ ܘܡܪܝܩܬܐ ܘܡܠܝܠܬܐ ܘܩܪܝܚܬܐ ܘ ܼܫܦ ܼܝܬܐ ܽ ܳ ܶ ܶ ̈ ܽ ܳܿ ܶ ܳܿ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܽ ܰ ܿ ܐܝܳ ܝܪܘܳ ܣ ܐܢܫܳ ܠܕ ܐܢܘܢܩܳ ܡܟܘܚܽ ܒܿ ܗܪܕ ܝܢܕܚܼ ܐܪܪܫܒܿ ܘܝܘܽ ܗ ܝܗܘ̱ ܒܼ ܐܕ ܺ ܶ ܿ ܳ ܳܿ ܿ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܿ ܳ ܳ ܰܿ ܽ ܳ ܳܿ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܿ ܰ ܶܿ ܰ ܶ ܺ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܶ ܿ ܰ ܰ ܿ ܰܿ ܶ ܢܝܪܣܥܕ ܐܪܕܕ ܐܝܳ ܝܪܘܳ ܣ ܐܢܫܠܕ ܐܫܪܦ ܘܝܘܽ ܗ ̱ܝܪܡ ܐܟܪܝܪܛܰ ܦ ) ܕܝܼ ܡܐܕ ܐܝܣܳ ܚ ܪܟܐܫ ܣܐܝܠܰ ܐ ܣܝܢܢܘܝܐ ܝܪܡ ܗܪܕܫ (ܐܝܨܐ̱ ) ܬܼ ܢܫܒ - : ܝܗܘ̱ ܓܪ̈ܗ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܿ ܳ ܳ ܿ ܳ ܳ ܽ ܳܿ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܺ ܶ ܳܿ ܰ ܿ ܳ ܿ ܽ ܿ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܺ ܿ ܶ ܶ ܐܝܳ ܝܪܘܳ ܣ ܐܢܫܠܕ ܐܪܕܼ ܕ ܐܢܦܠܼ ܡܰ ܘܝܘܽ ܗ ܐܝܳ ܒܪܥܘܰ ܐܝܳ ܝܪܘܳ ܣ ܐܢܫܠ ܐܘܗ̱ ܦܼ ܠܝܬܼ ܡܘ . ܐܕܪܡܕ ܐܡܟܪܘܟܼ ܕ ܐܪܝܕܠܼ ( ܐܝܳ ܬܝܼ ܠܬ ܣܐܝܠܐ ܣܘܝܛܐܢܽ ܓܼ ܐ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܿ ܶ ܳ ̈ܿ ܰܿ ܰ ܰܿ ܳ ܳ ܽܿ ܽ ܺ ܰ ܰ ܽܿ ܳ ܳ ܿ ܶܿ ܺ ܺ ܽ ܳ ܽ ܽ ܽ ܶ ̈ܶ ܰ ܳ ܿ ܳܿ ܽ ܐܢܫܠܕ ܐܙܪ̈ܐ̱ ܝܩܰ ܕܩܕ ܡܟܚܼ ܕ ܐܢܬܥܘܼ ܕܝܰ ܘܝܘܽ ܗ ܐܝܣܳ ܚܰ ) ܝܢܒܠܘܕ ܢܢܚܘܰ ܝܽ ܐܝܳ ܪܝܕ ܢܝܕ ܬܝܼ ܐܥܝܳ ܕܼ ܝܺ ܒܘܼ ܩܥܝܰ ܐܡܘܐܬ , ܘܪܘܩ ܣܐܝܠܐ ܐܗܡܫܡ ܐܝܶ ܪ̈ܝܕ ܠܥܰ ܐܝܳ ܟܪܘܬܘܼ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܿ ܳ ܳ ܽ ̈ܳ ܳ ܿ ̈ܶ ܿ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܰ ܰܿ ܿ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܿ ܶ ܶ ܿ ܶ ܺܿ ܰ ܿ ܺ ܰ ܺ ܿ ܽܿ ܳ ܽ ܺ ܐܢܫܳ ܠ ܐܢܗܳ ܕ ܐܪܕܼ ܫܘܶ ܐܪܦܘܼ ܫ ܐܬܼ ܛܝܫܺ ܦ ܠܐܡܶ ܒܿ ܪܝܰ ܨܰ ܕ ܐܪܢܡܐ ܘܝܘܽ ܗ ܬܼ ܢܫܕ ܗܬܼ ܝܳ ܪ̈ܚܐ̱ ܒܘܼܰ ܐܝܳ ܗܡܐ ܐܢܫܠܕ ܐܓܪ̈ܿ ܗܒ ܗܬܝܼ ܒܪܬܼ ܕ ܦܼ ܨܶ ܝܺ ܬܝܼ ܐܝܠܳ ܡܕܘܰ ܗ ( ܝܢܐܒܠܘܕ ܢܢܚܘܰ ܝܽ ܣܘܢܝܣܟܠܠܦ ܝܪܡܳ ܶ ܰܿ ܶ ܿ ܶ ܳ ܰܿ ܳ ̈ ܰ ܶ ̈ ܽ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܺܿ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܿ ܽܿ ܰܿ ܳ ܳ ܰܿ ܳ ܰܿ ܺ ܰ ܰܿ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܽ ܶ ܿ ܺ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܰܿ ܰ ) ܐܢܟܬܼ ܡܕ ܗܒܼ ܬܼ ܟܼ ܒ ܐܬܼ ܝܳ ܢܡܥܳ ܛ ܗܬܼ ܚܳ ܫܘܡܘ ܐܝܳ ܠܚ̈ ܝܗܘ̱ ܪ̈ܡܐܡ ܢܡܰ ܬܝܼ ܐܢܠܝܕ ܗܬܘܼ ܝܗܽ ܙܘ ܗܬܘܼ ܝܐܽ ܦ ܝܘܚܘܰ ܐܥܶ ܒܼ ܕ ܪܘܕܢܓ ܢܢܚܘܰ ܝܽ ܐܝܳ ܪܝܕ ܐܪܝܕ ܫܝܪܠ ܝܗܘ̱ ܢܝܒ ܠܦܢܼ ܕ ܐܡܥܘܳ ܪ ܨܩܒ ܕܝܼ ܡܠܐ ܟܼ ܦܗܼ ܘ ܐܪܝܕ ܩܒܫܼ (ܐܟܨܐ̱ ) ܳ ܳ ܳ ܰܿ ܿ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܿ ܶ ܶ ܳ )ܐܬܼ ܝܳ ܪ̈ܡܚܰ ܐܪܝܕܕ ܐܝ̈ ܕܼ ܓܘ ܐܪ̈ܡܐ ܐܥܪܶ ܢ ܕ ܗܢܡ ܐܘܗ̱ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܼ ܐܗܝܳ ܡܺ ܬܿ ܐܪܦܘܫܽ ܒܿ ܐܬܳ ܚܳ ܫ̈ ܚܠܰ ܐܘܳ ܗ ܐܒܶ ܓܘܳ ܬܝܐܺ ܝܠܳ ܚܰ ܪܝܩܙܺ ܗܪܚܡܘܰ ܬܝܐܺ ܝܐܳ ܦܿ ܢܦܝܳ ܨܪ̈ܺ ܝܗܘ̈ ܠܡܶ ̈ ܰ ܳ ܽܿ ܳ ܼ ܼ ̱ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ̱ :-ܝܗ̱ ܘܢܚܠܘܦ ܶ ̈ ܽ ܳ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܺܿ ܿ ܺ ܰ ܽ ̈ ܰ ܿ ܽ ܶ ܽ ܰ ܶ ܿ ܽ ܳ ܰܿ ܳ ܳ ܿ ̈ ܳ ܳܿ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܳܿ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܽ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܿ ܰ ܳ ܽ ܿ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܺܿ ܳ ܽ ܿ ܰܿ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰܿ ܐܦܼ ܘܠܝ ܬܝܼ ܐܢܠܝܕ ܐܬܡܝܣܚ ܢܬܡܘܼ ܐ ܝܢܒ ܢܘ ܗܢܡ ܢܘ ܪܬܼ ܝܬܼ ܢܕ ܢܘ ܗܡܬܚܼ ܒ ܐܣܪܦ ܝܬܒ ܢܡ ܕܼ ܚ ܦܼ ܨܐܢ ܝܬܼ ܡܐ ܐܕܚܼ ܐܬ̱ܢܫ ܦܼ ܠܐܘ ܬܘܼ ܪܝܒܠܼ ܕܝܼ ܡܐܕ ܐܝܣܳ ܚ ܐܪܗܘܢܕܒܼ ܥ ܣܘܝܽ ܣܝܢܢܘܝܽ ܕ ܝܪ̱ ܡ ܬܘܼ ܦܝܼ ܨܺ ܝܰ ܒ ܪܕܬܫܐ (ܗܟܨܐ̱ ) ܬܼ ܢܫܒ ܳ ܰܿ ܳܿ ܰ ܶ ̈ܶ ܳ ܶ ܿ ܳ ܺ ܳ ܽ ܿ ܳ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܿ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܿ ܶ ܳ ̈ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܽ ܳ ܺ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܶܿ ܰ ܽ ܽ ܿ ܶ ܕܕܓܼ ܒܕ ܐܒܘܨܬܝܼ ܒ ܐܢܫܠܕ ܐܬܝܼ ܢܠܘܟܼ ܒ ܐܝܝܪܘܣ ܐ ܢܫܠܕ ܐܬܼ ܢܡܘ ܐܬܼ ܝܝܪ̈ܘܣ ܐܬܼ ܫܪ̈ܕܼ ܡܕ ܐܢܦܼ ܠܡܘ ܐܪܦܼ ܣ ܬܝܼ ܒܼܶ ܒܿ ܘܦܼ ܠܡܠܰ ܝܪܩܬܼ ܐ ( ܙܠܨܐ̱ ) ܬܼ ܢܫܒܿ ܢܟ ( ܘܠܨܐ̱ - ܗܠܨܐ̱ ) ܬܼ ܢܫ ܬܘܼ ܪܝܒܼܰ ܒܿ ܐܝܶ ܝܪ̈ܘܳ ܣܕ ܐܡ̈ ܬܼ ܝܰ ܬܝܼ ܒܼܶ ܒܿ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܿ ܽ ܺ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܿ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܽ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܰܿ ܶ ܽ ܿ ܽ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܺ ܰܿ ܶ ܺ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܳܿ ܺ ܶ ܶ ܿ ܶ ܿ ܬܘܼ ܝܐܽ ܦܘܼ ܗܬܼ ܒܼ ܗܘܡܰ ܬܘܼ ܝܽ ܫܪܫܘ ܗܥܶ ܪܕ ܬܘܼ ܟܝܼ ܪܐ ܐܙܚܢܕ ܐܝ̈ ܢܡܥܳ ܛ ܝܗܘ̱ ܪ̈ܡܐܡ ܢܡ ܐܣܦܘܼ ܛ ܐܘܚܢܰ ܐܫܗ ܐܚܳ ܬܼ ܡ ܦܼ ܠܐܕ ܪܟ ܡܠܫܪܘܐܒ ܐܝܳ ܝܪܘܳ ܣ ܐܪܦܼ ܣ ܬܝܼ ܒܠܼ ܝܢܬܫܐ ܢܝ̈ ܢܫ ܢܝܬܪܬ ܪܬܼ ܒ ܝܢܝܛܣܠܦܼ ܒ ܡܚܠܶ ܬܝܼ ܒܼ ܕ ܽ ܳ ܶ ܽ ܺ ܺ ܶ ܰܿ ܰ ܿ :-ܐܝܳ ܝܪܘܳ ܣ ܐܪܚܡܰ ܒܿ ܗܬܘܼ ܪܝܕܣܼ ܢܝ̈ ܢܫ ܐܪ̈ܣܥܶ ܬܪܬܼ ܕ ܽ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܰܿ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܰܿ ܳ ܽ ܿ ܺ ܰ ܿ ܶ ܳ ܽ ܶ ܶ ̈ ܰ ܳ ܿ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܿ ܶ ܰ ܰܿ ) ܠܐܘܳ ܠܐܶ ( ܐܪ̈ܣܥܒܫܼ ܕ ܐܚܬܼ ܡ ܫܡܫܕ ܪܟ ܐܝܪܘܣܕ ܝܠܫܡܩܒ ܐܝܝܪ̈ܘܣ ܐܪ̈ܦܼ ܣ ܝܬܒܼ ܒ ܐܬܘܼ ܢܦܠܼ ܡܠ ܝܒܼ ܓܬܼ ܐ ( ܐܢܨܐ̱ ) ܬܼ ܢܫܒ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܰܿ ܽ ܺ ܽ ܳ ܶܿ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܶ ̈ ܳ ܳܿ ܰ ܿ ܶ ܿ ܳ ܿ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܺܿ ̈ ܺ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܽ ܿ ܳ ܽ ܽ ܶܿ ܽ ܿ ܳ ܶ ܿ ܶ ܳ ܿ ܶ ܐܢܫܠ ܦܼ ܠܐ ܪܟ ܬܘܼ ܪܝܒܠܼ ܬܘܼ ܢܝܢܬ ܟܼ ܦܗܼ ܘ ܢܝܠܗ ܐܪ̈ܦܼ ܣ ܝܬܒ ܘܪܟܼ ܬܣܐ ܗܒܼ ܕ ( ܙܣܨܐ̱ ) ܬܼ ܢܫܠ ܐܡܕܥܼ ܝܬܼ ܡܐܟ ܢܝܢܫ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܝܪܘܣܕ ܐܬܡܘܼ ܐ ܘܐ ::::::: ̱ܝܟܼ ܒܘܚܕ ܐܚܬܼ ܪܒ ܬܼ ܦܼ ܪ ̱ܝܒܠ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܰܿ ܶ ܺ ܰ ̈ܶ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܿ ܶ ܿ ܳ ܰ ܳܿ ܳ ܳܿ ܳ ܳ ܿ ܶ ܿ ܽ ܳ ܿ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܽ ܐܝ̈ ܢܢܒܼ ܠ ܬܼ ܢܝܒ ܐܒܼ ܪܩܕ ܐܪ̈ܝܪܡ ܐܫܕܼ ܓ ܬܼ ܨܰ ܩ ܪܟܬܣܐܕ ܐܡܕܥܼ ܐܬܝܢܗܟ ܐܫܪܕ ܬܝܼ ܒܒ ܐܝܳ ܝܪܘܳ ܣ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܠܽ ܓܼ ܰ ܒ ܢܝܘܚܡܰ ܐܕܼ ܗ ::::::: ܝ̈ ܒܼ ܫܘܚܘܽ ܝ̈ ܥܘܰ ܙ ܢܘ ܗܠܟܘܼ ܳ ܽ ܰ ܿ ̈ܶ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܿ ܶ ܽ am ܐܬܘܼ ܝܗܙܕ ܐܓܠܼ ܙ ܐܚܛܡ ::::::: ܐܡܝܣܒܘܼ ܐܝܟܼ ܕܼ ܕ ̱ܝܟܼ ܚܘܪ ܳ ܳ ܽ ̈ ܺ ܳ ܽ ܰ ܶ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܿ ܶ ܰ :-ܐܝܶ ܢܬܘܼ ܕܪ̈ܡܰ ܝܗ̱ ܘܡܝܰ ܛ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܟܼ ܕܕܼ ܐܪ̈ܦܘܼ ܫ ܐܥܦܼ ܫ ::::::: ܐܡܝܡܬܘܼ ܐܝܦܼ ܫܕ ̱ܝܟܼ ܫܦܼ ܢܘ ܳ ܿ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܺ ܽ ܳܿ ܰ ܰ ܿ ܺ ܳ ܽ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܶܿ ܽ ܿ ̈ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܿ ܰ ܒܼ ܕܕ ܘܗ̱ ܐܪܛܢܘ ܐܩܪܳ ܛ ܘܗ̱ ܐܢܦܠܼ ܡܘܰ ܐܚܝܳ ܒܫܼܺ ܘܗ̱ ܐܪܘܡܽ ܐܘ ܐܪܝܗܡ ܘܗ̱ ܐܒܘܼܰ ܬܼ ܟ ܫܒܗܿ ܪܩܰ ܕ ܐܚܝܳ ܫܡ ܕܒܼ ܥܰ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܠܛ ܢܡ ܐܗ ̱ܝܟܼ ܒܘܚܒ ::::::: ܝܢܡܓܼ ܫ ܢܝܠܗ ̱ܝܟܼ ܬܼ ܪ̈ ܬܝܡ ܶ ܼ ܰ ܳ ܿܕ ܰܢ ܰܢܗܪ ܽܐ ܳܘܪܚܐ ܳܩܕܡ ܰܥܠ ̈ܝ ܶܡܐ ܰܘ ܰܥܠ ܳܝܡ ̈ܬܐ ܰܢ ܺܩܝ ܳܝ ܶܬܗ ܶܡ ܽܛܘܠ ܺܥܬ ܽܝܕܘܬ ܽܐ ܳܘܡܬܐ ܽܘܫ ܳܘܘܫ ܳܛ ܿܗ ، ܰܚܟܡ ܠܡ ܳܩ ܽܢ ̈ܘܢܐ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܿ ܰ ܺ ܺ ܰ ܿܳ ܰ ܽ ܳ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܘܣ ܐܒܪ ܬܝܼ ܐ ::::::: ܢܝܡܐܒ ̱ܝܟܼ ܢܚܨܢܠ ܝܗ ܠܥ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܺ ܼ ܳ ܺ ܿ ܳ ܺ ܳ ܽ ܿ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܽ ܿ ܶ ܶ ܿ ܶ ܽ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܽ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܽ ܺ ܰܿ ܺ ܿ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܿ ܰ ̈ܶ ܳ ܿ ܶ ܳ ܿ ܰ ܺܿ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܿ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܽ ܫܕ ܐܘܝܙܘ ܐܪܦܘܼ ܫܒ :::::::ܐܫܡܫ ܟܝܼ ܐ ܢܒܙܠܼ ܟܼ ܒ ̱ܝܟܼ ܙܚܐܕ ܐܪ̈ܦܘܼ ܫ ܢܝܠܡܘ ܐܬܘܼ ܚܝܪܩܘ ܐܬܘܼ ܠܝܠܡܒ ܢܝܬܼ ܒܨܡ ܐܢܪ̈ܬܘܡ ܐܒܼ ܬܼ ܟ ܗܒ ܡܣܘ ܪܝܦܫ ܝܓܣ ܐܝܗܡܐ ܐܢܫܠܕ ܳ ܰܿ ܽܿ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܽ ܽܿ ܶ ܶ ܿ ܺ ܶ ܿ ܳ ܳ ܿ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܰܿ ܽ ܽ ܶ ܳ ܳܿ ̈ ܽ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܐܽ ܓ ܠܟ ܐ ܝܐܳ ܦ ̱ܝܟܼ ܠܘ ::::::: ܐܡܪܡܘܪ ܠܟ ܐܐܝܳ ̱ܝܟܼ ܠܕ .ܢܝܪܣܥܕ ܐܪܕܼ ܕ ܐܢܦܠܼ ܡ ܐܪܪܫܒ ܘܝܘܗ ܐܝܠܟܘܣ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܿ ̈ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܰܿ ܿ ܰ ܽ ܳ ܽ ܶ ܶ ܳ ̈ ܺ ܿ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܽ ܗܡܐܕ ܢܝܳ ܠܘ ܦܼ ܐ ::::::: ܝܠܥܕ ̱ܝܟܝ̈ ܠܒܘܼ ܚ ܠܐܘܠܐ :-ܗܬܼ ܒܼ ܝܬܼ ܟ ܳ ܿ ܳܿ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܳܿ ܶ ܳ ܿ ܽ ܺ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܽ ܺ ܽ ܿ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܳܿ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܶܿ ̈ܶ ܳ ܿ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܺܿ ܰ ܰ ܺܿ ܰ ܐܬܘܝܽ ܝܨܳ ܥܶ ܕ ܐܕܠܝܰ ܟܝܐ ::::::: ܝܟܒܠܶ ܚܰ ܐܝܳ ܟܕܒܿ ܬܝܘܗ ܪܦܼ ܟ ܗܥܪܕ ܬܘܼ ܟܝܼ ܪܐܘ ܗܢܘܗ ܬܘܼ ܚܝܘܪ ܢܘ ܗܒ ܝܘܚܘ ܐܡܓܪܘܬܠܼ ܐܡܝܣ ܬܝܼ ܒ ܐܒܼ ܬܼ ܟ ܪܣܥܫܡܚ ܢܡ ܪܝܬܝ ܢܠ ܝܦܪܐ ܼ ܰ ܼ ܺ ̱ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ̱ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܶܿ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܽ ܺ ܰܿ ̈ܳ ܰ ܿ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܿ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܽ ܿ ܳ ܳ ܶܿ ܰ ܳ ܳܿ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܿ ܐܬܘܳ ܝܽ ܕܪܕܘܰ ܐܬܝܳ ܒܪܿ ܬܕܿ ::::::: ܐܒ̈ܶ ܛܳ ܝܟܿ ܝ̈ ܩܰ ܕܙܶ ܠܐܘܳ ܠܐܶ ܐܢܫܠܠ ܡܓܪܬ ܦܼ ܐ ܐܬܘܼ ܠܝ ܠܡܕ ܐܝܡܕ ܪܝܩܝ ܐܩܥܒ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܝܪܘܣܕ ܠܐܕܩܼ ܬܼ ܒܨܰ ܢܟܼ ܗܘ ܐܬܝܝܪܘܣ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܪܦܼ ܣܒ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܶ ܼ ̱ ܼ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܺ ܺܿ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܿ ܶ ̈ ܰ ܶ ܳ ̈ ܺ ܶܿ ܶ ̈ ܽ ܳ ܿ ܶ ̈ ܺܿ ܰ ܶ ܺ ܶ ܳ ̈ܿ ܳ ܳ ܽ ܐܬܘܳ ܝܠܽ ܫܘܰ ܐܩܳ ܬܫܶ ܒܿ ܬܕܚܶ ܐܘܶ ::::::: ܝܟ ܪܨܘܳ ܢܽ ܢܡܶ ܬܝܘܺ ܗ ܐܡܗܶ ܡܰ ܐܬܝܼ ܦܫܼ ܘ ܐܬܝܼ ܠܚ ܝܓܣ ܐܬܠܼ ܡܒ ܐܗܡܫܡ ܐܝܠܝܒܐܼ ܬ ܐܒܼ ܘܬܼ ܟܼ ܕ ܐܐܝܓܣ ܐܪ̈ܡܐܡܘ ܐܒܼ ܬܼ ܟ ܐܝܝܪܘܣ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܼ ̱ ܼ ܼ ̱ ܺ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܰܿ ܰ ܰ ܽ ܺ ܰ ܿ ܰ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܺ ܺ ܰ ܺ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܿ ܶ ܽ ܶܿ ܽ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܿ ܠܝܐ ܟܝܼ ܡܘ ܐܝܳ ܣܪܦ ܡܐܝܟܼ ܪܡܘܥܘ ܢܐܪܒܓ ܠܝܠܟܼ ܢܐܪܒܓ ܟܝܼ ܐ ܐܬܘܼ ܢܠܡܥܬܼ ܡ ܕܼ ܥܠܒܘܼ ܐܬܝܼ ܐܦܼ ܘ ܐܬܝܼ ܐܦܼ ܘ ܐܪܦܘܼ ܫ ܦܼ ܐܘ ܢܝܪܝܪܫܘ ܢܝܩܝܡܥ ܐܡܟ ܗܬܡܘܼ ܠܐ ܗܒܘܚ ܝܫܓܼ ܪ ܐܩܪܛ ܢܢܦܠܼ ܡ ܐܘܚܡ ܐܪܡܐܡ ܐܢܗܒ ܽ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܿ ܶ ܳ ܺ ܳ ܰܿ ܳ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܺ ܿ ܶ ܳ ܿ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܿ ܶ ܽ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܳ ̈ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ ̈ ܰ ̈ܶ ܶ ܿ ܳܿ ܺ ܰ ܳܿ ܺ ܰ ܽ ܿ ܳ ܽ ܰ ܳ ܽ ܰ ܓܘܼ ܪܗܢܘ ܐܪܩܢܕ ܠܐܘ ܬܝܼ ܐܢܩܬ ܐܝܝܪܘܣ ܐܢܫܠܠ ܦܼ ܠܐܢܕ ܐܥܒܼ ܕ ܐܢܝܐܘ ܐܝܘܕܢܗ ܪܘܓܐܛܘܼ , ܗܡܝܥܢ ܐܬܝܢܡܥܛܘ ܐܬܼ ܝܠܚ ܠܐܡܒ ܐܬܡܝܠܛܘ ܐܬܡܝܣܚ ܢܬܡܘܼ ܐܕ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܐܦܘܼ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܗܙܘ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܳ ̈ܳ ܽ ܶ ܳ ܽ ܿ ܶ ̈ ܰ ܳ ̈ܰ ܶ ܰܿ ̈ ܰ ܳ ܰܿ ̈ ܰ ܶ ܽ ܺ ܰܿ ܳܿ ܰ ܿ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܺ ܳ ܶ ܿ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܰ ܶܿ ܿ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܶ .ܐܝܝܢܪ̈ܘ ܐܝܠܟܘܣ ܐܢܪ̈ܬܘܼ ܝܕ ܐܦܠܼ ܚܫܡ ܐܝܢܙ ܢܝܠܡܕ ܝܗ̱ ܘܡܝܣܒ ܝܗ̱ ܘܠܡ ܬܘܼ ܪܝܕܣܼ ܒ ܐܕܘܩ ܗܝܬܝܠ ܐܬܝܼ ܦܩ ܢܝܕ ܘܢܗ ܐܬܘܼ ܢܠܡܥܡ ܗܒ ܬܝܠ ܠܐܐ ܝܗܘ̱ ܬܝܼ ܐ ܝܦܼ ܩܡ ܢܦܼ ܐ ܗܪܡܐܡܘ ܶܿ ̈ ܺ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ̈ ܰ ܶ ̈ܳ ܰ ܶܿ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܿ ܳ ܿ ܰ ܶ ܳܿ ̈ ܰ ܳ ܰܿ ܶ ܳ ܿ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܐܟܫܢܡܘ ܐܘܪ̈ܡܘ ܐܡܣܝܘ ܐܒܼ ܒܗܘ ܐܕܪ̈ܘ ܬܼ ܝܠܡ ܐܬܢܼ ܓܠܼ ܠܐܥ ܕ ܐܪܒܼ ܓ ܘܗܠ ܐܡܕ ܝܗ̱ ܘܒܼ ܬܼ ܟܼ ܒ ܐܪܩܕ ܐܢܝܐ ܢܢܰ ܦܠܡܰ ܐܘܳ ܗ ܢܥܶ ܛܳ ܐܢܳ ܠܠܡܰ ܬܡܶ ܠܐ ܐܒܘܿ ܚܽ ܐܢܝܳ ܐܰ ܐܙܚܶ ܢܶ " ܝ̈ ܒܰ ܣܳ ܕܿ ܐܥܪܳ ܐܰ " ܗܪܡܐܡܶ ܠܥܰ ܐܪܝܚܳ ܐܡܪܶ ܢܰ ܐܫܳ ܗܳ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܽ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܽ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܶ ܳ ܶܿ ̈ ܰ ܶ ̈ ܰ ܶ ̈ ܺ ܰܿ ܶ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܼ ̱ ܼ ܼ ܰ ܽ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܪܦܼ ܣܘ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܕܼ ܪ ܫܡܫܘ ܐܢܬܠܘܼ ܡܥ ܝܗܘ̱ ܬܝܼ ܐ ܢܦܼ ܐܘ , ܐܟܬܼ ܦܡܼ ܐܢܘܓܘܼ ܐܡܝܣܒ ܐܚܝܪ̈ ܝܪ̈ܡ ܰ ܳ ܿ ܶ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܿ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܽ ܿ ܳ ܿ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܿ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܽ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܽ ܿ ܺ ܳ ܰ ܳܿ ܽ :ܪܡܐܕ ܗܠ ܢܢܝܥܡܫ ܪܟ ܐܬܘܼ ܝ ܝܪܘܣܕ ܐܬܘܼ ܬܪܘܝܠ ܐܪܦܼ ܣ ܐܢܗ ܟܝܐܼ ܕܠܼ ܐܝܠܳ ܘܕ ܐܬܼ ܦܼ ܨܶ ܒܼ ܗܝܬܼ ܐ ܠܐ ܠܐܐ ܗܬܘܼ ܢܝܨܳ ܡܰ ܬܼ ܡܘ ܗܠܝܚܰ ܗܠܟܼ ܒ ܬܝܼ ܐܢܡܝܗܡ ܐܬܝܝܪܘܳ ܣ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳܿ ܿ ̈ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܺ ܰ ܿ ܰ ܳܿ ܳ ܳ ̈ ܿ ܳ ܳ ܿ ܰ ܳ ܺ ܐܬܼ ܝ̈ ܢܬܕܥܺ ܐܣܐܬܼ ܫ ܢܡ ܠܐ ܐܝ̈ ܢܢܒܼ ܙ ܐܝ̈ ܚܰ ܢܝܠܗ ܢܡ ܝܢܫܕ ܪܬܼ ܒ ܠܐܦܼ ܐ ܝܗ̱ ܘܝܰ ܚܰ ܒ ܠܐ ܐܪܝܚܺ ܒ ܐܝܳ ܕܼ ܪܘ ܐܪܝܦܣ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܽܿ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܽ ̈ܶ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܿ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܺܿ ܶ ܶ ܐܬܼ ܝܳ ܢܬܘܼ ܕܪ̈ܡܘܰ ܐܬܼ ܝ̈ ܢܬܡܘܼ ܐ ܐܣܐܬܼ ܫ ܢܡܶ ܠܐܦܼ ܐ ܝ̈ ܒܼ ܣܕ ܐܥܪܐ ܘܐ ::::::::::: ܐܡܠܫ ̱ܝܠܝܕ ܢܡ ܝܟܼ ܠ ̈ ܰ ܳܿ ܽ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܺ ܶ ܿ ܶܿ pm ܝܒܼ ܒܘܝ ܘܪܦܫܼ ܘ :::::::::: ܐܡܩܡ ܝܠ ܡܣܒ ܝܟܼ ܒ ̈ ܰ ̈ ܰܿ ܰ ܶ ܽ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܰܿ ܶ ܺ :-ܝܗ̱ ܘܡ ܝܣܳ [b] ܝܒܘܚ ܝܟܼ ܠ ܥܘܪܦܼ ܐܘ :::::::::: ܐܡܘܝ ܝܟ ܐܬܐܼ ܢ ܽ ܶ ܺ ܺ ܳ ܶ ܿ ܶܿ ܶ ̈ܳ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܶ ̈ܶ ܳ ܰܿ ܳܿ ܰ ܺ ̈ ܰ ܽ ܺ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܿ ܶ ܶ ܢܘ ܢܐ ܢܝܡܝܬܚܼ ( ܐܢܝܪܳ ܩܕ ܐܓܪ̈ܗ ) ܢܘܢܡ ܪܣܥ ܐܝܶ ܪ̈ܦܼ ܣ ܐܒܼ ܬܼ ܟܼ ܕ ܐܬܠܫܫ1) ܝ ܒܘܼ ܛ ܝܠ ܐܒܘܼ ܛ ::::::::: ܐܡܪ ܠܐܩܒ ܐܥܩܐܘ ܳ ܺ ܳܿ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ ̈ܳ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܽ ܶ ܽ ܿ ̈ ܰܿ ܰ ̈ܶ ܽ ܰ ܿ ܳ ܺ ܿ ܿ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܿ )ܐܡܝܬܚܼ ܐܬܝܡܕܼ ܩ ܐܬܼ ܢܡ ) ܢܘܢܡ ܥܒܪܐ ܠܐܠܡ̱ ܡ ܨܪܘܬܘܼ ܐܦܼ ܥܪ̈ܘܳ ܣ2) ̱ ܝܟܝܒܫܡ ܐܚܘܝܦܼ ܒ ::::::::::ܶ ܐܚܝܢܬܬܡ ̱ܝܫܦܼ ܢ ܐܡܟ ܺ ܳܿ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܺ ܿ ̈ ܰܿ ܰ ܰ ܿ ̈ܿ ܰ ܿ ܳ ܺ ܿ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܡܝܬܚܼ ܐܬܕܥܕ ܐܬܼ ܪ̈ܝܡܙ3) ̱ ܝܟܝܒܠܫ ܘܓܼ ܒ ܐܦܬܼ ܕ ::::::::: ܐܚܝܨܦ ܐܢܟܼ ܪܠܘ ܳ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ̈ ܳ ̈ ܽ ܿ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܺ ܺܿ ܰ ܽ ܐܛܝܪܣ ܐܬ ܼ ܝܳ ܪ̈ܡܚܘܰ ܐܬܼ ܦܼ ܠܚܫܡܰ ܐܬܼ ܚܳ ܫܘܡ4) ̱ ܝܟܝ̈ ܒܠܼ ܚ ܢܡ ܩܢܐܡܠ ::::::::: ܐܚܝܘܣ ܝܓܣ ̱ܝܚܘܪ ܿ ܰܿ ܽܿ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܿ ܳ ܺ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܝ̱ ܟܝ̈ ܒܠܘܕ ܠܠܛ ܬܝܼ ܚܬ :::::::::: ܐܚܝܢ ܐܡܘܢܠܘ ܳ ܺ ܶܿ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܰܿ ܳ ܳ ܳ ̈ ܰ ܰܿ ܰ ܳ ܳ ̈ ܽ ܐܫܝܢ ̱ܝܟܼ ܒܘܚ ̱ܝܬܼ ܡ :::::::::: ܐܢܝܥ ܡܕܩܼ ܬܼ ܡܣ ܐܝܢܓܢܼ ܫ ܐܢܙܒ ܐܬܼ ܝܢܒܼ ܙܒܼ ܬܟܼ ܡ ܐܬܼ ܝܥܘܫ5) ܺ ܳ ܽ ܰ ܿ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ ̈ ܰܿ ̈ܶ ܰܿ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܿ ܶ ܺ ܿ ܳܿ ܽܿ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܺܿ ܽ ܰ ܐܫܝܳ ܛܠ ܐܪܘܢ ܟܝܼ ܐܕ :::::::::: ܐܢܝܙ ܐܢܐ̱ ܠܝܩܫܺ ܘ ܐܬܼ ܝܠܬ ܐܢܓ ܠܠܛ ܬܝܼ ܚܬ ܓ ܐܘܢܝܢܕ ܐܬܠܘܦܡ ܒ ܐܝܡܕܼ ܩ ܢܝܟܘܪܫ ܐ ܳ ܺܿ ܶܿ ܶ ܳ ܿ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܽ ܶ ܰܿ ܰܿ ܿ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܰܿ ܳ ܽ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܺ ܰܿ ̈ܳ ܳ ܿ ܳ ܶ ܶܿ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܺ ܳ ܿ ܐܫܝܒ ܝܟܼ ܒ ܣܡܗܕ :::::::::: ܐܢܝܐ ܠܘܟܠܼ ܒܘܼ ܪܚܐܘ ܪܒܥܬܬܐ ( ܐܝܡܕܼ ܩ ܐܝܢܘܓ ܐܒܼ ܪܩܕ ܐܝܦܘܼ ܕܪܼ ܘ ܠܐܛܩ ) ܐܚܝܫܡܕ ܐܢܥܕ ܐܬܣܼ ܟܼ ܢ ܢܝܕ ܘܢܗ ܐܚܝܠܙ ܐܡܕ66) ܳ ܺܿ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܿ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰܿ ܳ ܶ ܽ ܳ ܺ ܺܿ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܺ ܰ ܿ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܳܿ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܐܫܝܕܩ ̱ܝܟܼ ܪܦܼ ܥܕ :::::::::: ܐܢܝܫ ܚܠܕܢܼ ܕ ܢܢܒܼ ܠ ܪܘܛܕ ܐܒܝܼ ܠܨ ܝܓܪܘܓ ܐܝܣܚ ܬܘܼ ܦܝܼ ܨܝܒ ܡܬܚܬܼ ܐܘ ܐܝܒܪܥ ܐܢܫܠܠ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܺ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܰܿ ܳ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܿ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܰܿ ܰ ܶ ̈ ܺܿ ܰ ̈ܶ ܳ ܿ ܽܿ ܢܠ ܡܫܪܕ ܐܫܓܼ ܪ ܩܝܡܥܰ ܐܪܝܳ ܨܰ ܘܝܘܽ ܗ ܐܪܪܫܒ ܐܬܼ ܪ̈ܝܦܫܘ ܐܬܼ ܝܐ̈ ܦ ܐܬܼ ܪ̈ܘܨܽ ܐܪܡܐܡ ܐܢܗܒ ܡܠ ܬܝܼ ܐ ܐܝܝܪܘܣ ܐܢܫܠܠ ܪܒܥܐ ܐܐܝܓܣ ܐܒܼ ܬܼ ܟ ܒܘܼ ܬ ܳ ܽ ܿ ܶܿ ܶ ܿ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܶ ̈ ܰܿ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܺ ̈ܶ ܶ ܿ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܺ ܺ ܰ ܳܿ ܺ ܰܿ ܳ ܿ (1ܟ ܼܬ ܼܳܒܐ ܕܢܒ ܳܝܐ ܳܣܝܡ ܓܒܪܐܢ ܼܟܠܝܠ ܓܒܪܐܢ ܽܨܘܪܬܐ ܣܓܝ ܚܠ ܼܝܬܐ ܘܙܗ ܼܝܬܐ ܒܡܐܠ ܩ̈ܪ ܳܝܚ ܼܬܐ ܘܡܠ ̈ܝܠ ܼܬܐ ܘ ܼܒܓܘܢܐ ܙܗ ̈ܝܐ ، ܘܐܠ ܠܢ ܕܢܪܕܐ ܒܐ ܳܘܪܚܐ ܗܝ ܳ ܳ ܺܿ ܿ ̈ܶ ܰܿ ܰ ܰܿ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܽ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܺ ܳܿ ܳ ܽ ܰ ܰ ܿ ܿ ܳ ܳ ܿ ܶ ܿ ܽ ܿ ܳ ܿ (2ܟ ܼܬ ܼܳܒܐ ܕ ܶܝܫܘܥ ܒܪܗ ܕ ̱ܐܢܫܐ ܕܓܒܪܐܢ ܼܟܠܝܠ ܓܒܪܐܢ ܕ ܼܕܪܫ ܠܢ ، ܐܘܪܚ ܽܚܘܒܐ ܠܗ ܼܝܒܐ ܘ ܼܓܡܝܪܐ ܠܡ ܼܬܗ ܘܐܠܘܡ ܼܬܗ ܘܠܠܫܢܗ ܗܢܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܕ ܼܚܒܫ ܓܙܐ ܕ ܰܥܬ ̈ܝܩ ܼܬܐ ܰ ܰܿ ܶ ܳ ܿ ̈ܶ ܳܿ ܶܿ ܳܿ ܳ ܰܿ ܰܿ ܿ ܰ ܘܪܒܥܼ ܕ ܐܪ̈ܕܼ ܕ ܐܢܦܠܘܝܘܽ ܢܝ̈ ܬܒ 351 ܐܝܳ ܣܪܦ ܡܐܝܟܼ ܪܒ ܪܡܘܰ ܥܽ ܬܼ ܝܳ ܥܳ ܒܪ̈ܐ3) ܳ ܰ ̈ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܶ ܰ ܿ ܳ ܳ ܿ ܐܝܳ ܪܘܛܽ ܝܬܰ ܡܰ ܪܝܫܺ ܒܿ .