ECOLUP-GUIDANCE Environmental Management for Communal Urban Land Use Planning A publication of the Lake Constance Foundation, Constance www.bodensee-stiftung.org, www.ecolup.info

With the support of the European Union LIFE Programme

The contents of this guidance have been correctly represented to the best of our knowledge. The editor is not responsible for any mistakes that may be present.

Presentations held at project workshops were used for this guidance. The authors are credited to the best of our knowledge. Otherwise, the gist of their contents has been used without reference to the authors in the text.

Editor: Editorial Team: Cover + Design: Bodensee-Stiftung Lake Constance Foundation, DERKOHLER & PARTNER Paradiesstraße 13 Constance: Design interdisciplinaire, D-78462 Konstanz Marion Hammerl, Daniela Paas, Constance, www.derkohler.com Uta Strothotte, Thomas Körner Tel.: 0049-(0)7531-9098-0 Printer: Nürtingen University, Institute for Email: [email protected] oder Druckerei Krammer, Applied Research (IAF): Radolfzell-Böhringen, März 2004 [email protected] Wolfgang Everts, Britta www.ecolup.info oder Steinerstauch, Katja Siegmann CD-Rom produced by: MAUS Interaktiv GmbH, Constance www.bodensee-stiftung.org Austrian Institute of Ecology ECOLUP Project Direction: (ÖÖI), Bregenz: Karin Klas, Katrin Löning Marion Hammerl, Bodensee-Stiftung Schereer, Schnell, Walser and Partner (SSWP), Constance: Expert Consultants: Klaus-Dieter Schnell Nürtingen University, Institute for Applied Research (IAF) and the speakers at the Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Wolfgang Everts ECOLUP workshops Email: wolfgang.everts@ Photo sources: t-online.de www.fh-nuertingen.de/iaf City of Dornbirn, City of Konstanz, City of Überlingen, Municipality of Wolfurt, Lake Constance Foun- 100% chlorine-free bleaches dation, Nürtingen University recycling paper 1

Preface

The region around Lake Constance I consider this project to be ano- represents a significant agglomer- ther building block in the deve- ation area within Central Europe lopment of instruments for with a very dynamic tempo of de- sustainable settlement develop- velopment. Here we can observe ment and for the sparing use of particularly clearly the environ- natural resources. At the same mental concerns brought about by time, ECOLUP represents a contri- settlement development: the pre- bution to the implementation and servation of valuable natural areas achievement of the goals set in and landscapes cultivated by man, Baden-Württemberg’s the need to provide a high quality environmental plan. of life for living and working, and the responsibility of protecting the It seems particularly important to drinking water reservoir for 4.5 me that these approaches and million people. At the same time, methods were not developed for Lake Constance is a magnet for the the Lake Constance region alone, two million tourists and 27 day- but can be applied in other trippers who visit the region each regions, as well, for the planning year. This means that the commu- processes related to land use are nities of the region must take par- conflict-ridden in every communi- ticular care to preserve the region’s ty. I recommend the ECOLUP natural resources, especially the Guidance for use in and integra- finite resource land. tion into any community’s urban land use planning. Together with the cities of Con- stance and Überlingen and the two Austrian communities of Dornbirn and Wolfurt, the Lake Constance Foundation has developed the ECOLUP project, an innovative approach to sustainable regional development. The ECOLUP project Ulrich Müller, MdL is intended to facilitate the appli- Minister für Umwelt und Verkehr cation of the European environ- des Landes Baden-Württemberg mental management system EMAS to the processes in communal ur- ban land use planning. Its funda- mental overall goals are to pro- mote the exchange of information between the communities, to im- prove the extent to which environ- mental concerns are taken into consideration in planning proces- ses, and to strengthen the involve- ment of the public, representatives of interest groups, and the findings provided by Local Agenda groups in this greater process.

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1. Environmental Management for Communal Urban Land Use Planning

Land Use as an management. In these processes retain their reed stand and these Environmental Problem are anchored the goals of environ- sections lie, aside from a few mental protection, preservation of exceptions, within the existing With its 147 inhabitants per square biological diversity and a use of nature and land conservation kilometre, the European Union is natural resources which promotes areas. among the most heavily settled their conservation. regions in the world. The amount ECOLUP: An Innovative of built-up surface area increases The Environmental Situation in Approach to Sustainable by 2% every ten years (European the Lake Constance Region Environmental Planning Commission: Caring for our future, 2000). Among the resulting bur- The Lake Constance region repre- ECOLUP (Ecological Land Use dens for nature and the environ- sents one of the agglomeration Planning) is intended to provide a ment are: the release of toxic sub- areas in Central Europe within framework within which the Euro- stances into the ground, air and which the environmental problems pean Environmental Management water, increasing concentration of caused by settlement development System EMAS II can be applied to traffic, increasing impact of hu- can be clearly seen. It offers val- the processes in communal urban man inhabitancy on the landscape uable natural areas and land culti- land use planning. The EMAS and natural areas. vated by man, high quality of life directive determines which criteria for living and working, but also must be observed when establish- The meagre inroads that environ- the responsibility for the protec- ing an environmental management mental protection goals for com- tion of the drinking water reservoir system for production systems, munity planning have been able to for 4.5 million people. This means organisation locations or services make into how communal urban that the communities of the region and in doing so supports continual land use plans are actually drawn must take particular care to preser- improvement in environmental up has been the topic of critical ve the region’s natural resources, performance at a level higher than discussion for quite a long time. especially the finite resource land. that required by law. Environmental protection goals set down in general form in binding With 289 inhabitants per square Together with the cities of Con- land usage and regional planning kilometre, the Lake Constance di- stance, Überlingen and Dornbirn directives in general are not con- strict lies above the EU average. and the municipality (Marktge- cretely implemented in the zoning Areas near the lake are particularly meinde) of Wolfurt, the Lake Con- plans cities establish for land use. desirable - there up to 500 inhabi- stance Foundation has put toge- tants per kmR live. It is attractive ther a model project centred on The application of the EMAS II to live and work on the lake and ecologically oriented land use pla- directive to the instruments of this is not going to change in nning. Working within the frame- communal urban land use plan- coming years. For the communities work of ECOLUP (Ecological Land ning is a logically consistent step near the lake, a population increa- Use Planning), its purpose is to towards promoting environmental se of 4 to 12% by the year 2005 apply the European environmental education and improvements in has been predicted, despite the management system EMAS II to the environment. The procedure high price of construction land. the processes that make up com- makes the inarguable relevance of munal urban land use planning. communal urban land use plan- In addition to the local population, The Institute of Applied Research ning to environmental issues each summer approximately 2 mil- at Nürtingen University was respon- understandable and measurable. lion tourists and about 27 million sible for the supervision of the day-trippers come to the lake. scientific aspects of this project. The programme’s long-term goal is They, too, require a place to spend sustainable land use and urban the night, infrastructure and recre- ECOLUP provides communities planning through the development ational facilities. An ever-increa- with the means to validate their and the introduction of an envi- sing squeeze is being put on the urban land use planning in accor- ronmental management system for nature resources of in the lake dance with the EMAS directive. the planning processes which con- vicinity. Today, only 28% of the The municipal administration, stitute communal urban land use shoreline in Baden Württemberg because it is responsible for www.ecolup.info Environmental Management for Communal Urban Land Use Planning 5 1 ECOLUP

1. Environmental Management for Communal Urban Land Use Planning

communal urban land use plan- that can be directly or indirectly undertaken. Each community’s ning, is the institution which un- influenced by urban land use environmental policy, environmen- dergoes validation. Involved actors planning: tal goals and environmental pro- within the community are the re- gram were presented to the respon- sponsible authorities (building ■ excessive urban expansion sible political bodies, the town control office or city planning ■ sealing-off of soil / councils, for discussion and appro- office), the city council and the use of green areas val. The entire process was docu- mayor. The objects of validation ■ transportation / mobility mented in accordance with the are the communal urban land use ■ energy / climate EMAS stipulations and at the end planning programme along with ■ landscape development of the project, a test validation the zoning plan and the overall ■ flowing waters (internal organisational environ- development plan. Plans establish- mental assessment) was conducted. ed by other institutional authori- Additional workshops were con- ties as well as informal instances ducted on implementing an EMS may also play an additional role. within planning processes and on INFO Objects of evaluation are the plan- participation and public involve- ning process, its realisation and all ment. Specialists and regional ➯ This document is also aspects of relevance to the envi- authorities were brought into the available as Pdf-File download ronment. The location evaluated is workshops who provided back- in English and German from the land within the municipality’s ground information and demon- the www.ecolup.info website. boundaries. The programme offers strated what initiatives could be a goal-oriented identification of potential improvements in envi- ECOLUP-Project Partner ronmental performance and, after the plan has been realised, the as- sessment of which improvements Project Co-ordinator: were actually made. Bodensee-Stiftung, Konstanz ECOLUP Procedure

At the beginning of the project, a Scientific Consultant: SWOT analysis (test of environ- mental efficiency) was carried out Institut für Angewandte Forschung in order to take stock of strengths der Hochschule Nürtingen and weaknesses in the communi- ties. On the basis of the results of the SWOT analysis, the communi- Partner Communities: ties set local priorities and established how topics could be consolidated to form a reasonable Stadt Konstanz basis for their environmental pro- grammes. In each community, an environmental team was put toget- Stadt Überlingen her consisting of interest groups and all relevant bodies with power of decision. Within the framework Stadt Dornbirn of communal workshops, this wor- king group drew up concrete envi- ronmental goals and measures Marktgemeinde Wolfurt (environmental programme) for all relevant environmental aspects

6 Environmental Management for Communal Urban Land Use Planning www.ecolup.info ECOLUP Partner Communities 2

City of Constance (D)

Constance, with its 80,000 inhabi- tants the largest city and regional centre in the Lake Constance vici- nity, is located at the point where the Upper and Lower Lakes meet and borders directly on Switzer- land. Its location, the natural and man- made landscape, as well as the fine state of preservation of the histori- cal city itself in conjunction with the higher and other educational institutions and service facilities it offers, makes it a very attractive place to live and work, as well as for tourism. The number of places of work has grown by ca. 600 from 1961 to 3,300 at present. During the same period of time, the number of jobs has grown continually to today’s level of 34,000. The city’s job market is focused on the service industry which is represented with 75% of 50% of the municipal surface area attractiveness for retirees and as a the total market. The approximately are under the protection of law as holiday and recreational region. 100 industrial firms with ca. 8,000 nature and landscape conservation The population influx continues employees, 820 workshops with areas or NATURA 2000 areas. The and this tendency is not expected 6,600 employees, retail trade (670 Wollmatinger Ried (Wollmatingen to change in the future, making firms) with over 4,300 employees Marsh), one of the oldest nature the available surface area a factor and the tourism sector with 2,000 conservation areas in Baden-Würt- limiting Constance‘s urban growth employees (not including gastro- temberg, covering 767 ha and bear- potential. Development within the nomy) are among the pillars of the er of the European Diploma, lies city proper and surface area recy- local economy. within Constance’s borders. The cling are goals Constance rigorous- municipal statutes for tree preser- ly pursues. Between 1979 and The demands on communal gov- vation and designation of protect- 1996, settlement area development ernments for the management of ed permanent green areas ensure could be covered to 57% (80.3 ha) the Lake Constance ecosystem are that the free spaces within the city in the city’s centre. Due to the de- not only determined by communal proper are of high quality and cre- parture of the French military pre- environmental protection, but also ate recreational areas in close prox- sence and the decrease in produc- by urban development as a whole. imity to settlement areas. tion industries, the 1980‘s saw the Two thirds of the 31 km of shore- development of the conversion line in Constance are in intact and Of the 5408 ha of municipal sur- and revitalisation of certain bran- nearly natural condition. The fact face area, 33% are used for agri- ches of commerce as a central area that the lake is freely accessible to culture, 32% are forest and 30% for active urban planning policy in the public is one of its qualitative are settlement and transportation order to quell the development of characteristics – for example, there areas. In Constance, the settlement the remaining landscape. This are 5 lakeshore bathing areas and surface area and population have trend was supported through fil- the Lakeshore Path newly con- doubled since 1950, in part due to ling vacant lots and making eco- structed in 1996 along the the establishment of the university nomical use of surface area in “Konstanzer Trichter“ where the and technical institute (Fachhoch- construction for housing and Rhine flows into the lake. Over schule), as well as the city’s commerce.

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City of Constance (D)

characteristics which have de- able natural and historical lands- veloped over the course of decades cape of Lake Constance. This step and can today undergo rigorous was taken in view of the interna- further development within the tional development model for the framework of a centre concept. Lake Constance region. They are an important constituent element of Constance’s new Urban Through the introduction of envi- Development Concept 2000. As a ronmental management in urban part of the Local Agenda 21, work- land use planning as a part of the shops on future development were Lake Constance Foundation‘s ECO- held in all city neighbourhoods, LUP model project, the city of the results of which will be acted Constance has committed itself to upon through concrete projects achieving sustainable land use ma- and communal urban development nagement and the reduction of ex- Martin Wichmann and Mechthild Kreis planning. cessive urban expansion. The ECO- LUP project is linked to a total In light of the city’s public trans- The zoning plan introduced in concept for sustainable urban portation service and its centre 2000 was drawn up in conjunction development oriented to the UN concept, Constance can be termed with the landscape plan so that Conference for Environment and a compact city with short distan- settlement area development could Development’s Agenda 21 and the ces between destinations, in accor- from the outset be conducted on policy fields laid out in the dance with the ecology of settle- the basis of an ecological assess- Aalborg Charta. ment areas model. The distances ment of the natural and man- its inhabitants must cover between made landscape. A milestone in Martin Wichmann, housing, workplace and recrea- settlement area policy has been the DeputyDirector, tion areas in order to fulfil their decision to zone no further sites in Department of City Planning and most basic needs are short. proximity to the lake for construc- the Environment and Director, Centrality and compactness are tion in order to conserve the valu- Environmental Department

City of Überlingen (D)

The large district city of Überlin- 59% of which are in the service location on the shore of Lake gen is located in the Federal Re- sector and 41% in production. An Constance and its proximity to the public of Germany, in the south of important pillar of the commercial Alps are of great importance for its the federal state Baden-Württem- economy is tourism with 550,000 inhabitants and for the tourism berg in the Lake Constance-Upper overnight stays per annum. While industry. In order to maintain this Swabia region on the north-west- 59% of the city’s employees com- natural and landscape capital, it is ern shore of Lake Constance. mute from elsewhere, 26% of its necessary to exercise great re- Approximately 21,5000 inhabitants inhabitants work outside its bor- straint in zoning new construction live spread throughout the city ders; only 15% of the jobs in the areas. In accordance with the city proper and in seven incorporated city are held by residents. At pre- land use plan that went into effect communities. Over the last 10 sent, unemployment is at 4.8%. in 1998, 48 ha of housing and years, the population has grown As a preferred location for retail mixed-use surface area and 21 ha by 2%. Within the municipal boun- businesses, Überlingen fulfils a of commercial construction sites daries lie 5,867 ha; 43% of this supply function for potential can be made available or are in land have been designated nature 52,000 consumers. planning for the needs of the com- conservancy areas or protected ing 10 to 15 years. Since that time, landscape. The attractive scope of the sur- the city planning office has decla- The city has ca. 8,800 jobs to offer, rounding landscape, the city’s red its intention to develop these

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City of Überlingen (D)

sites over a much longer period of time than that originally targeted. In order to cover the need for hou- sing land, above all potential avai- lable within existing settlement areas can be used. The city has opted for a retrospective concen- tration of the present settlement area that meets urban development standards by drawing up plans for underdeveloped locations in the city’s centre and by revising exi- sting development plans. Before the plans for regulatory changes are drawn up, studies of settlement density are conducted in order to Thomas Nöken, Director City achieve the goal of retrospective concentration as well as that of areas have been drawn up at the tion in the ECOLUP project, we preserving the particular character same time as the construction hope to build a basis for the intro- of the areas to be effected. In order plans in order to ensure urban duction of an environmental to establish the potential for retro- development of high quality by management system that will opti- spective settlement concentration, means of permanent concepts for mise urban development and land a register of vacant lots within the interconnected green areas that use planning in Überlingen. Along city core has been established. The extend beyond boundaries of indi- with providing educational oppor- city has determined what potential vidual properties. tunities for the city administration’s for revised usage and retrospective employees, sharing our experience concentration is available in the Thomas Nöken, the director of the with others at a national and seven incorporated communities City Planning Office, did not hesi- international level is an equally by establishing instances responsi- tate when the Lake Constance important argument for participa- ble for local development in each Foundation asked if Überlingen ting in this pilot project.“ one. As a matter of principal, would participate in the new pro- regulatory plans for existing green gramme: “Through our participa-

City of Dornbirn (A)

Dornbirn, with 44,000 inhabitants public. Today, we in the European and 121 kmR surface area, is the countries, as well as many other largest city in the province of regions of the world, are confront- Vorarlberg and lies in the econo- ed with multifaceted and difficult mically dynamic conurbation problems caused by growing area of the Rhine valley. Dornbirn unemployment, decreasing com- seeks to ensure a high quality of petitive strength in many econo- life for the future through its ur- mic branches, and excessive con- ban development planning. The sumption of our natural resour- 1992 World Congress in Rio de ces. It is becoming increasingly Janeiro brought the importance evident that our strategies for of Local Agenda 21 and sustaina- development can only accommo- ble city and regional development date these complex issues if we to the attention of concerned take into account the interrela- specialists, if not to the general tedness of these social, economic ECOLUP-Environmental team Dornbirn

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City of Dornbirn (A)

important as social stability and an intact natural environment. The Dornbirn Environmental Programme passed by the city in 1999 is part of an integrative urban development planning that considers economic, social, and ecological goals to be of equal importance. The main goal for development in the city of Dorn- birn is: “Dornbirn is an industrial city with a high quality of life“. We aim for urban development of high quality without sudden changes in the economic and social structure or in what the infrastructure offers our citizens.

In order to achieve this main goal, aims and measures have been drawn up in the comprehen- sive urban development plans of the responsible city authorities. In and ecological challenges. We natural surroundings, recreation terms of communal urban land will only be able to take the step and access to social and cultural use planning, Dornbirn has just into a future with a high quality services and institutions. We also revised its zoning plan on the of life if we carefully balance the require regional economic struc- basis of this overreaching concept interests of economy, society and tures that offer us secure work- with the fundamental aim of the environment. places and income. maintaining the current outer As a result, the main challenge borders of settled surface area. In For Dornbirn, this means mana- facing us in our attempt to create other words, spatial expansion ging the key elements of our a positive future for ourselves will in the future occur within habitat “the city of Dornbirn“ in and coming generations lies in these borders in the form of con- such a way that this very habitat the necessity to form those very centration of housing and com- remains liveable in the long term. local and regional elements that mercial construction. Among these key or existential we have at our fingertips in such elements that we make use of a way that they can be securely Dipl.-Ing. Stefan Burtscher City every day and that make our maintained into the distant future Planning Office daily life what it is are: housing, if we take reasonable steps mobility and transportation, lei- towards this goal. This guided, Photo Project Team Dornbirn sure and recreation, society and future-oriented development pro- cultural life, the production of cess rests on three fundamental goods, private and public services, pillars: economy, society, and education and many more. We resources in the natural environ- have a positive life-feeling or, to ment. Promising and sustainable put it differently, a quality of life urban development can only be we experience as positive, if our achieved if economic, societal, living surroundings are pleasant, and ecological criteria are simul- if we have access to adequate taneously taken into considera- means of mobility, and find wit- tion. The capacity to remain eco- hin our region both urban and nomically competitive is just as

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Wolfurt Municipality (A)

Project Team Wolfurt

The municipality of Wolfurt lies on calculated that construction sites open spaces by recreational use a western slope of the Vorarlberg for approx. 30,000 inhabitants has created a particular need for Rhine valley between the provincial exist. Within this context, the intelligent solutions. capital Bregenz and the largest city planned development of settlement in the Vorarlberg province, surface area using the instruments In the ECOLUP project, the com- Dornbirn. Due to its central loca- available to land use planning is munity set criteria with which to tion in the “Dreiländereck“ (“place hardly possible. One of the few measure a successfully conservative where three countries meet“), management possibilities is the use of its land resources and Wolfurt has in the course of recent application of specific require- decided to carefully examine its decades developed from a rural ments for construction. For exam- urban development practices. agricultural village to a prospering ple, in this way retrospective con- Above all, the opportunity to site for commercial firms. Despite centration within existing settle- profit as junior partner from the the increased influx of population ment areas can be made more wealth of experience held by the in connection with this change attractive than new construction, senior partner has proven a definite and the general demographic de- thus reducing the amount of new benefit, as well as the new perspec- velopment, the area has been able land used. All that can be done tive on our problems and the new to retain a great number of its within the context of urban deve- approaches to solving them gained families, which in particular has lopment planning to maintain exi- through the expert supervision. had a positive effect on private sting settlement borders, develop These factors have fed into both care provided for the elderly. the “Hohe Brücke“ business district, our new urban development control the number of individual concept as well as the way we At the beginning of the seventies, construction projects by regulating approach everyday problems. when the zoning plan was passed, the number of projects that can be the area was undergoing a popula- conducted at time and in particular Erwin Mohr, Mayor tion explosion, which led to a dis- through non-invasive changes in proportionate designation of con- current projects so as to ensure struction sites. Studies conducted that urban development planning as a part of the communal land goals are met. Most recently, the use development concept have pressure put on those remaining www.ecolup.info ECOLUP Partner Communities 11 3 What is an Environmental Management System?

Two “official“ paths: EMAS II and ISO 14001

The EC Eco-Audit, also called environment. All the relevant The ISO 14001 – the internatio- EMAS, is a voluntary management environmental aspects that the nal civil law environmental system for businesses and organi- company or organisation is able management system sations that wish to improve their to influence must be taken into operational environmental protec- consideration. Among these are The ISO 14001 defines an environ- tion measures on a continual basis to be numbered indirect aspects mental management system as beyond the practices called for by as well, such as investments, “part of the overall management law. administrative and planning system that includes the organisa- decisions, the range of products tional structure, planning activi- EMAS stands for the English name produced or the environmental ties, distribution of responsibility, for the European environmental balance of contractors and sup- methods, processes and resources auditing system “Eco-Management pliers. used in the development, imple- and Audit Scheme“. The revised Each environmental statement mentation, realisation, evaluation EMAS II includes all the aspects of must be evaluated by an inde- and maintenance of an environ- the international ISO 14001, but in pendent, government-certified mental policy“. some respects has higher require- environmental verifier (auditing). ments, for example employee par- If it meets the requirements of The ISO 14001 is administered and ticipation and the publication of the EC eco-audit ordinance, the further developed by the institu- an environmental report. environmental auditor declares tions responsible for indutrial the environmental statement to standards in each country, in All organisations participating in be valid (validation). In Germany, Germany the German Institute for EMAS regularly draw up an envi- the organisation is then registe- Norms (Deutsches Institut für ronmental statement for the pub- red with the Chamber of Industry Normung – DIN) in Berlin. The lic. In it, the organisational envi- and Trade (Industrie- und revised EMAS II includes all requi- ronmental policy and its environ- Handelskammer – IHK) in its rements set by the ISO 14001 and mental programme with concrete EMAS register. This registration in certain areas goes beyond it. environmental goals are establish- may occur only under the condi- ed in connection with a complete tion that the applicant has not ”Added Values“ in the EMAS II depiction and evaluation of as previously violated the relevant much quantitative data as possible environmental legistlation. The ■ Inclusion of direct and indi- reflecting the programme’s direct audit process must be repeated rect environmental regulations and indirect impact on the at least every three years.

Comparison ISO 14001 – EMAS

Goal/Measure of Range of Branches permitted to Evaluatory system Evaluatory practice Performance Recognition participate

ISO 14001

Continual improvement World wide Since October 1996 Private industry Certification of environmental trade, service industries evaluatory system management system and commercial enterprises

EMAS II Continual improvement EU and associated Since April, 2001 all Governmental evaluatory Validation/registration of benefits to environ- countries organisations seeking to system ment and environmental increase benefits to the management system environment

12 What is an Environmental Management System? www.ecolup.info What is an Environmental Management System? 3

Comparison ISO 14001 – EMAS

EMAS Structure

Establish environmental Adapt environmental Conduct organisational policy acc. to Index X I.A.2 mangement system environmental assesement EMAS

Conduct environmental eva- Draw up environmen- Verification Evalution by envi- luation acc. to Index VII tal statement in accor- EMAS ronmental expert dance Annex III EMAS Validation Set up environmental management system acc. to Index I EMAS Organisation Draw up updated is registered Conduct organisational envi- Environmental statement ronmental assesement with Anexx IIEMAS Use participant logo

■ In keeping with all legal requirements FURTHER INFORMATION: ■ Operational environmental protection must be continually improved ➔ www.europa.eu.int/comm/environment/emas/ ■ Communicative outreach through environmental ➔ www.iso.ch/iso/en/ISOOnline.frontpage statement INFORMATION ■ Intensified employee participation = living system This chapter contains excerpts from a presentation held by Dr. Völker Tröbs, Intechnica You will find the presentation text at: www.ecolup.info ➔ Wissenspool ➔ ECOLUP-Methodik ➔ Kommunale

System certification Implementing the System boundaries Inclusion of product Public Relations system evalution

ISO 14001

Certificate Establishment of the Definable Integral part of Obligatory publication entire auditable system organisational unit system of environmental policy

EMAS II Participant-statement Via evaluation of the Organisation, smallest Integral part of system Obligatory publication of and entry in local register environmental statement unit is local branch the environmental statement Advertising with logo

www.ecolup.info What is an Environmental Management System? 13 4 Communal Urban Land Use Planning and Environmental Management

4.1 Comparison of the Instruments‘ Characteristics

The EMAS EC Eco-Audit Directive the means for human existence land use planning to minimise form the basis for ECOLUP, an (planning obligation) that damage to the environment, ECO- instrument for the implementation undertakes the systematic deve- LUP seeks to improve the envi- of an environmental management lopment of human land use ronmental balance. In contrast to system within the context of land and of construction. urban land use planning, this use planning. The instrumental ■ Communal urban land use improvement can be achieved by character of ECOLUP lies above all planning is an instrument defining and making binding a in its delegation of tasks and of planning and building temporally and regionally limited responsibilities for achieving high laws and regulations and of goal, the desired environmental environmental performance and in weighing up the interests performance. its establishment of a progress- of different groups. checking mechanism. Because its As a part of communal spatial By way of simplification, application is not limited to a planning for settlement and communal urban land use plan- particular planning level, it can be transportation, it is employed as ning can be conceived of as an applied at any of the levels of a legal instrument to ensure the attendant management instrument, planning from overall regional legal security of settlement deve- as a signpost on the community's planning to the spatial planning of lopment and to balance conflic- developmental path, whereas the regional administrative autho- ting public and private interests. ECOLUP lays down the strategy rities down to communal building ■ Communal urban land use for continual, step-by-step regulations. planning as a codification improvement. The intersection instrument: of the two lies in the phase in Communal urban land use plan- Within individual planning proces- which tasks are delegated at the ning is an administrative mono- ses, codification can serve as an outset of individual planning poly held by the regional admi- instrument for realising planning processes, in phases of co-ordi- nistrative authorities (the muni- goals. nation and the weighing of cipalities – “Kommunen“ – in Both these instruments can be various interests, when the man- Germany) and is an instrument applied to environmental plan- ner of participation of all part- applied at three levels: ning; they function in relation to ners and concerned parties is ■ Communal urban land use the same planning unit/location being organised, and in the planning as an instrument of through the same agents. assessment phases after the settlement development: However, they do not share com- plans have been drawn up and As a whole it is considered an mon aims. Whereas it is the when the results of the measures instrument towards providing responsibility of communal urban taken have been collected.

Air Climate

EMAS Soil ECOLUP Water

Increased use of green areas ent Excessive urbanPavem developement Energy

SETTLEMENT DEVELOPEMENT

14 Communal Urban Land Use Planning and Environmental Management www.ecolup.info Environmental Management 4 and Communal Urban Land Use Planning

4.2 Who and What Undergoes Validation

Environmental management for and offices (building control as the urban development company locations, products, ser- office or department of city plan, the framework for urban vices ….. Of course! But what planning), the town council development or specialised about spatial planning? Is an and the mayor. plans can be included in the environmental management programme. system à la EMAS at all appli- What undergoes validation? cable in this case? During the model project, all ➯ The planning process and (to elements of ECOLUP were Finding this out was ECOLUP’s the extent possible) its imple- continually evaluated as to their most important task. With the mentation. Urban land use conformity to EMAS in order to help of expert advice from planning is made up of the ensure that ECOLUP procedures Nürtingen University and the zoning regulations and the meet the standards of govern- partner communities‘ practical development plan. Further ment-certified environmental experience, the project team programmes and plans, such management. examined whether and how EMAS‘ individual components could be applied to the processes within communal urban land use INFO planning. EMAS for communal urban land use planning conforms to all prerequisites for registration in accordance with Chapter 2 of the By virtue of the revision of the Organisation Guidance as established by the Commission EMAS directive, as of April 2001 (2001/861/EG). This text stipulates that an organisation may also EMAS II states that all organisa- register units smaller than an organisational location under tions wishing to improve their exceptional circumstances, given: environmental performance may ■ the subfield of the organisational location produces clearly undergo validation. Along with defined products, performs services or undertakes activities of its company locations and produc- own and the environmental aspects and effects of the subfield can tion processes, services, too, can be clearly identified and differentiated from those of other, undergo this process. However, non-registered parts of the organisation location the organisation concerned must ■ the subfield possesses its own executive management and be concretely defined, i.e. who administration by means of which to organise and check its EMS and what is to undergo validation and the effects on the environment and to under take corrective according to EMAS must be measures if necessary clearly described. ■ the subfield has been allocated clearly defined responsibilities so that it can achieve sufficient standards for approval and maintain the approved environmental standards thereafter The ECOLUP project defined Communal urban land use planning is a perfect example of urban land use planning as a ser- fundamental indirect environmental aspects such as excessive vice provided by the municipality urban expansion, sealing-off of soil, the use of green areas, energy, for its citizens: transportation, landscape development and flowing waters (see Chapter 6.2). ECOLUP focuses on continual improvement Who undergoes validation? within these environmental areas.

