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Ultraviolet Digital Imaging of Volcanic Plumes : Implementation and Application to Magmatic Processes at Basaltic Volcanoes

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Ultraviolet Digital Imaging of Volcanic Plumes : Implementation and Application to Magmatic Processes at Basaltic Volcanoes Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports - Open Reports 2011 Ultraviolet digital imaging of volcanic plumes : implementation and application to magmatic processes at basaltic volcanoes Patricia Amanda Nadeau Michigan Technological University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds Part of the Geology Commons Copyright 2011 Patricia Amanda Nadeau Recommended Citation Nadeau, Patricia Amanda, "Ultraviolet digital imaging of volcanic plumes : implementation and application to magmatic processes at basaltic volcanoes", Dissertation, Michigan Technological University, 2011. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etds/336 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds Part of the Geology Commons ULTRAVIOLET DIGITAL IMAGING OF VOLCANIC PLUMES: IMPLEMENTATION AND APPLICATION TO MAGMATIC PROCESSES AT BASALTIC VOLCANOES By Patricia Amanda Nadeau A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Geology) MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2011 ©2011 Patricia Amanda Nadeau This dissertation, “Ultraviolet Digital Imaging of Volcanic Plumes: Implementation and Application to Magmatic Processes at Basaltic Volcanoes,” is hereby approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN GEOLOGY. Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences Signatures: Dissertation Co-Advisor ________________________________________ Dr. Simon A. Carn Dissertation Co-Advisor ________________________________________ Dr. Gregory P. Waite Department Chair ________________________________________ Dr. Wayne D. Pennington Date ________________________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ viii List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... xiii Preface .................................................................................................................................... xiv Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. xv Abstract ................................................................................................................................. xvii Chapter 1: Introduction.......................................................................................................1 1.1 The role of gas in volcanism .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Measurement of volcanic gases ............................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Direct sampling ............................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Satellite measurements ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.3 Ground-based remote sensing ........................................................................................................... 4 1.2.3.1 COSPEC ............................................................................................................................................ 5 1.2.3.2 Miniature DOAS-based spectrometers ......................................................................................... 6 1.2.3.3 UV cameras ........................................................................................................................................ 7 1.3 Objectives ................................................................................................................................................. 11 1.4 Study sites ................................................................................................................................................. 12 1.4.1 Fuego volcano, Guatemala ............................................................................................................. 12 1.4.1.1 Geologic setting .............................................................................................................................. 12 1.4.1.2 Recent volcanic activity ................................................................................................................. 13 1.4.1.3 Previous Studies .............................................................................................................................. 14 1.4.2 Kilauea volcano, Hawaii ............................................................................................................... 15 1.4.2.1 Geologic setting .............................................................................................................................. 15 1.4.2.2 Recent volcanic activity ................................................................................................................. 16 1.4.2.3 Previous and Relevant Studies ...................................................................................................... 17 1.4.2.3.1 Gas studies at Kilauea ............................................................................................................17 1.4.2.3.2 Seismo-acoustic studies at Kilauea ......................................................................................18 1.4.2.3.3 Integration of gas and geophysics at Kilauea ....................................................................20 1.5 Dissertation format ................................................................................................................................. 21 1.6 References ................................................................................................................................................. 21 iv Chapter 2: A Matlab Program For Deriving Emission Rates of Volcanic SO2 from UV Imagery ........................................................................................... 29 2.1 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................... 29 2.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 29 2.3 Methodology and algorithms ................................................................................................................. 31 2.3.1 Image and sequence viewing............................................................................................................ 32 2.3.2 SO2 column amount extraction ...................................................................................................... 37 2.3.2.1 Initial input ....................................................................................................................................... 37 2.3.2.2 Profile selection ............................................................................................................................... 37 2.3.2.3 Calibration ........................................................................................................................................ 39 2.3.2.4 Integrated column amount (ICA) derivation ............................................................................. 39 2.3.3 Plume speed determination ............................................................................................................. 43 2.3.4 SO2 emission rate calculations ....................................................................................................... 44 2.3.5 Other programs ............................................................................................................................. 45 2.4 Validation .................................................................................................................................................. 45 2.4.1 SO2 emission rates ........................................................................................................................ 45 2.4.2 Plume speed................................................................................................................................... 46 2.4.3 Associated errors ........................................................................................................................... 49 2.5 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 49 2.6 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 51 2.7 References ................................................................................................................................................. 51 Chapter 3: Linking Volcanic Tremor, Degassing, and Eruption Dynamics via SO2 Imaging ................................................................................................... 55 3.1 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................... 55 3.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................
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