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Le Grand Problème Qui Se Posera À Eux Sera De Veiller À Ce Que Les Fonds Soient Investis De Façon Productive Et Efficace Pour Maintenir Leur Capacité De Remboursement

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Le Grand Problème Qui Se Posera À Eux Sera De Veiller À Ce Que Les Fonds Soient Investis De Façon Productive Et Efficace Pour Maintenir Leur Capacité De Remboursement Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne Doctorat de Science politique La construction dřun discours de la corruption dans le cadre de la mondialisation Les cas du Cameroun et du Nigéria Olivier Vallée Thèse dirigée par Gilles Dorronsoro, professeur de science politique à l’université Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris I). Soutenance le 20 octobre 2008 Jury : Richard Banégas, Maître de conférences en science politique à l'université Paris I-Sorbonne Gilles Favarel-Garrigues, Chargé de recherche CNRS au Centre dřétudes et de recherches internationales (CERI - Sciences Po, Paris), Béatrice Hibou, Directeur de recherche CNRS au Centre dřétudes et de recherches internationales (CERI - Sciences Po, Paris), Rapporteur Jean-Pierre Warnier, Professeur émérite des Universités (Paris-V-René-Descartes), Rapporteur - 2 - REMERCIEMENTS Mes remerciements vont en premier lieu à Richard Banégas qui mřa fait, en 2005, bon accueil quand jřai voulu essayer de domestiquer bricolage conceptuel et observation éclectique des éléments du discours de la corruption dans le cadre dřune thèse de doctorat. Il mřa permis en particulier de rencontrer mon directeur de thèse Gilles Dorronsoro qui en dépit de ses nombreuses obligations a eu la bonne idée de prôner lřexercice de la comparaison, ce qui mřa permis de limiter le champ de travail et de plus de bénéficier de la connaissance politique et économiques des deux pays finalement retenus. Béatrice Hibou, pendant ce temps où je suis redevenu étudiant mřa permis, en mřinvitant à différents séminaires, de rencontrer des professeurs connus dans une vie antérieure, comme Jean-Pierre Warnier, et de découvrir des jeunes doctorants et chercheurs dont la méthode et lřaudace à la fois mřont fourni des exemples. Les conseils de Béatrice Hibou, le partage de quelques unes de ses réflexions sur le thème choisi pour cette thèse et son invocation des normes bibliographiques, que je nřaurais peut-être pas entièrement respectées, ont achevé de rendre son soutien inestimable. La poursuite dřune longue conversation, entamée avec Patrice Yengo, il y 18 ans, mřa fait bénéficier de lřapprofondissement de ses travaux et de la découverte de ses amis auteurs qui mřont largement nourri pour la restitution de la dimension nocturne et consumatoire de la corruption. Dřautres proches et connaisseurs de lřévolution de lřAfrique ont été généreux en informations et ne souhaitent pas tous être nommés. Je leur suis redevable. Yasmine, mon épouse, a assumé la charge de son travail, du revenu de notre famille et plus que sa part de la vie domestique, tout en renonçant à son œuvre artistique durant ces dernières années. Je lřen remercie vivement et souhaite que son tour de sřexprimer, de nouveau, vienne. Enfin, pendant cette expérience, les obstacles nombreux de conservation des données, de leur tri et de leur présentation ont pu être surmontés grâce à Tawfik Nassar et sa maitrise de la technologie de lřinformation. Plus encore que ce renfort informatique, cřest notre ancienne complicité et sa fidèle disponibilité en tout que je salue. - 3 - - 4 - TABLE DES MATIÈRES PROLÉGOMÈNES ............................................................................................................... - 6 - La formation d’un discours transversal et universel de la corruption ..................... - 20 - La déclinaison africaine ................................................................................................ - 32 - La criminalisation globalisée ........................................................................................ - 38 - Légalité de la sociologie et sociologie de l’illégitime ................................................... - 47 - CHAPITRE I : DÉPLOIEMENT DE LA POLICE MORALE .......................................... - 59 - Typologie générale de la corruption ....................................................................... - 64 - Facteurs de la corruption africaine ......................................................................... - 67 - Genèse de la grammaire de la corruption ................................................................... - 68 - La base légale domestique ....................................................................................... - 68 - Antériorité de la régulation américaine ................................................................... - 72 - Du national à lřinternational .................................................................................... - 74 - Les entrepreneurs de moralisation ........................................................................... - 78 - Le blanchiment à la rescousse ................................................................................. - 82 - La corruption et lřÉtat sous-développé : une nouvelle géographie ......................... - 83 - Économie politique de la régénération ? ................................................................. - 87 - Un continent de mal gouvernance ? ............................................................................. - 92 - La corruption africaine : la dilatation ...................................................................... - 92 - Lřaide au développement, crible de la corruption ? .............................................. - 100 - Les marchés publics révélateurs de la mauvaise gouvernance ? ........................... - 106 - Extension du domaine des criminalités ? .............................................................. - 110 - La régionalisation du crime : le foyer nigérian ?................................................... - 116 - La part maudite ...................................................................................................... - 121 - La proximité de la séduction ................................................................................. - 128 - CHAPITRE II : NIGERIA, VERS UN CHANGEMENT DE PARADIGME ? .............. - 138 - Problématiques indigènes ........................................................................................... - 138 - Une morphologie spécifique ................................................................................. - 138 - La négociation des contraintes .............................................................................. - 145 - Encore un effort ! .................................................................................................. - 148 - L’arrière-plan .............................................................................................................. - 152 - Le paysage politicien ne change guère .................................................................. - 152 - Des paradoxes socio-économiques ........................................................................ - 157 - Lřaccentuation des dynamiques agonistiques ....................................................... - 160 - Le menuet des élites ? ........................................................................................... - 165 - La dimension stratégique du Nigéria ................................................................... - 167 - L’insémination de la gouvernance ............................................................................. - 170 - La sécurité et la corruption .................................................................................... - 176 - La rente, un nouveau produit pour les ONG ? ...................................................... - 180 - La délinquance des compagnies pétrolières .......................................................... - 182 - Un enrichissement de marché .................................................................................... - 186 - La réforme du système bancaire ............................................................................ - 187 - La réconciliation avec le grand capital .................................................................. - 188 - Lřémergence de nouvelles fortunes ....................................................................... - 191 - Finances et anticorruption ..................................................................................... - 197 - La revanche de la démocratie ? ............................................................................. - 201 - - 5 - CHAPITRE III : CAMEROUN : RECONSTRUCTION DE LA NOTION DE CORRUPTION ................................................................................................................. - 205 - Corruption et politique : 2006, l’année témoin ......................................................... - 205 - Lřenracinement de la corruption ........................................................................... - 206 - Lřinefficacité de la lutte ........................................................................................ - 214 - La réorganisation du champ de la corruption ........................................................ - 218 - Décentrages et écarts ............................................................................................. - 221 - Entre discrédit et réinvention de l’État au Cameroun ............................................ - 224 - Les mauvais fluides ............................................................................................... - 225 - La bonne gouvernance, une pluralité de mesures ................................................. - 227 - LŘordre de la désobéissance .................................................................................. - 233 - Les technologies de réduction ..............................................................................
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