➯ The municipal administration Nonetheless, the town planning office or urban development office is as the institution directly also to be regarded as an "organisational location" that must make responsible for the process of careful use of the resources that its employees use in going about their urban land use planning. daily tasks such as energy, water, paper, etc. Environmental pollution Executive instances within the caused by business trips is another environmental aspect related to municipal administration are location that must be taken into consideration. the specialised departments

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5.1 Some Important Questions for Starters

Environmental management Is the participating office or successful implementation has systems in general and EMAS in department able to provide the nothing to do with the size of the particular are not as complicated necessary personnel? community concerned. ECOLUP, as they appear at first glance. too, has been able to confirm An EMS cannot be introduced these findings. Four partner com- All that is needed is a good source and maintained without putting munities of varying size partici- of advice, a well-structured in additional work-hours. Even pated in the project’s model manual and the imagination to the most highly motivated director phase: Constance with 80,000 apply the very general and tech- of a city planning or building inhabitants, Überlingen with nical formulations in the EC Eco- control office and his or her work- approx. 21,500 inhabitants, Audit regulations and the accom- ers will refuse to co-operate if an Dornbirn with 44,000 inhabitants panying manuals to everyday EMS is loaded on their already and the municipality of Wolfurt practice. overburdened shoulders as “yet with 8,000 inhabitants. The another project“. EMAS directive leaves enough to Nonetheless, the introduction of the discretion of the individual an environmental management Can you provide continuity in participants that the latter can system à la EMAS does require the realisation of the EMS? adapt the environmental manage- additional and financial resour- ment programme to their varying ces. ECOLUP is no exception to Within urban land use planning organisational structures and this general rule! in particular, continually impro- legal preconditions. ving environmental conditions A study of the legal preconditions Before you opt for an environ- can only be achieved in most existing in four different EC mental management system (or areas in the long run. If an envi- countries has shown that the EMS) for your local government’s ronmental management system is following prerequisites must be offices, services or urban land use exclusively dependent upon the fulfilled if an EMS is to be planning, you should be able to good will of those currently in implemented in urban land use give positive answers to the power, then these are not condi- planning: following questions: tions under which continuity can ■ a similar basis in legal regula- be provided. tions concerning planning, as Why do you want to introduce well as an approach to plan- an EMS? Are neighbouring communities ning similar to that taken in also interested in integrating EMAS Are the continually increasing environmental management into ■ the ability of urban land use benefits to the environment really their urban land use planning? planning to take direct or your primary motive? indirect influence on the If you wish above all to improve That would be an excellent pre- development of specific areas the image of the local govern- condition, for you can learn from of the environment (given in ment, EMAS is not the best and help one another when work- Germany and Austria via means of doing so! ing together or in a group of required government approval several communities, e.g. by con- of all construction plans) Are you the only one who is ducting the internal audit for one ■ the influence of the city convinced that an EMS is another. In addition, by sharing government on urban land beneficial and necessary, or do workshops you can reduce the use planning (secured in your co-workers, superiors, the costs for the expert advice and Germany and Austria via the community council and other external consultants they require. local government's planning concerned parties see the idea sovereignty) in a positive light, as well? Experience gained through numer- ■ the ability of local govern- ous model projects in which ment to involve interest Environmental management as a EMAS was introduced into groups and citizens in plan- one-man (or –woman) show is various areas of responsibility in ning processes guaranteed fail in the long run! local government has shown that ■ the ability to check environ-

16 Starting Out www.ecolup.info Starting Out 5

5.1 Some Important Questions for Starters

mental conditions and the the part of neutral observers a special effort is made to approach effects of measures underta- represents by no means issues systematically and by ken by means of core data (do bothersome interference, but means of progress checks. standards for comparison instead furthers the goals of Not only do environmental exist?) the community conditions improve, a further It will be easier to introduce an Particularly during the first phase common positive effect of the EMS in communities which of the ECOLUP project some of introduction of an environmental ■ are already makings efforts to the participants argued, "But we management system is the achieve environmental protec- are already doing everything we optimisation of the local govern- tion levels beyond those can for the environment". Why ment's organisational structure. required by law and to secure advance into the "national lea- Of particular significance is the greater benefits for the envi- gue" (= EMAS) if you are doing improved internal communication ronment and a higher quality well in the "local league"? between and integration of the of life for their inhabitants Nonetheless, when it came to people working within the parti- ■ take the goals of the Local drawing up their environmental cipating specialised offices and Agenda 21 seriously and seek programmes, the communities departments. When an employer to secure the participation of were able to arrive at an admira- implements a responsible envi- their citizens in all important ble number of realistic measures ronmental policy it always results matters that helped them to achieve the in a "plus" for the work environ- ■ have come to the realisation environmental goals they had set ment and encourages individual that a regular evaluation of for themselves. Improvements are employees' sense of the fruits of their efforts on always possible, particulary when responsibility.

5.2 The First Step

When after careful consideration external consultants. support the co-ordinator during the a community comes to the con- The use of external consultants is ■ environmental evaluation clusion that environmental highly recommended. They (performance, compliance and management ought to be a part should undertake the following system audits) of its urban land use planning, tasks: ■ establishing of environmental then as a first measure an ■ support in preparation for the goals and measures (environ- employee responsible for co-ordi- environmental evaluation and mental programme) nating the full EMS implementa- the strengths-and-weaknesses- ■ integration of the environ- tion process must be appointed. analysis (SWOT) mental management system in ■ moderation of the SWOT the municipality's administra- The co-ordinator should have a workshops tive structure good overview of the municipal ■ moderation of the communal ■ regular evaluation of the envi- administration’s organisational government workshops on the ronmental programme structure and be familiar with the most significant environmen- ■ internal audit, if necessary responsibilities and means of tal issues influence associated with urban ■ support in preparation for the The environmental team (also land use planning. As a part of trial validation (internal audit) called control group) should con- the ECOLUP model project, the ■ support during the validation sist of representatives of all the directors of the city planning process relevant authorities and interest departments of the four partner It is also highly recommended to groups so that both the expert communities were entrusted with put together an environmental knowledge the project requires as this task. They were supported by team. well as all interested parties are the ECOLUP project team, i.e. by The environmental team should involved:

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5.2 The First Step

Overview of the Costs of Implementation for an Environmental Management System using the ECOLUP Model Project

Phase / Task Number of Working Days Further External Costs

Environmental Analysis: SWOT External consultant 20 SWOT analysis Analysis, collecting and evaluating Co-ordinator 10 core data (performance audit) Environmental team Ensuring legal security (10 people) 10 (compliance audit) Analysis of the current organisa- tional structure and integration of EMS elements (system audit)

Establishing environmental goals External consultants 32 Expert speakers and measures Co-ordinator 40 for the workshops (environmental programme) Environmental team Eight local government workshops (10 people) 80 on significant environmental issues External consultants 10 none Internal audit, EMS documentation Co-ordinator 15 and manual Environmental team (10 people) 10

Programme of urban land use plan External consultants 5 Government-certified in accordance with EMAS Co-ordinator 5 environmental expert

■ all specialised departments 21 process from the ronmental management and and offices in the municipal communities adopting the environmental poli- administration that participate cy and programme, as well as the in evaluating proposals as During the ECOLUP project, it environmental statement. part of construction manage- proved difficult to concretely ment planning involve representatives of the On the basis of our experience ■ expert authorities at a regional town councils in the environmental with ECOLUP, we recommend level and instances responsible team (voluntary positions, conflicts maintaining the environmental for public interests of interest, goals of fractions). team as a consulting committee ■ representatives from small Nevertheless, the town council even after the EMS has been business, industry, agriculture, was invited to all of the environ- introduced. tourism mental team's workshops and was ■ representatives from private represented with either one or conservation organisations more members, depending on the ■ representatives from private given topic. In addition, it makes Further Information: organisations and community sense to report regularly to the projects (alternative transpor- town council on the project's CF. Chapter 8.2 Supervision of tation club, mobility centre, progress. After all, the council Environmental Management and etc.) and the mayor as executive Environmental Management ■ representatives of the Agenda powers are responsible for envi- Representative.

18 Starting Out www.ecolup.info ECOLUP 5

5.3 Structure of this ECOLUP Guidance

This guidance explains step by So as not to reinvent the wheel, and Environmental Issues was par- step how to draw up all the ele- elements of other guidances have ticularly helpful, as was the "The ments of an environmental been used in putting together this Path to EMAS" brochure put out management system according to publication and altered for appli- by the Baden-Württemberg State EMAS II, as well as the procedure cability to communal urban land Institute for Environmental to follow when introducing it. use planning. The "Environmental Protection. Logically, the central theme of Management in Municipalities" We have used passages from both this guidance is the EMAS guideline from the Bavarian State of these sources within the pages directive. Ministry for State Development of this ECOLUP Guidance.

Umweltprüfung/Performance-Audit: "Environmental Assessment/Performance Audit Direct and indirect environmental aspects of communal urban land use planning and their evaluation. Collection and analysis of data on the environmental situation SWOT analysis"

"Environmental Policy for Communal Urban Land Use Planning with general goals "

Environmental organisational Environmental Programme assessment Continual Improvement Environmental goals Regular procedure check in Environmental and concrete measures Internal audit Performance in respect to all significant Monitoring/corrective measures environmental aspects

Environmental Statement Environmental Management System Inform the public on Compliance Audit: Assessment of legal environmental goals security in environmental areas and programme System Audit Environmental management representative EMS organisation (who, what, how) External Assessment/ EMS documentation/communication (Initial) Validation Offices and departments relevant Via independent to the environment environmental verifier Procedural and position-related regulations Entry in EMAS register Training for employees Environmental management manual

www.ecolup.info ECOLUP –Structure of this ECOLUP Guidance 19 6 The Environmental Assessment

6.1 Analysis of the Current Situation

According to Article 2e of EMAS organisation (municipal admini- the environmental verifier. The II, the environmental assessment is stration) at its own level of achie- very first environmental assess- a “first thorough examination of vement in the field of environ- ment, the assessment of the sta- an organisation’s environmental mental protection. tus quo, is the most time-consu- issues, its effects on the environ- For this reason, the first important ming part of the EMAS process, ment, and its environmental per- step is to establish what condition as you will most likely have to formance in direct relation to its the environment in the municipal- search for data and information operations “. The environmental ity is in at present and what organ- in various specialised offices, assessment takes 5 key areas into isational structure its administra- plans and statistics. consideration: tion features. Environmental Aspects ■ the legal, administrative, and The environmental assessment in and Impact other regulations that the accordance with EMAS consists of It is not only through the produc- organisation has committed three elements: tion processes they employ at their itself to observing ■ establishment of effects on the locations that firms and organisa- ■ the registration all environ- environment tions have an impact on the envi- mental aspects that have sub- (performance audit) ronment. Their products or the ser- stantial effects on the environ- ■ assessment of legal security vices they provide can be harmful ment according to the standards (compliance audit) to the environment when used and in Annex VI; evaluation and ■ assessment of the organisational disposed of. The firms and organi- quantification of their qualita- structure (system audit) sations themselves can have only tive effects, if necessary, in These three elements are permanent limited influence on these effects, which case a register of all aspects of the environmental as they have very little or no con- aspects deemed substantial is assessment, the (internal) organisa- trol either over the production pro- to be put together tional environmental assessment cesses that proceed and follow ■ description of criteria used to and the validation conducted by their own production or over the evaluate the substantiality of behaviour of consumers. In addi- the environmental effects tion, although some organisations ■ assessment of all techniques INFO cause relatively little direct envi- and procedures applied in ronmental harm, the decisions they environmental management In the ECOLUP model project, we make about their products or ser- ■ evaluation of reactions to conducted an environmental vice have wide-reaching signifi- assessment in instalments: earlier incidents cance. In this case, we might think To begin with, the performance This is what the EU directive tells audit was conducted in the form of of the investment choices banks us. What does this mean for prac- a SWOT analysis so that the city make, or the decisions made by tical purposes and for communal planning office and the environmental authorities, including communal urban land use planning? team could concentrate on the work urban land use planning instances. EMAS’s goal is to continually im- at hand, namely drawing up envi- To date, EMAS has touched on prove environmental performance. ronmental goals and an environmental planning processes only under the ECOLUP’s goal is to continually programme. The performance audit rubric of “indirect environmental improve environmental performan- was the part of the environmental aspects“. Among the listed examples ce within the context of communal assessment that required the most for indirect environmental aspects work from the ECOLUP participants. urban land use planning. EMAS The communities refrained from are planning and administrative provides an advantage for an conducting the compliance audit and decisions (Annex VI, 6.3 organisation – in this case, muni- the system audit until the environmen- Indirect Environmental Aspects cipal administration – that wishes tal programme had been drawn up of the EMAS Directive). to improve its environmental per- in draft form, so that it was clear formance continually. Each muni- which instances (specialised offices, Further Information cipality can set its own goals in regional authorities, interest group view of its weaknesses and its representatives, citizens) would par- Cf. Annex VI, opportunities for development. In ticipate in the process. We strongly Indirect Environmental Aspects of recommend proceeding in this manner. other words, EMAS picks each up the EMAS Directive.

20 The Environmental Assessment www.ecolup.info The Environmental Assessment 6

6.2 Performance Audit: The Direct and Indirect Environmental Aspects in Communal Urban Land Use Planning and their Evaluation

The EMAS directive differentiates has determined which are the sig- the legal scope of a community’s between direct and indirect envi- nificant environmental factors and urban land use plan. We then ronmental aspects. Direct environ- that it has taken them into consi- attributed these contents to envi- mental aspects are defined as being deration when establishing its ronmental aspects and distinguis- under direct supervision, for exam- environmental management hed between direct and indirect ple by the municipality, and as system. environmental aspects. wholly dependent on the influence of the supervisory instance. The direct and indirect impact on Information Indirect environmental aspects are the environment of the aspects related to those activities of the defined as significant must be CD-ROM Chapter 6.2 municipal administration that it divided into two categories: Environmental aspects and impacts does not control completely, but ■ those present in every planning (performance audit). Tab. 1: Possible that it can influence to a certain procedure which are to be defin- codification and representation with extent. Indirect environmental ed as direct environmental influence of the significant envi- aspects can result from a municipal aspects, such as above all ronmental aspects. administration’s interactions with excessive urban expansion for third parties. the sake of development sites INFO and transportation, the sealing- Urban development planning has off of soil and increased use of The ECOLUP model project was effects on the environment – this green areas able to identify the following is particularly true for communal ■ and those present in most environmental aspects by consi- urban land use planning, which planning procedures as indirect dering the range of activities through its codification measures environmental aspects, such as comprising urban development: creates the preconditions for chan- above all noise pollution, ■ Excessive urban expansion ges made in the environment. For mobility, energy, climate, and ■ Sealing-over of soil this reason, the municipality must air, quality which nonetheless ■ Use of green areas identify all environmental aspects can be transformed into direct ■ Transportation / mobility of its urban land use planning, environmental aspects through ■ Energy / climate review them, and decide according particular codification in ■ Landscape development to significance criteria how sub- specific planning concepts ■ Flowing water stantial each is, in other words In order to distinguish between ■ Flora and fauna evaluate them. These substantial direct and indirect environmental ■ Air Quality environmental aspects form the aspects, as part of the ECOLUP ■ Noise basis for drawing up environmen- project we put together a list of ■ Raw materials / waste tal goals and measures, i.e. they what the building code define as ■ Participation must be reflected in the content of the environmental programme and Assessment of Significance of Environment Aspects – be made accessible to the public Significance Criteria (e.g. through the environmental Umweltaspekte ➯ direct environmental aspects statement) (EMAS II, Annex VI). ➯ indirect environmental aspects Which environmental aspects have substantial effects on the environment and could therefore form the basis for communal Significance Criteria environmental goals? Continual self-check process It plays a decisive role whether the community takes an unprejudiced Significance Environmental Aspects and complete look at the environ- mental aspects of the services it provides – urban land use plan- Table1: Process of Self-Assessment in Establishing Significant ning. It must demonstrate that it Environmental Aspects

www.ecolup.info The Environmental Assessment 21 6 The Environmental Assessment

6.2 Performance Audit: The Direct and Indirect Environmental Aspects in Communal Urban Land Use Planning and their Evaluation

In the ECOLUP model project, a credit system was established in order to evaluate the significance of the environmental aspects. Significance Assessment by Means of Significance Criteria

Significance Criteria Environmental Aspects

General Excessive Urban Expansion Sealing-off of Soil Use of Green Areas Transportation Energy/ Climate Landscape Development/ Flowing Water Flora and Air Quality Noise Raw Materials / Waste Participation Is the aspect a permanent part of communal 32231100103 urban land use planning? To what degree can the aspect be influenced by communal urban land use planning? 3323121122— Does the aspect fall under the municipality’s planning obligation? 3213100000— Is it a neccessary to weigh interests related to the environment 3 1 3 3 1 3 0 1 1 — Community Specifics Is reliable information on the harm this aspect causes to the community’s environment available? What kind of action should be taken? Is the aspect a part if the current community discussion on the environment? Total 1 Point: rarely/in exceptional cases valid 2 Points: partially valid/from case to case 3 Points: completely valid See EMAS Annex III: Guidance for Establishing Environmental Aspects and the Evaluation of their Significance

You must be able to explain to the All aspects which have been jud- Further Information environmental verifier how the ged significant must be included in number of points each aspect is the environmental management ➯ Cf. EMAS Annex III: Guidance credited with is to be interpreted. system In addition, their develop- for Identifying Environmental In other words, above which num- ment must be checked regularly in Aspects and the Evaluation of ber of points is an aspect to be order to establish whether continu- their Significance. considered significant? al improvements are being made.

INFO

According to the evaluation ■ Excessive urban expansion The aspect citizen involvement/ chart in Table 2, the ECOLUP ■ Sealing-over of soil / participation was also included model project concluded that use of green areas in the list. Although this cannot following environmental ■ Mobility/transportation be termed an environmental aspects were significant ■ Landscape development aspect, it plays an important within the participating ■ Flowing water role in communal urban land communities: ■ Energy / climate use planning.

22 The Environmental Assessment www.ecolup.info The Environmental Assessement 6

6.3 Performance Audit: Establishing and Evaluating Data and Information on the Environmental Situation

SWOT means: Strengths Weaknesses Four Squares S = Strengths SWW = Weaknesses O = Opportunities T = Threats

Upper and Lower Rows ■ Current situation (upper row) is separated from expected conditions (lower row) OTTwo Arrows ■ Evaluate strengths with reference to dangers Opportunities Threats ■ Approach weaknesses on the basis of opportunities

In order to establish what impact ■ Existing reference figures and ■ projected time needed for communal urban land use plan- indicators were listed and implementation of urban ning has on the environment and checked for their applicability. land use plan what the environmental situation ■ For each community, a plan- in the ECOLUP partner communi- ning profile (overview of plan- When collecting the data, it proved ties was, a SWOT analysis was ning structure incl. information to be problematic that none of the conducted for each community. on competencies, flow of infor- city or municipal administrations mation, involvement of citi- had central statistical offices that External Conditions and Input for zens/ representatives of interest collected and evaluated all data SWOT Analysis: groups, supervisory mecha- relevant to communal administra- nisms) was drawn up tion. Although the most important ■ The region to be studied was base data such as on population set as a rule as the districts Procedure and Experience within density and sealing-over of soil administered by the four muni- ECOLUP are available, they exist in varying cipalities; for specific topics, forms: differing years of collection, this was permitted to vary so At ca. 20 workdays for expert con- in reference to differing areas, that smaller or larger areas sultants and 10 workdays for com- varying categories of measure- were determined as required. munity representatives, the data ment. ■ The basic information used to research for the SWOT analysis draw up the plans and the took significantly longer than Each community was given an planning concepts were collec- planned because extensive data ECOLUP community profile in ted (according to a checklist, stocks had to be reviewed and which the evaluation results from see Annex 1) checked for their applicability. the SWOT analysis were recorded. ■ Statistical data on the commu- The following information was This profile contains a summary of nity were collected collected: the conclusions the project team ■ Three to five planning proces- drew on the basis of this analysis, ses were examined per commu- ■ description of the area which was used as the basis for nity, including a zoning plan, a ■ main goal discussion in the SWOT work- development plan and a speci- ■ environmental goals shops. alised plan or project from ■ measures each. The plans were no more ■ participants than ten years old. ■ reference data

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6.3 Performance Audit: Establishing and Evaluating Data and Information on the Environmental Situation

INFO

Results of the SWOT Analysis: Community Profile Überlingen

Strengths Weaknesses Main goals for land use and local development stand No environmental model (goals not explicitly in reasonable relation to one another formulated) Measures cover environmental areas of substantial Existing goals not concrete (strategies and measures importance for the region concerned not included) Local development concept No submodels (e.g. no forestry development plan) (Goals and strategies for development)

Application of wide variety of instruments for realisa- Great effort required to maintain co-ordination of tion of environmental goals (codification, recommen- efforts due to split environmental competencies dations, information, explanation of arguments for public). Good co-operation between administrative instances and between administration and external specialised offices

Good basis for subareas (e.g. Level B Plan) No systematic observation and progress-check for measures. Review of goals achieved unclear (who re- views what), also due to lack of means of sanctioning All important groups included (administration, coun- Quality of participation needs improvement (represen- cil, citizens, associations, public interest groups, su- tatives of public interest groups need better informa- pervisory legal instances). Wide variety of opportuni- tion, especially if directly affected by planning mea- ties to participate for interested and concerned citi- sures) zens beyond extent of legally required citizen partici- Effect of participation not always evident pation High public participation and support High potential of landscape allows tourism to be Only a small part of the potential for concentration of strong economic factor. settlement and construction used Sustainable forestry practices Opportunities Threats Undertake initial measures on city property Building contractors/investors do not feel them- selves to be bound to goals Economic pressures make environmental goals into political issues Reorganisation of Department of Public Parks and Specialised competencies still divided among offices Spaces Environmental representative (co-ordination (according to current plan) function EMAS) Concentration within city means making decision involving large sums of money (investments) Without creation of reference data, controlling not possible. General Traffic Plan 1995 soon outdated All in all, well-developed culture of participation sim- City council fails to provide political support for plifies public and interest group participation public participation

Limited opportunities for expansion force commu- Limited opportunities for expansion vs. role as nity to turn to concentration focus of settlement (impact on incorporated villages) High potential for concentration of housing and Conflict btw. tourism development and landscape workplaces potential (e.g. shoreline)

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6.4 Performance Audit: SWOT-Results

INFO

Goals and Results of SWOT ■ Land conservation, e.g. isation of environmental Workshops through decreasing urban measures agreed upon ■ Establish and discuss strengths expansion and weaknesses, opportunities ■ Establish energy balances Reference Data: and threats for communal ■ Measures to decrease environ- ■ To date, the participating com- urban land use planning / mental impact of mobility, munities have hardly ever app- communal spatial planning transportation and noise lied environmental reference ■ Identify weaknesses for discus- ■ Conservative use of surface data or indicators at the level sion in community workshops: area in construction, in combi- of the city as a whole. Which are the significant envi- nation with energy-saving However, balances have been ronmental aspects, which can measures employed (surface area use, be dealt with in clusters? energy, transportation, water) Planning Structure: ■ It was discovered that the In the workshops, the individual ■ Competency for environmen- planning processes to be audi- strengths, weaknesses, opportuni- tal planning and for commu- ted did have partial access to ties and threats were discussed nal urban land use planning the necessary data at the level and when necessary expanded or (organisational structure of as of development planning, or corrected. Special consideration well as horizontal co-ordina- that this data could easily be was devoted to the following tion between specialised calculated. By means of this aspects: instances) base data, the necessary refer- ■ Practical implementation of ence data could be collected Environmental Goals - public participation (compari- most significantly: son to legal standards and in The results of the SWOT works- ■ In view of high density of respect to type of participatory hops were made available for housing and workplaces - issue procedure) each community in a revised of retrospective concentration ■ Instruments ensuring the real- SWOT matrix.

In order to establish the potential lysis from the SWOT workshop, how the environment is being harm- for a solid and comprehensible you have fulfilled all the require- ed, or highlight a possible develop- data review, the municipality ments of the performance audit in ment - a trend and its effects on should draw up a chart of the cur- accordance with EMAS II. the environment. A typical indica- rent reference data on the environ- tor is population density (inhabi- ment as input for the SWOT analy- Collecting Base Data, Indicators tants per hectare or square kilometre sis. and Reference Figures of surface area), which shows the extent to which the available For this summary data chart, we Base data are usually statistics that landscape is used for settlement. recommend that you use the base measure land, population and use data for all significant environ- and that can be found in nearly Base data and indicators can be mental aspects drawn up by the every community's planning re- drawn up and calculated in a ECOLUP model project. There are cords. They establish the status general form independent of a sin- naturally no limits to what other quo for the municipality. These da- gle municipality or a set of plan- data the municipality can select ta can be obtained from federal, ning records in order to show clear- beyond these suggestions. state and municipal statistical offi- ly which general standards can be ces. applied. However, they can also be Once you have conducted an Indicators are the categories of established for a single community understandable evaluation of the measurement or more generally or for a single planning context, in environmental aspects, created a show what information to provide which case they serve to characterise chart of current reference data and on a specific phenomenon. this particular case. They neverthe- evaluated the results of your ana- Indicators can for example disclose less require data for comparison so

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6.4 Performance Audit: SWOT Results

that conclusions can be drawn measurable and comparable Erfolgskontrolle im Rahmen der from them or so the findings can results. This limits the scope of Lokalen Agenda 21). However, be applied to other planning con- possible choices to the extent that participants discovered very quickly texts or communities. a range of ecobalances and envi- that, within the ECOLUP project, Reference figures, in contrast, are ronmental indicators that cannot the available indicators and refe- findings that are assembled by be brought into any clear causal rence figures were neither valid comparing the relationship between relationship to an area of origin or nor specific enough. Thus, within different sets of data. Normally, that are not dependent on planning the project, a selection of specific they are not directly accessible in processes can only in a limited measurement categories was planning records, rather are con- sense or not at all be used in established. structed according to specific ECOLUP. needs. The indicators and reference data Our experience suggests it is best ECOLUP uses them to size up a take on concrete shape at the point to chose fewer but more reliable concrete environmental goal for when ECOLUP participants formu- reference figures that can be used appropriate measures and to come late concrete environmental goals. under all circumstances. to a conclusion as to whether this goal will be achieved or not. There is a range of publications If the need arises, a very few new As a prerequisite, ECOLUP requires and experience reports on the reference figures can be drawn up the selection of above all those topic of reference figures and and added to the data stock. measurement categories which on indicators (e.g. Umweltbundesamt Selected reference data on signi- the basis of the available base data (Ed.) 2003: Indikatoren zur ficant environmental aspects are and applicable indicators lead to Zielkonkretisierung und available in Chapters 7.3 to 7.8.

EXPERIENCE

Advantages and Disadvantages of Data Collection According to the SWOT Analysis

The SWOT analysis is a good method for conducting a qualitative evaluation of the data on relevant environmental aspects. In addition, it provides in a categorisation of these environmental aspects according to whether they have direct or indirect impact on the environment (direct environmental aspects can be completely controlled by the organisation, indirect environmental aspects only to a limited extent). Priorities are set according to which aspects are determined to be significant. Thus the SWOT analysis constitutes a significant part of the environmental assessment required by EMAS II - it establishes what impact the organisation has on the environment (performance audit).

Disadvantages of Data Collection According to SWOT Analysis The data and information are evaluated in the course of a workshop, making the results to a certain extent subjective, as the starting points are not available for all the direct and indirect envi- ronmental aspects and since very few standards of comparison can be brought into the discussion of how to evaluate the local data. In addition, the final results also clearly depend on the characteristics of the people who participated in the workshop.

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6.4 Performance Audit: SWOT Results

Stocktaking as Part of the Performance Audit. Example ÜberlingenEnvironmental

Aspect Indicator Situation in Comparative Value Commentary to Municipality Evaluation Population and Population density in Überlingen: 326 Ba-Wü: 294 (2000) In comparison to ..... the settlement inhab. / kmR (2000) Lake Constance District: 300 figure for ..... municipality structure for improvement = little need for action and potential for improvement Inhabitants-job- Überlingen: 506 Ba-Wü: 401 (2000) density in inhab. + (2000) Lake Constance employed/ kmR District: 401 Transportation Private autos per 1,000 Überlingen: 543 Ba-Wü: 557 (2000) Lake and energy inhab. (2000) Constance District: 571 (2000) Development 1991- Überlingen: 7 % Ba-Wü: 19,3 2001 in traffic density Lake Constance District: 18,5 in % Zoning Settlement and trans- Überlingen: 16.1 Ba-Wü: 13,2 (2000)Lake portation surface area (2000) Constance District: 13,4 (2000) in % Built-up and open site Überlingen: 61.1 (2001) Ba-Wü: 53,2 (2001)Lake surface area in % Constance District: 58,0 (2001) Transportation surface Überlingen: 30.6 Ba-Wü: 40,2 (2001)Lake area in proportion to (2001) Constance District: 34,6 (2001) settlement area in % Development of settle- Überlingen: 6 Ba-Wü: 11,5 ment and transporta- Lake Constance District: 13,6 tion surface area from 1988 - 2000 in % Settlement density in Überlingen: 354 Ba-Wü: 294 (2000)Lake inhab./ kmR (2000) Constance District: 300 (2000) Surface area used for Überlingen: 53 Ba-Wü: 46,8 (2000)Lake agriculture in % (2000) Constance District: 56,9 (2000) Forest surface area per Überlingen: 826 Ba-Wü: 1291 (2000)Lake inhab. in mR (2000) Constance District: 934 (2000)

ECOLUP, Nürtingen University, 2003 Source: Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg, Landesinformationssystem (LIS)

www.ecolup.info The Environmental Assessement 27 6 The Environmental Assessement

6.5 Compliance Audit: Assessing Legal Security in Relation to the Environment

EMAS requires an index that how environmental issues are to Due to the fact that it is the cen- includes all legislation relevant to be accommodated. tral task accorded to communal the environment that the commu- urban land use planning to nity is obliged to observe and The town planning department achieve legal security, we assume that is updated at regular inter- and town council are responsible that the current version of all vals. In the so-called compliance for ensuring that all the regula- relevant legislation is available, is audit, the community's confor- tions relevant to the environment accommodated in the planning mity to legal standards, i.e. the are incorporated into current concept, and that each and every observation of this legislation, is planning processes. issue touched on by the environ- assessed. mental legislation is included in As a part of public interest group this concept. When introducing Within the context of urban land participation, the specialised an environmental management use planning, municipalities hold departments and offices and system, the question arises to planning sovereignty and can panels of experts review the plan what extent environmental legis- therefore create legislation in the draft's conformity to legal stan- lation and, when necessary, other form of zoning and development dards. kinds of legislation of relevance plans passed as statutes. to the environment should receive Which fields communal urban A licensing office (e.g. the particular attention. The answer land use planning can encompass governmental presidium / office will differ depending on which is legally determined by the con- of the county administrator in levels and processes of the com- tents of the building code Germany) regulates the observa- munal urban land use planning (BauGB). The building code also tion of the procedural steps concept are affected. In legislati- contains passages that regulate required by law. vely regulated planning contexts in which interest are weighed, environmental issues must be taken into consideration in the EXAMPLE planning concept. As a part of EMAS for communal urban land Example Wolfurt: use planning, the compliance audit serves to determine how the "From his or her own desk, each employee in the Wolfurt requirements set in current legis- municipal administration occupied with urban land use planning lation are implemented. can refer to all basic legal documents relevant to this field (laws, regulations, resolutions passed by the organs of municipal For every procedure involved in government) by the access we provide to the federal and the drawing up a communal urban province of Vorarlberg's legal data banks (RIS and VORIS, land use planning concept, a respectively). separate file should be created in which all records are stored in In addition, employees have access to all protocols relevant to chronological order. The town their work through the "Consolidate" workflow system. planning department must grant Furthermore, we have a loose-leaf collection of current provincial all who wish to see these records law, various legal commentaries, and a collection of municipal access to them at all times. protocols. One aspect of communal land use planning is the co-operation with various public interest groups. The most Through the announcements significant among these are the regional planning office and the published by the legislative district agricultural authorities at the seat of the Vorarlberg instances, the federal and state provincial government, as well as the chambers of industry, city and municipal associations' of labour, and of agriculture." publications, and subscriptions to specialised literature circulating (Dr. Sylvester Schneider, Municipality of Wolfurt, October 2003) among government authorities and digitally automated data

28 The Environmental Assessement www.ecolup.info The Environmental Assessement 6

6.5 Compliance Audit: Assessing Legal Security in Relation to the Environment banks, the municipality gathers information on current legislation affecting its urban land use plan- ning and ensures that its employ- ees have access to this informa- tion.

