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INOVAÇÕES NO DIREITO PENAL ECONÔMICO CONTRIBUIÇÕES CRIMINOLÓGICAS, POLÍTICO-CRIMINAIS E DOGMÁTICAS República Federativa Do Brasil Ministério Público Da União

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INOVAÇÕES NO DIREITO PENAL ECONÔMICO CONTRIBUIÇÕES CRIMINOLÓGICAS, POLÍTICO-CRIMINAIS E DOGMÁTICAS República Federativa Do Brasil Ministério Público Da União INOVAÇÕES NO DIREITO PENAL ECONÔMICO CONTRIBUIÇÕES CRIMINOLÓGICAS, POLÍTICO-CRIMINAIS E DOGMÁTICAS República Federativa do Brasil Ministério Público da União Procurador-Geral da República Roberto Monteiro Gurgel Santos Diretor-Geral da Escola Superior do Ministério Público da União Nicolao Dino de Castro e Costa Neto Câmara Editorial Geral Robério Nunes dos Anjos Filho – Coordenador (MPF) Antonio do Passo Cabral (MPF) Cristiano Otávio Paixão Araújo Pinto (MPT) José Antônio Vieira de Freitas Filho (MPT) Ana Luisa Rivera (MPDFT) Maria Rosynete de Oliveira Lima (MPDFT) Alexandre Concesi (MPM) José Carlos Couto de Carvalho (MPM) ESCOLA SUPERIOR DO MINISTÉRIO PÚBLICO DA UNIÃO INOVAÇÕES NO DIREITO PENAL ECONÔMICO CONTRIBUIÇÕES CRIMINOLÓGICAS, POLÍTICO-CRIMINAIS E DOGMÁTICAS ORGANIZADOR Artur de Brito Gueiros Souza Brasília-DF 2011 Escola Superior do Ministério Público da União SGAS Av. L2 Sul, Quadra 604, Lote 23, 2º andar 70200-640 – Brasília-DF Tel.: (61) 3313-5114 – Fax: (61) 3313-5185 <www.esmpu.gov.br> – <[email protected]> Copyright 2011. Todos os direitos reservados. Secretaria de Ensino e Pesquisa Nelson de Sousa Lima Divisão de Apoio Didático Adriana Ribeiro Ferreira Tosta Setor de Revisão Lizandra Nunes Marinho da Costa Barbosa – Chefia Constança de Almeida Lazarin – Revisão de provas Lara Litvin Villas Bôas – Preparação de originais e revisão de provas Renata Filgueira Costa – Preparação de originais e revisão de provas Projeto gráfico e capa Fernanda Soares Oliveira Diagramação Lucas de Ávila Cosso Impressão Gráfica e Editora Ideal Ltda. – SIG Quadra 8, 2268 70610-480 – Brasília-DF – Tel.: (61) 3344-2112 E-mail: <[email protected]> Tiragem: 2.500 exemplares Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Biblioteca da Escola Superior do Ministério Público da União I58 Inovações no direito penal econômico : contribuições criminológicas, político- criminais e dogmáticas / Organizador : Artur de Brito Gueiros Souza – Brasília : Escola Superior do Ministério Público da União, 2011. 384 p. ISBN 978-85-88652-38-5 Disponível em: <http://www3.esmpu.gov.br/linha-editorial/outras-publicacoes> Publicado também em versão eletrônica, ISBN 978-85-88652-39-2 1. Direito penal econômico. 2. Crime econômico. 3. Ilícito tributário. 4. Responsabilidade penal. 5. Lavagem de dinheiro. I. Souza, Artur de Brito Gueiros, org. CDD 341.554 Apresentação Com o apoio da Escola Superior do Ministério Público da União (ESMPU), realizou-se, nos dias 29 e 30 de abril de 2010, na sede da Procuradoria Regional da República na 2a Região, o Congresso Inovações no Direito Penal Econômico: contribuições dogmá- ticas, político-criminais e criminológicas. Tendo por diretiva o Direito Penal Econômico, o evento contou com as palestras dos professores Artur de Brito Gueiros Souza, Anabela Miranda Rodrigues, Douglas Fischer, Eduardo Viana Portela Neves, Guilherme Guedes Raposo, José Maria de Castro Panoeiro, Rodrigo de Grandis e Vladimir Aras, sob a mediação dos professores Carlos Eduardo Adriano Japiassú e Patrícia Mothé Glioche Béze, bem como dos procuradores re- gionais da República Maria Helena N. de Paula e Paulo Fernando Corrêa. Contou, ainda, com a participação de membros, servi- dores e estagiários do Ministério Público da União, magistrados federais, advogados criminalistas e acadêmicos de Direito. Além de aprofundar as discussões acerca de várias questões que envolvem a atuação na prevenção e repressão da crimi- nalidade econômica, o evento representou, por certo, um es- treitamento dos fraternos laços de amizade que unem Brasil e Portugal, com a exposição, bem como a participação ao longo dos trabalhos, da catedrática de Direito da Universidade de Coimbra – professora doutora Anabela Miranda Rodrigues. Nesta publicação, reúnem-se as contribuições dos palestran- tes do referido congresso e os artigos elaborados por cientistas e professores vinculados ao Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu da Faculdade de Direito da UERJ – linha de pesquisa em Direito Penal: Bruna Martins Amorim Dutra, Ilídio José Miguel e Savio Guimarães Rodrigues (mestrandos); Cinthia Rodrigues Menescal Palhares e Gisela França da Costa (doutorandas) e Daniel Queiroz Pereira e Vlamir Costa Magalhães (mestres). A presente obra encontra-se dividida em três seções, que abrangem as ciências penais Criminologia, Política-Criminal e Dogmática. A Seção I contém artigos de cunho criminológico. O primei- ro deles, subscrito por Douglas Fischer, aborda o custo social da criminalidade econômica, enfatizando a realidade empírica relativa à chamada cifra negra ou dourada do fenômeno. O au- tor examina, ainda, a periculosidade do delinquente econômico e efetua contundente crítica às leituras equivocadas do garan- tismo penal de Luigi Ferrajoli. O texto subsequente, de Eduardo Viana Portela Neves, faz uma abordagem criminológica dos modelos adotados para a compreensão da delinquência econômica. Para tanto, o autor apresenta o surgimento e a difusão da etiologia sociológica, desde o gangsterismo de Chicago, ajustando-a, posteriormente, ao desenvolvimento da conhecida teoria da associação diferen- cial de Edwin H. Sutherland. O terceiro artigo da seção, de autoria de Gisela França da Costa, debruça-se, igualmente, sobre o contributo de Edwin H. Sutherland ao Direito Penal Econômico, enfocando, a seu turno, o impacto que seus aportes teóricos tiveram na explica- ção de todas as tipologias de criminalidade, assinalando, ainda, os fatores invariavelmente associados às modalidades de delin- quência e, por conseguinte, aos crimes econômicos. A Seção II reúne os aspectos político-criminais do Direito Penal Econômico e se inicia com artigo de Anabela Miranda Rodrigues relativo ao Direito Penal Europeu Emergente, em que a autora discorre sobre as gerações da comunitarização do Direito Penal, consolidadas no Tratado de Lisboa de 2010, com a cria- ção de instrumentos legislativos, sob a forma de regulamentos e diretivas, revelando existir um genuíno Direito Penal europeu. A autora analisa, ainda, os domínios da criminalidade que se subsumem à regulação penal europeia, figurando, entre eles, o Direito Penal Econômico. O texto seguinte, elaborado pelo organizador, objetiva transitar pelas três vertentes ora assinaladas, em busca de fun- damento legítimo para o Direito Penal Econômico. Nesse sen- tido, com base em aportes criminológicos, destaca criticamente os discursos de resistência, de tratamento dual e de legítima regulação penal de novas áreas econômico-ambientais, e seus reflexos dogmáticos ou interpretativos que perpetuariam, di- reta ou indiretamente, um cinturão de impunidade aos autores dessas infrações. O terceiro texto, de Cinthia Rodrigues Menescal Palhares, enfrenta uma das mais polêmicas questões político-criminais, qual seja, a escolha das sanções adequadas para os delinquentes econômicos. Em particular, a autora discorre sobre a falta de sistematização das normas que regulam essas infrações e veri- fica que a política criminal que privilegia a utilização da pena privativa de liberdade revela-se, em geral, ineficaz, em especial quando comparada às penas alternativas. Já Ilídio José Miguel trata, em seu instigante artigo, das possibilidades de harmonização do Direito Penal Econômico em decorrência do processo de integração regional na África Austral, tendo como paradigmas comparativos os projetos con- substanciados nos Eurodelitos e Corpus Juris, ambos do contexto europeu. Do ponto de vista de Política Criminal, o autor assi- nala as vantagens da efetivação de um Direito Penal Econômico supranacional naquela região da África. O último estudo político-criminal, de Vlamir Costa Magalhães, versa sobre as circunstâncias histórico-sociais a res- peito do surgimento do garantismo, fundamentando a con- clusão de que a função da norma penal no mundo contem- porâneo abrange o resguardo de todas as categorias de direitos fundamentais. No entender do autor, o modelo garantista deve ser submetido a um processo de desfetichização e filtragem constitucional, a fim de ser aplicado em sua integralidade me- diante o reconhecimento da legitimidade da tutela penal de interesses metaindividuais, em especial os vinculados à ordem econômico-social. A Seção III, voltada para o exame da dogmática penal dos delitos econômicos, inicia-se com o artigo de Bruna Martins Amorim Dutra, dedicado à aplicabilidade, nesse terreno, da teoria do domínio da organização ou dos aparatos organizados de poder, desenvolvida por Claus Roxin, envolta, como se sabe, em grandes polêmicas, tanto teóricas como jurisprudenciais. O segundo texto dogmático, subscrito por Carlos Eduardo Adriano Japiassú e Daniel Queiroz Pereira, faz uma análise histórico-comparativa dos tipos penais econômicos, enfocando as principais mudanças ocorridas nesse segmento do Direito Penal. Adotando como paradigma os delitos fiscais, os autores analisam os principais diplomas nacionais e estrangeiros rela- cionados à matéria, contribuindo, dessa forma, para a cons- trução de uma dogmática que respeite os princípios do bem jurídico e da legalidade. Partindo da tese, cada vez mais difundida, da suposta in- constitucionalidade dos tipos de perigo abstrato, Guilherme Guedes Raposo a contextualiza, em seu artigo, com os fins do Direito Penal no Estado contemporâneo, a construção de um conceito material de delito fundado na ideia de proteção de bens jurídicos e, ainda, as técnicas de proteção adequadas e ne- cessárias para o efetivo resguardo dos interesses mais relevantes na atualidade. José Maria de Castro Panoeiro examina, no seu trabalho, as principais
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