ܕ ܐܢܳ ܦܠܳ ܡܰ ܗܡܝܥܢ ܠܝܐܟܝܼ ܡ ܡܝܣܳ ܐܦܘܼ ܨܪ̈ܽ ܦܼ ܕ ܐܒܼ ܬܼ ܟ4) ܼ ܰ ܰܿ ܶ ܿ ܳ ܰ ܰ 48 ܫܡܓܠܓܼ ܕ ܐܬܣܡܗܡ5) 49 ܳ ܳ ܰܿ ̈ܶ ܰܿ ܿ ܳ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܿ ܶ ܽ ܿ ܳ ܳ ܺ ܿ (6ܬܡ ̈ܝܗ ܼܬܐ ܕ ܼܛܐܓܘܪ : ܓܢܬܐܢܓܐܠܝ ، ܩܛ ܼܦܐ ܕܓܢܐ ، ܓ ܢܢܐ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܿ ܶ ܿ ܿ ܳ ܳ ܐܬܘܡ̈ ܐܕ ܐܒܶ ܝ̈ ܒܛܺ ܐܪ̈ܦܼ ܣܳ ܕ : ܐܓܓܢܳ ܫܶ ܕ ܐܬܪ̈ܝܡܙܺ 7) ܼ ܼ ܼ ܺ ܰ ܼ ܝܒܿ ܪܘܡܽ ܚܰ ܕܿ ܐܣܶ ܘ̈ ܡܽ ܢܳ 8) ܳܿ ܺ ܿ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܿ ܶ ܺ ܳܿ ܰ ܰܿ ܰ ܶ ܿ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܽ ܳ ܿ ܿ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܺܿ ܶ ܐܬܩܝܫܦ ܢܟܼ ܗ ܗܬܠܼ ܡܕ ܗܝܬܝܼ ܐ ܐܬܡܓܪܿ ܬ ܘܐ ܘܗ̱ ܐܡܰ ܝܣܳ ܢܐܕ ܫܢܐ̱ ܫܪܦ ܠܐ ܗܬܘܼ ܢܪܒܥܡܰ ܕ ܐܬܼ ܝ̈ ܠܝܕ ܢܡܘ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܳܿ ܺ ܰ ܳܿ ܺ ܰ ܳܿ ܺ ܰ ܳܿ ܰ ܐܬܝܼ ܦܫܼ ܘ ܐܬܚܝܪܩܘ ܐܬܠܝܠܡܘ ܐܬܩܝܪܡܘ ܐܬܠܝܩܣܺ ܘ ܽ ܳ ܶ ܶ ̈ ܽ ܳܿ ܶ ܳܿ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܐܝܳ ܝܪܘܳ ܣ ܐܢܫܳ ܠܕ ܐܢܘܢܩܳ ܡܟܘܚܽ ܒܿ ܗܪܕ ܝܢܕܚܼ ܐܪܪܫܒܿ ܘܝܘܽ ܗ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܢܝܪܣܥܶ ܕܿ ܐܪܕܿ ܕܿ ܐܝܳ ܝܪܘܳ ܣܽ ܐܢܳ ܫܳ ܠܕܿ ܐܫܳ ܪܦܿ ܘܝܘܽ ܗܽ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܿ ܳ ܳ ܿ ܳ ܳ ܽ ܐܝܳ ܝܪܘܳ ܣ ܐܢܫܠܕ ܐܪܕܼ ܕ ܐܢܦܠܼ ܡܰ ܘܝܘܽ ܗ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܿ ܶ ܳ ̈ܿ ܰܿ ܰ ܰܿ ܳ ܳ ܽܿ ܽ ܐܢܫܠܕ ܐܙܪ̈ܐ̱ ܝܩܰ ܕܩܕ ܡܟܚܼ ܕ ܐܢܬܥܘܼ ܕܝܰ ܘܝܘܽ ܗ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܿ ܳ ܳ ܽ ̈ܳ ܳ ܿ ̈ܶ ܿ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܐܢܫܳ ܠ ܐܢܗܳ ܕ ܐܪܕܼ ܫܘܶ ܐܪܦܘܼ ܫ ܐܬܼ ܛܝܫܺ ܦ ܠܐܡܶ ܒܿ ܪܝܰ ܨܰ ܕ ܐܪܢܡܐ ܘܝܘܽ ܗ ܶ ܰܿ ܶ ܿ ܶ ܳ ܰܿ ܳ ̈ ܰ ܶ ̈ ܽ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܺܿ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܺ ) ܐܢܟܬܼ ܡܕ ܗܒܼ ܬܼ ܟܼ ܒ ܐܬܼ ܝܳ ܢܡܥܳ ܛ ܗܬܼ ܚܳ ܫܘܡܘ ܐܝܳ ܠܚ̈ ܝܗܘ̱ ܪ̈ܡܐܡ ܢܡܰ ܬܝܼ ܐܢܠܝܕ ܗܬܘܼ ܝܗܽ ܙܘ ܗܬܘܼ ܝܐܽ ܦ ܝܘܚܘܰ ܳ ܳ )ܐܬܼ ܝܳ ܪ̈ܡܚܰ ܳ ܺ ܿ ܳ ܽ ܿ ܳ ̈ ܳ ܶ ܺ ܺ ܶ ܰ ܺ ܰܿ ܳ ̈ ܰ ܶ ܐܗܝܡܬ ܐܪܦܘܼ ܫܒ ܐܬܼ ܚܳ ܫܚܠܰ ܐܘܗ̱ ܐܒܼ ܓܘܼ ܳ ܬܝܼ ܐܝܠܳ ܚܰ ܪܝܩܙ ܗܪܚܡܘ ܬܝܼ ܐܝܐܳ ܦ ܢܦܝܼ ܨܪ̈ܺ ܝܗ̱ ܘܠܡ ܶ ̈ ܽ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܺܿ ܳܿ ܺ ܰ ܽ ܰ ܿ ܽ ܶ ܽ ܶ ܿ ܽ ܳ ܰܿ ܳ ܳ ܿ ܳ ܳܿ ܶ ܺ ܰ ܶ ܐܦܼ ܘܠܝܳ ܬܝܼ ܐܢܠܝܕ ܐܬܡܝܣܚ ܢܬܡܘܼ ܐ ܝ̈ ܢܒ ܢܘ ܗܢܡ ܢܘ ܪܬܼ ܝܰ ܬܼ ܢܕ ܢܘ ܗܡܬܚܼ ܒ ܐܣܪܦ ܝ̈ ܬܒ ܢܡ ܕܼ ܚܰ ܦܼ ܨܐܰ ܢ ܝܬܼ ܡܐ ܳ ܰܿ ܳܿ ܶ ̈ܶ ܳ ܶ ܿ ܳ ܺ ܳ ܽ ܿ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܿ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܿ ܶ ܳ ̈ ܰ ܕܕܓܼ ܒܕ ܐܒܘܨܰ ܬܝܼ ܒ ܐܢܫܠܕ ܐܬܝܼ ܢܠܘܟܼ ܒ ܐܝܳ ܝܪܘܳ ܣ ܐ ܢܫܠܕ ܐܬܼ ܢܡܘ ܐܬܼ ܝܳ ܝܪ̈ܘܳ ܣ ܐܬܼ ܫܪ̈ܕܼ ܡܕ ܐܢܦܼ ܠܡܘ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܿ ܽ ܺ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܿ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܽ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܬܘܼ ܝܐܽ ܦܘܼ ܗܬܼ ܒܼ ܗܘܡܰ ܬܘܼ ܝܽ ܫܪܫܘ ܗܥܶ ܪܕ ܬܘܼ ܟܝܼ ܪܐ ܐܙܚܢܕ ܐܝ̈ ܢܡܥܳ ܛ ܝܗܘ̱ ܪ̈ܡܐܡ ܢܡ ܐܣܦܘܼ ܛ ܐܘܚܢܰ ܐܫܗ ܽ ܳ ܶ ܽ ܺ :-ܐܝܳ ܝܪܘܳ ܣ ܐܪܚܡܰ ܒܿ ܗܬܘܼ ܪܝܕܣܼ ܽ ) ܠܐܘܳ ܠܐܶ ( ܳ ܽ ܿ ܳ ܽ ܽ ܶܿ ܽ ܿ ܳ ܶ ܿ ܶ ܳ ܿ ܶ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܽ ܝܪܘܳ ܣܕ ܐܬܡܘܼ ܐ ܘܐ ::::::: ̱ܝܟܼ ܒܘܚܕ ܐܚܬܼ ܪܒ ܬܼ ܦܼ ܪ ̱ܝܒܠ ܳ ܿ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܽ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܠܽ ܓܼ ܰ ܒ ܢܝܘܚܡܰ ܐܕܼ ܗ ::::::: ܝ̈ ܒܼ ܫܘܚܘܽ ܝ̈ ܥܘܰ ܙ ܢܘ ܗܠܟܘܼ ܳ ܰ ܿ ̈ܶ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܰ ܿ ܶ ܽ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܗܽ ܙܕ ܐܓܠܼ ܙ ܐܚܛܡ ::::::: ܐܡܝܣܒܘܼ ܐܝܳ ܟܼ ܕܼ ܕ ̱ܝܟܼ ܚܘܪ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܰ ܿ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܽ ܟܼ ܕܕܼ ܐܪ̈ܦܘܼ ܫ ܐܥܦܼ ܫ ::::::: ܐܡܝܡܬܘܼ ܐܝܳ ܦܼ ܫܕ ̱ܝܟܼ ܫܦܼ ܢܘ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܶܿ ܽ ܿ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܿ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܠܽ ܛ ܢܡ ܐܗ ̱ܝܟܼ ܒܘܚܒ ::::::: ܝܢ̈ ܡܓܼ ܫ ܢܝܠܗ ̱ܝܟܼ ܬܼ ܪ̈ ܬܝܡܰ ܳ ܰ ܳܿ ܰ ܺ ܺ ܰ ܿ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܘܽ ܣ ܐܒܪ ܬܝܼ ܐ ::::::: ܢܝܡܐܒ ̱ܝܟܼ ܢܚܨܢܠ ܝܗ ܠܥ ܳ ܺ ܿ ܳ ܺ ܳ ܽ ܿ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܽ ܿ ܶ ܶ ܿ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܽ ܫܕ ܐܘܝܙܘ ܐܪܦܘܼ ܫܒ :::::::ܐܫܡܫ ܟܝܼ ܐ ܢܒܙܠܼ ܟܼ ܒ ̱ܝܟܼ ܙܚܐܕ ܳ ܰܿ ܽܿ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܽ ܽܿ ܶ ܶ ܿ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܐܽ ܓ ܠܟ ܐ ܝܐܳ ܦ ̱ܝܟܼ ܠܘ ::::::: ܐܡܪܡܘܪ ܠܟ ܐܐܝܳ ̱ܝܟܼ ܠܕ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܿ ̈ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܰܿ ܿ ܰ ܽ ܳ ܽ ܶ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܽ ܗܡܐܕ ܢܝܳ ܠܘ ܦܼ ܐ ::::::: ܝܠܥܕ ̱ܝܟܝ̈ ܠܒܘܼ ܚ ܠܐܘܠܐ ܳ ܶ ܿ ܳܿ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܿ ܺ ܰ ܳܿ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܽ ܝܨܳ ܥܕ ܐܕܠܝܰ ܟܝܼ ܐ ::::::: ܝ̱ ܟܼ ܒܠܼ ܚ ܐܝܳ ܟܼ ܕܼ ܒ ܬܝܼ ܘܗ̱ ܪܦܼ ܟ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܺܿ ܿ ̈ܶ ܳ ܿ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܽ ܶ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܽ ܕܼ ܪܕܼ ܘ ܐܬܝܼ ܒܪܬܼ ܕ ::::::: ܐܒܼ ܛ ̱ܝܟܝ̈ ܩܕܼ ܙ ܠܐܘܠܐ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܿ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܽ ܶ ܺ ܶ ܰ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܠܽ ܫܘ ܐܩܬܼ ܫܒ ܬܼ ܕܚܼ ܐܘ ::::::: ̱ܝܟܼ ܪܨܘܳ ܢ ܢܡ ܬܝܼ ܘܗ̱ ܐܡܗܡ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܺ ܺ ܰ ܺ ܺ ܳ ܿ ܶ ܽ ܶܿ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܿ ܐܪܦܘܼ ܫ ܦܼ ܐܘ ܢܝܪܝܪܫܘ ܢܝܩܝܡܥܰ ܐܡܟ ܗܬܡܘܼ ܠܐ ܗܒܘܚܽ ܝܫܓܼ ܪ ܐܩܪܛ ܢܢܦܠܼ ܡ ܐܘܚܡܰ ܐܪܡܐܡ ܐܢܗܒ ܳ ̈ ܳ ܰ ܳ ̈ ̈ܶ ܶ ܿ ܳܿ ܺ ܰ ܳܿ ܺ ܰ ܽ ܿ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܐܬܝܳ ܢܡܥܛܘ ܐܬܼ ܝܳ ܠܚܰ ܠܐܡܒ ܐܬܡܝܠܛܘ ܐܬܡܝܣܚ ܢܬܡܘܼ ܐܕ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܐܽ ܦܘܼ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܗܽ ܙܘ ̈ ܰ ܽ ܺ ܰ ܳܿ ܿ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܺ ܿ ܰ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܶ ܿ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܝܗ̱ ܘܠܡܶ ܬܘܼ ܪܝܕܣܼ ܒܿ ܐܕܘܩܰ ܗܝܬܝܠ ܐܬܝܼ ܦܩܳ ܢܝܶ ܕ ܘܢܗܳ ܐܬܘܼ ܢܠܡܥܡܰ ܗܒܿ ܬܝܠ ܠܐܐ ܝܗܘ̱ ܬܝܼ ܐ ܝܦܼ ܩܡܰ ܢܦܼ ܐ ܗܪܡܐܡܘܶ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܿ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܢܢܦܠܼ ܡܰ ܐܘܗ̱ ܢܥܶ ܛ ܐܢܠܠܡܰ ܬܼ ܡܶ ܠܐ ܐܒܘܿ ܚܽ ܐܢܝܐ ܐܙܚܢ " ܝ̈ ܒܼܰ ܣܕ ܐܥܪܳ ܐ " ܗܪܡܐܡܶ ܠܥܰ ܐܪܝܚܳ ܐܡܪܶ ܢ ܐܫܳ ܗܳ ܳ ܿ ܶ ܰ ܰܿ ܳ ܽ ܿ ܳ ܽܿ :ܪܡܰ ܐܕ ܗܠ ܢܢܝܥܡܺ ܫܳ ܪܟ ܐܬܘܼ ܝܽ ܝܪܘܳ ܣܕ ܐܬܘܼ ܬܪܘܝܠܽ ܲ ܐܚܵ ܝ ܫܡ ܡܕ݉ ܩܲ ܢܡ݂ ܐܬ݉ ܹ̈ܢ ܫܸ ܐܦܹ̈ ܠܐ ܦܣܸ ܘܝܵ ܬܝܒܹ̈ ܦܣܸ ܘܝܵ ܕܝܲ ܒ ܐܹܟ ܠܡܲ ܕ ܐܟܵ ܠܡܲ ܐܩܵ ܐܹܝܪܵ ܘܲ ܬܐܵ ܕ ܐܟܵ ܠܡܲ ܕ ܐܬܵ ܕ݉ ܵܝܟ ̰ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܐܟ ܝ ܪܒ ܐܪܬܐ ܐܘ ܝ ܢܝܲ ܘܗ ܐܚܵ ܝ ܫܡ ܡܕ݉ ܩ ܢܡ݂ ܐܹ̈ܢܫܸ ܐܦܹ̈ ܠܐ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵܩ ܸܒܠ ܠܫ ܵܠܡ ܝ ܝܫܘܥ ܡܫ ܝ ܵܚܐ، ܥ ܵܒܕ ܘܟ ܵܛ ܵܒܐ ܒ ܲܡܪ ܵܝܐ ܒܪ ܝ ܵܟܐ ܐܬܵ ܝ ܢܪܡܥ ܕ ܐܛܵ ܝ ܠܦ ܠܥ ܐܬܵ ܝ ܢܪܘ ܩ ܠܟܠ ܐܣܵ ܝ ܪܦ ܝܗܘ ܡܫܸ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲܡܫܚ ܘܕܐ ܝ ܸܘܬ ܕܒ ܲܗܝ ܵܡܢ ܘ ܲܬܢ، ܵܡ ܲܨܚ ܵܦ ܲܨܚ ݂ܡܢ ܥ ܒܕ ܘ ܲܬܢ ܸ ܹ ܐ ܬ݉ ܵܝ ܡܲ ܐܪܒܚܲ ܐܹ̈ܛ ܝ ܠܦ ܡܕ ܐܩܵ ܐܵܝܡܲ ܫܠ ܐܬܵ ܩܝ ܣܐ݉ ܝܗܘ ܬܘ ܕܪܡܲ ܝܗܲ ܲ ܲ ݉ ܵ ܵ ܒ ܲܗܝ ܵܡܢ ܘܬ ܘ ܟ ܥܠ ܵܒܪ ܵܝ ܵܢܐ، ܲ ܒܣ ܘ ܹܡܐ ܝ ܸܘܬ ܠܟܠ ܟ ܘܪ ܵܗ ܵܢܐ ܢܘܲ ܗܠ ܐܹ̈ܪܫ ܝܗܘ ܢܦܸܕܠ ܐܬܦܠܝܕ ܐܫܵ ܝ ܢܠ ܢܘܲ ܗܠ ܐܹ̈ܬܐ ܝܗܘ ܒܪܘ ܩܠ ܝ ܘܹ̈ܟ ܐܡܹ̈ ܡܥ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܹ̈ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܚ ݉ܒܝ ܵܫ ܲܬܐ: ܲ ܵ ܫܦ ܝܠܐ ܕ ܸܫܢܹܐ ܠ ܐܩܠ ܘܗܝ ܩ ܝ ܵܡܐ، ܸܣܡܝܵܐ ܕ ܒܛ ܵܢܐ ܠܚ ܵܙܝܬܐ ܛ ܝ ܵܡܐ ܐܒܹ̈ ܪ̈ܚ ܝܗܘ ܠܥ ܢܘܗ ܠ ܼ ܐܼܬ ܹ̈ܝ ܘ ܡܕ ܠܗ ܐܒܹ̈ ܬܘܬ ܟ ܝܐ ܝܗܘ ܘܓ ܢܘ ܗܪ̈ܝ ܒ ܥ ܲ ܲ ܐ ܹ̈ ܲ ܼܐܠ ܹ̈ܦܐ ܸܫ ܹܹ̈̈ܢ̄ܬ ܼܡܢ ܼܲܩ ܐܕܡ ܡܫ ܼܝ ܵܚܐ...... 15 ܐܢ ܓܸ̈ܪ ܵܒܢܹܐ ܓܸܠ ܲܕܝܗܝ ܒܣ ܝ ܵܡܐ، ܐܢ ܫܹܝ ܵܕ ܢܹܐ ܫ ܝ ܲܕܝܗܝ ܚܬ ܝ ܵܡܐ ܐܹ̈ܪ̈ܝ ܒ ܩ ܐܟܵ ܫܚܸ ܒ ܝܗܝܝܲ ܚܲ ܝ ܢ ܐܵ ܐܹ̈ܪ̈ܝ ܒ ܥ ܐܢܵ ܝ ܐܹ̈ܪܕܵ ܡܘܝܵ ܕܸܐܠ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܒ ܼܝܕ: ܝܘ ܸܣܦ ܹ̈ܒܝܬ ܝܘ ܸܣܦ ܐ ܘܦ ܥܢ ܝ ܵܕܐ ܠ ܵܡܘܬܐ ܩܪ ܝ ܵܡܐ، ܒ ܲܚܒܪܐ ܕܦ ܘܡ ܘ ܟ ܡ ܵܩ ܒܪܐ ܪ ܝ ܵܡܐ ܘܘܵ ܗ ܝ ܛܡܵ ܕܒܸ ܐܹ̈ܒ ܟ ܘܟܵ ܠ ܡܘܝܵ ܕܸܐ ܘܘܵ ܗ ܝ ܘܗܵ ܐܠ ܐܠܹ̈ ܝ ܚܒ ܲ ܢܸܐ 15....