In concrete terms, by undertaking the following measures, munici- palities ensure that the public has access to current legislation:

■ publicly accessible archival storage of currently valid legislation ■ collection of loose-leaf publi- cations and legal codes, legal commentaries and protocols made accessible for members of municipal administration e.g. Wolfurt: in the office of the Amtsleiter ■ access to official legal data banks from every workplace e.g. Wolfurt: RIS, VORIS ■ access to records and protocols generated by current planning processes e.g. Wolfurt: workflow system "Consolidate" ■ training and further education for administration employees on how to introduce and apply new legislation and amendments to existing legislation

www.ecolup.info The Environmental Assessement 29 7 Environmental Policy - Environmental Goals - Environmental Programme

7.1 Continual Improvement in Environmental Performance

The environmental policy is the ronmental team draws up a put your ideas into practice. centrepiece of the EMAS directive. recommendation for areas of the In the ECOLUP model project, It defines the organisation's overall environmental programme for "community workshops" on all goals in respect to the environ- which no overall goals have been significant environmental aspects ment to which all programs and formulated. were organised. This method has activities must in turn be attuned. proven to be effective! The environmental policy must The environmental policy com- Along with drawing up the envi- stand in sufficient relation to the pleted in this manner includes the ronmental programme, the com- organisation's impact on the overall environmental goals taken munity workshops serve as trai- environment - in this case to the from models and planning con- ning courses for employees and environmental impact of a munici- cepts that have already been interest group representatives and pality's urban land use planning. approved, as well as the additions offer an appropriate forum for necessary to include further rele- benefiting from each other's vant environmental aspects. It is experience. All the EMAS Guidances require advisable that elements that have that the environmental policy be already been approved by the The ECOLUP environmental team, formulated when the environ- town council be integrated - no as the co-ordinator of the work- mental management system is need to reinvent the wheel! shops, invites the town council first introduced within the orga- Doing so raises political accep- and, depending on the topic, nisation. For ECOLUP, the proce- tance needed for the council to other interest group representatives dural order has been changed pass the environmental policy. or specialised departments and slightly, so that, in the initial offices to participate. Should two phase, the environmental goals An environmental policy in of more communities decide to and measures pertaining to each accordance with EMAS must introduce an EMS into urban significant environmental aspect include the following two ele- land use planning at the same are discussed and decided upon. ments: time, these workshops ought to As a part of this process, the ■ a self-obligation to continual- be organised and held together in environmental team analyses ly improve the environmental order to increase the benefits of already existing models for urban situation and to avoid doing the exchange of knowledge. In development and for environ- harm to the environment addition, the communities can mental goals as a part of zoning ■ a self-obligation to observe all split the costs for speakers and plans (see also results of SWOT relevant environmental legis- moderator. analysis). lation As a result of the evaluation of The visions and goals for the The environmental policy must all direct and indirect environ- environment already defined by be approved by the municipality's mental aspects relevant to com- the community are then collected "chief executives", the town munal urban land use planning and prepared as input for the council and the mayor, and is to (see Chapter 6.2), the following environmental policy. The envi- be brought to public attention as environmental aspects have pro- part of the environmental state- ven to be the most significant: ment. ■ Excessive urban expansion TIP ■ Sealing-off of soil / use of Drawing Up Environmental green areas Make your goals ambitious but Goals and an Environmental ■ Transportation / mobility realistic and do not bite off more Programme ■ Landscape development than you can chew! Along with Although drawing up environ- ■ Flowing water impressive improvements, smaller mental goals and an environmental ■ Energy / climate partial successes are also neces- programme is one of the most sary, above all in order to main- time-consuming aspects of an A community workshop at which tain the participants' motivation. EMS, it is also the most exciting a draft is drawn up for both the part, for this is where you can environmental goals and the

30 Environmental Policy - Environmental Goals - Environmental Programme www.ecolup.info Environmental Policy - Environmental Goals - 7 Environmental Programme

7.1 Continual Improvement in Environmental Performance

environmental programme should experience with the content participating in a workshop, the be organised for every one of and policy goals drawn up in environmental programme should these significant environmental previous workshops be drawn up in working groups, aspects. Naturally, depending on ■ An introduction to the main each of which is comprised of the the environmental situation in topic of the workshop given environmental team of one com- the community and how it evalu- by the moderator: Results of munity. ates its own specific environmen- the SWOT analysis of the tal aspects, further environmental environmental aspect on the Those sceptical about EMAS have aspects can be examined. table with additional informa- often told us that the system is Furthermore, we recommend two tion gathered through research exclusively concerned with the additional workshops on these ■ Expert presentation on the environment and neglects the general topics: topic at hand from an exter- other two pillars of sustainability ■ Participation / nal speaker society and economy. public involvement ■ Moderated discussion on the ■ Introducing an environmental topic: previous experience, When you become involved with management system possible goals and measures, the practical realisation of this (EMAS: system audit). etc. system, you will quickly find that ■ Drawing up of concrete envi- the opposite is the case, for it is It has proven effective to structu- ronmental goals and measu- the purpose of the environmental re all these workshops in the res, agreement upon reference programme to set realistic goals same way: figures for monitoring process and measures. For every goal set, ■ A moderated panel discussion (= environmental programme) the social advantages and disad- to report on and exchange If more than one community is vantages must be discussed, as

EXPERIENCE EXPERIENCE TIP

Getting the town council involved To date, most local governments The core set of ECOLUP requires tact and sensitivity! work very little or not at all with reference data has been The best case would be if the reference figures. Although the assembled from a wide variety town council had its own repre- most important base data, e.g. on of possible reference figures. sentative in the ECOLUP envi- population/settlement density and The numbers it contains are ronmental team. sealed-over surface area, are av- pertinent to the environmental ailable, they have been set down situation and demonstrate a according to varying criteria and However, the moderator cannot reasonable cost-benefit balance are therefore often unfit for com- allow the workshop discussions parison. It is seldom that a city or when collected over the long to be abused for the exclusive municipal administration has its term. On the other hand, com- exchange of blows between own office of statistics that col- munities can naturally also political factions. lects and analyses all data rele- collect further categories of vant to communal urban land data. We recommend the core If no one from the town council use planning. set of ECOLUP reference data can spare the time to ensure a as a minimum standard! regular presence at the works- For this reason, your first envi- hops, this body should in any ronmental programme for com- See Chapter 13. case receive the protocols and munal urban land use planning be updated at regular intervals will contain a number of measu- by the representative for envi- res that do not directly serve to ronmental management on cur- improve the environmental rent progress. situation, but rather are necessary prerequisites to the introduction of a monitoring system.

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7.1 Continual Improvement in Environmental Performance

EXAMPLE: Script for a Community Workshop on Energy and Climate

Community Workshop 6 on Policy Field: Energy and Climate all four project comminities together

Time Lenght Activity Who does What Auxiliary Media

10:00 1. Greetings and Introduction 5 Participants are greeted by a representative Microphone, 20 of the city of Dornbirn beamer, overhead Retrospective on community workshop 4 4 community projector, “Transportation and Mobility” represetatives transparencies Each community presents its results from the previous Environmental workshop and its current progress on the measures and Moderator programme environmental programme agreed upon Transparency: 5 (5 minutes incl. related questions per community) EMAS II /Communal How does this workshop fit into the EMAS programme urban land use Incumbent mayor planning workshop Moderator 10:30 2. Workshop Goal 5 “Draw up an environmental programme for the policy field Moderator Transparency: energy and climate” “Workshop goal”

10:35 3. Introduction to Field Energy and Climate 30 Ralf Bermich, Amt für Umweltschutz (Office of Environ. Speaker Beamer, computer 20 Protection) Heidelberg Discussion

11:25 20 Break 11:45 4. Discussion of Policy 20 Four short statements from the communities on 4 community environmental policy and goals in policy field energy representatives 30 and climate Group discussion Moderator ■ Energy-conserving methods of construction ■ Structure placement ■Centralised and decentralised energy supply ■ Reference data for policy field energy and climate Questions

12:30 Lunch Break 2:00 60 5. Four Working Groups (Environmental Teams) Consultant Moderation cards recommended environmental goals and measures for the policySpeaker thumbtacks field energy and climate .Discussion and Drawing-Up of felt pens Environmental Programme flip chart Speaker helps environmental teams reach their decisions

3:00 6. Conclusion 40 Working groups present their results (environmental Speaker from each Whiteboards or programmes for four communities). working group PowerPoint 10 minutes per community time plan 10 Discussion Moderator 10 Conclusion, upcoming steps Moderator

4:00 End of the Workshop

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7.1 Continual Improvement in Environmental Performance

must the question of financing be undertaken, as well as on the ■ Are the goals measurable to and the environmental cost-bene- reference figures for the monitor- the greatest extent possible? fit balance for each measure. ing procedure. It is then up to the ■ Can the reference data neces- After all, the process is intended co-ordinator, in co-operation sary for the monitoring proce- to generate goals and measures with the environmental team, to dure be collected over the for the environmental programme complete the environmental pro- long term? which can be realised after all gramme according to EMAS' spe- ■ Can the qualitative goals be three perspectives have been cifications: assessed using qualitative indi- taken into realistic consideration. ■ employees responsible for rea- cators (questionnaires, etc.)? lising particular measures ■ Have competencies and respon- However, sensible goals and mea- ■ time-frame / quarter for reali- sibilities been established and sures should not be struck from sation for measures approved? the programme without replace- ■ necessary financial and per- ■ Have the resources necessary ment only because your munici- sonnel resources for realisation been set aside? pality lacks funds at the moment. After all the community work- EMAS also provides for a longer- shops have been conducted, the The environmental programme term realisation of an environ- environmental programmes for is not binding until it has been mental concept, i.e. longer than the individual aspects are collec- passed by the decision-making the validation period of three ted to form a total environmental instances in the community, i.e. years. programme and are once again the town council. For this rea- One cannot realistically expect reviewed: son, we recommend that the that at the close of a community ■ Are the environmental goals in town council be involved as workshop, the complete draft for tune with the degree of relevan- closely as possible in the process an environmental programme will ce of the environmental issues, of drawing up the environmental be complete. However, the envi- i.e. are they a fitting tool for the programme and that it is regu- ronmental team should have measurable reduction or preven- larly informed on current pro- come to an agreement on the tion of harm being done to the gress at its meetings. concrete goals and measures to environment?

7.2 Environmental Policy for Communal Urban Land Use Planning

Lately, many communities have to the organisation’s nature, In accordance with EMAS, the developed their own environmen- extent and the impact it has on environmental policy relates tal models, statements of environ- the environment, should make directly to the field to be validated, mental policy or environmental evident the purpose and goal of in this case communal urban land reports. In most cases, these docu- the environmental management use planning. In order to meet the ments depict visions and goals for programme, and must include a EMAS standards, the environmental the long term instead of describing self-obligation to observe all policy must contain the following a concrete communal environmental environmental legislation and to elements: policy directly related to political continually improve environmen- ■ a description of the purpose practice. tal performance. Just like the and goals of the environmental environmental goals and pro- management system Art. 1 of EMAS II states that gramme, the environmental ■ a self-obligation to continual the function of an environmental policy should undergo regular improvement and avoidance of policy is to set down “an organi- review as a part of the organisa- harm to the environment sation’s overall goals and policy tional environmental assessment ■ a self-obligation to observe all principles in respect to the envi- (internal audit) and be altered if relevant environmental ronment“. It must be appropriate necessary. legislation

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7.2 Environmental Policy for Communal Urban Land Use Planning

EXAMPLE

Script for a Community Workshop on Energy and Climate

The environmental policy must be following focus points for sustai- their ecological performance, passed by the municipal executive nable and environmentally accep- maintain existing settlement instances, i.e. the town council and table urban development: borders, maintain and develop the mayor and the organisation’s ■ More transparency in urban man-made landscape, re-desi- employees must be made aware of expansion, reduction of exces- gnation of settlement areas on its existence. It is a part of the sive expansion by means of the lakeshore into green areas environmental statement and as retrospective concentration and ■ Introduce renaturalisation of such must be accessible for the concentration within the city flowing water, shoreline strips public. centre, economical use of sur- into urban land use planning The City of Überlingen’s Envi- face area in development plans concept ronmental Policy for Communal and construction, and careful Urban Land Use Planning. use of those sites already zoned It is a matter of course that we The city of Überlingen has set as its for development observe all legislation of relevance uppermost political goal sustainable ■ Removing pavement on private to the environment. We have desi- urban development. property, decrease in degree of gnated an environmental manage- The contents, processes, and sealed ground on property par- ment representative who co-ordi- methods of urban development cels, encouragement for increa- nates the environmental manage- planning have undergone decisive sed use of green areas in land ment system and is supported by changes in the last ten years. The use planning, maintenance of an environmental team in which city of Überlingen meets these new existing public green areas all specialised offices and depart- challenges with an organic plan- within the city ments and relevant interest groups ning culture that takes as a cen- ■ Decreasing harmful effects of are represented. Together with the tral concern the city as a whole transportation (city of short into consideration and engages in distances), further decrease of INFO dialogue with all active parties, traffic in the city‘ centre, redi- especially citizens interested in and stribution of individual travel Within the ECOLUP model project, effected by its planning measures. to public means of transporta- the draft version of the environ- In order to achieve this goal, new tion (particularly in the old mental policy was drawn up by forms of administrative practice, city), proportional usage of the environmental team at the moderation, and management, as means of transportation less same time that the environmental well as new form of co-operation harmful to the environment programme was being developed. in planning and realisation have (modal split), optimisation of The overall goals identified for become necessary. Within the con- bicycle and pedestrian path each environmental aspect (see text of our participation in the networks Chapter 7.3 to 7.8) were collected ECOLUP LIFE project, we have ■ Optimisation of energy use in to support the completion of the implemented an environmental new planning areas, reduce CO2 environmental policy. management system for our com- emissions, implement a model In a second step, the town munal urban land use planning project council’s environmental commit- with the goal of continually ■ Protect existing forest areas tee and/or its building committee improving all relevant environ- and their functional variety, discussed the drafts for the envi- mental aspects of this planning expand these to create more ronmental policy and programme process. compact wooded areas if and included modifications or In agreement with the goal set necessary, forests should deve- additions if necessary. The revised down in the federal state of lop in as nearly natural a way drafts were then presented to the Baden-Württemberg’s development as possible with the goal of city council for discussion and plan and the Lake Constance improving their function as approval. model, Überlingen has set the local recreational areas and

34 Environmental Policy - Environmental Goals - Environmental Programme www.ecolup.info Environmental Policy - Environmental Goals - 7 Environmental Programme

environmental team, the city plan- ning department has drawn up concrete goals and measures to improve the environmental perfor- mance of our communal urban land use planning. The environ- mental programme we have deve- loped for this process undergoes regular review and adjustment.

Überlingen, 01.12.2003 Mayor Town Council

www.ecolup.info Environmental Policy - Environmental Goals - Environmental Programme 35 Environmental Programme 7

7.3 Environmental Aspect Excessive Urban Expansion

The environmental aspect exces- INFO sive urban expansion within communities is a topic of central Increase in Inhabitants as well importance for sustainable settle- as Surface Area Dedicated to ment area development. Settlement and Transportation in Designating which land is to be Germany since 1950. used for settlement and construc- tion is one of the most important tasks in communal urban land 100 use planning. 80 Although the term “excessive 60 expansion“ indicates more clearly than does “usage“ the actual 40 effects of these processes, it does 20 not yet capture the their full 0 impact. One should really speak 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1999 of “land circulation“, for parcels ■ Siedlungsflächenanstieg in % of land are in fact redirected from ■ Bevölkerungsangstieg in % one type of usage to another. The changing conditions of land use, The fact that more than half of the form and degree of each the construction has occurred in usage and the temporal rate at the last 50 years is critical, as is which these change are thus the the percentile growth of the sur- defining characteristics of exces- face area dedicated to settlement sive urban expansion. Within an and transportation, which was environmental management four times higher that the per- system used in planning strate- centile population growth in gies for regional development, it 1999. is the most important aspect. For one thing, it is directly related to how natural resources in the form environment. Baden-Württemberg’s environ- of the actual land being used are The German federal government mental plan for the year 2000 allocated. For another, it is enquiry commission on “The states that the reduction of con- represented within other issues of Protection of the Population and struction for settlement and environmental concern such as the Environment“ is similarly transportation purposes contribu- traffic and transportation policy aware if the significance of this ting to excessive urban expansion or how much land is sealed over. topic and for that reason has is presently one of the most Furthermore, it is through a com- designated the reduction of new important goals for active envi- munity’s urban land use planning land used in construction to 30 ronmental protection. that this environmental issue can ha daily by 2020 as an environ- be directly influenced. mental goal of its 1998 final The goal of reducing the demands report. settlement and transportation Environmental Relevance of According to the German Federal make on a community’s surface Excessive Urban Expansion Office of Statistics‘ current pro- area needs to be cut down to a jected figures, the population of size appropriate for realisation by It is an undeniable fact that Austria, Germany and all neigh- local government. In the follow- urban land use planning directly bouring European countries will ing, it is translated into the plan- effects the natural environmental sink significantly in the short ning processes and decisions that balance, alters the way in which term as of ca. 2015. However, this bring about new land use, or land is used, and thus has a great does not mean that the demand require and cause it in everyday impact on many aspects of the for land will decrease. practice.

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7.3 Environmental Aspect Excessive Urban Expansion

The planning goals municipal INFO administrations establish for land use are above all to be found In Vorarlberg (Austria), the situation is similar to that in Baden- among the various targets set in Württemberg. The federal state of Vorarlberg suffers from land existing urban land use plans, the scarcity. When we subtract nonarable land, forest and alpine areas, zoning plans and those for land hazardous zones and conservation land from the total amount of allocation, as well as in city land available, then a mere tenth remains for human settlement and development plans also already intensive agriculture. Eighty percent of the population lives on this in existence. land. In Vorarlberg, the loss of untouched land appears to be Municipal administrations can progressing inexorably. The rate at which construction for play a key role in supporting settlement makes new demands on land is ca. 15 ha per year. conservative land use in settle- ment development due to the In Baden-Württemberg, land use for settlement and for planning sovereignty they hold. It transportation has doubled in the last 50 years. Half the surface lies within their power to reduce area of the land used in these areas is completely sealed. excessive urban expansion due to settlement and transportation However, the process by which land that was formerly in nearly construction within the limits of natural condition or used for agriculture has been transformed and their jurisdiction. Through urban found new use as settlement land is not irreversible. land use planning and the way environmentally relevant issues are represented or set down wit- hin them, municipal administra- tions in Germany and Austria the axes of desired settlement transportation) little need to directly influence settlement development, supply and disposal take action in terms of envi- development and land use policy. and other such measures which ronmental issue excessive Land use politics within commu- designate land usage are not urban expansion nities must put greater emphasis made at the communal level. ■ Rural town: low population on avoiding the excessive desi- density (15-30 inhab./ ha), gnation of additional construc- In each of the various regions of mid-size to large municipality tion sites, on maintaining cur- Europe, settlement patterns have (10-20% settlement and trans- rent rates of land usage and developed very differently, making portation) great need to take taking advantage of develop- the issues at hand different for each action in terms of environ- mental opportunities present settlement area. The goal of decre- mental issue excessive urban within the given city structure. asing the amount of land continu- expansion due to danger of ously in use is above all important uncontrolled construction These are the issues addressed for regions which are under con- development and settlement by environmental management stant pressure to expand the amount of surface area for communal urban land use of land available for settlement. ■ Central/compact town: avera- planning. As established by the final report ge to high population density issued by the ECI (Development, (50-80 inhab./ ha), very small Local Preconditions Refinement, Management and municipality (30-80% settle- Evaluation of European Common ment and transportation) Focusing on local administrative Indicators Project, 2003) EC project, great need to take action in authorities does not enable us to settlement areas can be divided into terms of environmental issue consider the environmental impact three types: excessive urban expansion of all demands made on the land because limits of growth within a community's boundaries. ■ Compact urban area: highly potential have already been For example, in Germany, planning concentrated population (70- reached. decisions related to the issues of 100 inhab./ ha), large munici- transportation between regions, pality (5-10% settlement and The type of settlement that allows

36 Environmental Programme www.ecolup.info Environmental Programme 7

7.3 Environmental Aspect Excessive Urban Expansion

Measures Related to Environmental Issue "Excessive Urban Expansion" Direct Indirect Related ■ Establishing how much land ■ Decreasing further dispersion of ■ Managed city development is available for construction settlement- policy ■ Settlement development that ■ Avoiding fallow areas within ■ Restructuring city neighbour- conserves surface area the city hoods ■ Maintaining settlement bor- ■ Conservative use of surface area ■ Integrated settlement and ders in development and choice of transportation development ■ Optimisation of the relations- construction type ■ Concentration of supply, hip between land dedicated to ■ Intensified usage of attractive administrative and service transportation and to settle- locations facilities ment - Optimisation of con- ■ Quantitative and qualitative ■ Choice of location, designation struction site use compensation for loss of surface of type of use according to ■ Retrospective consolidation: area for construction criteria of environmentally Use of empty lots, ■ Mobilisation of potential in fitting usage Additional storeys, additions existing construction sites ■ Co-ordination of temporary Combined types of usage building usage Covering need for new hou- (intermittent usage) sing space within given dimensions Consolidation of housing and working spaces Raising occupation density Minimisation of transportation network

for sustainable town planning towns with highly concentrated By collecting the appropriate through land development is cha- populations in small municipalities data, a community can determine racterised by: as in type 3. The pressure to use its specific situation, measure the ■ the intensive use of available available land for settlement, the impact of current planning pro- landscape for settlement extent of over-settlement and the cesses, and evaluate the overall ■ the high density of settlement given boundaries to growth environmental situation. This land use potential determine the extent to knowledge not only constitutes ■ population development with which action must be taken. the basis for the ECOLUP high or low demand for resi- management system, but can also dential building sites or com- Environmental Evaluation be applied to other procedures mercial sites. such as the environmental accep- In order to conduct an environ- tability assessment or the strate- The Lake Constance region is pres- mental evaluation of excessive gic environmental assessment. ently experiencing high settlement urban expansion, certain current pressure. Some of the towns in the base and reference data must be The environmental evaluation area are rural with average popu- available or exist for the very should include a balance of the lation concentrated in mid-size recent past. The data should be surface area used within the municipalities similar to those of serial and should not require municipality that describes the type 2 above, some are urban extra effort to ascertain. relationship between land used

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7.3 Environmental Aspect Excessive Urban Expansion

Realationship between Differnet Types of Land Use for construction and natural landscape. “Land Use Figure” Furthermore, it should depict the trend in land development, which 0,50 area (surface area of private pro- 0,40 0,43 is represented by the reference 0,30 perty or construction sites, used 0,20 0,24 0,10 0,19 figures population and settlement 0,15 0,13 for transportation and public open 0,00 0,11 0,11 density. spaces) to the entire surface area Region Baden-

It should also document the cur- Wolfurt in the municipality. Dornbirn Konstanz rent growth rate of land use over Überlingen Württemberg Oberschwaben

a set period of time. Region Bodensee- In this way, we arrive at a land Hochrhein-Bodensee use relationship of settled land in Specifically, it summarises: © Hochschule Nürtingen, IAF Baden-Württemberg's municipali- Quelle: Landesstatistik Baden-Württemberg 2001 ties to natural landscape in each ■ The relationship between of on average 0.15. In comparison, different types of land use in By way of simplification, we the level of land use in the city of order to demonstrate how the compare the (existing and plan- Constance is ca. 0.43. This indica- municipal surface area is sett- ned) settled surface area to the tes that the city has significantly led, how much construction landscape surface area in order fewer land resources available for land exists in reserve and to establish to which extent the settlement development than the what options are open to the procentual proportion of settled federal state average (see table). local government. surface area of the total surface ■ The density of land use as a area changes (figure: proportion The land use figure is arrived at product of the number of in- settled area). These core figures by determining the relationship habitants in the community, indicate what options remain between both settlement and shown in relation to the total open to the community and how transportation use to natural area of the municipality over much landscape is available for landscape. The latter is the surface the population density and in settlement. area of natural landscape outside relation to the percentage of the town proper which is settled land over the settlement The existing base data available ascertained by subtracting the density/population density/den- in the usual official records per- surface area dedicated to settle- sity of housing areas mit us to determine the relation- ment and transportation from the ■ The growth in zoned con- ship between the total settled municipality's total surface area. struction land, represented in terms of the growth in settled surface area in relation to the By calculating the base data, the most important types of land status quo in the community can use - housing areas, commer- be established and used as a basis cial areas and transportation for the evaluation of future land areas. use development.

How surface area parameter is calculated is explained in greater detail below. (Kasten 3-5) The base data for these figures can be taken from the settled areas The information necessary for eva- within the town proper and those luating to what extent a commu- dedicated to transportation. The nity exhibits excessive urban level of land designated for trans- expansion is available in the form portation in general lies between of statistical records which are 18% and 35%. A target level could always accessible and from which be set at 20% of the total settled base data can be constructed. area within the town proper.

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7.3 Environmental Aspect Excessive Urban Expansion

Density of Land Use

Population Density with Inhab. per ha of Settlement and Transportation Land

0,50 0,40 48,97 to population can be drawn from basis for calculation. A separate 40,48 0,30 34,16 data on the residential population, figure is to be ascertained for 0,20 22,57 20,63 22,40 0,10 17,20 for example population density in land used for transportation 0,00 relation to given spatial units (land puposes.

Region within municipal boundaries, Baden- Wolfurt Dornbirn Konstanz

Überlingen region, federal state) or settlement The bar graph shows that the Württemberg Oberschwaben density/habitation density in rela- population density of the city of Region Bodensee-

Hochrhein-Bodensee tion to zoning units (settlement Constance at 48.97 inhab./ha is © Hochschule Nürtingen, IAF zones within the municipalities). In more than double the state Quelle: Landesstatistik Baden-Württemberg 2001 these cases, because the data avai- average at 22.57 inhab./ha. Along with the core data on land lable in existing records includes Furthermore, a comparison of the use constituted by the relationships the surface area used for transpor- Vorarlberg towns reveals the of the different kinds of use to one tation in the figure for settlement remarkable fact that Wolfurt has another, core data on density can land no specific conclusions can a notably higher population den- provide us with information about be drawn from them. In order to sity than does Dornbirn. This is how carefully a municipality allo- measure and compare densities, it due to the very limited proportion cates its available land for use. is advisable to use the data on of traffic surface area outside of Above all, density figures related built-up land and open sites as a the municipality's centre.

Increase in Land Use

Average Yearly Land Use per Person in m2 per Person

10 8 9,41 10 The development of land use wit- noted a growth in land used for 6 4 hin a community can also be mea- settlement in the Federal Republic 5,58 4,4 5 2 sured from the perspective of the of Germany of 129 ha daily or ca. 0 2,49 0,53 0,3 yearly rate of change, i.e. from the 47,100 per inhabitant and year. If France Austria perspective of the environmental by using this figure we calculate Sweden Belgium Denmark Germany Netherlands

Great Britain goal of reducing the growth of the land use per inhabitant and land use. Using federal and state year, we arrive at a yearly growth © Hochschule Nürtingen, IAF 2 Quelle: Ronconi (1999), Umweltbundesamt Österreich statistics we can determine to what of 5.9 m per inhabitant. extent land development in the Specifically, a town of 80,000 community at hand differed from inhabitants would thus have a In comparison to Europe as a average figures over a given peri- respective growth of over 47 ha whole, Germany's land use growth od of time. If the planned rate of of new land usage per year. with 5 m2 per year and person is development is projected onto a average. In comparison, Austria yearly land use balance, then the features the highest figure with 10 change in rate of land use growth m2 of new construction land per can be ascertained. For example, year and person. the Enquiry Commission (1998)

www.ecolup.info Environmental Programme 39 7 Environmental Programme

7.3 Environmental Aspect Excessive Urban Expansion

EXAMPLE The following base data should be available INFO

Base Data on Surface Area (with year of reference and planning pro- Summary of all Necessary gramme/source acknowledge) Data Research ➯ Our community XY encom- passes a surface area of... ha with an average level of settle- ment and transportation land Surface area of municipality Unit use of....% and a population (mit Angabe des Bezugsjahrs und des Planwerks/der Quelle) density of ..... inhab./ ha. ➯ Spatial situation of communi- Surface area of municipality ha ty along with integration in Total settlement and transportation surface area ha neighbouring communities and Built-up and open surface area in ha (calculated separately the region in respect to environ- for commercial areas and settlement/mixed use areas) ha mental issues Transportation surface area ha ➯ type of community according Landscape surface area ha to land use figures and density of Agricultural areas ha settlement and population Forest areas ha ➯ data on development of land Bodies of water ha use Protected areas ha Planned development of new construction sites ha INFO Base Data on Population Unit (with year of reference and planning programme/ This text is based in part on source acknowledged) excepts from papers by Prof. Inhabitants Everts, University for Applied Working Population / Jobs in community Research, Nürtingen University. Balance of commuters (to and away) You will find the texts to these Base Data Temporal Dimension (with chosen time span given) talks under: Settlement and transportation surface area in ha www.ecolup.info Growth rates of settlement and transportation surface area ➯ Wissenspool in ha per year ➯ ECOLUP-Methodik Inhabitants development ➯ kommunale Workshops

* Built-up and open areas = Areas with structures (built-up areas) and area without structures (open areas) the use of which are determined by the structures. Open areas include front gardens, property surrounding houses, playgrounds, parking areas and other areas (see Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg, 2002).

The basis of all calculations should as far as possible be official statistics. For the tem- poral data, the planning programmes from which the figures are taken should be acknowledged.

40 Environmental Programme www.ecolup.info Environmental Programme 77

7.3 Environmental Aspect Excessive Urban Expansion

Choice of Quantities to be Measured: Environmental Issue "Excessive Urban Expansion"

Core Statistic Calculation Unit Necessary Base Data Conditions for Land Use Proportion of available settlement Settlement and transportation surface % Settlement and transportation surface land area to municipality surface area area, municipality surface area Land use figure Settlement and transportation surface % Settlement and transportation surface area to total landscape surface area area, total landscape surface area Excessive settlement core figure Extent of settlement and transportation - Settlement and transportation surface surface area in km to settlement and area within municipality's centre, transportation surface area in m2 municipal map Land use figure for property parcels Floor area of structure to area of % Floor area of structure,area of property property parcel (PPF),Floor area of total parcel, Floor area of total storeys storeys to area of property parcel (SAF)

Proportion of reserve surface area Property parcel surface area of all % Property parcel surface area of all reserve reserve areas to surface area of all areas,surface area of all property parcels, property parcels Register of land zoned for development

Density of Land Use Population density Number of inhabitants to municipality's inhab./ha Number of inhabitants,municipality's surface area / selected areas within surface area / selected surface area municipality Settlement and population density Number of inhabitants + jobs to settle- inhab./ha Number of inhabitants (yearly),Number ment and population density in yearly of jobs (yearly),settlement and popula- figures (over a given span of time) tion density (yearly) Housing density Number of inhabitants to surface area inhab./ha Population figure, Structure and open of structures and open sites in ha. site surface area for housing areas, centre areas, and mixed usage areas

Job density Number of employed persons to total empl. pers./ha Number of persons employed in place of surface areas residence,Municipality's surface area

Occupation density Inhabitants to housing surface area inhab./m2m2/ Number of inhabitants,Housing inhab. surface area Potential

www.ecolup.info Environmental Programme 41 7 Environmental Programme

7.4 Environmental Aspect Sealing / Use of Green Areas

Sealing-Over of Soil When construction seals over soil, problems are created for the envi- ronment through the disturbance to the local natural and water balance, the increase in frequency of peak levels of flooding runoff, and the resulting additional bur- dens for the sewer system and water treatment plants. In this way, processes of exchange bet- ween soil and atmosphere are limit- ed or prevented altogether, the microclimate is influenced in a negative fashion, and the natural habitat of flora and faun is destroyed.

