The East Asian Olympiads, 1934–2008 Building Bodies and Nations in Japan, Korea, and China

THE EAST ASIAN OLYMPIADS, 1934–2008 BUILDING BODIES AND NATIONS IN JAPAN, KOREA, AND CHINA THE EAST ASIAN OLYMPIADS, 1934–2008 BUILDING BODIES AND NATIONS IN JAPAN, KOREA, AND CHINA Edited by WILLIAM M. TSUTSUI Southern Methodist University and MICHAEL BASKETT University of Kansas This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The East Asian Olympiads, 1934–2008 : building bodies and nations in Japan, Korea, and China / edited by Michael Baskett and William M. Tsutsui. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-90-04-21221-3 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Olympics—Participation, East Asian—History. 2. Olympic athletes—Asia, East. 3. Sports and state—Asia, East. 4. Sports—Social aspects—Asia, East. 5. East Asia—Social life and customs. I. Baskett, Michael. II. Tsutsui, William M. GV721.4.A75E37 2011 796.48095--dc23 2011021899 ISBN 978 90 04 21221 3 Copyright 2011 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhof Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. Contents Acknowledgements vii List of Contributors ix Introduction 1 WILLIAM M. TSUTSUI 1. Athletics as Politics: Japan, the Phillipines, and the Far Eastern Olympics of 1934 23 GRANT K. GOODMAN 2. Going for the Gold: Health and Sports in Japan’s Quest for Modernity 34 BARAK KUSHNER 3. When Athletes Are Diplomats: Competing for World Opinion at the Tokyo Olympiads 49 JESSAMYN R. ABEL 4. Public Service/Public Relations: The Mobilization of the Self-Defense Force for the Tokyo Olympic Games 63 AARON SKABELUND 5. Foreign and Domestic Bodies: Sexual Anxieties and Desires at the Tokyo Olympics 77 PAUL DROUBIE 6. Nationalist Desires, State Spectacles, and Hegemonic Legacies: Retrospective Tales of Seoul’s Olympic Regime 87 JAMES P. THOMAS 7. Cultural Policy and the 1988 Seoul Olympics: “3S” as Urban Body Politics 106 LISA KIM DAVIS 8. “Why Are They So Far Ahead of Us?” The National Body, National Anxiety, and the Olympics in China 120 ANDREW MORRIS 9. The Olympic Games and China’s Search for Internationalization 137 XU GUOQI vi Contents 10. Uneven Political Reform and Development in the Shadow of the Beijing Olympic Games 150 JOHN JAMES KENNEDY 11. S(up)porting Roles: East Asian Women and the Olympic Games 170 ROBIN KIETLINSKI 12. Sports Mega-Events and the Shaping of Urban Modernity in East Asia 183 JOHN HORNE Index 199 Acknowledgements ll but one of the pieces collected in this volume were originally Apresented at the symposium “Olympian Desires: Building Bod- ies and Nations in East Asia,” held April 10–12, 2008 in Lawrence, Kansas. This international event, held just four months prior to the opening of the Beijing Olympic Games, was sponsored by the Uni- versity of Kansas (KU) Center for East Asian Studies with generous fi nancial support from the KU College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, the Hall Center for the Humanities, the Confucius Institute at the University of Kansas, and the Kansas Consortium for Teaching About Asia. The conference would have been impossible without the tireless work of the staff of the Center for East Asian Studies: Jun Fu, Randi Hacker, Leslie von Holten, then associate director Megan Greene, and then acting director Marsha Haufl er. Several graduate students in East Asian studies also contributed substantially: Mindy Varner, Joshua Saied, J.D. Parker, and Dusty Clark. Among the dozens of other people who helped make the conference a success and this volume possible, our thanks go out to Sheree Willis and Nancy Hope at the Confucius Institute as well as Victor Bailey and Jeanie Wulfkuhle at the Hall Center. We are particularly grateful to the other schol- ars—Lisa Delpy Neirotti, Jennifer Hubbert, and many of our KU col- leagues—who participated in the conference and who enriched our discussions as well as the quality of the essays published here. The Clements Department of History at Southern Methodist University provided critical funding to acquire permissions for illustrations. Paul Norbury and the staff at Global Oriental were models of good judgment, patience, and enthusiasm. An earlier version of Grant Goodman’s contribution to this volume appeared as “Athletics as Politics: Japan, the Philippines, and the Far Eastern Olympics of 1934” in Ajia no dento¯ to kindaika (Tokyo: Waseda Daigaku Shakai Kagaku Kenkyu¯ jo, 1990). An earlier version of Andrew Morris’s chapter “‘Why Are They So Far Ahead of Us?’ The National Body, National Anxiety, and the Olympics in China” was published as “‘How Could Anyone Respect Us?’ A Cen- tury of Olympic Consciousness and National Anxiety in China” in The Brown Journal of World Affairs 14:2 (Spring/Summer 2008), pp. 25–39. List of Contributors Jessamyn Abel is a historian of modern Japan at Pennsylvania State University. Her essays have appeared in JAPANimals: History and Culture in Japan’s Animal Life (University of Michigan, 2005) and Tumultuous Decade: Japan’s Challenge to the International System, 1931–41 (Univer- sity of Toronto Press, forthcoming). Her current research focuses on the changing meanings of internationalism in transwar Japan and the role of cultural exchange and production in international relations on both the regional and global levels. She is completing a book manuscript entitled “Japanese Internationalisms in War and Peace, 1933–1964.” Michael Baskett received his doctoral degree from the University of California at Los Angeles and is now an associate professor of fi lm studies in the Department of Film and Media Studies at the Univer- sity of Kansas where he teaches courses in Japanese fi lm, East Asian fi lm and media, transnational and diasporic cinemas, and fi lm history. He is the author of The Attractive Empire: Transnational Film Culture in Imperial Japan (University of Hawai’i Press, 2008) and the fi lm/DVD review editor for The Moving Image (published by the University of Min- nesota Press). Baskett is currently working on a book manuscript which extends his research into the historical roots of transnational fi lm fl ows in Asia through an examination of the politics of the Japanese fi lm industry’s interregional fi lm exchange in Asia during the Cold War. Lisa Kim Davis is a core faculty affi liate of the Center for Korean Studies and a member of the Department of Geography at the University of California, Los Angeles. She holds degrees from Yale and Johns Hop- kins Universities. Her research in human geography focuses on urban inequality, spatial patterns of residence, and use of urban space in Asia and the West. Professor Davis’s current projects address affordable housing, community organizations, commoner and feminist perspec- tives on the built environment, artist-led urban initiatives, and the historical geography of residential neighborhoods. Her past research has dealt with the HIV/AIDS epidemic, as well as the effect of arts educa- tion on city neighborhoods in the United States. She teaches urban and feminist geography, Asian studies, and comparative urban studies. Paul Droubie is an assistant professor in the History Department at Manhattan College and specializes in modern Japanese history. His research interests include national identity, popular culture, x List of Contributors and memory. He is currently revising his dissertation, “Playing the Nation: 1964 Tokyo Summer Olympics and Japanese Identity,” for publication. Grant K. Goodman (B.A. Princeton University, M.A. and Ph.D. University of Michigan) is professor emeritus of history at the University of Kansas. He is a specialist both in Tokugawa intellectual history and in Japan’s cultural relations with South and Southeast Asia since the Meiji Period, as well as in Philippine history. He has written, edited or co-edited sixteen books and published over seventy articles. He has been a visiting professor at Sophia University (Japan) three times, at the University of Hong Kong three times, at the University of the Philippines twice, at the University College of Dublin (Ireland), at Leicester University (United Kingdom), at the University of Warsaw (Poland), at Griffi th University (Australia), at the University of Tubingen (Germany), at Charles University (Czech Republic), and at Fukuoka University (Japan). He has also been a fellow of the Netherlands Insti- tute of Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences, a Visit- ing Professor at the International Research Center for Japanese Studies in Kyoto, Japan, and a Senior Fellow of the International Institute for Asian Studies in the Netherlands. John Horne is professor of sport and sociology in the School of Sport, Tourism and The Outdoors, at the University of Central Lancashire, where he is Director of the International Research Institute for Sport Studies (IRISS). He is currently Managing Editor in Chief of the journal Leisure Studies and a member of the editorial boards of the International Review for the Sociology of Sport and Sport in Society. His pub- lications include numerous articles in peer-reviewed journals and book chapters, and as author, Sport in Consumer Culture (Palgrave Macmillan, 2006); co-author, Understanding Sport (Routledge, 1999); and co-editor, Sports Mega-Events (Wiley-Blackwell, 2006), Football Goes East: Business, Culture and the People’s Game in China, Japan and Korea (Routledge, 2004), Japan, Korea and the 2002 World Cup (Routledge, 2002) and Sport, Leisure and Social Relations (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1987).

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