ܐܟܹ̈ ܠܡܲ ܕ ܐܟܵ ܠܡܲ ܐܩܵ ܪܘܲ ܬܐܵ ܕ ܐܟܵ ܠܡܲ ܕ ܬܵܵ ܕܝܵ ܟ ̰ ܼ ܼ ܼ ܹ̈ ܲܐ ܢܹܐ ܥ ܵܒ ܕܐ ܹܠܐ ܝ ܵܢܐ ܕ ݉ܐ ܵܢ ܵܫܐ، ܐܘܦ ܒ ܲܝܕ ܸܚ̈ܪܫܹܐ ܹܠܐ ݉ܐܬܝ ܸܠܓ ܵܕ ܵܫܐ ܹ ܚܘܲ ܝ ܐܫܵ ܪܵ ܓ ܒܸ ܝ ܡܘܠܛ ܢܸܐ ܦܘܐ ܚܘܲ ܝ ܐܫܵ ܵܝܦ ܫܸܗ ܢܢܲ ܚܐܲ ܐܢܵ ܝܐ ܦܣܘܝܵ ܬܝܒ ܦܣ ܘܝܵ :ܕܝܲ ܒ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ݉ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܸ ܹ̈ ܸ ܼ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ݉ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܳ ݉ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܐܠܗܐ ܝ ܹܠܗ ܕܐ ܝܬ ܹܠܗ ܡܨܝܬܐ، ܕܕܪܹܐ ܒܐܢܫܹܐ ܠܟܠ ܚܕܐ ܒܥܝܬܐ 94...... ܫܒܰ ܗܪܰ ܩܰ ܕ ܢܡܰ ܥܢ ܐܚܳ ܺܝܫ ܐܡܫܕܢܒܪܥܰܒ ܐܐܳܢܗܦܐܠܠܡ ܰ ܚܢ ܛܸ ܠܫܒ ܪܗ ܐܫܝܩܠ ܐܹ̈ܬܐ ܐܠܹ̈ ܢܪ ܒ ܣ ܐܗܐ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܳ ܒܣ ܒܚ ܘܫ ܒ ܝ ܕ ܝܢܐ ܡܗܘܢܐ، ܲܝܢ ܐܠܗܐ ݉ܝ ܸ݉ܘܬ ܲܝܢ ܙܹܐ ܒܪܘܢܐ ܐܳܝܪܘܽ ܛ ܪ ܐܝܫܬܺ ܒܘ ܝ:ܠܕܰܝܸܥܒܕ ܐ ܹ̈ܘܟ ܘܟܵ ܝ ܢܐܠ ܐܬܘ ܕܪܡ ܝܗܠ ܚܛ ܲ ܡ ܫ݉ ܹ̈ܪܕܢ݉ ܡܹ̈ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵܐ ܵܢܐ ܐܝܬܠܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܙܥ ܲܘܪܐ، ܡܢ ܵܝܪܬܘ ܵܬܐ ܕ ܵܐܫ ܲܘܪ ܓܘܪܐ ݂ 74 ...... ܐܝܵ ܪܵ ܘܲ ܬܐܵ ܐܢܵ ܫܵ ܠܹ̈ "ܚܦܼ ܠܡܼܲ ܘ ܚܦܼ ܠܝܵ " ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ݉ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܹ̈ ܵ ܚ ܼܒ ܼܝܫ ܬܐ: ܒ ܼܲܝܕ: ܪܒ ܼܝ ܝ ܼܘܠܝ ܼܘܣ ܼܦܛܪ ܼܘܣ ܕܓ ܼܘܠܦ ܼܫܢ ܥܡܡܐ ܕܐ ܝܬ ܹܠܗ ܝ ܹܠܗ ܒܪ ܝ ܟܐ، ܙܕ ܘܥܬܐ ܕ ܐܠܗܐ ܠܓܢ ܘܗܝ ܟܪ ܝ ܟܐ ܲ ܲ ܵ ܵ ݉ ܲ ܲ ܲ ܵ ݉ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ ܐ ܹ̈ ܹ̈ ܲ ܼܐܠ ܹ̈ܦܐ ܸܫ ܹ̈ܢ̄ܬ ܼܡܢ ܼܩ ܐܕܡ ܡܫ ܼܝ ܵܚܐ...... 15 ܼܝܪܬ ܼܘܵܬ ܸܕ ܵܡܢ̄ܬ...... 74 ܦ ܸܩܕ ܐܬܠ ܘ ܟ ܠ ܸܟܣ ܠܢ ܐܪ ܵܚܐ، ܡ ܠܐ ܟܐ ܩܬ ܘܗܝ ܡܣ ܩܚ ܫ ܘ ܒ ܵܚܐ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܒ ܼܝܕ: ܝܘ ܸܣܦ ܹ̈ܒܝܬ ܝܘ ܸܣܦ ܒ ܼܝܕ: ܝܘ ܸܣܦ ܹ̈ܒܝܬ ܝܘ ܸܣܦ܆ ܒܢ ܼܝ̄ܬ ܼܥܠ ܠܐ ܘܪ ܵܗܝ ܡܕ ܝ ݉ܢܬܐ ܐܪܸܫ ܵܟܝܬܐ، ܠܐܬ ܲܘܪ ܵܝܐ ܦ ܝܫܬܐ ܝܕܸܥܬܐ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܹ̈ ܡܫ ܼܘܚ ܵ̄ܬ ܕ ܼܡܠܦ ܵܢܐ ܸܘܠ ܼܲܝܡ ܹ̈ܦܐܪܘ ܵܝܐܢ، ܒ ܹ̈ܠ ܵܫ ܵܢܐ ܲ ̰ܟܝܕܵܬ ܕ ܼܡܠܟܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ ܩܐ ܼܡܠܟܐ ܕ ܼܡܠ ܹ̈ܟܐ....15 ܐܝܟ ܲܫܠ ܝ ܵܛܐ، ܐ ܝܬ ܠ ܝ ܵܣ ݉ܗ ܵܡܐ، ܵܐܒ ܵܓܪ ܸܫܡ ܝ ܲܗܘ ܐ ܘ ܵܟ ܵܡܐ .ܐܝܵ ܣܵ ܪܦ ܲ ܲ ܼ ܦܣܸ ܘܝܵ ܬܝܒܹ̈ ܦܣܸ ܘܝܵ :ܕܝܼܲ ܒ )ܐܗܵ ܠܵ ܐܕ ܐܢܵ ܘܲ ܪܒ ܐܚܵ ܝܫܡ( ܝܬܩܵ ܐܹܝ ܙܚܸ ܐܠܵ ܕ ܝܝܒ ܢܘܲ ܗܢܡܸ ܘܗܕ ܝܢܐܵ ܠ ܐܒܵ ܘܛ ܹ̈ 75...... ܐܝܵ ܠܵ ܝܼ ܒܼ ܬܹ̈ ܐܕܵ ܝܵ ܘܼ ܚܕ ܐܠܵ ܒܵ ܘܼ ܝ ܐܢܹ̈ ܫܸ 15 ܳ 94...... ܫܒܰ ܗܪܰ ܩܰ ܕ ܢܡܰ ܥܢ ܐܚܳ ܺܝܫܡܕܒܥܰ ܐܳܢܦܠܡܰ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܲ ܵ ܵ ܲ ܲ 6666 ܢܣܝ ܢ )ܪܘܫܐ ܡܸܕ ܬܠ ܩܸܕ( ܦܣܸ ܘܝ ܬܝܒܹ ܦܣܸ ܘܝ ܕܝ ܒ ܢܘܥܡܫܸ ܪܐܝܼܵ ܦ :ܕܝܼܲ ܒ ܳ ܐܳܝܪܘܽ ܛ ܪܝܫܺ ܒ :ܕܰܝܒ ܵ ܲ ܵ 75...... ܐܪܘܡܐ ܲ ܲ 74...... ܐܝܵ ܪܵ ܘܲ ܬܐܵ ܐܢܵ ܫܵ ܠܹ̈ "ܚܦܼ ܠܡܼܲ ܘ ܚܦܼ ܠܝܵ " ܲ ܢܫܼܲ ܦܵ ܠܘܼ ܓܕ ܣܘܼ ܪܛܦܼ ܣܘܼ ܝܠܘܼ ܝ ܝܼ ܒܪܵ :ܕܝܼܲ ܒ 50 ܵ ܵ 51 74...... ܬ̄ܢܡܵ ܕܸ ܬܵܘܼ ܬܪܝܼܲ ܠܥܼ ܲ ܬ̄ܵ ܝܼ ܢܒ ܆ܦܣܸ ܘܝܵ ܬܝܒܹ̈ ܦܣܸ ܘܝܵ :ܕܝܼܲ ܒ ܡܫ ܼܘܚ ܵ̄ܬ ܕ ܼܲܡܠ ܵܦ ܵܢܐ ܸܘܠ ܼܲܝܡ ܹ̈ܦܐܪ ܲܘ ܵܝܐܢ، ܒ ܹ̈ܠ ܵܫ ܵܢܐ ܲ .ܐܝܵ ܣܵ ܪܦ ܼ 75...... ܐܝܵ ܠܵ ܝܼ ܒܼ ܬܹ̈ ܐܕܵ ܝܵ ܘܼ ܚܕ ܐܠܵ ܒܵ ܘܼ ܝ ܐܢܹܹ̈̈ ܫܸ 15 ܢܘܲ ܥܡܫܸ ܪܐܝܼܵ ܦ :ܕܝܼܲ ܒ 75...... ܐܪܵ ܘܲ ܡܐܵ Established 1964

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