According to the State Office of Environmental Protection, re- exposure of the soil (“Entsiegel- INFO ung“) entails bringing about a general decrease in the proportion How Communal Urban Land Use Planning Can Influence the of sealed surface area. This can be Environmental Aspect Sealing / Use of Green Areas accomplished through completely In §1a BauGB, the German building code indicates that, in addition removing sealants and changing to the economical use of ground and soil, as only as much soil as the type of covering to thereby absolutely necessary is to be sealed over. This stipulation evidences create permeable ground surfaces how important this aspect is to protecting the environment. on which plants can grow (partial Communal urban land use planning can take recourse to a number re-exposure). Or it can also mean of codification and representation possibilities presented in the buil- the transformation of non-neces- ding code when attempting to influence the impact this particular sary sealed surface area into green environmental aspect has on the environment: areas. The following surfaces come ■ Size and numbers of building windows on the property (§9 (1) into consideration for partial re- No. 2 BauGB) exposure: ■ Conservative designation of transportation surface area (§9 (1) ■ All types of parking and stor- No. 11 BauGB) age surface area, as well as ■ Surface area for parking and garages (§9 (1) No. 4 BauGB) access roads and paths. ■ Designation of surface area for recreational and play areas (§9 ■ Sections of intersections that (1) No. 5 BauGB) are not driven over, centre ■ Sites which are to be left open and their use (e.g. view mainte- areas of traffic roundabouts nance, vernacular local style) (§9 (1) No. 10 BauGB) ■ Surfaces that do not have to be ■ Surface area devoted to retaining and drainage of precipitation accessible for traffic water (e.g. sewage field) (§9 (1) No. 14 BauGB) ■ Schoolyards, market squares, ■ Green areas, such as parking areas, permanent small gardens, paved courtyards sport-, play-, camping-, and bathing-grounds, cemeteries (e.g. kerbside planting areas, compensatory plantings) (§9 (1) No. 15 According to estimates made by BauGB) the former Federal Research ■ Permitted types of planting (§9 (1) No. 25 BauGB) Institute for Regional and Cultural ■ Obligation to plant (§9 (1) No. 25 BauGB) Studies and Spatial Planning, 10% of sealed surfaces could theoreti-

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7.4 Environmental Aspect Sealing / Use of Green Areas

cally be re-exposed. However, due to ensure that only very little new climate and develop into valuable to legal, use-related, and financial ground is sealed over. habitats for a wide variety of grounds, the study concluded that animals and plants. the real potential for re-exposure Use of Green Areas lies at a lower level. Thus, measures Everyone is aware that green areas Green areas offer opportunities for for the re-exposure of soil can play a substantial role in improving leisure and recreation, they are make a small, but in particular the quality of life within settled meeting-places for a neighbour- cases indeed important contribu- regions. They are immeasurably hood and make a major contribu- tion to improving the situation of valuable not only as green belts, tion to people’s identification with the environment. Re-exposure can but also in the centre of settled their place of residence. Green also be undertaken as a measure areas. Park areas in the heart of a connecting plots take on a very employed as compensation for town improve the attractiveness of important function within a com- other changes to the environment housing and service tracts located munity. Adorned with trees, hedge- or towards an eco-account. In this nearby, so that the heightened rows, and other elements of gree- way, such measures can be made value of neighbourhoods with nery, they encourage “soft mobili- attractive for local governments expanded green areas can contri- ty“ in the form of use by pedestri- from the financial perspective. bute to the concentration of deve- ans and bicyclists. A green con- Further positive aspects are the lopment in municipal centres. necting plot can be a sidewalk or relief the sewage system and water A settlement area can be divided path already lined by trees. treatment plants of excess runoff, into a wide variety of different Similarly, roads connecting a settle- the improvement to the microcli- green systems, such as parking ment with the surrounding natural mate, as well as to the surround- facilities, stretches of plantings, landscape can be conceived of in ings in which people live and green plots connecting elements of this manner. Along with their work. construction and natural house function for human recreation, Just as important as re-exposure is gardens. These improve the micro- they represent an important con-

Reference Data Sealing

Reference Figure Calculation Unit Necessary Base Data Sealing reference figure1 in Structure floor area + Figure Structure floor area, reference to property parcels paved courtyard areas (drives, Paved courtyard areas, parking spaces....) to plantable Property surface area surface area on property

Proportion of exposed soil Structure floor area + % Structure floor area before, paved courtyard areas before to Structure floor area afterwards, structure floor area + Paved courtyard areas before, paved courtyard areas afterwards Paved courtyard surface areas after- -100 wards

Proportion of paved transportation Transportation surface area/ total % Transportation surface area in dev. area in development area surface area of development area area, total surface area of develop- ment area Proportion of sealing per Structure floor area + transportation % Structure floor area, area unit 2 surface area to development area transportation surface area in development area, size of development area

1 ARLT/HEBER/HENNERSDORF/LEHMANN/THINK (2001): Auswirkungen städtischer Nutzungsstrukturen auf Bodenversiegelung und Bodenpreis; IÖR-Schriften, Vol. 34 2 EVERTS, (2003) www.ecolup.info Environmental Programme 43 7 Environmental Programme

7.4 Environmental Aspect Sealing / Use of Green Areas

tribution to the maintenance of gathering places in a manner measures intended to protect, biotope networks. fitting to the landscape maintain and develop a commu- ■ apply greening measures to nity’s natural surroundings. Thus, it is important to provide new annex structures, as well, This plan undertakes fundamental open spaces with differentiated e.g. through plantings on gara- codifications of the permitted use and varied form: ge roofs of public and private properties, as ■ to greatest extent possible ■ extensive use of surrounding well as how green areas lining maintenance of existing natu- landscape areas roadways, leisure and recreation ral habitats ■ link settlement area to surroun- areas, children’s playgrounds, etc. ■ encouragement of greening of ding landscape by means of may be developed so as to preserve areas zoned for development connecting plantings and existing vegetation and wooded ■ networks of green areas paths. When doing so, great areas, as well as to create new ■ use of indigenous plant species, care must be taken with paths planted areas. if possible local varieties that enter ecologically sensitive ■ creation of dry-walls, watery areas. Measuring a Community’s areas, roof and siding plan- Potential for Re-Exposure of Soil: tings, green areas used extensi- The municipal green area plan vely and planted wooded areas makes a decisive contribution to ■ Draw up basic cartographic as habitats for plants and the development of landscape in documentation by combining animals accordance with communal urban the Automated Real Estate Map ■ include alleys, copses, single land use planning. (“Automatisierte standing trees, hedgerows and The green area plan aims above all Liegenschaftskarte”, ALK) with natural orchards to structure overall green expanses the Automatic Real Estate Book ■ integrate watery areas, brooks that define the appearance of the (“Automatisches Liegenschaft- and marshy areas city and its surrounding landscape buch”, ALB) accessible through ■ integrate children’s‘ play- while taking particular account of the German Geographic grounds and similar outdoor ecological concerns, as well as of Information System

Reference Data Use of Green Areas

Reference Figure Calculation Unit Necessary Base Data

Available open spaces1 Total public park areas to mR/ Total surface area of public park number of inhabitants inhab. areas, recreation area number of inhabitants

Use of green areas2 in Gross surface area + paved Figure Structure floor area, development area courtyard areas + transportation transportation surface area surface area to green in development area, areas (the smaller the better) paved courtyard areas, remaining plantable ground surface area in development area

Use of green areas for Gross surface area + paved % Property surface area, property parcels courtyard areas to green areas structure floor area, on property parcel paved courtyard areas, gross surface area

1 ARLT/KOWARIK/MATHEY/REBELE (2003): Urbane Innenentwicklung in Ökologie und Planung; IÖR-Schriften / Vol. 39 2 EVERTS (1992): Durchgrünungsgrad in den Gemeinden Baden Württemberg

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7.4 Environmental Aspect Sealing / Use of Green Areas

(“Geographisches INFO Informationssystem“, GIS) ■ Detailed registration of nature This chapter includes excerpts of surface area (existing green from these presentations: areas, etc.) Dipl.-Ing. Claudia Kaiser, City of ■ Measurement and calculation Salzburg: "Salzburg's Network of of proportion of sealed areas Green Areas" ("Vortrag Grünes on the basis of both analogue Netz Salzburg"), and digital aerial images Dipl.-Ing. Wolfram Hanefeld, ■ Bundle properties with the Vorarlberg Provincial same structure of use or con- Government: struction development and "Sealing and Use of Green Areas similar degree of sealing into in Vorarlberg" ("Vortrag mapping units Versiegelung / Durchgrünung in ■ Estimation of degree of sealing Vorarlberg") ■ Measurement and calculation www.ecolup.info of potential for re-exposure  Wissenspool taking into consideration the ECOLUP-Methodik minimal amount of sealing kommunale Workshops possible for each type of usage and the users‘ right to comfor- table access ■ Calculation of potential for re- exposure as a relative propor- tion [%] of the total area of the mapping unit ■ Consideration of information relevant to achieving re-expo- sure, e.g. ownership and demands made on property through use ■ Spatial priorities:e.g. in combi- nation with the renovation of cables, lines and pipes, of stre- ets or other “piggyback measu- res“ (term is taken from a pre- sentation by Wolfram Hanefeld, workshop on sealing / use of green areas on November 5th, 2002 in Überlingen)

www.ecolup.info Environmental Programme 45 7 Environmental Programme

7.4 Environmental Aspect Sealing / Use of Green Areas

Further Information:

Websites: http://www.learn-line.nrw.de/ange- bote/agenda21/daten/boden.ht m http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fl aechenverbrauch.html http://www-public.tu- bs.de:8080/~schroete/Bodenver brauch/Aktueller_Stand.htm http://www.bbr.bund.de/raumord- nung/siedlung/boden.htm http://www.uvm.baden-wuerttem- berg.de/nafaweb/berichte/inf02 _2/in02_212.htm

Literature: EXAMPLE Landesanstalt für Umweltschutz Baden-Württemberg [Ed.] (2000): City of Überlingen: Goals and Measures in Area Sealing Erhebung von Use of Green Areas (November 2004) Entsiegelungspotenzial in Kommunen. Studie und Goal: Reduce Sealed Surfaces to a Minimum Verfahrensanleitung am Beispiel der Stadt Ettlingen. Karlsruhe. Measures: ➯ Use of water-permeable coverage for public parking lots Landesanstalt für Umweltschutz ➯ Stipulation of clearly defined building windows for private pro- Baden-Württemberg [Ed.] (2003) : perties. Number and location of garages, carports and parking Umweltdaten 2003, Karlsruhe, 272 spaces are specifically defined, as well as “taboo“ zones pp. ➯ Stipulation that solid surfaces, e.g. terraces and parking spaces, must be constructed with water-permeable coverage Fuchs, Oliver; Schleifnecker, Thomas (2001): Handbuch ökologi- sche Siedlungsentwicklung, Berlin, Goal: Increased Use of Green Areas through Extensive Initiativen zum Umweltschutz, Vol. Maintenance of Existing Vegetation and Location-Appropriate 32, 300 pp. Additional Plantings

Akademie für Natur- und Measures: Umweltschutz Baden-Württemberg ➯ As a part of all construction projects, existing vegetation recorded [Ed.] (2003): Flächensparende using surveying techniques Siedlungsentwicklung, Stutgart, ➯ Existing vegetation evaluated by landscape architects and measu- Beiträge der Akademie für Natur- res towards its preservation are set down in the municipal deve- und Umweltschutz, Vol. 31, 192 lopment plan pp. ➯ Landscape architect makes suggestions for additional plantings as a part of the parks and green areas planning concept; these are Bayerisches Staatsministerium für reviewed and defined in terms of planning legislation Landesentwicklung und ➯ As a part of the development plan, private green areas are desi- Umweltfragen [Ed.] (2002): gnated within which construction is not permitted Kommunales ➯ Private properties are included in the city-wide concept for green Flächenressourcenmanagement, area network Munich, 36 pp.

46 Environmental Programme www.ecolup.info Environmental Programme 7

7.4 Environmental Aspect Sealing / Use of Green Areas A A A Herosé, B Great Lakes B. Petershausen St. Continuous budget Continuous budget Continuous budget Herosé 2004, 2006, Great Lakes Petershausen Station 2006 Continuous 2005 Tech- , TBK), Groundwork Schedule Budget Priority Public Waste Disposal, City of Constance (Entsorgungs- betriebe Konstanz, EBK), civil engineering offices Civil engineering offices,Agenda groups Department of Public Works, Constance ( nische Betriebe Konstanz civil engineering offices , B = Environmental goals to be realised in the mid-term C = Environmental goals to be realised in the long term Amt für Responsible Department for City Planning and the Environment ( Stadtplanung und Umwelt ASU) ASU ASU EBK: Public Waste Disposal, City of Constance (Entsorgungsbetriebe Konstanz) EBK: Public Waste Betriebe Konstanz) Constance (Technische TBK: Department of Public Works, Priority: A = Environmental goals requiring immediate realisation R R Surface area with new separate rain water pipe system and re-exposed soil in m Dev. plan Herosé; Dev. plan Great Lakes, dev. plan Petershausen dev. Station ----- Surface area of public green areas along lake, compare how land used in m ) for existing and R ) newly-built structures) Introduce and apply new regulations in water-supply code Baden-Württemberg (codification in development plan) Green area figure for relevant area Introduce and implement two separate water utility fees (tendency according to separate measure of charges (for property parcels m >1000 - Continue entries into sealed ground register based on Geographical Information System (Geo-Informations- Sytem, GIS) Extend path along ("Seeuferweg") lakeshore ECOLUP Example: Environmental Programme Constance Amt für Stadtplanung und Umwelt Improved proportion of green areas within Petershausen neighbourhood Environmental Goal MeasureDisconnect rain water pipe system from waste water/sewage pipe system; re-exposure of soil on commercial and private properties Reference Data Improved public access to lake ASU – Departement of City Planning and the Environment (

www.ecolup.info Environmental Programme 47 7 Environmental Programme

7.5 Environmental Aspect Transportation and Mobility

European Community and its indi- vidual countries must set a prece- dent for satisfying the needs of the population while at the same time protecting the environment.

Europe has set down its goals for a European transportation policy that recognises public needs as well as undertaking measures towards this end in its whitebook “European Transportation Policy until 2010: Setting the Course for the Future“. By 2010, a better balance of modes of transportation is to be achieved in Europe through revitalisation of the rail- roads, support for oceanic and inland shipping, and expansion of intermodal transportation.

Today, mobility is both a funda- Nonetheless, it is interesting to In its Federal Long Distance mental human need as well as a note that the increase in problems Transport Route Plan (“Bundes- prerequisite for our ability to cope caused by our need for mobility verkehrswegeplan“) 2003, Germany with the demands of everyday life. and the environmental problems has set down a.o. the following However, at the same time, motor associated with them cannot be transportation policy goals with traffic causes particular harm to attributed alone to an increase in direct implications for the environ- human health and to the environ- the number of trips individuals ment for the period of time ment. In the year 2000, surface undertake in their daily lives. 2001-2015: area used for transportation purpo- What causes the increase in harm ■ make possible lasting environ- ses amounted to 17,280 km2 or to the environment related to mentally beneficial mobility 4.8% of Germany’s surface area, transportation are the ever-increas- ■ encourage sustainable land use increasing by 0.5% (81 km2) by ing distances people must travel to and settlement structures 2002. work, to shop for their needs, and ■ create fair and comparable Land use that seals over soil, thus to reach recreational areas, as well conditions of competition for dividing plants‘ and animals‘ natu- as the shift in which means of all branches of the transporta- ral habitats, is only one example transportation are used in doing tion industry of how transportation harms the so. Due to the increasing expan- ■ decrease excessive use of nature, environment. Further impact is sion of urban land use practices landscape, and non-renewable caused by energy consumption, and the growing accessibility of resources noise pollution, toxic emissions private automobiles, cities are ■ reduce of emissions from noise, and gases harmful to the ozone expanding outwards into the sur- toxic substances, gases harmful layer, e.g. CO2. The economic losses rounding countryside. This leads to to the ozone layer (above all caused by costs incurred through an increase in traffic. This is the CO2) traffic accidents, subsequent costs, very area on which communal The fundamental principles of and time-loss due to traffic jams urban land use planning can have transportation policy in the are often not in any way calcula- fundamental influence – commu- Australian General Transportation ted in communal transportation nal transportation development Plan (Generalverkehrsplans) (GVP- cost figures. Establishing the true planning and the environmental Ö-2002) link a commitment to costs of transportation would help problems related to it. mobility with the principle of sub- to alleviate this deficit. Transportation policy in the stainability as an exchange bet-

48 Environmental Programme www.ecolup.info Environmental Programme 7

7.5 Environmental Aspect Transportation and Mobility

ween ecological, econominical, ■ no noisy traffic and fewer toxic Ways Communal Urban Land Use and social values. Austria as linked fumes, i.e. reduction of damage Planning Can Influence the term “substainable mobility” to environment Transportation Development with the following goals: ■ no danger of accidents, chil- ■ efficient expansion of transpor- dren can safely play in the We cannot seek solutions for the tation networks according to streets they live in enormous growth in the amount need ■ more green structures instead and proportion of transportation ■ increase safety of parking places and streets realised via motorised vehicles in ■ higher quality of time spent infrastructural measures or in the Sustainable transportation con- outdoors increased use of public transporta- cepts, such as auto-free residential ■ less expensive apartments to tion alone. Communal urban land areas or auto-free holiday resorts, the extent that costs saved use planning can be implemented can only be successful if they do through the reduction of funds to take direct, instrumental effect not require people to impose limits spent on streets and parking on the primary causes of increased on themselves, but rather create spaces are passed along to the traffic, such as the dispersion of advantages for local residents and residents settlement structures and the the population as a whole. The increasing specialisation of its sub- reduction of motorised individual structures‘ functions. In the follow- traffic can bring about the follow- ing table, examples of the different ing advantages: levels of transportation planning ■ savings in cost and land use to in Germany are depicted: construction, more surface area available ■ savings in external costs of auto traffic ■ diversification of the housing market ■ savings in government credits for housing construction (1st credit category, “Förderweg“)

www.ecolup.info Environmental Programme 49 7 Environmental Programme

7.5 Environmental Aspect Transportation and Mobility

Examples for Transportation Planning Concepts

Executive Planning Goals and Comments Instance Responsibilities Mid-term planning as need Federal Long-Distance Federal Ministry of Regularly revised. Stipulations arises for national and interna- are integrated into legal codes Transport Route Plan Transportation tional long distance transport („Bundesverkehrsplan“) routes(highways, railways, waterways, air)

State Transport Route Plan State Ministries of Mid-term planning as need Often an integral part of state ("Landesverkehrswegeplan") Transportation arises for regional transport development plans and regional Instances responsible for provi- routes planning ding local public Local Traffic Plan General plan for local public Formalised procedure in accor- Transportation, usually district, ("Nahverkehrsplan") non-district cities, or regional transportation dance with state law, undergoes transportation associations revision every 5 years Mid- to long-term exhaustive Transportation Development City/municipality transportation planning for city Voluntary responsibility of Plan and municipal region cities and municipalities

Specialised Planning Federal interstate and Develop concrete, realisable Integrated into planning legis- Concepts state highways: specialised measures of organisational lation, often by means of requi- authorities commissioned by and construction nature red procedures for establishing federal government planning or development con- State highways:state cepts specialised authorities Municipal roads:cities and municipalities Train stations: German Railway ("Deutsche Bahn AG") and municipalities

(Cf. Friedrich, Markus (2003): Script G9.1 Verkehrsplanung I der Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Straßen- und Verkehrswesen, Lehrstuhl für Verkehrsplanung und Verkehrsleittechnik, p. 29)

There is a wide variety of ways settlement structure, a higher level between destinations instead of that communal urban land use of mobility can be attained with a excessively extensive settle- planning can influence transporta- minimal use of resources. ment and suburbanisation tion development. For one thing, it Communal urban land use plan- ■ optimal integration of areas has a direct impact on the manner ning can set the following goals newly zoned for construction and the degree of designation of for transportation development: into existing development net- transportation surface area. For work another, it is influential in respect General ■ optimal integration of neigh- to the level of traffic, distances ■ combination of different types bourhood centres into local between destinations and thus in of land use instead of separa- development network respect to the type of transporta- tion into distinctive use type ■ conservative and differentiated tion people opt for, for example in districts development of transportation reaction to the designation of sur- ■ reduction of surface area used surface area by means of ter- face area for specific types of land through compact settlement minal streets, courtyard hou- use. Through efforts to concentrate structures with short distances sing developments, short link

50 Environmental Programme www.ecolup.info Environmental Programme 7

7.5 Environmental Aspect Transportation and Mobility The following reference data were compiled for the environmental aspect transportation and mobility as a part of the ECOLUP model project: Reference Data Transportation and Mobility

Reference Figures Calculation Unit n Necessary Base Data General extent of developed Transportation surface area to total % Transportation surface area, transportation surface area surface area measured or surface area Surface area measured,municipal surface of municipality area

Specialised developed transportation Transportation surface area to structure % Transportation surface area, structure surface area floor area and open sites floor area, open sites

Extent of developed transportation Transportation surface area to gross % Transportation surface area,gross zoned surface area for planned project zoned construction land construction land

Choice of means of transportation Proportion of different types of % Number of bicyclists, number of moto- "modal split" transportation (non-motorised vehicles rists and motorcycle riders,numbers of (bicycle), motorised vehicles (auto, public transportation passengers motorcycle, public transportation) to total traffic volume (measure of comparison: routes/ stages)

Public's use of public Number of persons using bus, train in transportation comparison to previous year

Extent to which public Average access distance m transportation is accessible from to public transportation with neighbourhoods x rounds/ day, radii

Number of rides provided by public Rides/ resident/ year (according to transportation means of transportation)

Kilometres per person Kilometres per person/ resident/ day Pkm daily Local statistical records (according to means of transportation)

Adequacy of transportation networks Serial metres of sidewalks and bicycle Serial for pedestrians and bicyclists paths per resident metres

Length in km to settlement and trans- portation surface area in kmR

roads and residential streets in ■ expansion of existing bicycle ■ reduce noise resulting from residential areas instead of all- paths and sidewalks traffic, designation of surface encompassing transportation ■ reduction of overall parking area for required protective development in residential space available measures areas ■ construction to improve public ■ increase in level of develop- ■ reduction and relocation of transportation access ment measures within neigh- parking spaces ■ increase in frequency of public bourhoods, reduction of avera- transportation departures on ge distance to nearest public Specific: timetable transportation access ■ designation of Park+Ride park- ■ roofed-over bicycle parking ing spaces lots Along with the designation of ■ parking control systems and ■ improve proportion of streets transportation routes for motori- vehicle storage concepts to bicycle paths and sidewalks sed and rail traffic, for pedestri- ■ traffic calming, designation of (poss. reduction in number of ans and bicyclists, a municipality 30-kmh zones streets) can influence how its citizens are

www.ecolup.info Environmental Programme 51 7 Environmental Programme

7.5 Environmental Aspect Transportation and Mobility A A B A A/B continuous budget continuous budget continuous budget continuous budget continuous budget continuous continuous continuous dependent upon given need continuous City and overland bus Unterland City plan- ning, civil engineering City planning City plan- ning, civil engineering City plan- ning, civil engineering City planning, Office of Data Analysis Priority: A:B:C: immediately Envirinmental goals towards which ...... must be taken Environmental goals towards which mid-term actism must be taken in the long term Environmental goals towards which action must be taken Reference Data ResponsibleGroundwork Schedule Budget Priority Serial metres of pedestrian and bicycle paths, planned and existing Rides/resident/year, yearly Rides/resident/year, user figure absolute and per km ridden public transp.route Euro/km ridden Euro/resident Available parking Available balance Modal split (yearly survey square, market on market day and weekday) Transportation surface area to zoned construction area transportation sur- and TSA, face area/ residents, trans- portation surface area to number of zoned construc- tion sites, residents/ street length Expansion of Dornbirn's pedestrian and bicycle path network Optimisation of public transportation offerings (city and overland buses) Monitoring for public transportation's potential for improvement Further development of parking facilities Support for non-motorised forms of transportation, particularly for mobility near area of residence and to the centre Take all matters concerning Take development of street envi- ronment into consideration - specifically in the areas of traffic, use and design Environmental Aspect: Mobility / Transportation Programme Dornbirn (March 2003) Environmental Goal Measures Support for non-motorised forms of transportation Improve acceptance of public transportation Slowing growth of individual motorised traffic Development of an environmentally-sound transportation system; environmentally- sound flow of traffic

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7.5 Environmental Aspect Transportation and Mobility

informed about the public trans- "We want to develop the present portation offerings in the com- spatial, mobility and transporta- munity. Mobility centres represent tion structures so as further to only one possibility. Short inter- reduce the damage done to the vals between the departure of environment through private buses and trains presented in motorised traffic (city of short clear and easily readable timeta- distances)." bles heighten the attractiveness of public transportation. The follo- Since 1991, Dornbirn has had its wing 3-point strategy presents of city bus that with its current the ground rules for sustainable 120 rides per inhabitant / mobility: year is a well-received success. ■ Avoid motorised traffic Improvements in the quality of ■ Encourage drivers to opt for its service are in planning. In alternate forms of transporta- 1997, the overland bus system tion that now provides service across ■ Develop less environmentally Vorarlberg was introduced. harmful ways of conducting The city aims to have a bus existing motor traffic flow departing every five minutes, through which goal the number Initiatives such as the Network for of riders is expected to increase. European Tourism via Soft The introduction of a pedestrian Mobility ("Netzwerk Europäischer zone in Dornbirn has also led to Tourismus mit Sanfter Mobilität", an enormous growth in the NETS) (www.soft-mobility.com) city's attractivity. develop and support concepts for sustainable mobility as qualitative elements in European tourism destinations. Examples of auto-free cities are Saas Fee (CH) and Werfenweng (A).

INFO

This chapter contains excerpts from: Prof. Klaus Zweibrücken, Rapperswil Technical University, Switzerland, "Mobilität, Raumentwicklung und Nachhaltigkeit"; "Bausteine einer nachhaltigen Mobillität" ■ www.ecolup.info ■ Wissenspool ■ ECOLUP-Methodik ■ kommunale Workshops

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7.5 Environmental Aspect Transportation and Mobility

Constance: Überlingen: Dornbirn: In the Constance transportation After considering the strengths In its environmental programme, development plan of 1996, the and weakenesses of the its traffic the city of Dornbirn has defined following measures were listed as situation, Überlingen set the fol- the following goal for the field goals to be accomplished from lowing goals for development: of transportation: 1990 to 2001: ·further reduction of the burden of private motorised traffic in the Extension of the roadway network: centre of the city B33 new - Grenzbach Street - ■ extension of traffic-calmed Shared customs facilities with areas within the historic Switzerland - A7 : Seetal Street Old City CH, L 221 north by-pass ■ more attractive public trans- Wolmatingen , B 33 reconstruc- portation offerings and tion of Sternen Square, measures pedestrian and bicycle path to calm traffic by means of networks 30kmh zones, installation of traf- fic recording machines, resident Wolfurt: parking and maintenance of par- With its two highway exits king areas. (a third is in planning), Wolfurt has a high percentage of commu- Public transportation: ters. As a energy-saving munici- Railway = Hegau-Bodensee- pality in the "Climate Alliance", Railway "Seehas" and express Wolfurt has set a goal of redu- train connection Constance- cing C02 emissions by 15%. Zurich. However, to date only modest reductions have been achieved. City bus transport system: two new bus lanes, buses now The community aims to support have right of way, 15-minute "soft mobility" through optimi- schedule into business district, sing public transportation and the revision of ticket fee system. pedestrian and bicycle path infra- structure. The community already Bicycle Paths: offers a good network of pede- Completion of two new bicycle strian and bicycle paths that is facilities (new bicycle paths, however not yet optimally used pedestrian and bicycle paths, by the residents (communication Bike+Ride parking spaces). problem).

The tasks and goals presenting The overland bus system is well themselves to the city of established. Traffic at its goals Constance consist of continuing and sources has still to be redu- to increase the proportion of ced. Kindergartens and schools public transportation, reduction should be within walking distance. in mass of commuters through creating attractive housing in the city, realisation of concepts for city centres to minimalise distan- ces within the city, optimal use or reduction of existing transportai- on surface are.

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Sources Halbritter, Günter; a.o. (1999): Model Projects: Umweltverträgliche http://www.modelcity.ch/ Websites: Verkehrskonzepte: Europe Entwicklung und Analyse von http://www.autofrei-wohnen.de/ http://europa.eu.int/comm/ener- Optionen zur Entlastung des gy_transport/library/communi- Verkehrsnetzes und zur http://www.wohnen-plus-mobili- presse-lb-de.pdf Verlagerung von taet.nrw.de/home/index.html http://europa.eu.int/comm/ener- Straßenverkehr auf umwelt- gy_transport/de/lb_de.html freundlichere Verkehrsträger. http://www.mila.ch/autofrei/index Gemany Erich-Schmidt-Verlag, Berlin .html http://www.bmvbw.de/Bundesverk ehrswegeplan-.806.htm Motzkus, Arnd (2002): http://www.soft-mobility.com/ http://www.bmvbw.de/Anlage155 Verkehrsvermeidung durch 61/Presseinformation-vom- Raumplanung? http://www2.vol.at/igmobil/ 01.-Juli-2003.pdf Reduktionspotenziale von Austria Siedlungsstrukturkonzepten in http://www.wohnen-plus-mobili- http://www.bmvit.gv.at/sixcms_up Metropolregionen. In: taet.nrw.de/wohnen_ohne_auto load/media/131/kurzfassung_g Internationales Verkehrswesen /wohnprojekte/index.html vp.pdf (54) 3/2002

Walter, Felix (2001): Nachhaltige Literature: Mobilität – Impulse des NFP Akademie für Natur- und 41 „Verkehr und Umwelt“, Umweltschutz Baden- Bern Württemberg und Stiftung Naturschutzfonds (Ed.) (2003): Zweibrücken, Klaus (2003): Flächensparende Bausteine einer nachhaltigen Siedlungsentwicklung. Wie Mobilität. Presentation for können Kommunen den ECOLUP workshop on trans- Naturraumverbrauch verrin- portation and mobility gern? Beiträge der Akademie für Natur- und Umweltschutz Zweibrücken, Klaus (2002): Baden-Württemberg Vol. 31 Mobilität, Raumentwicklung und Nachhaltigkeit. Script Friedrich, Markus (2003): Skript from Transportation Planning G9.1 Verkehrsplanung I der course of studies at Universität Stuttgart, Institut Rapperswil Technical für Straßen- und University Verkehrswesen, Lehrstuhl für Verkehrsplanung und Verkehrsleittechnik

Fuchs, Oliver; Schleifnecker, Thomas (2001): Handbuch ökologische Siedlungsentwicklung: Konzepte zur Realisierung zukunftsfähiger Bauweisen. Initiativen zum Umweltschutz Vol. 32

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7.6 Environmental Aspect Landscape Development and Flowing Water

Amendments to Building Code 2004 The new building code (BauGB) draft on environmental assessment has an impact on practically all communal urban land use plans and calls for the integration of all procedures that have an effect on the environment into the environ- mental assessment. The new fede- ral nature protection law ("Bundesnaturschutzgesetz", BNatschG neu) of April, 2002 requires in §14, Art.1 that landsca- pe planning take on a more easily adaptable form, among other areas for regional planning concepts.

Opportunities to Influence Communal Urban Land Use Planning

Instruments of Regional Planning above the Communal Level Significance of this interests, regional planning in par- Planning measures that aim to Environmental Aspect ticular, with its orientation to take effect across municipal many areas of society at once, is a borders operate with the goal of The changes in the landscape are field with special significance, an maintaining a functioning natural obvious to all observers, and all opportunity to regulate develop- balance and the appearance of the the while the dynamic, intensity ment in many areas at once. The landscape by e.g. setting binding and variety of how land is used is integration of settlement into the functions in cross-border planning steadily growing. Due to the limi- landscape, the controlled develop- concepts. For example, the provin- ted amount of land available for ment of border areas, and the pre- cial development plans drawn up permanent settlement and the servation of a landscape's charac- by the Vorarlberg provincial increased significance for society teristics within areas where deve- government have set limits to of an intact environment, what lopment is permitted. For example, settlement borders beyond which used to be seen as "superfluous valley location, existing wooded communal zoning plans cannot and negative areas" have taken on areas, and shorelines are directly designate any areas for develop- increased importance. Open spaces influenced by communal urban ment. no longer represent above all land use planning. The Zoning Plan as an "reserve areas" for use other than Instrument agriculture. What is more, conflicts Development has a direct The zoning plan (ZP) codifies not of interest or concerning usage influence on the effects of only the fundamental principles of over exterior areas are on the rise. precipitation and thus on the settlement development such as The appearance of the landscape material runoff carries into planning goals and the need for that surrounds us is unfortunately flowing water (see Chapter 7.4 housing and commercial areas, all too seldom "planned", leading Sealing). The planning basis for transportation planning, material in many cases to an unsatisfactory public wastewater infrastructure infrastructure, supply and waste integration of human structures is the expedient drawing off of disposal, but also how open spaces into the landscape. precipitation on sealed-off are maintained through agriculture, In view of this multiplicity of surface area. forestry and in conservation areas.

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7.6 Environmental Aspect Landscape Development and Flowing Water

INFO vented and unavoidable harm compensated. Possible qualitative Instruments for Regulating Landscape Planning in Germany and quantitative avoidance, as Landscape framework programme as a part of the rural development well as alternative locations, are to plan ("Landesentwicklungsplan", LEP), landscape framework plan for be taken into consideration so that regional development the project goals can be achieved while causing as little damage as In communal urban land use planning: possible. ➯ Preparatory urban land use plan: integration of landscape plan into the zoning plan (ZP) NATURA 2000 Network ➯ Binding land use plan: green area plan as a part of the In 2002, nature conservation areas communal development plan (CDP) represented a mere 2.8% of the ➯ Preliminary decision: on the basis of new building code surface area of German territory. (BauROG) in particular in external areas (models, compensation, Under the name of NATURA 2000, and new alternatives…) the European Union has created a ➯ Environmental acceptability assessment (EAA) and flora- network of ecologically valuable fauna-habitat directive (FFH) areas in order to secure the long- (N.B.: expanded field of protected resources; monitoring) term preservation of over 200 On a voluntary basis: natural habitats as well as 700 ➯ Specialised plans and expert assessments plant and animal species. The legal ➯ Agenda 21 and environmental balances As of July, 2004 foundation for this effort is the ➯ Strategic environmental acceptability assessment - SUP European Union's 1997 fauna- ("Strategische Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung") flora-habitat directive (FFH) and See presentation Lenz, 2003 it1979 bird preservation directive. NATURA 2000 areas are drawn up within the individual nations in Landscape Planning as an landscape potential. dialogue with communities, pro- Instrument perty owners, farmers, and the The landscape plan is an ecologi- Nature Conservation Law's public. The Union member states cal specialised plan that regulates Regulation of Interventions into communicate the designation of the overall form of communal sur- Landscape and Environment these areas to the EU, which in roundings as a part of the zoning In the German federal nature con- turn selects and codifies the areas plan. In order to ensure that the servation law, § 21 BNatschG of "significance to the community". standards for sustainable settle- regulates its relationship to the ment development are met, the building code. If procedures within The EU Water landscape plan and the zoning communal urban land use plan- Framework Directive plan must be reviewed and amend- ning (§ 21 BNatschG) or statutes The water framework directive ed at the same time and in close regulating the development of exi- (WFD) extents protective measures co-operation. At present, this is sting settlement areas in accordan- to all bodies of water and aims at unfortunately not always the case. ce with § 34, Par. 4, Clause 1Nr. achieving a "good condition" for For example, in 2003, about 70% BauGB have the potential to inter- all European bodies of water by of all cities and municipalities in vene in nature and landscape, the 2015 and sustainable consumption Baden-Württemberg had drawn up legal regulation of this interven- of water resources. The new direc- landscape plans or were in the tion comes into effect. According tive contains provisions for the process of doing so. In order to to §1 a BauGB, the prevention of protection of all bodies of water, preserve a functioning natural and the compensation for the rives, lakes, coastal waters, and the balance for future generations, expected interventions in the envi- groundwater. By December, 2004, goals and measures in the field of ronment are to be taken into con- all member states must have con- landscape planning must be for- sideration in the weighing of inter- ducted an analysis of the condition mulated. The overall goal is the ests. and the commercial use of all preservation and development of Avoidable damage must be pre- bodies of water within their

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7.6 Environmental Aspect Landscape Development and Flowing Water

borders. By the end of 2006, inspection programmes and by December, 2008 control program- mes are to be drawn up for all river flood plain areas. The directive underlines the necessity for co- operation between countries and all political parties, as well as the participation of all interested groups (including municipalities and NGOs) in the controlled use of bodies of water.

Shoreline Areas The preservation or the reconstruc- tion of nearly natural shoreline conditions, also within settlements themselves, is of such overriding importance that it constitutes the INFO TIP overall goal for flowing water. Development plans for bodies of The Precondition for Most water and maintenance plans for Measures for the Protection of ■ Be aware of the scientific, sta- bodies of standing water support Flowing Water is the tistical basis for orientation these efforts. Availability of Surface Area values In the water code, Paragraph (§68 ■ A sound basis: a development b) in reference to shoreline areas is concept for bodies of water ■ A satisfactory compromise of special significance for commu- (DCBW). This should pertain to between the harmonisation of nal urban land use planning. In flood plain areas, contain con- indicators or reference figured external areas, a shoreline area of sistent reference figures for da- vs. a flexible approach. 10 metre's breadth on both sides of ta collection, and seek to pre- Must be reached in almost the body of water must remain serve, develop, and renovate every current project undeveloped. This area's use ■ Further precondition (also for should be redirected towards farm- funding programmes): deve- ■ Regulatory measures vs. ing or open space. Within the bor- lopment plan for bodies of voluntary co-operation - ders of settled areas, a shoreline water (DPBW) building on the often people are willing to do area of 5 metre's breadth on both development concept more on a voluntary basis! sides of the body of water must be ■ Shore areas defined at 5 or 10 designated. This area should metres; it would be preferable ■ Link indicators to policy remain undeveloped as protection to establish a wider water cor- fields: if you design the indi- for plants and animals as well as ridor cators so that it is clear which the population against the threat ■ Contracts for extensive use of potential measures are to be of flooding. shoreline areas undertaken by which depart- ■ Property purchase by munici- ment, implementation will be Communal Policy Options pality (costs, surveying issues) all the simpler! ■ The FFH directive and the ■ Determine basic forms of usage strategic environmental ■ Integration of related measures ■ Plan a progress check because assessment require monitoring into communal urban land use often the neglect of landscape systems. An environmental planning (e.g. shoreline areas, issues is due to the fact that management system simplifies flooding areas designated in existing or applicable instru- the implementation of this zoning plan, ...) ments have been overlooked stipulation.

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7.6 ECOLUP Reference Data Landscape Development / Flowing Water

Reference Data for Landscape Development Kennzahl

Reference Data Calculation Unit Necessary Base Data Proportion protected areas * Surface area of Natura 2000 % Surface area of Natura 2000 areas (ha), nature conservation areas, nature conservation areas, natural monuments, areas, natural monuments, nature parks, protected green nature parks, protected green areas to total landscape surface areas, total landscape surface area (ha) area Forest density per inhabitant Forest surface area to ha/ inhab. Forest area,number of inhabitants ha/ EW inhabitants

Separation and isolation Effective breadth of landscape % Extent of surface area of figure for landscape / forest network elements (lneeff), avera- cohesive landscape and forest ge cohesive surface area to total surface area landscape or forest surface area Protective outer zones (form Surface area to total extent % Forest surface area, extent of of forest surface area) (smaller is worse) surface area Proportion of forest surface Number of standard minimum % Number of forest areas area with minimum surface extent forest areas (>50 ha) to > 50 ha,total number of forest area extent total number of forest areas surface areas before-after

Reference Data for Flowing Water

Reference Data Calculation Unit Necessary Base Data Anteil Number of sections of flo- Length of sections of flowing % Length of flowing water wing water with sufficient water with a minimum shore- sections shoreline strip area within line strip width of 10m within settled area ** settled areas to total length of flowing water before-after

Proportion of renaturalised Length of renaturalised sections % Length of flowing water sections / total length of flowing water sections before-after Proportion of open water Length of open sections/ total % Length of flowing water sections length of flowing water sections before-after

*(DEUTSCHE UMWELTHILFE (2002): Zukunftsfähige Kommune - Wettbewerb und Kampagne zur Unterstützung der Lokalen Agenda 21 (Reference figure is also used in the Baden Württemberg environmental set of indicators) **(RUHR-UNIVERSITÄT-BOCHUM (2000): Indikatoren für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung in Bochum, Part II: Liste der Indikatoren)

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■ A number of communities ■ The way bodies of water are Hage und Hoppenstedt Partner have found it productive to structure makes it difficult to draw up an environmental measure their characteristics (2003): Situationsbeschreibung der balance. However, you should with reference data. Because Landschaftsplanung im exercise caution when using they can change form so Zusammenhang mit der SUP- the reference figures, in parti- quickly, even creating survey Richtlinie, presentation held of cular in reference to biotopes. maps presents difficulties. The conference of UVP-Gesellschaft, Reference figures must be diversity of bodies of water is Friedrichshafen 13.11.2003 drawn up on the basis of exi- an important parameter. sting data, which in the case ■ Municipality provides funda- of the charting of species mental usage rights instead of habitats is incomplete. buying property parcels: instead ■ Up to 80% of the stipulation of selling his or her property in green area plans are not (many good arguments against transferred into the legally this), the property owner binding development plan! accepts an entry in the land Checks conducted within the register and must observe context of continual environ- permanent conditions of use. mental management can help to alleviate this problem. ■ Most bodies of water are cha- racterised by significant mor- Further Information phological (structural) changes. People perceive bodies of water Websites: in a very limited fashion, http://europa.eu.int/comm/ for they have more often than environment/news/natura/ TIP not been straightened, built up, index_en.htm or made subterranean. A posi- www.uvp.de tive contribution: make bodies http://europa.eu.int/comm/envi This chapter contains passages of water visible to public (e.g. ronment/water/water-framework/ taken from the following free those within the city from index_en.htm presentations: subterranean pipe systems). ■ http://forum.europa.eu.int/Public/i Prof. Roman Lenz, Institute ■ According to § 86 of the water for Applied Research, code, municipalities must enact c/env/wfd/library?l=/ framework_ Department of Landscape regulations for the preservation directive&vm=detailed&sb=Title Architecture, Nürtingen of shoreline strips. The imple- http://www.lawa.de. University: "Landschafts- mentation of this paragraph www.fh-nuertingen.de entwicklung - eine can find support through Einführung (D)", anchoring its standards in Literature: ■ Ass. Prof. Arthur Kanonier, development plans. Fachhochschule Nürtingen: Institute for Legal Studies, ■ Designation/ introduction of Department of Architecture flooding areas in the zoning Veröffentlichungen der Fachhochschule Nürtingen, and Regional Planning, plan. This has only seldom Technical University of Stadtplanung und been achieved in the Lake Vienna: "Steuerung der Constance region. A positive Landschaftsentwicklung. Landschaftsentwicklung im example: the River Argen. Vorarlberger Rheintal (A)" ■ The EU water framework direc- European Commision (2001): ■ Bernd Eversmann, tive has not yet been fully Leitfaden für extensive Gewässerdirektion Donau- implemented in the German Klärverfahren für Abwässer kleiner Bodensee, Bereich water code. For example, neit- und mittlerer Gemeinden, Ravensburg: "Vortrag her has the range of bodies of Fließgewässer" waters to which it is to apply Luxemburg been defined, nor has a catalo- www.ecolup.info gue of guidelines for the deve- àWissenspool lopment of development plans àECOLUP-Methodik for bodies of water been drawn àkommunale Workshops up.

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7.6 Environmental Aspect Landscape Development and Flowing Water B B C A A B designated potential purchases and foresta- tion measu- res still to be determi- ned determined determined official duties designated 2007 not yet 2007 Costs of continual Part of continual Part Groundwork Schedule Budget Priority Lower Forestry Authorities Department of Agriculture Authorities Planning Office Responsible Department of Green Areas, Forests and the Environ- ment (GAFE) GAFE Lower Forestry City Planning Department (PLA) PLAPLA Planning Office continual Planning Office continuous Not yet Not yet Forest density per inhabitant Degree of landscape or forest separation and iso- lation (average cohesive area) Proportion of forest areas with minimum surface area / number of forest areas with minimum standard surface area (>50 ha) to total number of forest areas Protective outer zones (Surface area to extent) ■ ■ ■ ■ landscape to total surface area within municipal borders Draw up and continually update forest development concept Continued rounding-off of forest areas through purchase and forestation of connecting areas on the basis of the forest development concept Härlen Project Surface area of man-made IIGA 2017 PLA, Planning Office continuous Not yet Landscape Park Landscape Park "Bodensee-Linzgau" Landscape Park "St. Leonhard" E EXAMPLE: Environmental Programme Überlingen: Aspect Landscape Development/Flowing Water Environmental Goal MeasurePreservation and development of existing forest areas and their functional diversity Reference Data Preservation and development of man-made landscapes

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7.6 Environmental Aspect Landscape Development and Flowing Water A A A official duties official duties official duties ——— Department of Civil Engineering (DCE) PLA GAFE As of 2004 of Part PLA GAFE continuous of Part GAFE GAFE DCE — — — PLA GAFE continuous of Part Priority: immediately A: Envirinmental goals towards which ??? must be taken B: Environmental goals towards which mid-term actism must be taken in the long C: Environmental goals towards which action must be taken term Proportion of green areas (area of public grounds to total surface area before- after) sections (length of renaturalised sections/ total length of flowing water) Length of flowing water section with minimum shoreline strip breadth of m within settled areas to 10 total length of flowing water before-after Complete revision of D-plans Implementation of measures found in the concept for the renaturalisation of bodies of water Development Überlingen West Nuß Brook in Nußdorf Proportion of renaturalised Designate shoreline area strips in D-plans Redesignate use of shoreline settlement areas into green areas Renaturalisation of flowing waters, preservation, renovation and improvement of flowing waters PLA = City Planning Department DCE = Department of Civil Engineering GAFE = Department of Green Areas, Forests and the Environment

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7.7 Environmental Aspect Energy and Climate

Furthermore, settlement develop- ment influences the local micro- climate through changes in heat radiation balances, prevailing air currents, level of atmospheric humidity, groundwater table, and vegetation, as well as through emission of dust and toxic sub- stances, all of which factors in turn have an effect on the overall climatic system. The energy required to heat buil- dings account for the greatest part of C02 emissions in cities. However, this area has a great deal of potential for improvement through decreasing energy use by switching to energy-efficient heat- ing and building technology as well as by changing how resi- Significance of this mil. t in 2005 and 65 mil. t in dents use the buildings. Each citi- Environmental Aspect 2010. By 2010, the state plans to zen can make concrete contribu- double the proportion of regene- tions to this effort, creating high One of the central concerns of rative energy sources used for potential for public interest and environmental policy is the pro- primary energy. A programme to innovative approaches on the tection of the climate. The Kyoto save energy in older buildings, part of the municipality. Protocol, supported by the EU, sponsored energy checks, and In all sectors of consumer beha- established as the first multilateral extensive energy-saving measures viour, three strategies are funda- agreement of its kind concrete on state property are all currently mental to saving energy and pro- goals for reducing emissions in being implemented. tecting the climate; this applies as industrial nations. Over the peri- well to settlement development: od from 2008 to 2012, the EU Settlement development has a ➯ efficient energy use through plans to reduce emissions by 8% fundamental effect on the level of efficient consumers and use in to the level of 1990, from 2012 to energy use and is also of impor- proportion to need (energy- 2020 by another 1%, and in the tance for the climate due to its use behaviour and regulation long term by 70%. The European association with C02 emissions. technology) Climate Protection Programme Energy is used not only in the ➯ efficient energy supply (ECCP), in effect since 2000, fore- production of construction materials (e.g. through power-heat- sees over 40 measures to these and construction itself, but also combination) ends. in the demolition and recycling ➯ use of renewable sources of of existing structures and infra- energy Every year, the world as a whole structure, as well as in transpor- Ways Communal Urban Land emits ca. 4 tons of C02 per per- tation and the energy structures Use Planning Can Influence the son, in Germany on the average require when they are in use. The Environmental Aspect Energy 11 tons per person are emitted, fact that structures are used for and Climate and in Baden-Württemberg 7.6 t. long periods of time ranging Government funding programmes According to its Environmental from 50 to 100 years requires for private investments in energy- Plan, the federal state of Baden- that we establish high standards saving technology and the requi- Württemberg intends to reduce for new structures and that the site supporting legislation can C02 emissions from 77 mil. tons energy use in older ones is adap- increase the public’s willingness per year (2000) to a level of 70 ted to current standards. to participate.

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Factors Influencing Heating ➯ Source of power supply ration through power-heat-combi- Energy Consumption: ➯ Heating technology and regu- nation it is possible to save up to Factors in Urban Planning lation 45% of the C02 emissions caused ➯ Density of urban development ➯ Central or decentral use of by oil heating. The amount of ➯ Types of structures present renewable sources of energy energy saved depends on with ➯ Orientation of structures which alternative source of energy ➯ Arrangement of buildings Type of Use and Use Behaviour oil heating is compared. In ➯ Roof form and orientation Germany, when overall power The Most Important Factors demand is at an average level Structural / technological factors Influencing the Need for Heating electricity is drawn above all ➯ Degree of structure compact- Energy in the Order of Their from coal power plants. In ness (types of structures and Quantitative Significance: Austria, electricity for this level detail design, e.g. avoiding The structural insulation of the of power demand is mainly pro- “cooling ribs“) building. In comparison to the duced by hydroelectric plants ➯ Structural heat retention fac- standards of construction cur- with the result that lower levels tor and avoidance of heat-loss rently being used, low-energy of power can be saved through bridges building methods can save up to the application of power-heat- ➯ Degree of airtightness 40% heating energy while passive combination techniques. In addi- ➯ Ventilation concept heating technology achieves up tion, the level of power-loss Energy supply to 85%. through the network (typically ➯ Central (local or distant source By means of local heat source of energy) or decentral supply networks and efficient heat gene-

Reference Data for Energy and Climate Reference Date Calculation Unit Necessary Base Data Proportion of regenerative Total energy use / energy use % Communal energy data sources of energy to total from regenerative sources energy use

Proportion of structures with Number of structures with % Number of structures with solar solar stations solar stations / Total number stations in relevant area, of buildings in the relevant area total number of structures in relevant area Proportion of structures meeting low energy-use or passi- Number of structures meeting low % Number of structures with low ve energy-use standards energy-use or passive energy-use energy-use and passive energy-use standards/ total number of structu- standards res in related area

Proportion of structures with Number of structures with north- % Number of structures orientation orientation not conducive to south orientation/ total number of not conducive to solar energy solar energy generation structures in relevant area generation

Degree of compactness O/ SAU- or O/LA relationship -- Structure’s outer surface area, (Structure’s outer surface area to surface area in use or living area surface area in use or living area)

Proportion of commercial enter- Number of commercial enterprises % Number of commercial enterprises prises incompatible with housing with toxic emissions that according with toxic emissions, needs to law are not compatible with hou- total number of commercial enter- sing needs/ total number of com- prises mercial enterprises

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7.7 Environmental Aspect Energy and Climate

ca. 5-15%) and the proportion of standard. The greatest influence TIP power-heat-combination of elec- on this factor is the type of struc- tricity used for heating as a ture: multi-storey structures, Dornbirn: whole play an important role. compact forms, rows of structures The Energy Question-and- Typical levels of C02 reduction or self-contained units, etc. Answer-Office reviews energy are ca. 25%. It is possible to Furthermore, we recommend that sources planned for each achieve even more significant roof dormers (instead full storey building project, consultants reductions in C02 emissions if and flatter roofs), bow windows, give advice on optimisation local heat-generating networks niches and angles not be used as relying on renewable sources of elements of the building’s outer tree and plant species to create energy (wood-chipping power structure as its purpose is to passive solar energy, up to 10% of plants, locally generated solar retain heat. the energy required for heating power, and geothermal power) are can be saved (given that the size used. By optimising the benefits drawn and the quality of the windows from solar energy through appro- remains the same in comparison to The degree of structure compact- priate orientation of the structures, less advantageous varieties that ness can reduce the need for heat- distances between them, structure might be present in older buil- ing by up to 30% within buildings height and location in relation to dings). sharing a common construction one another, as well as planting Along with reducing the amount

EXAMPLE

Wolfurt: Überlingen: Konstanz: E5 community, Energy Group Member of Climate Alliance since Member of Climate Alliance of since 1990, since 1992 energy 1997, number of non-variable 1992, energy question-and- question-and-answer office, 1997 power plants reduced, modernisa- answer office, block heating and joined Climate Alliance. tion of heating plants in commu- generating plant, programmes to Minimum standards are applied nal structures, since 1997 wood- support public use of renewable to all renovation and new con- chip heating station, support use sources of energy, heat-energy- struction work on communal pro- of photovoltaic cells on residential combination, no local heating perty (e.g. use of renewable sources structures, switch to condensation plant projects. Goal: Optimisation of energy, insulation, etc.). In technology, communal hydroelec- of energy efficiency in existing planning: Energy-use zoning tric plant. Goals: energy buildings, planned percentage plan, model for communal energy question-and-answer office, initially affected 40-50%. The policy, standards to increase use increased heating insulation, sup- Constance Department of Works of renewable sources of energy. port for passive energy construc- (“Stadtwerke“) offers residents the Projects: Energy book-keeping, tion techniques. opportunity to become sharehold- school projects, review of solar ers of power plants located at stations in community, revise Dornbirn: communal buildings. eco-balance, use organic materi- Environmental model 1999, year- als as source of energy in com- ly catalogue of measures to mercial district, organic gas increase energy efficiency with power station. focus on public buildings. Project directorial group under deputy mayor meets quarterly. Energy question-and-answer office reviews energy standards for each building project, consultants give advice on optimisation.

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of energy required for heating, 20% of the heating needs and up active solar energy created, and optimisation of the benefits drawn to 35% of the overall need for an optimisation of the use of pas- from solar energy also results in energy for warmth, for which of sive solar energy and use of sunnier apartments and offices course large storage heaters are direct daylight implemented. with better daytime lighting condi- necessary. Solar cell stations tions. By using daylight to this mounted on the roof feed the Limitations of and bans on usage extent, the amount of energy used energy they produce directly into for solid or solid and liquid fuels for artificial lighting can be redu- the building’s electrical network on the basis of legislation. The ced. However, having sunny rooms and can turn a well-constructed specifics of such limitations must during the long winter month building into a “plus energy as a rule be anchored in the local leads above all to an increase in house“ that produces more regen- emission levels as well as suffi- quality of life. Orientating rows of erative energy in a year than it ciently specific. It must be houses north-south (roofs are thus uses up. demonstrated that such measures orientated east-west) is an optimal are necessary by the standards of way to benefit from passive solar Sealed open sites such as parking planning law and they must be energy during the winter and a lots can be targeted for roofing- weighed in comparison to alter- practical way to keep cold air from over so that they can be used to native measures. In Heidelberg, a unnecessarily wasting heat. This produce solar energy by means of ban on solid and liquid fuels has orientation does not lead to over- photovoltaic stations. (Ex. Solar been included in several develop- heating in the summer, for then an energy complex, Constance ment plans. east-west orientation plays a criti- municipal district) (Cf. presenta- Stipulations for distant sources of cal role due to the fact that the tion Bermich 2003) heating energy with required sun is lower on the horizon. hook-up and use (in legal terms, Communal Policy Options smaller systems usually termed Active exploitation of solar energy In order to encourage energy effi- distant sources are categorised as on roof surfaces and possibly on ciency and to protect the climate local sources) on the basis of the structure facades is simpler if within the framework of commu- municipal regulations within each windows face south (so that the nal urban land use planning, federal state. Heidelberg has used roof has an east-west orientation) communities have the following this instrument, too, in a number and are large, and roofs have policy options: of fields. continuous forms. Active use of solar energy in a thermal solar Codifications in relation to settle- Stipulation of energy-relevant power station used to warm water ment structure and energy utilisa- and possibily. Environmentally can provide 50–65% of the ener- tion technology in development relevant measures in civil law gy needed each year to run the plans based on federal and state property purchasing contracts or water boiler. Combined collection legislation. This way, compact leasing contracts in cases in stations for warm water and hea- buildings can be made standard, which the city or municipality is ting support typically cover 5– the prerequisites for generating the property owner.

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7.7 Environmental Aspect Energy and Climate

This is certainly the most effecti- ve instrument, as it can have direct influence on energy stan- dards for buildings, the most important factor in saving ener- gy. Along with requirements for low energy-use standards (e.g. in accordance with RAL seal of approval for low energy-use con- struction) and passive energy-use standards (in accordance with cri- teria drawn up by the Passive- House Institute Passivhaus- institut), in particular standards for sources of power, heating technology and solar energy-use be established. Control mechanisms and sanc- tions for cases of non-compliance to contractual obligations are what residents expect from their Heidelberg, Amt für important. It is possible to make surroundings should play the Umweltschutz, Energie und an additional entry in the proper- central role in achieving this Gesundheitsförderung), ty register recording particular balance. (Cf. Bermich 2003) Eisenmann, Lothar (ifeu-Institut, utilisation requirements. Heidelberg) et al. (2000): Texts in: Similar stipulations can also be Sources: Klimaschutz Heidelberg - Vierter made in urban development land CO2-Umsetzungsbericht 2000, use contracts and contracts regu- Websites: Schriftenreihe zur Umwelt, Nr. lating the realisation of projects www.energie-cities.org 2/2000 and development plans. www.initiative-energieeffizienz.de Mahler, Boris; Broll, J., Steinbeis- Synergy effects occur between www.kea-bw.de Transferzentrum Energie-, efforts to save heating energy www.respecteurope.com Gebäude- und Solartechnik stw, and to achieve concentration in www.uniseo.org (2000): Machbarkeitsstudie für urban development. The latter www.eurosolar.org eine Solare Nahwärmeversorgung limits land used for new projects, www.intersolar.de in Heidelberg-Wieblingen reduces traffic volume, and sim- "Schollengewann", Stuttgart plifies the effort to make public Literature: transportation accessible: Hildebrandt, Olaf und Kramer, Model project: - Density of urban development Catrin (Ingenieurbüro ebök, http://www.energieundbau.de/iso- and compact building techniques Tübingen), Eds. (1998): teg/frame.html?willcode=0.8./iso- complement one another. Energieeinsparung bei teg/news_mb/0308/n030825.html - High density makes drawing Neubausiedlungen durch privat- &nummer=10 energy from local sources more und öffentlich-rechtliche Verträge efficient. - Erfahrungen bundesdeutscher A balance between the initially Großstädte und mutually contradictory goals of Verfahrensvorschlag für Köln, direct daylight/passive solar ener- Stadt Köln, Amt für gy-use and the desired increased Umweltschutz und degree of concentration is to be Lebensmittelüberwachung aimed for. The “Schollengewann“ project demonstrates that this is Bermich, Ralf; Lachenicht, quite reasonable. Nonetheless, Sabine; Fischer, Sabine (Stadt

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INFO

This chapter contains excerpts from the following presentation by Ralf Bermich, City of Heidelberg: "Energy Efficiency and Climate Protection"; "Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz" www.ecolup.info Wissenspool ECOLUP-Methodik kommunale Workshops

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7.7 Environmental Aspect Energy and Climate A A A A staggered according to intensity of demand for consultations Continuous effort from case to Building costs incurred 1. Financed by province 2. Costs of financial sup- port and con- struction costs for own power plants Continuous Catalogue of standards drawn up 2002 Current continuous Financing ➯ ➯ 1. Current 2. Continuous - Expert planners Re. 2. expert planners Control Office Energy co- ordinator E5 team (incl. Building Control Office and Facility Management) Supervision in setting stan- dards: Building Control Office Imple- mentation: Facility Management Re. 1. Province of Vorarlberg Re. 2. Building Control Office and Facility Management Number of new structures with low level of insulation / m2 KWh/m2 (energy reference figure) Number of consultations Building - ➯ ➯ Number of communal buildings Municipality requires energy balance calculation with documentation in case of application for new structure Support for energy-use consultation for renovation projects Future communal buildings to be planned and built according to minimum environmental standards Catalogue of ecological standards Realisation of goals and measures for E5 communities ➯ ➯ ➯ ➯ ➯ 1. Support for low energy-use and insulation 2. Establishment of and support for micro-networks, Mähdle e.g. village centre, VS Environmental Programme Wolfurt: Environmental Aspect Energy / Climate Environmental Programme Wolfurt: Sustainable energy policy Decrease in heating energy consumption Raising public awareness of significance of energy-efficient building Environmental Goal Measure Reference Data ResponsibleGroundwork Schedule Budget Priority Increase ecological sustainability

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7.8 Environmental Aspect Participation / Public Involvement

TIP

“Allowing the public to become involved as early as possible in the pre-planning phase contribu- tes to our ability to work through conflicts and to find solutions that everyone can live with." Wolfgang Rümmele, Mayor of Dornbirn at an ECOLUP Workshop, 09.12.02

will become part of the EU legal code in the form of two EU direc- tives. These directives must in turn be integrated into the natio- nal legal codes of the member states by 2005. Significance of Public If a municipality increases public Participating Land use planning concepts education and involvement in It is not unproblematic to include affect the living environment of a planing processes as a part of the topic of public involvement great number of people, most of ECOLUP, it thereby institutionalises among the environmental aspects whom hold a wealth of knowledge core elements of the "Aarhus listed in this guidance. This about their immediate surroun- Agreement" in advance. aspect requires that we perceive dings. The results of these plan- the term "environment" in its ning concepts often bring about Planned Revision of Law in totality, for it also subsumes peo- elementary changes of both posi- Germany and Austria ple. In this area, too, communal tive and negative nature that are The German building code requires urban land use planning procedu- therefore of great importance for two-tiered public involvement as re can achieve improved environ- both people and the environment. a part of communal urban land mental performance if a commu- use planning procedure. Early nity chooses to encourage more EU Policy and Regulatory public participation plays a role public participation than is requi- Framework when a development plan draft is red by law. At the European level, public par- being drawn up, i.e. before it is ticipation in planning processes is officially released. However, this Furthermore, providing opportu- encouraged through agreements required involvement is defined nities for the participation and and directives. One example is in the building code only in its education of all interest groups is the "Aarhus Agreement". This fundamental outline. In contrast highly valued by EMAS. Among international agreement treats to early-phase public participa- the requirements made of an public access to information, tion, the later, more formal public environmental management public involvement in decision- participation is regulated in detail system is for example making the making procedures and access to and is bound to certain formal environmental policy accessible the courts in relation to environ- procedures. to the public. The municipality mental matters. It is the agree- must demonstrate that it provides ment's goal to bring about greater The strategic environmental information for and encourages involvement of employees in assessment ("Strategische contact with the outside world in public institutions and the greater Umweltprüfung", SUP), an order to indicate to what extent it public in active environmental amendment to the building code, has entered into a process of dia- protection and to improve the also calls for public participation logue with the public and further environment for the good of in the field of landscape interest groups. future generations. The agreement planning.

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In Austria, too, participation participation. How direct and municipal administration, public plays an important role in com- intensive citizen participation is participation is important so that munal land use planning. Citizens to be and which dimensions it is later objections, complaints and are involved both in the drawing- to take on is not anchored in the the resulting delays to progress up of the voluntary land develop- legally binding regulations for and higher costs can be kept at a ment concept and in the zoning each planning phase. minimum. From the public's per- plan drafted on this basis. The Municipalities have developed a spective, the opportunity for par- land development concept and wide range of approaches to get ticipation in the planning proces- the zoning plan are, as elements citizens involved in communal ses allows it to represent its con- of municipal regional planning, urban land use planning. cerns about its own living envi- regulated in accordance with the Whereas the formal (regulated by ronment and to strengthen its respective regional planning and law) participatory processes are trust in local government. This is development laws of each very similar, many communities a challenge that regional and city Austrian province. It is required implement various informal (not planners must take up together by law that all interests directly regulated by law) participatory with all other effected parties. and indirectly effected by the processes. Examples such as future Public participation must be con- planning procedure are to be workshops, future forums, round- ceived of as a process that identified and drawn into the tables or planning cells represent accompanies the entire duration process. only a very few of the variety of of the planning process. However, opportunities for informal partici- an ECOLUP survey established Opportunities for Communities pation (see CD-ROM for an that citizens know too little of to Influence Public Participation extensive list of methods of how all this works (see below and Communities have a number of informal public participation). cf. www.ecolup.info). options when it comes to public From the perspective of the This informal process aims at

Reference Data Calculation Voluntary Source: “Prozess Kompass” by ecos and IKAÖ Bern Voluntary participation Number of registered clubs and associations Number per 1,000 inhabitants Participation in process of achieving sustainability Number of voluntary work hours within the Number context of the Local Agenda 21 per 1,000 inhabitants

Contact office for public involvement Number of visitors at contact office for public involvement Number

Early public involvement starting before official Number of events towards involving the public at an Number public participation as called for by communal early stage per development or zoning plan or develop- urban land use planning procedure, so that ment project citizens can have an impact earlier when concepts are in the planning stage

Active informational work for the public as a part of Number the two participatory procedures in communal urban land use planning

Informal public involvement Number of informal public involvement events per Number (e.g. future workshops, planning cells, citizen development or zoning plan or development project assessments, project groups, etc.)

Italics = additional details not present in source material

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7.8 Environmental Aspect Participation / Public Involvement

Examples from the Partner Communities

Wolfurt: ('99), Paradies ('00), Fürstenberg- Semi-annual public meetings at Wollmatingen ('01), Allmannsdorf- which all new planning concepts Staad with Egg ('02), Litzelstetten are presented and the town coun- ('03), Dettingen-Wallhausen ('03). cillors give reports, project presen- Future forum Old City ('03), plena- tations for those effected by parti- ry meeting "Sustainable cular projects, special information Constance" since '02 for presenta- evenings on planning concepts tion and exchange between groups with discussion, discussion forums of involved citizens and towards with invited guests on specific the formulation of the city deve- topics (e.g. concepts for the care of lopment programme 2010. establishing what arguments and the elderly, concepts for youth), interests the public has, so that open rounds on village renewal Dornbirn: they can be taken into considera- concepts … Announcements in municipal tion during the planning process. newsletter; in reference to trans- There is no legal framework for Überlingen: portation concept "city chats" in this type of communication: Information evenings for those all neighbourhoods with 100 to hearings, workshops, competitions effected in individual neighbour- 200 participants at each; in refe- - the measures can be determined hoods of a larger planning area, rence to landscape and green area according to what each situation Local Agenda 21 groups: urban concept information provided to calls for. development, environment and 12,000 households and by a stand energy, social concerns. Working at the Dornbirn trade fair; in refe- As part of ECOLUP, both formal group on Überlingen's city deve- rence to the renovation of city and informal public participation lopment plan open to all residents, bathing facilities invitation for all was improved, more successfully the findings of which have in part user groups to discussions; in refe- orienting it to environmental been integrated into the city deve- rence to green areas detailed infor- issues and making it easier for lopment plan. mation postings and consultation the public to become involved. on location; public involvement in How was this accomplished? Constance: jury for an architectural competi- Examples for ways of improving Future workshops in all Constance tion; Youth Participation Club. public participation in ECOLUP: neighbourhoods, e.g. Petershausen ■ finding better ways of con- veying sufficient information It has proven problematic that through informal methods of par- to the public (e.g. make new- citizens often only become inter- ticipation and understandable spaper articles more underst- ested and involved when they explanations of the issues at andable with clear excepts themselves are personally effected. hand, can also wake public interest from plans, including street To a great extent, people only and readiness to become involved names and information on notice that they are personally at this early stage. planning concept and /or effected by planning measures public participation in the when it is already too late, name- Policy Options for Communities Internet) ly at a point when decision- Within the ECOLUP model pro- ■ Measures to better inform making processes have already ject, the following was undertaken both voters and young people reached a stage at which the pos- to encourage public involvement about opportunities for public sibility of influencing them is in communal urban land use participation, thus encouraging quite limited. This is often the planning: them to take action case with the kind of public par- ■ surveys of public opinion in (e.g. informal participation ticipation required by law. the 4 participating communities methods, better education Public participation in planning ■ discussion rounds and surveys work in pedestrian areas, in processes that comes early of young people in the 4 schools or on the radio) enough to make a difference, e.g. partner communities

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INFO TIP

Public Opinion Survey in Participating Communities - Findings on Overview of Methods of Involv- Participation: Anaysis ing the Public and Recommenda- Interviews with a standardised questionnaire in March of 2003, tions from the Four Communal total of 235 citizens (45 in Wolfurt, 60 in Dornbirn, 60 in Überlin- Workshops on the Aspect gen and 70 in Constance) Participation ➯ www.ecolup.info

Results (excerpt): ■ To date no personal participa- tion in planning processes INFO ■ Knowledge of opportunities for ■ Personally involved in future becoming involved (only 55%) city development Information and results of the ■ Of these, the majority sees good (31% yes, 38% no, 31% don't communal and international to average potential for partici- know) ECOLUP workshops on participa- pation tion and public involvement in ■ Opinion that the right to partici- Only 44% of those surveyed could communal urban land use pate is makes sense (51%) provide concrete suggestions: planning under: ■ Own level of influence of plan- www.ecolup.info ning processes is low (61%) ■ Higher degree of transparency ➯ Wissenspool ■ Urban development planning is o improved clarity of termino- ➯ ECOLUP-Methodik important (66%) logy o expansion of public ➯ kommunale Workshops ■ No active participation in initia- relations work tives (only 15% active!) due to ■ Greater involvement of young lack of time (20%), no particular people o Public forums, refe- need (18%!) and lack of interest renda, open office hours, etc. (11%) ■ Take citizens' concerns ■ The majority of the 66 active seriously citizens (=15%; see above) are dissatisfied with the results of their participation

■ formal and informal participa- people had even less trust in tory procedures were tried out the ability of public involve- in the communities ment to bring about change. ■ international and local work- Recommendations for impro- shops on Public Involvement ving public involvement repe- /Participation atedly called for better infor- mation, greater transparency, ■ The public opinion surveys and more understandable and discussion rounds with information. young people demonstrated to an equal extent that only one ■ Practical experience with in two residents was aware of informal public involvement the public's right to participa- within the communities proved te in communal urban land to a great extent to be positive. use planning. The majority of However, there is still much adults surveyed saw limited room for improvement. It is possibilities for taking influence often the case that local on planning procedures. Young government believes that it is www.ecolup.info Environmental Management 71 7 Environmental Management

7.8 Environmental Aspect Participation / Public Involvement A A A A A A A A Part of Part official duties of Part official duties Part of Part official duties Yet to Yet be determined Part of Part official duties of Part official duties Part of Part official duties official duties 2004 continuous continuous 2004 continuous continuous 2004 continuous continuous continuous Schedule Budget Priority Groundwork - As of 2005 PLA Internet represen- tative - PLA - 2nd quarter 2004 - PLA - As of March, - PLA - As of March, - PLA - 2nd quarter 2004 - PLA - As of March, - PLA - 2nd quarter 2004 - PLA - 2nd quarter 2004 of Part - Exact information on structure and goals of public participa- tion in advance Presentation of Ecolup exhibi- tion in the Mayor's Office (before public town council meetings and over a period of 14 days) Optimise public involvement e.g. on-loca- required by law, tion events or planning walks (when productive) on results provided at informal planning sessions Information provided at the outset on opportunities for participation via local press and municipal gov't. newsletter Announcements in municipal news- plans more understan- letter: make dable for readers (larger formats, of procedures) sketch glossary, Measures Reference Data Responsible Increased reliance on modera- ted events (e.g. future works- hop) Increase use of Internet, a.o. development project plans as downloads Umweltprogramm Überlingen: Umweltaspekt: Partizipation (Stand: November 2003) Umweltprogramm Überlingen: Umweltaspekt: Partizipation the administration Improved communication ("It is not that the citizen allowed to say something, rather wants to know") Environmental Goals Improved contact with public Direct contact and information Greater transparency in plan- ning processes

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7.8 Environmental Aspect Participation / Public Involvement A A Part of Part official duties duties A not needed continuous continuous of official Part continuous PLA - 4th quarter 2004 Evaluation of feedback questionnaire -- PLA - PLA - 4th quarter 2004 4th quarter 2004 Direct contact to target groups that have previously showed less participation than others (e.g. young people) Citizen participation in urban development competitions (prize juries) in consulting function Feedback questionnaire - questionnaire for public's evaluation of events term Priority: A:B:C: immediately Envirinmental goals towards which ..... must be taken Environmental goals towards which mid-term actism must be taken in the long Environmental goals towards which action must be taken

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7.8 Environmental Aspect Participation / Public Involvement

providing the public with sufficient opportunities to get informa- tion and complains of the public's lack of interest and willingness to become involved. In contrast, citizens complain of a lack of information about opportunities for participation and that they are "not taken seriously".

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Sources Schildwächter, Ralph (1996): Das Model Projects digitale Future Freiburg - Dialogue on Bürgerinformationssystem : city development: As the first city Techniken des World Wide Web in Germany, Freiburg preceded its für die kommunale draft for and the political decision- Bauleitplanung / Ralph making process on the revision of Schildwächter. - Kaiserslautern. its zoning plan with extensive 121 S. : ill. (Beiträge zu compu- opportunities for public involve- tergestützten Planungs- und ment. This participation process Entwurfsmethoden ; 2) was conducted under the name of ""Zukunft Freiburg-Dialog zur Stadt Konstanz -Agenda Büro- Stadtentwicklung" from May of (Ed.) (2003): Lokale Agenda 21 2001 until July of 2002. Konstanz - Konkrete Beiträge zur www.zukunft.freiburg.de/prozess/e Zukunftsfähigkeit. rgebnisse.html Wiese-von Ofen, Dr.-Ing. Irene: Websites Kultur der Partizipation - Beiträge http://www.buergerengagement.de/ zu neuen Formen der Bürgerbeteiligung bei der räum- http://www.iska-nuernberg.de/lan- lichen Planung, DV-Gesellschaft desnetzwerk/index.htm des Deutschen Verbandes für Wohnungswesen und http://www.bundestag.de/gre- Raumordnung mbH (Ed.) mien15/a12_buerger/ http://www.wegweiser-buergerge- sellschaft.de/ http://www.buergergesellschaft.net/ http://www.aktive-buergergesell- schaft.de/

Literature: Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau- und Wohnungswesen (Ed.) (1999): Planen, Bauen, Erneuern - Informationen zum Städtebaurecht

Deutsches Seminar für Städtebau und Wirtschaft (Ed.) (1998): Partizipative Stadtentwicklung - Bürgergutachten in der Stadtplanung. Erfahrungen aus drei Kommunen Thüringens. DSSW-Dokumentation - DSSW- Schriften No. 30

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8.1 What Standards Must an Environmental Management System Meet?

Environmental management can- each function and level within legal planning sovereignty in this not function without structured the organisation field. processes, i.e. a system. Most firms ■ an environmental programme or organisations have already with responsibilities, tasks, and "Plan": instituted elements of an environ- competencies, as well as infor- Applied to communal urban land mental management system (EMS), mation on the means and the use planning, this means the plan- or have established procedures that time-frame for implementation ning of the plan. Which environ- enable them to meet legal require- is approved and regularly revi- mental goals must definitely be ments or the standards set in per- sed integrated into the plan as deter- mits. ■ an environmental team is esta- mined by the significant environ- blished so that all key organi- mental aspects (e.g. excessive In municipal administration, it is sational positions are integra- urban expansion, sealing-over of rare to find an all-encompassing ted into the environmental soil, a.o.)? Which environmentally regulatory system for competencies management process relevant organisational units are to and responsibilities that covers all ■ an environmental management be included in the management aspects of communal environmen- representative is designated as procedure beyond what is prede- tal protection policy. The hierar- the person ultimately responsi- termined by the procedural steps chical structure of an environmen- ble for the EMS. He or she (e.g. citizen, associations, municipal tal management system is meant must be able to influence other environmental representative, a.o.)? to be applied to the existing struc- departments in matters concer- tures in municipal administration ning environmental protection "Execute" and all supporting offices and and eco-audits How can it be ensured that the departments. ■ clear regulations exist for pro- environmental goals identified as cedure and documentation in fundamental to those planning At the present time, there are two contact between all offices and procedures affected by the ways of obtaining certification or departments, procedures, and management system are taken into validation for an environmental activities with relevance to the consideration during every phase management system: in accordance environment of the procedure? How is this with the European Union Eco- ■ training courses are conducted regard for the environmental Audit procedure or the DIN EN ISO for all employees whose activi- issues to be documented as a part 14001. Both of these are orientated ties have a significant impact of the planning process? to the management cycle "Plan - on the environment Execute - Assess - Adjust". ■ internal communication bet- "Assess" ween various organisational Which assessment procedures (e.g. What Standards Does EMAS II levels, as well as between introduction of development stan- Require of an EMS? employees who field questions dards, establishment of reference and pass along information figures, a.o.) are to be selected? The organisation (instances coming from outside the orga- How are their results to be docu- responsible for the communal nisation, and communication mented and how are the conclu- urban land use planning process = with the public (environmental sions drawn from them to be inte- specialised offices, town council education) all function smoothly grated into any subsequent com- and mayor) must ensure that: parable planning procedures? ■ its always has up-to-date infor- The "plan - execute - assess - mation on the impact its activi- adjust" management cycle can be "Adjust" ties have on the environment applied to communal urban land How are the changes called for by ■ all legislation is observed, in use planning when concepts meant the environmental management particular environmental legis- to be applied to firms are interpre- system to be introduced into com- lation ted for application to communal munal urban land use planning? ■ environmentally relevant gene- urban land use planning, an in- Must preparation and evaluation ral and specific goals are strument the effectiveness of which phases be established so that drawn up and documented for is determined by municipality's improvements in environmental

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8.1 What Standards Must an Environmental Management System Meet?

impact can be defined and initial on responsible positions within checks for during the validation progress measured? this process. process according to EMAS II or The overall goals the environmen- It is of interest both to EMAS and ISO 14001. tal management system requires of course to the community that for every pertinent function and the environmental system can be level within the organisation are to adjusted to existing administrative be limited to the task of communal structures. What is important is TIP urban land use planning. Only that these structures create the those functions and areas of acti- necessary conditions for the reali- See www.ecolup.info for a vity are included which actively sation of "continually improving presentation by Dr. Tröbs, influence the process of communal environmental performance". This Intechnika, on this topic. urban land use planning or take is what the environmental verifier

8.2 Supervision of Environmental Management and Environmental Management Representative

According to the EMAS directive, who drives on and moderates the data from specialised depart- the "uppermost executive instance" management process. Aside from ments, check that statistics are of an organisation is responsible his or her personal qualities, this updated, comparison with the for the environmental manage- position should be held by someone goals set down in the environ- ment system (EMS). In a munici- whose position is endowed with mental programme, publication pality, the town council and the enough competencies to get the ■ regular information on EMS mayor are the final decision- job done. So that bureaucracy and progress for employees making instances in planning pro- complicated official procedures do ■ introduction to system for new cesses, therefore also in communal not block the changes being employees urban land use planning. attempted, the environmental ■ keep job descriptions for activi- Accordingly, the town council and management representative should ties relevant to the environ- the mayor supervise environmental be in a position to exert influence ment up to date management and are responsible on other administrations and ■ keep information on the EMS for: departments in matters concerning communicated to the outside environmental protection and the world up to date (reports, web- ■ making sure that the financial EMS. site, environmental statement) and personnel resources needed ■ conduct a yearly internal audit for a functioning EMS are pre- Description of the Environmental in accordance with the organi- sent Management Representative's sation environmental assess- ■ the designation of an environ- Responsibilities (EMR) ment programme mental management represen- ■ report regularly on the progress tative who co-ordinates and The EMR is responsible for coor- of the EMS, the current state of checks the EMS and reports to dinating and conducting internal the environmental programme, the EMS supervisory bodies reviews of the environmental ma- which goals have been achie- regularly nagement system. The following ved, etc. to decision-making ■ approving the environmental represents a detailed description of instances (town council and policy, programme and the his or her responsibilities: mayor) environmental statement ■ keep environmental manual up ■ co-ordination of the environ- to date Although all those involved must mental team: preparation, cal- ■ prepare for EMAS validation or contribute to the implementation ling and moderation of mee- re-validation conducted by of an EMS, the environmental tings, distribution of protocols environmental verifier management representative holds ■ co-ordination of reference data a decisive function as the person used within the EMS: request

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8.2 Supervision of Environmental Management and Environmental Management Representative

Environmental Team Agenda 21 working groups. In other means that all interest group as Consulting Committee most cases, it is enough to include representatives are regularly infor- within the EMS the usual public interest groups as med about the EMS' progress and well as representatives of private are able to evaluate this progress. On the basis of our experience interests. In other words, they must be with ECOLUP, we strongly recom- directly involved in the mange- mend that the environmental team Establishing an environmental ment process. be established as a permanent team is a good way to include spe- consulting committee as a part of cialised offices and departments in Environmental Team's the environmental management the EMS and to get all bodies of Responsibilities: system. It is ideal if the environ- experts together around a single ■ groundwork for the environ- mental team is made up of repre- table. An environmental team the mental assessment (provide sentatives of the communal and members of which represent a information, base data and regional authorities responsible for wide scope of interests and autho- reference figures) with environmental affairs, as well rities meets another fundamental ■ draw up and revise environ- as of representatives of private EMAS requirement: that represen- mental programme (draft) interests such as private environ- tatives of different interest groups ■ support the EMR during the mental protection organisations, be involved. If a community deci- yearly assessment of the the agricultural association, cham- des not to establish an environ- environmental programme bers of industry and labour, and mental team, it must ensure by (internal audit)

8.3 Environmental Management Structure: Who - What - How

As already explained in Chapter 6 wing up a development plan ■ position responsible for com- "Environmental Assessment", the ■ scheme of procedure for dra- munication outside the organi- ECOLUP model project refrained wing up a plan for a project sation from starting the third part of that falls under efforts to meet EMAS does not stipulate how the environmental assessment, the the requirements of the envi- EMS structure is to be documen- system audit, until after the four ronmental acceptability assess- ted, i.e. municipalities can present partner communities had conduc- ment the structure in the form of gra- ted intensive studies of their signi- As a part of ECOLUP, the EMS phics or a table or it can be descri- ficant environmental aspects and structure was discussed with the bed in a text. the first draft of the environmental environmental team and all neces- programme had been completed. sary management or EMAS ele- This manner of proceeding is ments were hooked into the exi- advantageous because by the time sting organisational structure. The the system audit is conducted, all following EMAS elements are indi- the specialised offices and depart- spensable: ments that need to participate in ■ town Council and mayor as the EMS for communal urban land "uppermost executive instance" INFO use planning have already been ■ environmental management identified. system representative EMAS-V O Annex I A: When conducting the analysis of ■ environmental team (not requi- Requirements for an environmen- existing administrative structures, red by EMAS, but highly tal management system (same as the following tables are useful: recommended) Section 4 of ISO 14.001:1996) ■ organisational structure of the ■ position responsible for obser- EMAS-V O Annex I B: Questions administration vation of environmental legis- that must be answered by organi- ■ scheme of procedure for dra- lation sations participating in EMAS wing up a zoning plan ■ position responsible for organi- ■ scheme of procedure for dra- sing training courses for staff

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8.3 Environmental Management Structure: Who - What - How

Scheme of Procedure for Drawing Up a Zoning Plan. Municipality of Überlingen

Procedural Step Participants Responsible Additional ‘ EMAS/ECOLUP Elements Decision to draw up a Town council Town council takes into con- zoning plan sideration environmental poli- cy and programme goals Participation of regional Region, regional admini- planning instances strative authorities Draw up pre-draft for City planning department Thomas Nöken, Director Pre-draft approved with zoning plan environmental policy and environmental programme Public participation in The public Goals and measures for early planning stages improvement of public participation integrated

Participation of public Public interest groups PIGs kept informed re: interest groups environmental policy and programme and evaluate pre-draft on this basis Approval of draft by City planning department Thomas Nöken, Director Neighbouring communities neighbouring communities are informed about environ- mental policy and programme Further work on zoning City planning department Thomas Nöken, Director Check: is the plan in line plan draft (weighing of with the environmental interests) policy and programme goals? Collection of pre- determined reference data

Public presentation of ZP The public Goals and measures for improvement of public participation integrated

Handling of suggestions City planning department Thomas Nöken, Director

Public interest groups Public interest groups informed

Decision on ZP Town council Check: is the plan in line with the environmental policy and programme goals? Approval of ZP Higher administrative authorities Announcement, ZP goes Municipal administration Information in environ- into effect mental statement

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8.3 Environmental Management Structure: Who - What - How

Schema of Procedure for a Development Plan. Municipality of Constance

Procedural Step Participants Responsible Additional EMAS/ ECO- LUP Elements Preparatory phase Administration, city plan- DCPE (Department of City Results of public participa- ning department Planning and the tion taken into considera- Environment) tion (Local Agenda, Future Workshop, etc.) Decision to draw up a D- Town council Draft from DCPE Draft in accordance with plan environmental policy and programme Draw up pre-draft of D- City planning department DCPE, planning experts Pre-draft aligned to envi- plan ronmental policy and envi- ronmental programme Public participation in The public and associa- (DCPE provides content), Goals and measures for early planning stages tions DCPE administration takes improvement of public on organisational tasks participation integrated

Public interest group Public interest groups (DCPE), DCPE administra- PIGs are informed about participation tion makes announcement environmental policy and programme and evaluate draft on this basis Approval of draft by nei- City planning department (DCPE checks contents), Neighbouring communities ghbouring communities DCPE administration takes are informed about environ- on organisational tasks mental policy and programme Further work on D-plan City planning department DCPE, planning experts Check: is the plan in line draft (weighing of inter- with the environmental ests) policy and programme goals? Collection of pre- determined reference data Public presentation The public and (DCPE), DCPE administra- Goals and measures for of D-plan associations tion, planning experts pro- improvement of public vide information participation integrated

Handling of suggestions City planning department (DCPE checks contents), planning experts Public interest groups Public interest groups DCPE, informed (DCPE administration) D-plan approved and Town council Draft from DCPE and/or Check: is the plan in line entered into municipal planning experts with the environmental statutes policy and programme goals? Approval of D-plan Higher administrative authorities Announcement, D-plan Municipal administration DCPE, DCPE brought into effect administration

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8.3 Environmental Management Structure: Who - What - How

EXAMPLE: Large Districition Überlingen - Oranisation of Environmental Management

The EMS structure used in Überlingen was drawn up in a UmweltmanagementleitungSupervisory Board for Environmental (UML) Management (SBEM) communal workshop with the environmental team. A certified Mayor and town council environmental verifier provided Tasks as part of EMS: specialised knowledge and advice ■ Overall responsibility for envrionmental management from the perspective of those ■ Decision for approval of environmental policy, programme responsible for validation. and statement (Cf. Presentation Dr. Tröbs, ■ Designates EMR Intechnica Umweltberatung, at ■ Regular evaluation of EMS www.ecolup.info ■ Makes adjustments to EMS, if needed > kommunale Workshops

BuildingBuilding Comi Commitee StadtplanungsamtCity Planning Department

Controls procedure: Tasks as part of EMS: Takes standards in environmen- ■ Implementation of environmental programme tal policy and programme into ■ Provides reference data for environmental goals consideration during: ■ Environmentally relevant documentation ■ Weighing of interests ■ Public involvement ■ Consultation ■ Integration of PIGs ■ Recommendation made to ■ Communication with outside world (announcements) town council ■ Integration of interest groups (PIGs, neighbours, NGOs) ■ Preparation of decisions ■ Provides relevant information to environmental team and EMR ■ Informs planning experts about environmental programme FachplanerPlanning Experts

Tasks as part of EMS: PersonalamtHuman Resources Department ■ Determine present conditions using base data ■ Task as part of EMS: Staff training courses ■ Calculate balances

The Public BaurechtsamtBuilding Regulatory Office Tasks as part of EMS: ■ Involvement in informal ■Task as part of EMS: Observation of legislation planning process ■ Written suggestions and concerns as a part of public participation in the early-stage planning TrägerPublic Interestöffentlicher Groups Belange (TÖBs) ■ Included via Agenda working group "Settlement Tasks as part of EMS: development and transportation. ■ Member of environmental team Agenda working group has ■ Ensures legal security by checking needs in repective area of expertise representative on the environmental managemment

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8.3 Environmental Management Structure: Who - What - How

EXAMPLE: Large Districition Überlingen - Oranisation of Environmental Management

UmweltmanagementbeauftragterEnvironmental Management Representative (UMB) (EMR)

Tasks as part of EMS: ■ Co-ordinates environmental team: prepares, ■ Keeps information on the EMS communicated to calls, and moderates meetings, distributes protocols the outside world up-to-date (reports, website, ■ Co-ordinates reference figures used in context of environmental statement) EMS: requests data from specialised departments, ■ Conducts a yearly internal audit in accordance checks that statistics are updated, comparison with the organisation environmental assessment with the goals set down in the environmental programme programme ■ Reports regularly on the progress of the EMS, ■ Regular information on EMS progress for the current state of the environmental programme, employees, introduction to system for new which goals have been achieved, etc. to decision- employees making instances (town council and mayor, ■ Keeps job descriptions for activities relevant to SBEM) the environment up-to-date ■ Keeps environmental manual up-to-date ■ Prepares for EMAS validation or re-validation conducted by environmental verifier

UmweltteamEnvironmental Team

Specialised Departments and Tasks as part of EMS: Offices ■ City Planning Department ■ Drafts and revises ■ Department for Green Areas, environmental programme Forestry and the Environment (draft for town council) ■ Department of Civil ■ Groundwork for Engineering environmental assessment ■ Building Administration ■ Supports EMR during Offices assessment of environmental ■ Building Regulatory Office programme (internal audit) ■ Property Registration Office ■ Draws up environmental Private Interest Groups statement ■ Commerce and Chamber of ■ Groundwork for Commerce environmental statement ■ NABU ■ Agenda 21 working group

HöhereHigher AdministrativeVerwaltungsbehörde Authorities

Tasks as part of EMS: ■ Member of environmental team ■ Ensures legal security through evaluation and approval

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8.4 Communication and Documentation

EMAS requires that a procedure only function well if all partici- made in order to ensure that be introduced that guarantees pants active in the system’s developments, decisions, and good internal communication various fields receive the infor- agreements can be reconstructed between the departments invol- mation they require to meet its and that it can be demonstrated ved in the environmental standards. to outside observers that they management system. An environ- It is just as important to docu- occurred (e.g. training courses mental management system can ment steps taken and decisions for staff).

Example: Communication and Documentation Structure City of Überlingen

Supervisors for Environmental Developement Comittee Meeting protocols Management (SEM): Mayor and town council

Meeting protocols Environmend statement Agendas for meetings Agendas for meetings Meeting protocols

Contract Planning Experts (contains additional service City Planning Office for environmental) Staff meetings Vote Project meetings with (mostly show hands) participating departments

Environmend statement Plan and explanatory report

Written Plan and Responding to inquires assessment explanatory report Preliminary appt. in cases of conditional approval Publication in community newspaper/office newsletter

Written recommendations Citizens and concerns Public Interest Groups

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8.4 Communication and Documentation

In addition to communication interested parties to presenting What is decisive is how you deal within the community, providing results and planning successes to with those external questions. information to the world outside the general public. Fielding ques- of it is very important for EMAS. tions from the public is already Questions relevant to EMAS: This can range from answering part of a planning office’s daily ■ What happens when the relevant communications from business. municipal administration receives an inquiry having to do with environment from someone outside the organisation? EXAMPLE: ■ How is this inquiry passed along within the organisation? ■ Written results of the Environmental Management (re-) validation ■ What general paths does the Representive (EMR) ■ Written report on inter- flow of information take? nal audit ■ Draft for environmental ■ How is information related to programme the public? ■ ■ Draft and revision Protocoll from meetings ■ of environmental Written meeting ■ programme invitation for envi- Which data are provided to ■ Data for environ- ronment at team outside sources? Written task ■ mental programme Meeting protocoll description ■ Report for internal (which?) In communal urban land use plan- audit on progress on ning administration, plans are measure imolemen- drawn up according to a set proce- tation dure. Administrative procedure Written and oral inquiries from experts in the field being what it is, this process, like (departement head Environmental Team all others, must be documented to meeting w. protocoll) the fullest possible extent. Specialised departments The participation of specialised Human resources administrative departments and Approves training courses Building regulatory office co-operation between them is a provides course schedule (offerings) permanent attribute of this proce- dure. In this way, it is assured that Demand for staff both documentation and commu- further education nication conform to EMAS stan- Human resources dards and that the questions listed above are answered. Approved legally-binding draft of plan As part of ECOLUP, procedures in urban land use planning in the Building regulatory office participating communities were represented as graphics and the elements relevant to EMAS added written assessments, or made more evident. written approval Because procedure was so strictly regulated, a framework existed Plan and abstract/ within which it was comparably explanatory report Uppermost administrative authorities simple to add the EMAS elements communication and documenta- tion. It was mainly a matter of identifying the contents present in given structures and of ordering them.

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8.5 Positions and Specialised Departments and Offices Relevant to the Environment

As a part of the system audit, EM- bilities for all employees in envi- ments are generally relevant to the envi- AS requires the thorough regula- ronmentally relevant positions. ronment within the context of commu- tion of competencies and responsi- The following offices and depart- nal urban land use planning:

Offices / Specialised Areas of Work Relevant to the Environment Name of Employee department Mayor + Decisions town council

Building Committee Advises town council

City Planning ■ Draws up overall goals and policy concepts for city development Department ■ Draws up urban development goals ■ General plan for urban development, informal planning ■ Urban development draft ■ Concepts for construction and open spaces ■ City design ■ Draws up of fundamental principles of city development and urban renewal ■ Preparatory urban land use plan (ZP) ■ General urban development planning ■ Preparation for Town Council decision ■ Vote with all participants ■ Codification of binding standards for development planning in zoning plan ■ Adaptation to other cross-border planning concepts outside the city ■ Binding communal urban land use planning, draws up development plans ■ Informs public of contents of D-plans ■ Conducts public forums

Department of Public Grounds ■ Maintains and supports health, biological diversity, and sustainable successful adaptation of natural environment ■ Preventative measures for the protection of humankind, animals, plants, air, water, soil, as well as cultural and other material goods against corrosive toxic substances, air and noise pollution, tremors, light, heat, radiation, and further harmful impact on the environment ■ Concepts and measures to ensure sustainable use of the natural environment ■ Waste disposal and prevention of threats for the protection of human- kind, animals, plants, air, water, soil, as well as cultural and other material goods from harmful impact on the environment ■ Co-operation to develop a sustainable urban environment ■ Development of concepts for the protection of nature and the landscape ■ Protection, securing, maintenance, formation and development of nature and the landscape ■ Measures towards the protection of nature and biodiversity

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8.5 Positions and Specialised Departments and Offices Relevant to the Environment

Offices / Specialised Areas of Work Relevant to the Environment Name of Employee department Department of ■ Creation of a network of biotope-systems Public Grounds ■ Maintenance of appearance of landscape ■ Designation and maintenance of nature and landscape conservancy areas and areas of particular significance (natural monuments) ■ Development of concepts for water protection ■ Measures to protect water ■ Communal protection of bodies of water ■ Restoration of bodies of water to natural state ■ Development of concepts to maintain and support the environmental function of forest areas ■ Measures to maintain and support the environmental function of forest areas ■ Managed forestry ■ Draws up landscape development plans and green area plans ■ Designation and maintenance of green strips along roadways ■ Green area planning and development of open area (park and open areas, sport and playgrounds, cemeteries) ■ Designation and maintenance of green areas and parking facilities ■ Designation and maintenance of recreation areas and play areas ■ Designation and maintenance of small garden areas ■ Care and maintenance of green areas, sport and playgrounds, street plantings, ditches and bodies of water, natural monuments ■ Eco-audit·Formal and informal events in the field of environmental protection ■ Planning for compensatory measures ■ Environmental acceptability assessments

Department of ■ Development of concepts for prevention of noise pollution Municipal ■ Measures against noise pollution Engineering ■ Development of concepts for protection of soil ■ Measure to protect soil ■ Mapping, investigation, and redevelopment of contaminated sites ■ Maintenance of property register incl. parcel descriptions accessible to the public ■ Development of concepts for the protection of ground water ■ Measures for protection of groundwater ■ Development of concepts to prevent air pollution, for energy planning and to protect the climate ■ Measures to limit emissions ■ Measures to protect the climate ■ Concepts for traffic planning ■ Concepts for traffic-flow and -regulation planning ■ Transportation development plan ■ Measures for traffic regulation ■ Designation and maintenance of roadways, paths and public squares ■ Designation and maintenance of roadway conditions

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8.5 Positions and Specialised Departments and Offices Relevant to the Environment

Offices / Specialised Areas of Work Relevant to the Environment Name of Employee department ■ Designation and maintenance of public transportation and requisite infrastructure ■ Designation and maintenance of public bodies of water and hydraulic engineering plants ■ Drainage of waste water ■ Maintenance of city waste water disposal service ■ New construction, maintenance, and repair of roadways, paths, public squares and waterways ■ New construction, maintenance, and repair of pedestrian and bicycle paths ■ New construction, maintenance, and repair of street lighting, traffic light systems ■ Input for urban development ■ Input for building permit procedure

Building Admini- ■ Administration of funding programmes stration Department

Building Regulatory ■ Assessments on planning concepts and projects of third parties Department ■ Handle building permit application and approval process ■ Consulting services for building contractors ■ Division of property parcels ■ Supervision of building projects ■ Inspection of building projects Property Registration ■ Basic information concerning properties Office and Building ■ Administration Conduct procedures for change in property ownership

Department of ■ Designation and running of public transportation services Public Works and requisite infrastructure Roads Department Administrative district

Department of Administrative district Agriculture, Landscape and Soil

District Forestry Office Administrative district Environmental See Chapter 8.2 representative

Environmental team See Chapter 8.2

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8.6 Position-Related and Procedural Regulations

As explained in Chapter 8.2, the with the process of urban land fields of competency for this co- implementation of an environ- use planning. The planning operative process, the mayor as mental management system is departments must be kept up to head of the administrative orga- not the responsibility of the envi- date as well and included in the nisation and/or the department ronmental management represen- implementation of the environ- head must set position-related tative alone, but rather that of all mental programme. and procedural regulations or staff and departments concerned In order to establish binding contractual stipulations.

EXAMPLE EXAMPLE

Example for a Procedural Regulation Example Überlingen: Procedural Regulation for the Public Grounds Department, Contractual Stipulation Municipal Engineering Office, Building Administration Department, Building Regulatory Department, Property Registration Office, City of Überlingen – Department of Public Works … Environmental Management for Communal Urban Land Use In 2004, an environmental management system in accordance with Planning the EU eco-audit regulation (EMAS II) was introduced in the muni- Stipulation in Contracts for cipality of xy for application in the field of communal urban land Administrative Posts as of March use planning. 2004 § 2 Basis of Contract Mr./Ms xy is as environmental management representative respon- sible for the co-ordination of the environmental management The signing party must comply system. You will find complete information on the environmental with the following plan excerpts programme and EMS structure in the environmental management or other standards as a part of manual in Mr./Ms xy’s office and in the Intranet/Internet under … his/her duties:

Environmental management can only be successful if all employ- The environmental policy and ees and departments co-operate and do their part to implement the environmental programme of the measures agreed upon and to achieve our environmental goals. City of Überlingen, passed by the Town Council on ...... All specialised departments and offices are instructed to: (see attachments) § 8 Additional Agreements ■ update staff regularly (at least twice annually) on current progress on the environmental management system and the environmental As a part of his/her duties, the programme signing party must collect and ■ encourage staff to contribute their ideas for achieving our environ- update the reference data stipu- mental goals lated in the environmental pro- ■ collect and analyse the reference data stipulated in the environ- gramme for urban land use mental programme and pass this information on to the environ- planning for the City of Überlin- mental management representative gen. For this contract, these are ■ participate in environmental team meetings specifically: ■ implement the environmental measures agreed upon in good time ...... to the extent that they fall into the department’s area of responsi- bility and make regular reports to the environmental management Überlingen, ...... representative Thomas Nöken, Director, ■ support the environmental management representative to conduct City Planning Department an internal audit if needed Volkmar Weber, Date Mayor XY Mayor of Überlingen

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8.7 Training Courses for Employees

The expertise of every employee is concerning new legislation, proce- Internet and at conferences and of great importance for an envi- dures, ideas, and examples from trade fairs in the field. Often you ronmental management system. communal urban land use plan- will discover that in your own The continual improvement that ning, as well as informing staff on region there are specialised offices EMAS requires also applies to the latest scheduling and personnel that offers further education courses administrative employees’ know- issues within the individual admi- in the field of communal urban ledge. Employees‘ level of compe- nistrations. Because such an land use planning or on new pro- tency should be continually Intranet provides so many impor- grammes such as the Strategic improved in particular through tant services, it is worth establis- Environmental Assessment. Other training courses as a complement hing even in small communities. opportunities are offered at the to their job-related education and Through this medium, it is ensured state level. job experience. For this reason, that all participants receive the Example: Landsiedlung Baden- “education, level of awareness and latest information on city planning Württemberg GmbH offers interdi- competency“ are important fields and its progress. sciplinary courses on urban and for the implementation and suc- municipal planning, or the Office cess of environmental manage- The field of land use planning and for Future Development (“Büro für ment. urban development already offers Zukunftsfragen“), a part of the a wide range of training courses in Vorarlberg provincial government. Along with training courses for Germany and Austria. You can Internet example: job-related topics, employees find information on them in the www.umweltbildung.de should regularly receive informa- tion about environmental manage- INFO ment and its progress in the orga- nisation. The Municipality’s Responsibilities as an Organisation:

The head of an office or depart- ■ Acknowledge the importance of continual information and ment should co-ordinate the further education on environmental issues important work of establishing ■ Take stock of need for training courses, always taking upper what educational needs are present management into consideration, as well among the staff. In this way, course ■ Training courses for all employees whose activities have an impact topics requested by employees can on the environment be integrated into the training plan and the co-ordinating instance can keep track of the wide range of Raise level of awareness at all levels: course offerings. The staff’s feed- back on the training courses can ■ Significance of conforming to environmental policy and be used to pass on information environmental management system about high-quality courses to other employees and to communicate ■ Significance of the real and potential impact of their activities the contents of courses to a wider on the environment public. From beginning to end, successful ■ Significance of their duties and responsibilities for successfully environmental management re- implementing the environmental policy, the procedure and quires the participation of staff stipulations of the environmental management system from all levels. Continuity can be ensured from the outset by esta- ■ The significance of the consequences of deviating from given pro- blishing a continually maintained cedures Intranet that connects the admini- strations of a number of municipa- ■ Documentation of training courses lities. This medium can provide up-to-date links and information

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9. The Environmental Statement

Keeping the public informed is a ■ Management structure with very important issue for EMAS. designation of EM-representa- The most important issue for tive, environmental team and doing so is the environmental person responsible for statement containing all-impor- communication with the tant information about the EMS outside world and the environmental policy, as (see Chapters 8.2 through 8.4) well as the complete environmental programme. The environmental statement is intended to inform and encoura- The environmental statement, ge local residents and all other including new findings and vali- interest groups to take interest in dated by the environmental veri- the topic of communal urban fier, must be updated after each land use planning and to become internal audit. If the environmental involved in local government. verifier makes a yearly visit to Incomprehensible official langua- the municipality (because he or ge and deadly expanses of stati- she is conducting the yearly ISO stics do nothing to contribute to certification or a yearly EMAD achieving this goal. What is nee- validation is necessary), he or she ded is an understandable and will assess it. Otherwise, he or she informative overview of environ- can assess the updates environ- mental management and the pro- mental statements and the gress being made. reference documents (reports on internal audit, current environ- mental programme, etc.) from his or her own office desk.

Annex III of the EMAS directive sets criteria for what information must be contained in the envi- ronmental statement: ■ Introduction written by the “highest executive authorities“, i.e. the mayor ■ Short description of the orga- nisation and its activities (see Chapter 4.2) and assessment of the relevance to the envi- ronment of these activities (see Chapter 6.3) ■ Description of the current condition of the environment using qualitative statements and the basic reference figures (see Chapters 6.1, 6.4, 13) ■ Environmental policy (see Chapter 7.2) ■ Environmental programme with goals and measures (see Chapters 7.3. through 7.8)

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9. The Environmental Statement

The Environmental Statement – Constance Foundation and experts At the beginning of the seventies, Municipality of Wolfurt from the Ecological Institute and when the zoning plan was passed, Nürtingen University, an environ- the area underwent a population ECOLUP: Environmental mental team consisting of specialised explosion, which led to a dispro- Management for the Communal offices and representatives of the portional designation of construction Land Use Planning in the Town Council drew up an environ- sites. Studies conducted as a part Municipality of Wolfurt mental programme touching on all of the communal land use develop- environmental aspects of relevance ment concept have calculated that Environmental management for to the field over the course of construction sites for approx. commercial businesses, service eight workshops. “Environmental 30,000 inhabitants exist. Within providers, or particular community programme“ is a term taken from this context, the planned develop- locations such as town administra- the EU Eco-Audit Regulations that ment of settlement surface area tion buildings, the city greenhouses designates the concrete environ- using the instruments available to or swimming areas – of course! mental goals and measures that land use planning is hardly possi- But for communal planning specific instances are responsible ble. One of the few management processes? Is that at all possible, for realising within set time frames. possibilities is the application of and if so, is it worth it? specific requirements for construction. The following environmental state- For example, in this way retrospec- When the Lake Constance ment is the result of Wolfurt’s par- tive concentration within existing Foundation asked our community ticipation in the ECOLUP LIFE pro- settlement areas can be made more in July 2001 if we would like to ject and will inform you about our attractive than new construction, participate in the ECOLUP LIFE concrete contribution to solving thus reducing the amount of new project, we had a great deal of the primary environmental pro- land used. All that can be done open questions. To that point, no blem in the thickly settled centre within the context of urban deve- community had rigorously applied of Europe: the ever-increasing rate lopment planning has been to the ambitious official European of land use and the excessive sett- maintain existing settlement borders, environmental system EMAS to its lement of the landscape. develop the “Hohe Brücke“ busi- urban land use planning processes. Erwin Mohr ness district, control the number of Mayor of Wolfurt individual construction projects by Nevertheless, we did not hesitate regulating the number of projects to join the other partner communi- Our Community that can be conducted at once time ties Constance, Überlingen, and and in particular through Dornbirn in participating in this Wolfurt lies on a western slope of non-invasive changes in current pilot project supported by the the Vorarlberg Rhine valley between projects so as to ensure that urban European Commission. Under the the provincial capital Bregenz and development planning goals are co-ordination of the Lake the largest city in the Vorarlberg met. Most recently, the pressure put Constance Foundation and suppor- province, Dornbirn. Due to its cen- on those remaining open spaces by ted by the Ecological Institute in tral location in the “Dreiländereck“ recreational use has created a Bregenz and Nürtingen University, (“place where three countries particular need for intelligent we developed an environmental meet“), Wolfurt has in the course of solutions. management system with which recent decades developed from a we aimed to continually improve rural agricultural village to a European Environmental the environmental performance of prospering site for commercial Management System EMAS our municipality’s urban land use firms. Despite the increased influx planning. of population in connection with EMAS for communal urban land this change and the general demo- use planning conforms to all prere- In the last two years, we have graphic development, the area has quisites for registration in accor- been intensely occupied with the been able to retain a great number dance with Chapter 2 of the effects our urban land use plan- of its families, which in particular Organisation Guidance as established ning has on the environment. has had a positive effect on private by the Commission (2001/861/EG). Under the supervision of the Lake care provided for the elderly. This text stipulates that an organi-

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9. The Environmental Statement – Municipality of Wolfurt

planning is the object of the vali- European Environmental Environmental Criteria dation process. Executive instances Management System EMAS within the local government are the specialised offices (building Environmental Programm Environmental Assessment control office or city planning office), the community council and the mayor. Organisation Personnel What undergoes validation? Conducting the Environmental Goals Environmental Procedure Docu- The planning process and (to the Programm Check mentation extent possible) its execution is validated. Urban land use planning is made up of zoning regulations Company Environmental Assessment and a development plan. Further programmes and plans, such as the town development plan, the frame- Environmental Statement work for urban development or specialised plans can be included in the programme. sation may also register smaller fundamental indirect environmen- The city planning office is respon- units than an organisational loca- tal aspects such as excessive urban sible for the expert supervision and tion under exceptional circumstan- expansion, sealing-over of soil, the the implementation of communal ces, given: use of green areas, energy, trans- urban land use planning. Among ■ the subfield of the organisational portation, landscape development its responsibilities are: location produces clearly defi- and free-flowing waters (see ■ Establishing urban develop- ned products, performs services Chapter 6.1.) ECOLUP is focused on ment goals and policy or undertakes activities of its continual improvement within concepts own and the environmental these environmental areas. ■ Framework for urban plan- aspects and effects of the sub- ning, drafting urban develop- field can be clearly identified Nonetheless, the town planning ment plan, informal planning and differentiated from those of office or urban development offi- ■ Preparatory communal urban other, non-registered parts of ce is also to be regarded as an land use planning the organisation location organisational location, i.e. we (zoning plan) ■ the subfield possesses its own must make careful use of the ■ Binding urban land use executive management and resources that its employees planning, establishing land administration by means of directly consume to go about use plans which to organise and check its their daily tasks such as energy, ■ Concepts for construction and EMS and the subfield’s effects water, paper, etc. Environmental open sites, as well as city on the environment and if pollution caused by business trips design for as a whole necessary to under take corrective is another environmental aspect ■ Co-ordination of local plan- measures related to location that we take ning with planning concepts ■ the subfield has been allocated into consideration. from outside the city which clearly defined responsibilities effect areas extending beyond so that it can achieve the EMAS for Communal Urban municipal boundaries appropriate standards for Land Use Planning Further elements are the co-ordi- approval and thereafter main- nation with instances responsible tain the valid environmental Who undergoes validation? for issues of public concern, the standards conduction of public forums, and The local government as the providing citizens with informa- Communal urban land use institution directly responsible for tion on the contents of urban planning is a perfect example of the process of urban land use land use planning. As a part of www.ecolup.info Monitoring 91 9 Monitoring

9. The Environmental Statement

this procedure, the final planning mity to legal standards, i.e. its environmental management and draft is turned over to the ability to observe legal guidelines, reports regularly to the mayor responsible offices, the city coun- is reviewed. and town council on the current cil and the higher administrative In the municipality of Wolfurt, all environmental situation, the authorities for approval. employees occupied with urban implementation of the environ- land use planning have access to mental programme, and the Our Environmental Management a federal (RIS) and a provincial results of the measures already System Meets the Standards of legal data bank for Vorarlberg undertaken. Mr. Dittrich is also the European EMAS and (VORIS). There, they can use the responsible for providing infor- Contains Following Elements: continually updated legal texts mation to the public. If you have relevant to their work. In addi- questions or suggestions concer- Environmental Policy: tion, a loose-leaf collection of ning our environmental manage- This is the centrepiece of EMAS. current provincial law, various ment system, please feel free to It defines the organisation’s ove- legal commentaries, and a collec- contact him: rall goals for environmental pro- tion of municipal protocols are Tel: 0 55 74/68 40-22 tection to which all its program- available in the office of the Fax: 0 55 74/68 40-20 mes and activities must be attu- Amtsleiter. Furthermore, protocols e-mail: [email protected] ned. Link to Wolfurt and decisions can be access by Link to organisational structure every employee through the Environmental Assessment / “Consolidate“ workflow system. Environmental Programme: Performance Audit: As a part of the evaluation they draw up, representatives of public Our environmental programme As a first stocktaking and as part interest groups also investigate contains concrete goals for muni- of the SWOT analysis, the effects whether the legal standards in cipal urban land use planning; in our communal urban land use their respective area of expertise order to review these, we have planning was having on the envi- are being observed. Among the also formulated reference figures. ronment were recorded and evalu- groups regularly asked to assess In doing so, we concentrated on ated. Through this process, the the management system are the the following significant environ- following environmental aspects spatial planning office and the mental aspects: excessive urban were identified as significant: district agricultural authorities expansion, sealing-off of soil, use excessive urban expansion, seated in the Vorarlberg provincial of green areas, transportation, sealing-over of soil, use of green government, as well as the energy/climate, landscape and areas, transportation, energy/climate, chambers of labour, commerce flowing water. The environmental landscape and flowing water. The and agriculture. programme defines our work aspect public involvement/partici- schedule for March, 2004 to pation was also added, as it plays Environmental Assessment / March, 2007 on the basis of con- an important role in this planning System Audit crete measures delegated to clearly process. Link to protocol of SWOT defined competencies, a schedule, workshop and SWOT profile An environmental management and the personnel and financial Wolfurt system requires systematic pro- resources necessary for imple- cesses, i.e. an overall systematic menting them. The reference data Environmental Assessment / in order to function. For this reas- we have chosen are intended to Compliance Audit: on, we have adapted or expanded permit us to follow the develop- our administrative structures to ment of each environmental EMAS requires evidence that the meet EMAS requirements. aspect and to measure the results community is aware of all rele- Our environmental management of the measures we undertake. vant environmental legislation, representative is Wolfgang Both the environmental policy has access to this body of law Dittrich from the Building Control and the environmental program- and always keeps its information Office (Bauamt). With support me will be approved1 by the town up to date. In the Compliance from the environmental team, he council on ...... , making it Audit, the municipality’s confor- is responsible for co-ordinating binding for the entirety of our urban land use planning.

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9. The Environmental Statement

Link to environmental programme What advantages does ECOLUP, plifies the introduction of the Wolfurt i.e. and environmental manage- Strategic Environmental ment system in accordance with Assessment for Plans and Assessment (Validation) of the EMAS, provide for our commu- Programmes, required as of Environmental Statement nity? July, 2004 in all European countries. Similarly, the An independent environmental ■ Systematic environmental implementation of European verifier assesses whether our protection via eco-audit: all regulations such as the communal administration has areas relevant to the environ- Fauna-Flora-Habitat observed the standards set down ment are reviewed. Only then Regulation or the EU Water in the Eco-Audit regulations and are goals set and measures Guidelines will also be easier, whether the data in the environ- planned. since the necessary informa- mental statement are correct. If ■ Eco-audit brings about tion is now available and this is the case, the communal systematisation of environ- prepared and participating administration can be entered mental data; as a result of the communities can demonstrate into the EU register of validated environmental assessment, that they have introduced localities and can use the EMAS data are collected that were monitoring procedures. logo in its public relations The previously spread in the ■ EMAS is compatible with land use planning in our commu- records of different other instruments and creates nity was validated on ...... by departments. the groundwork for synergy ...... , an environmental verifier ■ Eco-audit as a communicative effects, e.g. with the Local from ...... process supports trans-depart- Agenda 21 programme. mental co-operation. Agenda results take on greater Environmental Assessment / ■ Administrations that introduce significance if they have been Internal Audit: an eco-audit show that they integrated into an obligatory are taking their position as a environmental programme. Every management system con- role model for the rest of the tains procedures for self-supervi- community seriously. 1 Mayor Mohr intends to present the envi- sion and –correction. One of the ■ The clear designation of ronmental policy and programme to repre- responsibilities of our environ- responsibilities and competencies, sentatives of the community so as not mental management representative as well as the clear description only to discuss it with the community is to conduct a yearly internal of processes can contribute to council. This will occur spring of 2004. audit in order to establish whether the elimination of points of the environmental management conflict between departments: system is working and the envi- Environmental controlling ronmental policy is being imple- holds within it the prerequisites mented. Every three years, a for the successful implementation re-validation is conducted by an of measures for the protection external environmental verifier. of the environment. It is only by means of regular ■ Employees are motivation assessments and updates of goals because they have been acti- and measures that environmental vely involved in the system. management can achieve its ■ Greater transparency and purpose of continually improving more communication with the the environmental performance public make it easier to appro- of our urban land use planning. ach problems and conflicts in a constructive manner. ■ The environmental manage- ment system for communal urban land use planning in accordance with EMAS sim-

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10 Organisational Environmental Assessment: Internal Audit

Procedures to check and correct the environment are brought environmental goals activities are part of every mana- up to date on a regular basis; ■ checking whether the laws and gement system. EMAS, too, requi- ■ the updated versions of laws regulations of relevance to the res a concrete test of procedures in and regulations with relevance environment have been upda- order to ensure on a regular basis to the environment and their ted and are being followed that the measures undertaken as observation are checked on a ■ checking the EMS’s functions apart of the EMS and the environ- regular basis; (organisation, documentation, mental programme are truly being ■ regular procedure check is a internal communication as well implemented. The procedure test permanent point on the agenda as with the community as a consists of two elements: of the environmental team’s whole, regular procedure check) ■ a regular procedure check that meetings. ■ checking the training plan for can be conducted by a repre- All municipal authorities and spe- employees and that it is being sentative of the town planning cialised offices are to be made res- held to department and/or another of ponsible for continual checks or If the EM-representative is employ- the specialised offices and de- co-operation by means of instruc- ed outside of the town planning partments involved tions issued by the mayor as the department, he or she may conduct ■ the internal audit (organisatio- chief executive of the municipal the internal audit. Depending on nal environmental assessment), administration (see Chapter 8.5). the extent of the assessment, he or which is conducted by an out- All procedure checks are to be do- she can seek support in conducting side auditor (or team) who has cumented by a protocol (e.g. pro- it and in all cases should expect no connection to the field to be tocol of the environmental team preparatory work from the envi- verified. This can be the EM- meeting in which the topic was ronmental team. If the director of representative if he or she is discussed). the town planning department or not an employee of the town In addition to continual checks, one of his or her employees has planning department. Other- EMAS requires an internal audit been named EMS representative, wise, someone from another (organisational environmental as- then an independent auditor or an specialised office or depart- sessment), i.e. an independent auditing team from another specia- ment, from a neighbouring study of the new management lised office or department, a neigh- community or an external con- system with the purpose of com- bouring municipality or an exter- sultant must be commissioned. paring the then- and now-situa- nal consultant or verifier must be During the regular procedure test, tions. This internal audit must be designated. Of overall importance not all areas need be examined. In conducted for the first time before is that the auditor or auditing team the case of town planning depart- the system has been verified by have a solid grounding in the ments and other involved speciali- the executive instance in the local expert knowledge necessary to sed offices and departments, we government or by the EM-represe- conduct EMAS and communal recommend that: ntative in charge of it. Afterwards, urban land use planning. ■ development plans are checked the audit should be conducted at for their compatibility with the regular intervals, and at least every In order to make it easier to con- established environmental three years (EMAS, Annex II). duct the internal audit and to goals and programme when The internal audit emphasises: ensure the comparability of the they are being drawn up; ■ determining whether the direct results, a set procedure has been ■ the statistics used in the envi- and indirect environmental is- drawn up in the programme for the ronmental programme are col- sues and their evaluation are company environmental assess- lected on a yearly basis and up to date ment. All specialised offices and compared with the figures from ■ determining whether the envi- departments or the environmental the previous year as well as ronmental policy is up to date team must be informed an appro- with the environmental goals ■ comparing present and target priate amount of time in advance that have been set; realisation of the environmen- as to the exact steps to be taken ■ the description of all authori- tal programme and the timeframe so that they are ties and specialised offices and ■ comparison of current and tar- able to make the appropriate pre- departments having to do with get progress towards achieving parations and co-operate as requi-

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10 Organisational Environmental Assessment: Internal Audit

red. The results of the audit are to be evaluated and presented to the town council or the mayor in the form of an audit report, along with recommendations for improve- ments to procedure, if called for. Any corrective measures subse- quently agreed upon and their implementation must also be recor- ded in documentation.

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10 Organisational Environmental Assessment: Internal Audit

TIP: CHECKLIST /PROGRAMME FOR THE INTERNAL AUDIT

EMAS Element Objects of Audit Check /Possible Corrections

Environmental ■ Which data were collected? Must / can further reference figures or Assessment ■ Framework for SWOT-analysis information be collected? External Definition of ■ List of information analysed and reference figures System along with year sample taken

Performance-Audit ■ Results of SWOT-Analysis (report) Has the environmental situation ■ Protocol from SWOT workshop changed? ■ List of direct and indirect areas of impact on Must further direct or indirect areas of environment impact on the environment be taken ■ Evaluation of direct and indirect impact on into consideration? environment according to significance (description on analytical criteria)

Compliance Audit ■ List of environmentally relevant legal stipulations Have the laws and regulations relevant ■ Description: How is it ensured that legal to the environment been brought up to stipulations are kept up to date? Who is responsible date? Is their observation guaranteed? for the observation of which laws and regulations?

System-Audit ■ Protocols of the EMS workshops Must further specialised offices and ■ Organigram of organisation relevant for EMS departments, documentation, commu- ■ Organigram of documentation relevant for EMS nication relevant to the EMA be taken ■ Organigram of internal and external communication into consideration? relevant to EMS

Environmental ■ Have all environmental issues identified as ■ Must further or other issues of Programme significant been taken into consideration in relevance to the environment be the environmental programme? taken into consideration? ■ Have the environmental goals been quantified ■ Can further environmental goals be where possible? quantified? ■ Environmental measures: Have task ■ Must environmental goals be responsibilities and schedule been set, the modified? Explanation. necessary financing been allocated in the ■ Have there been delays in the budget? realisation of certain measures? ■ Has the programme been approved by the Talk with office or department town council? responsible. ■ Current stage of environmental policy's ■ Must the schedule be revised? realisation ■ Must environmental measures be ■ Evaluation of results of environmental expanded or replaced? measures taken (successful, moderately ■ Are the reference data and other successful, unsuccessful - why) information concerning the ■ Comparison of current and target progress environment readily available? Has towards environmental goals this information been evaluated? ■ Protocols of environmental team's meetings ■ Have any environmental measures not been undertaken? Any environmental goals not realised?

Environmental ■ Are all the fundamental environmental goals listed in ■ Must fundamental changes to one Policy the environmental policy? or more issues with impact on the ■ Has the commitment to observing environmental law environment be taken into and regulations and to continually increasing benefits consideration? to the environment been included? ■ Has the revised environmental ■ Has the environmental policy been passed by the policy been passed by the town town council? council?

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10 Organisational Environmental Assessment: Internal Audit

TIP: CHECKLIST /PROGRAMME FOR THE INTERNAL AUDIT

EMAS Element Objects of Audit Check /Possible Corrections

Documentation Structure for the implementation of the ■ Have all relevant specialised offices, of the EMS EMS:Organigram of the instances responsible for departments, instances responsible for EMS-relevant matters issues of public concern been involved? ■ Is there a complete listing of instan- ces with responsibilities relevant to the environment? ■ Description of tasks for environmental management ■ Is the task description for the EM- system representative representative complete? Does he or ■ Description of tasks for employees involved she hold the appropriate ■ Description of activities within specialised offices competencies to fulfil them? relevant to environment, specific employees or ■ Is the description of the activities positions responsible with relevance to the environment complete?

Procedural or position-related instructions and/or regu- ■ Must current procedural or lations of relevance to EMAS, contract elements position-related regulations be revised? ■ Must any further regulations be drawn up?

Checklists for the collection of further reference data ■ Were all agreed-upon reference and environmental information: who, what, when data collected on a regular basis and routed to the EM-representative? ■ Were the reference data evaluated? What do they tell us about developments in the condition of the environment? ■ Do they indicate a continual increase in benefits to the environment?

Organigram for documentation structures relevant to ■ Are existing structures for EMAS documentation and communication (which documents, where located, distribution list) adequate? Have all pertinent Organigram for communication structures relevant to instances been included? EMAS ■ Have the procedures specific to EMAS been adequately documented? Has there been excessive documentation? Documentation Training schedule for employeesInvolvement of ■ Could the previous year's training of EMS employees in the EMS programme be realised? If not, explanation.

■ Were environmental issues currently relevant to urban land use planning taken into consideration in training programme?

■ Were all employees kept up to date on the development of the EMS? (protocols of meetings with employees of all involved specialised offices)

■ Were their suggestions, ideas, points of criticism taken into adequate consideration?

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10 Organisational Environmental Assessment: Internal Audit

TIP: CHECKLIST /PROGRAMME FOR THE INTERNAL AUDIT

EMAS Element Objects of Audit Check /Possible Corrections

Documentation Description of measures intended to gain public partici- ■ Was the procedure required by law of EMS pation: Procedures required by law and procedures open improved? (see measures listed in to voluntary participation environmental programme) ■ Were the procedures open to voluntary participation undertaken, documented and evaluated?

Description of environmental team in respect to ■ Do all designated specialised offices participation of all relevant interest groups: participants, and interest groups participate in function of environmental team within the EMS, wor- environmental team meetings? king method, documentation ■ Are meeting results documented and passed on to the mayor /city council for discussion or approval? ■ Does the environmental team provide the required support / groundwork for the EM- representative? Is this support adequate?

Statement to the effect that emergencies in urban land ■ Has the statement been drawn up? use planning will not occur, as the issues being dealt with are in the planning phase, not in the process of realisation Programme for company environmental assessment for the EM-representative. Procedure /checklist for use in the company environmental assessment (internal audit).

Environmental ■ Has the town council passed the Statement environmental statement? ■ Is the statement updated regularly? ■ Is it available to the public? (in print, in the Internet) ■ Are public reactions processed with care?

Environmental All documents in printed or digital form with relevance ■ Has the environmental handbook Manual to the EMAS been regularly updated? ■ Were employees informed of the existence of an environmental handbook? ■ Is it accessible for all employees? ■ Have the employees been reminded /motivated at regular intervals to learn about the processes and current state of the EMS?

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13. ECOLUP Core Reference Figures Set

A core set of reference figures through 7.8). If a statistic is to be tion which is available as a part has been developed for use in the chosen for the core set of data, it of all spatial planning concepts ECOLUP management system by must be simple to calculate from or at least are a necessary aspect means of which sustainable devel- the given data material, the so- of the planning process. In addi- opment through communal urban called base data, and be easily tion, the core set of reference land use planning can be meas- applicable as well as meaningful data represents all environmental ured and checked. In most cases, for the purposes of communal aspects which have been identi- these reference figures can be urban land use planning. Some fied as significant for communal applied no matter which meas- reference figures can also be urban land use planning (see CD- ures have been chosen for reali- implemented as indicators for ROM). Most of the reference sation. Reference figures particu- sustainable local development figures indicate a status quo and lar to specific measures have and are also used in this way in must be adapted to serial data or been collected and presented the literature. What is new about a benchmarking system so that according to environmental how ECOLUP uses data is the the improvement in environmen- aspect elsewhere (see Chapters 7.3 concentration on that informa- tal performance can be shown.

Excessive Urban Expansion

Reference Figure Calculation Unit Necessary Base Data Land Use Conditions Proportion of settled surface area Settlement and transportation surface % Settlement and transportation area to surface area of municipality surface area, surface area of municipality

Density of Use Settlement density (*1) Number of inhab. to settlement inhab./ha Number of inhabitants, settment and transportation surface area and transportation surface area

Housing density (*1) Number of inhab. to structure inhab./ha Number of inhabitants, structure and open site surface area in ha and open site surface area Change over Time Change in density Present number of inhabitants plus inhab./ha Present number of inhabitants, influx of inhabitants to present centre influx of inhabitants surface area2 plus surface area to be present centre surface area, incorporated minus present number of surface area to be incorporated inhabitants to present centre surface area yearly

(*1) as value found in the statistical records and as figure for comparison before and after (*2) Centre surface area = settlement and transportation surface area within centre of municipality

Sealing-Off of Soil

Reference Figure Calculation Unit Necessary Base Data

Amount of sealed transportation Transportation surface area/ % Transportation surface area in relevant surface in relevant area total relevant surface area area, Total surface area of relevant area

Extent of sealing-off of soil per Structure floor area + transportation % Structure floor area, transportation surface area to total relevant surface area in relevant area, total unit of relevant area1 surface area relevant area

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13. ECOLUP Core Reference Figures Set

^^^^ Use of Green Areas

Reference Figure Calculation Unit Necessary Base Data Available open areas2 Total public green areas to mR Total surface area of public green number of inhabitants /inhab. areas, Recreation areas, Number of inhabitants,Number of storeys

Green area figure 3 for Total surface area + paved figure Structure floor area, relevant area courtyards + transportation number of storeys transportation surface area to green areas surface area in relevant area, (the lower, the better) paved courtyard areas,remaining surface area that could be made into green areas in relevant area

2ARLT/KOWARIK/ MATHEY/REBELE (2003): Urbane Innenentwicklung in Ökologie und Planung; IÖR Schriften / Vol. 39, 3EVERTS (1989): Materialien der Grünordnungplanung, Part II, LFU-Schriften, Vol. 18 Transportation / Mobility

Reference Figure Calculation Unit Necessary Base Data General extent of development Transportation surface area to % Transportation surface area, total surface area or municipal total surface area (*3), surface area municipal surface area Extent of development Transportation surface area to % Transportation surface area, planned in project total zoned construction land total zone construction land “Modal split“ – Proportion of various modes of % Number of bicycles, choice of mode of transportation (NMV (bicycle), number of motorists transportation MIV (auto, motorcycle, public and motorcyclists, transportation) to the total amount of traffic (Comparative number of public measure: routes/ legs of journey) transportation users

Kilometres per person Kilometres per person/ inhabi- Pkm per Local statistics tant/day (according to mode day of transportation)

Climate / Energy / Emissions

Reference Figure Calculation Unit Necessary Base Data Proportion regenerative sources Total energy use/ energy use % Communal energy statistics of energy to total energy use from regenerative raw materials

Proportion of commercial Number of commercial enterprises % Number of commercial enter- enterprises incompatible with with toxic emissions that accor- prises with toxic emissions*, ding to law are not compatible housing needs with housing needs/ total number total number of commercial of commercial enterprises enterprises

*Guideline for evaluating the level of emissions at outdoor locations in core settlement areas, village areas and mixed usage areas: 60 dB(A) daytime 45 dB(A) night-time in general housing areas and small settlement areas: 55 dB(A) daytime 40 dB(A) night-time in purely housing areas: 50 dB(A) daytime 35 dB(A) night-time in spa areas, for hospitals and permanent care institutions: 45 dB(A) daytime 35 dB (A) night-time Source: Sechste Allgemeine Verwaltungsvorschrift zum Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz (TA Lärm) from 26th August, 1998 102 Monitoring www.ecolup.info Monitoring 13

13. ECOLUP Core Reference Figures Set

Landscape Development

Reference Figure Calculation Unit Necessary Base Data Proportion conservation area4 Surface area Natura 2000 % Surface areas of: regions (ha), nature conservancy Natura 2000 regions, nature con- areas, natural monuments, servancy natural parks, protected green areas, natural monuments, areas to total landscape surface natural parks, protected green area (ha) areas,total landscape surface area

4DEUTSCHE UMWELTHILFE (2002): Zukunftsfähige Kommune – Wettbewerb und Kampagne zur Unterstützung der Lokalen Agenda 21 / This reference is also used in the set of environmental indicators for Baden Württemberg

Flowing Water

Reference Figure Calculation Unit Necessary Base Data Proportion of flowing water Length of those flowing water % Length of flowing segments with adequate segments with at least 10 m water segments shoreline strips within the wide shoreline strips within the locality 5 locality to the total length of flowing waters

5 RUHR-UNIVERSITÄT-BOCHUM (2000): Indikatoren für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung in Bochum, Part II: Liste der Indikatoren

14 . External Assessment Conducted by an Environmental Verifier

As one of the requirements for the has been introduced for the valida- has on the environment (apprecia- introduction of an environmental tion of planning processes. The ble or less so). The long periods of management system the EMAS most applicable NACE code is 75.1 time required in the field of com- calls for an assessment by an inde- Public Administration of munal urban land use planning to pendent, certified environmental Municipalities and Districts. As realise objectives means that chang- verifier. It is only after this person explained in Chapter 3, EMAS es are therefore only measurable in has "validated" the management meets the requirements of ISO the long term. This ought to con- system that it may be termed an 14001. Therefore, the verifier can vince the environmental verifier approved environmental manage- also certify your organisation in that a validation cycle of 36 ment system according to EMAS accordance with ISO at no extra months is appropriate for an EMS criteria. effort or cost. However, the ISO in this field. requires a yearly on-site reassess- The environmental verifier must be ment. The environmental verifier carries accredited by the German out the validation in two steps: a Accreditation and Certification The environmental verifier valida- review of the documents and an Association for Environmental tes the environmental statement, on-site visit. The assessment of the Verifiers and Organisations i.e. he or she checks that the infor- documents includes all constituent (Deutsche Akkreditierungs- und mation it contains is correct and parts of the environmental Zulassungsgesellschaft für Um- reliable and confirms its validity. It management manual (see Chapter weltgutachter und -organisationen, lies within the powers of the envi- 11), including a draft of the envi- DAU) in Bonn. The accreditation is ronmental verifier to determine ronmental statement. The EM- granted for individual branches of whether an on-site reassessment representative is responsible for industry in accordance with exi- must be conducted every one or preparing for the verifier's on-site sting NACE codes. You will find an three years. He or she makes this visit. He or she must ensure that: index of certified environmental decision on the basis of the num- ■ the environmental verifier is verifiers under www.diht.de ber of employees (fewer that 50) given an appointment with the To date, no separate NACE code and the impact the organisation "top executive" (the mayor) in

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14 . External Assessment Conducted by an Environmental Verifier

order to talk to him or her The results of the audit as well as in and a registration fee paid. about the environmental poli- necessary corrections are discussed The IHK then requests that the cy and programme as well as at the end of the visit. After the responsible supervisory authori- the inclusion of the decision- on-site assessment, the mayor ties - in this case the governmen- making instances in the EMS receives a detailed audit report. If tal presidium for cities with over ■ the environmental manage- specific EMAS requirements have 20,000 inhabitants or the office ment manual has been not been met, the municipal admi- of the county administrator for brought up to date and is nistration normally is granted a smaller towns and municipalities complete period of time to make corrections. - issue a statement as to whether ■ all employees have been infor- In the case of serious deviations the municipality concerned med of the verifier's visit and that cannot be adequately correc- observes all pertinent environ- can provide information on ted within this period, the environ- mental legislation and grants the their duties within the frame- mental verifier does not grant the supervisory authority a period of work of EM if necessary validation. But since you have the four weeks in which to assess the ■ the environmental verifier ECOLUP Guidance to rely on, this environmental statement. If no takes random data samples cannot happen to you! objections arise, then the munici- and is shown information Once the environmental verifier pality is entered into the official related to EM (protocols from has declared the validity of the EMAS registry and is granted the environmental team meetings, environmental statement, the right to use the EMAS logo in its updates to reference data, the municipal administration can apply public relations. process by which the observa- to the appropriate office (in The revalidation is conducted tion of legal requirements Germany, usually the IHK - according to the same scheme. relevant to the environment is Chamber of Commerce) to be ensured, the contractual ele- entered into the EMAS register. To ments handed over to the this end, the validated environ- planning office ....) mental statement must be handed

INFORMATION: INFORMATION:

EMAS Logos Costs Incurred by Validation size of the municipality and the Logos in the Internet: You should be prepared to cover number of employees in the par- How the individual versions the following costs: the environ- ticipating specialised offices, you can be used is set down in mental verifier's fee, the DAU fee, should expect validation to cost Art. 8 of the EMAS regulations. and the fee for registration with from 4.000 to 10.000 EURO the IHK. What the environmental plus expenses. verifier charges generally vary with the size of the organisation, We recommend that when choos- the number of employees and the ing an environmental verifier the size of the location. The latter you ask other communities about is not a factor in the validation of their experience and be sure to Version 1 for a validated envi- a planning process. The DAU also ask a number of verifiers for their ronmental management system sets its fees according to the price offers. If a neighbouring number of employees (50 - 920 community has also applied for EURO) and the registration fee validation, then be sure to ask for lies between 220 and 800 EURO. a "two-for-one" offer and negoti- depending on the size of the ate a reduction in fees. organisation. If the environmental verifier An environmental verifier charges comes from your region, it saves Version 2 for validated a daily fee of ca. 1.000 EURO you travel costs, plus which it is information plus expenses. Depending on the the ecologically sounder choice.

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What Distinguishes ECOLUP from Other Instruments and Regulations?

How can we define characteristics report is intended to contribute to context of ECOLUP. Much of what distinguishing ECOLUP from other the assessment of the project, thus ECOLUP accomplishes can be instruments for environmentally taking environmental concerns drawn upon for an SUP, which friendly community development? into consideration more extensive- greatly simplifies the SUP proce- Are there similarities, synergies, ly than has been the case. The SUP dure. For example, the environ- advantages or disadvantages to the aims to prevent the approval of mental goals that must be drawn various instruments available? projects that do substantial harm up for the SUP environmental In the following, we present the to the environment. This is also report are already present in the most important instruments that what ECOLUP seeks to do! form of the environmental goals are similar to ECOLUP and com- However, can the voluntary EMAS established as a part of ECOLUP, pare them with ECOLUP. for communal urban land use making it unnecessary to work out planning replace the SUP, which goals especially for the SUP. You Strategic Environmental will probably be obligatory for this will find further synergy effects Assessment ("Strategische planning as of July, 2004? listed on the following table: Umweltprüfung", SUP) Unfortunately not, due to the fol- and ECOLUP lowing differences between these Environmental Acceptability By July of 2004, EU directive sets of regulations: Assessment within the 2001/42/EG for the assessment of 1) The SUP is a reactive assess- Framework of NATURA 2000 and the environmental impact of cer- ment instrument that reviews ECOLUP tain plans and programmes (so- the expected environmental called Plan-UP directive) must be impact of a project, whereas NATURA 2000 is a European integrated into federal legislation. ECOLUP is a project-oriented Union system of conservation In Germany, the Building Code is environmental management areas that encompasses all areas to be amended toward this end. instrument that is intended to that are protected by the FFH and The planned amendments are bring about continual improve- bird protection directives. NATURA intended to unify and strengthen ment to environmental perfor- 2000 is intended to create a net- by means of the strategic environ- mance in urban land use plan- work of ecologically valuable areas mental assessment the procedural ning. in order to ensure the survival of steps in the field of communal 2) The SUP's environmental report over 2000 types of habitats and urban land use planning so as to is drawn up in reference to a 700 plant and animal species in increase the level of environmental single concrete project, whereas Europe. protection afforded. The SUP is ECOLUP's environmental Before new projects or plans (from closely linked to the environmental assessment is applicable to all regional development plans to acceptability assessment plans within the context of a small-scale development plans) ("Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung", municipality's urban land use may be undertaken in the vicinity UVP), anchored in Germany by the planning. of Natura 2000 areas, it must be UVP law (2000). In the following, 3) The SUP serves the purpose of established whether these activities we will limit ourselves the SUP preventing the negative impact would have a harmful influence and not go into greater detail a project would have on the on a Natura 2000 area (FFH and about the UVP, since the SUP is a environment; ECOLUP goes bird protection areas). If an exami- more concrete successor to the one step further in that the nation of the plan or project con- UVP especially intended for appli- environmental performance cludes that no significant harm is cation to planning concepts and within the field of communal to be expected, no further proce- programmes. urban land use planning is to dures are necessary. However, if At the heart of the SUP lies the be improved continually. How- significant harm seems probable, environmental report, which ever, the implementation of an acceptability assessment in establishes, describes and analyses both an SUP and of ECOLUP accordance with §19a ff. the environmental impact of, as depends on approval from the BNatSchG (2003) in combination well as alternatives to, a planned town council. with article 6 of the FFH directive project in the field of communal Nevertheless, a community profits must be conducted. An examina- urban land use. The environmental from an SUP conducted within the tion according to the standards of

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What Distinguishes ECOLUP from Other Instruments and Regulations?

ECOLUP's Synergy Effects for the SUP EMAS / ECOLUP

EMAS/ECOLUP Synergy SUP Environmental goals for communal EMAS environmental goals can Environmental goals form the urban land use planning are be used for the SUP, thus basis of the environmental report. drawn up. simplifying its procedure.

Measures are drawn up in the EMAS measures from the Measures are drawn up to pre- environmental programme in environmental programme vent, to decrease and as far as order to achieve the environmental can be used for the SUP as the possible to compensate substanti- goals. (compensatory) measures it al harm to the environment cau- requires. sed by the plan's implementation.

An EMAS organisational structure An existing organisational Environmental data are collected is created that includes all envi- structure in accordance with through co-operation between ronmentally relevant departments EMAS simplifies the various authorities. and office. ECOLUP recommends implementation of the SUP. that an environmental team be created. Environmental data including ECOLUP environmental data Environmental data, parts of which reference figures and standards can be used for the SUP. must be calculated, form the basis of the information in the SUP are collected and calculated. environmental report. Monitoring the environmental ECOLUP monitoring can be The environmental impact of performance is a precondition to used in determining environ- plans and programmes must be the introduction of environmental mental impact in accordance supervised, to which end existing management according to EMAS, with SUP, thus preventing supervisory mechanisms can be thus for ECOLUP as well. redundancy. used (see EU directive 2001/42/EG, article 10)

article 6, paragraph 2 to 4, FFH location, must be taken into consi- that might cause substantial harm directive is also binding for bird deration. to the area. ECOLUP implements protection areas. The acceptability Like the SUP, the FFH acceptability an environmental assessment and assessment is conducted on the assessment is a reactive assessment an environmental management basis of the environmental protec- instrument intended to prevent a system for the full scope of a com- tion goals that have been set for project's harmful influence on pro- munity's urban land use planning. the area. The significance of the tected areas. ECOLUP, in contrast, Another difference is the area possible harm is as a rule measured aims as an environmental affected by the programs: the FFH in terms of a decline in the natural management system at continually directive applies to areas that condition of the area and the pos- improving the environmental situ- might include territory in a number sibility of a loss of surface area to ation, thus going beyond the pre- of municipalities, whereas ECOLUP the habitat types or species habitat servation of given ecological or can only be applied within the present. If the acceptability assess- natural conditions. A further diffe- administrative framework of one ment establishes that the area's rence lies in the FFH acceptability community. present condition is threatened, the assessment's and ECOLUP's range applicant must undertake all possi- of applicability. The FFH accepta- European Water Framework ble measures to avoid or minimise bility assessment must be conduc- Directive and ECOLUP this harm. In addition, possible ted for plans, projects or concepts In comparison to the environmental alternatives, for example the pro- for locations within or bordering acceptability assessments depicted ject's implementation at another on a FHH or bird protection area above, the European water

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What Distinguishes ECOLUP from Other Instruments and Regulations?

framework directive demonstrates ■ the measurement if the impact ties are called upon to further much greater similarity to ECOLUP human activities have on the develop the framework set by due to its management character. condition of bodies of water Agenda 21 at the local level. Fields On the 22nd of December, 2000, the and the depiction of the ecolo- important to the Local Agenda 21 European water framework directive gical and chemical water con- correspond to the following came into effect. Its goal is to re- ditions (environmental assess- ECOLUP environmental aspects: place the former multiplicity of ment in ECOLUP) ■ Excessive urban expansion water directives with a modern, ■ the programmes of concerted ■ Public participation coherent European water code, measures (environmental pro- ■ Energy and climate thereby improving the condition of gramme and measures in ECO- ■ Mobility the aquatic ecosystem and the pre- LUP) ■ Water sence of groundwater Keystones ■ the revision of the programmes However, ECOLUP procedure is not are the evaluation of water condi- of concerted measures and comparable to the instruments tions by means of biological and river area plans every six years used in the Local Agenda 21 pro- chemical test parameters as well as (re-validation of the environ- cess. ECOLUP employs an environ- river area management. The evalu- mental management system in mental management system to ation of the structure of bodies of ECOLUP every 3 years) conduct an environmental audit of water is as a part of this process ■ river area management communal urban land use plan- an element of recording the biolo- (environmental management ning. Local Agenda 21 projects are gical condition of the surface of for communal urban land use partially political processes initia- bodies of water. River area planning in ECOLUP) ted by agenda groups and are not management is comprised of an ■ the continuous improvement of subject to the EMAS guidelines or analysis and classification of the water conditions (continuous other binding procedures. river areas as well as the drawing improvement of environmental Nonetheless, both instruments seek up and implementation of pro- performance in ECOLUP) to achieve similar environmental grammes of concerted measures goals. ECOLUP sets high environ- based these finding in order to There is, however, a difference in mental goals for the Agenda 21 improve the river area's condition. the areas of applicability. The areas named above, thereby achiev- The directive calls for the drawing- European water framework directive ing a wide-ranging contribution to up of river area plans applicable refers to the surface of bodies of sustainable development within to the body of water from its source water and ground water in the communities. In this way, ECOLUP to its mouth. One aspect of this form of river areas and requires supports the Local Agenda 21 by progress is the designation of that obligatory river management working at the communal level by influx areas on partial influx plans and programmes of concer- means of another instrument, areas, as well as naming the admi- ted measures be applied to them. namely EMAS. If Agenda repre- nistrative authorities or other ECOLUP, in contrast, draws up an sentatives are included in the ECO- organisations to be responsible for environmental management LUP environmental team, ECOLUP co-ordinating the planning and system for communal urban land can contribute to the integration implementation process. On the use planing that can include river of Agenda goals into a binding basis of what kind of chemical and areas among other things. EMAS environmental programme. ecological impact current condi- tions are having on water condi- Local Agenda 21 and ECOLUP tions as established by the river The so-called Agenda 21 was passed area plans, programmes of con- at the 1992 UN Conference for certed measures are to be drawn Environment and Development up in order to achieve the plan's (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro as an environmental goals. action programme calling for the introduction of sustainable, envi- The similarities between the ronmentally appropriate develop- European water framework ment. In Chapter 28 of the action directive and ECOLUP are: programme, the world's communi-

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What Distinguishes ECOLUP from Other Instruments and Regulations?

Literature and Links 16. ECOLUP: Three Years of disseminate the knowledge they On the SUP Project Experience gain through their participation. http://www.uvp.de/welcome.html? As a part of this process, all possi- http://www.uvp.de/veroeff/zusf.15 Since 1998 communities have ble environmental goals and .htm been able to introduce an environ- measures for each relevant http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/ mental management system in environmental aspect are discussed umwelt/uvpsupemas0/sup/ accordance with the EMAS directive in detail and with passion. The fact http://www.bmu.de/files/sup_richt into any number of their functions that the specialised departments linie.pdf and services. To date, cities and and offices, representatives of eco- http://bundesrecht.juris.de/bundes municipalities in Germany have nomic interest groups and of pri- recht/uvpg/index.html secured the validation of around vate nature conservation all parti- 77 local government buildings, cipate in it "spice up" the process On NATURA 2000 fleets of vehicles, city greenhouses, and contribute to the formulation http://www.bfn.de/03/0303.htm bathing facilities, schools or of more ambitious goals and http://www.bfn.de/03/030304.ht communal service providers such measures. External expert speakers m as departments of public works. or representatives of other commu- http://www.mlur.brandenburg.de/ To date, planning processes have nities can provide impetus and n/n_siche2.htm found only superficial considera- recommendations for goals and tion - if any at all - in this pro- measures that have not yet been On the European Water cess. undertaken. Framework Directive http://europa.eu.int/eur- As a part of the ECOLUP LIFE pro- ECOLUP makes the environmental lex/de/archive/2000/l_327200012 ject, the EMAS system was applied benefits, to date scarcely discussed 22de.html for the first time in a thorough and believed to be unquantifiable, http://europa.eu.int/comm/envi- fashion to the planning processes involved in the field of communal ronment/pubs/nature.htm in communal urban land use plan- land use planning the central topic http://www.umweltbundesamt.de ning. This is a field with undenia- of interest. bly high relevance to the environ- Thus, they can be given a more ment. Naturally, not all questions important position in the process that arose could be answered within of interest-weighing. The estima- the context of a model project. tion of environmental impact alre- Indeed, it is imperative that other ady required by law (BauGB § 1a) communities participate in ECO- is expanded upon through the call LUP in order to make its imple- for additional environmental per- mentation of EMAS even more formance, made measurable and efficient and to raise the benefits thus becomes subject to influence. for the environment and for the community. However, ECOLUP has Environmentally friendly city provided us with valuable results development can be made measu- that can be achieved in other rable through the use of reference communities, as well. figures. This is the most important prerequisite to the monitoring pro- The fundamental purpose of the cess. It also allows communities to entire procedure is to a great ex- recognise harmful developments in tent to promote environmental ed- the environment early on and to ucation. It makes the environmen- manage them through targeted tal impact of planning processes measures. more transparent and includes in the environmental team important The management system helps to representatives of the community's ensure that all specialised offices structure and its citizens who can included in the project and the

108 ECOLUP Model Project www.ecolup.info ECOLUP-Model Project 16

16. ECOLUP: Three Years of Project Experience

regional authorities are better council decisions can the concrete Especially in economically difficult informed about it. Administrative benefit to the environment gained times, it is not a simple task to procedures can also be made more through the implementation of the convince a town council of the efficient through the clear regula- environmental programme be esti- benefits of environmental manage- tion of competencies, communica- mated. ment while arguing from the eco- tion and documentation. In addi- nomic perspective. Deregulation of tion, better information and more The continual improvement to the how local governments can adjust effective staff integration has a condition of the environment is and alter structures at higher levels positive effect on the quality of felt only in the long term in most of administration, plus points for planning and of administrative of the relevant environmental applications to funding program- procedure. aspects. During the ECOLUP pro- mes, etc. would serve to make the ject, we discovered that the field of benefits EMAS brings to commu- The EMAS structure and its pre- communal urban land use plan- nities, and therefore to their moti- determined elements such as the ning sometimes does not go far vation to become active, even environmental assessment, the enough to protect the environ- greater. In this respect, it is up to environmental goals and pro- ment, due to the fact that urban the national and European autho- gramme and the yearly internal land use planning has very few rities responsible for the EMAS audit provide the community with opportunities to influence particu- programme to provide incentives support for the application and lar aspects such as energy or that would give a municipality observation of new EU directives transportation. "Urban develop- with EMAS validation further like the Strategic Environmental ment" as an object of environmen- advantages over other Assessment ("Strategische tal management would open a communities. Umweltprüfung", SUP), the EU wider scope of action towards the Water Framework Directive or the codification of goals and measures. Fauna-Flora Habitat Directive The procedures for implementing (NATURA 2000). The EMAS frame- an EMS described in this guidance work is able to integrate other can be applied to all planning pro- instruments such as the Local cesses within the context of urban Agenda 21 and to take advantage development. of synergies that come about as a result. "What does the whole thing cost and what economic benefits can However, the quality of environ- we expect?" - this is the question mental management and its bene- that political decision makers ask fit for the environment depends, as time and again. In contrast to always, on the good will of those environmental management in currently in political office. EMAS commercial firms or for admini- does not specify any environmen- stration buildings, no exact figures tal goals of its own, but rather can be presented in terms of reduced accepts the goals the organisation water, energy or office equipment sets and assesses their implementa- use to make the argument for cost tion. The environmental program- savings. How can improvements to mes drawn up by the environmen- the quality of the environment be tal teams are merely drafts or monetarised into cents and euros? recommendations that become A municipality using environmen- binding only after they have been tal management in its urban land passed by the town council. Only use planning will most likely not after the environmental policy and achieve higher prices for its build- the programme have been integrated ing sites, nor will it become more into the daily practice of municipal attractive for firms looking for a politics and have shaped town new location.

www.ecolup.info ECOLUP Model Project 109 17 ECOLUP Model Projekt

Contacts and Information

Contacts for Similar Topic Some of the Authorities in Baden-Württemberg Areas: with Powers of Certification:

AK Stadtentwicklung im DVAG Raumordnung (BBR) www.geographie.de/dvag/ak- Bodensee Agenda 21 der Flächennutzungsmonitoring stadtplanung/ Internationalen Bodensee- www.bbr.bund.de/index.html?/rau Konferenz mordnung/siedlung/flaechenmoni- Akademie für Natur und www.regio-bodensee.net/agenda/ toring.htm Umweltschutz Baden- Württemberg BofaWeb Bodenschutz Deutscher Verband für www.uvm.baden- Fachinformationen im World- Wohnungswesen, Städtebau und wuerttemberg.de/akademie Wide Web Raumordnung e.V. www.uvm.baden- www.deutscher-verband.org/sei- ARL - Akademie für wuerttemberg.de/bofaweb/xindex.h ten/startseite/dv_aktuell.html Raumforschung und tml Landesplanung Deutscher Verein für www.arl-net.de/ie/index.html Bund Deutscher Vermessungswesen (DVW) LandschaftsArchitekten (BDLA) www.dvw.de BMBF Nachhaltige Stadtteile www.bdla.de/main.htm www.oeko.de/service/cities/index.h Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik tml Bund für Umwelt und (Difu) Naturschutz Deutschland (BUND) www.difu.de BMBF Ideenwettbewerb "Stadt www.bund.net 2030" www.stadt2030.de/index.shtml Bundesamt für Bauwesen und

Model Projects with Similar Topic Areas:

Deutsches Seminar für Städtebau und Wirtschaft (DSSW) ICLEI - International Council for Local www.dssw.de/seiten/startseite/startseite.asp Environmental Initiatives www.iclei.org ecobudget - Environmental Budgeting (ICLEI) www.ecobudget.com Informationskreis für Raumplanung (IfR) www.ifr-ev.de/ifr.htm European Academy of the Urban Environment - Europaeische Akademie fuer staedtische Umwelt Institut für kommunale Wirtschaft und www.eaue.de/winuwd/default.htm Umweltplanung (IKU) www.iku.fh-wiesbaden.de/index.html European Land and Soil Alliance (ELSA) e.V. www.bodenbuendnis.org/ Institut für Stadt- und Regionalplanung (ISR) http://isr.gp.tu-berlin.de/ Forum Stadtökologie www.difu.de/stadtoekologie/ Institut für ökologische Raumentwicklung (IÖR) www.ioer.de/homepage.html Fraunhofer-Informationszentrum Raum und Bau IRB Internationale Bodenseekonferenz (IBK) www.irb.fhg.de/ www.regio-bodensee.net/

ILS - Institut für Landes- und Stadtentwicklungsforschung des Landes NRW www.ils.nrw.de/

110 Kontakte und Informationen www.ecolup.info ECOLUP Model Projekt 17

Contacts and Information

Contacts for Similar Topic Areas:

Internetportal für nachhaltige Gemeindeprojekte in Municipia Plattform für Stadt- und Vorarlberg Regionalentwicklung www.unternehmen-v.at www.municipia.at

ISW Institut für Städtebau und Wohnungswesen, Nachbar Natur - Ökologische Konzepte für Städte München und Dörfer www.isw.de www.nachbar-natur.de IWU- Institut Wohnen und Umwelt www.iwu.de neuLand: nachhaltige Landnutzung www.neuland-regionalentwicklung.de/ KIS 0.2 Kommunales Informationssystem Landnutzung/landnutzung.html www.stadtmanagement.de/index2.htm Portal für kommunale Forschung und Praxis Landschaftsplanung.NET Das Online-Portal für die www.kommunalweb.de Landschaftsplanung www.lapla-net.de Raumplanung Schweiz - Termine www.planning.ch/agenda_g.php Lehrstuhl für Bodenordnung und Landentwicklung TU-Muenchen www.landentwicklung-muenchen.de Raumplanung Universität Dortmund www.raumplanung.uni-dortmund.de

WerkstattStadt ausgewählte Städtebauprojekte Ruhr-Uni-Bochum Fachgebiet Umwelttechnik + Ökologie im Bauwesen www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/ecology/frame.htm

SEMPA - Suburban Environmental Management Participatory Approach www.werkstatt-stadt.de/ www.sempa.ie

SRL - Vereinigung für Stadt-, Regional- und Landesplanung e.V. www.srl.de

TU Berlin - Instituts für Management in der Umweltplanung (IMUP) www.tu-berlin.de/fb7/imup/

Umweltbundesamt: Fachbereich I - Umweltplanung und Umweltstrategien www.umweltbundesamt.de/uba-info/d-fach1.htm

Uni Kaiserslautern - Fachgebiet Regionalentwicklung und Raumordnung www.uni-kl.de/FG-RuR/

www.ecolup.info Kontakte und Informationen 111 ECOLUP-Modellprojekt 18

Literature

Literature:

The literature list includes the publications used to write this guidance and has been expanded to include suggestions for further reading. At the end of Chapters 7.3 through 7.8 you will find additional sources directly related to the topics of the respective chapters.

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ECOLUP – Project Team

Project Coordination: Tel.: +43-(0)5572-3065105 Bodensee-Stiftung Fax: +43-(0)5572-3061008 ECOLUP Advisory Board Marion Hammerl Email: stefan.burtscher Holger Robrecht, ICLEI – Paradiesstraße 13 @dornbirn.at International Council for Local D-78462 Konstanz www.dornbirn.at Environmental Initiatives- Freiburg Tel.: +49 (0)7531-90980 Fax: +49 (0)7531-909877 Municipality of Wolfurt (A) Prof. Michael Krautzberger, Email: marion.hammerl Bürgermeister Erwin Mohr Bundesministerium für Verkehr, @bodensee-stiftung.org Schulstraße 1 Bauen und Wohnen, Abteilung www.ecolup.info A-6922 Wolfurt Bauwesen und Städtebau, Berlin www.bodensee-stiftung.org Tel.: +43-(0)5574-6840 Fax: +43-(0)5574-684020 Expert Consultants Email: [email protected] Eckhard Bergmann, Bundesamt für Nürtingen University www.wolfurt.at Bauwesen und Raumordnung, Institut for Applied Research (IAF) Referat I 5 –Verkehr und Umwelt, Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Wolfgang Everts Bonn Schelmenwasen 4-8 Further ECOLUP Supporters: D-72622 Nürtingen Wulf Hülsmann, Tel.: +49 (0)7022-404204 EU-LIFE-Programm Europäische Umweltbundesamt, Berlin Fax: +49 (0)7022-404166 Kommission, Email: wolfgang.everts Generaldirektion Umwelt Dr. Stefan Köhler, Regionalverband @t-online.de http://europa.eu.int/comm/environ- Bodensee-Oberschwaben, www.fh-nuertingen.de/iaf ment/index_de.htm Verbandsdirektor, Ravensburg

Ministerium für Umwelt und Prof. Dr. Christian Jacoby, ECOLUP Partner Communities: Verkehr Baden-Württemberg Universität der Bundeswehr City of Constance (D) www.uvm.baden-wuerttemberg.de/ München, Institut für Amt für Stadtplanung und Umwelt Verkehrswesen und Raumplanung Martin Wichmann Land Vorarlberg / UVP-Gesellschaft e.V., Neubiberg Untere Laube 24 www.vorarlberg.at D-78462 Konstanz Tel.: +49-(0)7531-900-556 Umweltbundesamt Dr. Brigitte Dahlbender, B.U.N.D. Fax: +49-(0)7531-900526 www.umweltbundesamt.de Landesverband Baden- Email: WichmannM Württemberg, Ulm @stadt.konstanz.de Landratsamt Bodenseekreis www.konstanz.de www.bodenseekreis.de Dr. Franz Hämmerle, Amt der Vorarlberger Landesregierung, City of Überlingen (D) Deutsche Umwelthilfe Leiter der Raumplanungsabteilung, Stadtplanungsamt www.duh.de A - Bregenz Thomas Nöken Bahnhofstr. 4 Global Nature Fund /Living Lakes Wolfgang Hennegriff, Ministerium D-88662 Überlingen www.globalnature.org für Umwelt und Verkehr Baden- Tel.: +49-(0)7551-990 Württemberg, Referat Boden, Fax: +49-(0)7551-991325 Stiftung Landesbank Stuttgart Email: [email protected] Baden-Württemberg www.ueberlingen.de www.lbbw.de Dr. Ursula Platzer-Schneider, Österreichisches Office of the City of Dornbirn (A) T-Mobile Bundesministerium für Land- und Stadtentwicklung und Verkehr www.t-mobile.de Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Stefan Burtscher Lever Fabergé Deutschland, Wasserwirtschaft, Rathausplatz 2 Hamburg A - Wien A-6850 Dornbirn www.lever-faberge.de www.ecolup.info ECOLUP-Modellprojekt 113 ECOLUP would like to thank its supporters… and its Partnercommunities…

EU-LIFE-Programm Europäische Kommission, Generaldirektion Umwelt