KADUNA STATE

Public Disclosure Authorized

ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (SEEDS) Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized

FINAL DRAFT Public Disclosure Authorized TABLE OF CONTENT

Fonvard xi Executive Summary xii

An Overview 1 What are the Major Benefits of KADSEEDS over Previous Attempts 3 The Major Strategies for Achieving KADSEEDS Goal 7

Vision and Policy thrusts for the period 2005 - 2007 13 Reform Government and its Institutions 14 Social and Economic Empowenent 17 Provide Enabling Environment for Economic Actors to Thrive 20

Methodology 22 Structure of the Report 24

Chap:er One Framework for Understanding and Implementing the KADSEEDS 26 Accountabilrty Relationships 27 Promoting Accountability Relationships Among Four Actors 30

Chapter Two Poverty and Poverty Reduction 34 Poverty and Security 39 Tackling Poverty 41 Incentives for Civil Servant 1999 2004 45

Chapter Three Reforming Government and its Institutions 47 Public Sector Reform 48 Structural Reform 50 Institlrb;onal Reforms 53 Economic Planning, Cooperation and Coordination 57 Fiscal Policy and Operations 63 Administration of Justice and Human Right 68 Information, Communication, Advocacy and Participation 72

Chapter Four Infrastructure and Social Services 77 Education 79 Health 94 Water Supply 110 Roads, Transport and Housing 125 Rural and Community Development 129 Lands and Survey 134 Gender and Youth Development 138 Women Affairs and Sociai Development 142

Chapter Five Agriculture 146 Environment 164 Culture and Tourism 171 Science and Technology 176

Chapter Six Private Sector Investment 186

Chapter Seven Implementation 192 Institutional Framework 192 Monaoring and Evaluation 193 Pilot Projects 196 Risk Mitigation 196 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 0.1 KAOSEEDS Value tree 11

Figure 1.0 Five instruments of accountability 28

Figure 1.1 Accountability Relationships 31

Figure 2.0 Kaduna state Poverty Index by LGAs 36

Figure 2.1 Channels of making water available 38

Figure 2.2 Electricity Suppfy 3 9

Figure 3.0 Pattem of revenue collection 64

Figure 3.1 Ratio of Capital to Recurrent Expenditure (1 995-2003) 66

Figure 4.0 Number and Ownership Patterns of Health Facilities in Kaduna State 95

Figure 4.1 Kaduna State Health Personnel 96

Figure 4.2 Condition of Water Supply (2004) 111

Figure 4.3 Channels of making water available 114

Figure 4.4 Number of villages linked to Electricity Supply from 1999-2004 by LGAs 131

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In .-w 0 C a, 8 m .-C ...C a, E a -a -E -m s :: mu x a, at-0 Y ACRONYMS kau Ahmadu Bello University DTA Duty Travel Allowances Ahmadu Bello University ED1 Education lndex A@UTH Teachlng Hospital Economlc And Financial Crimes EFCC Pi)@ African Development Bank Commission Acquired Immune Deficiency AIDS El Environment And Infrastructure Syndrome

Africa Programme For ERC Educational Resource Centers APOC Onchocerciasis Control

ARI Acute Respiratory Infection ESA External Support Agency

Best Available Technology ESI Economic Status index

Business Apprenticeship EL! European Union BATC Tra~ningCenters

EtG Bacile Calmette Guerin FA0 Food And Agricultural Organisation

Budget Monitoring And Price FASCOM Farmers Suppiy Company E?.1FIII Intelligence Unit

Community Based FCT Federal Capctal Territory cao Organisation

Contagious Bovine FDI Foreign Direct Investment CSPP Pleuropneumonia Convention On The Ellmination 01All Forms Of FGN Federal Government Of Nigeria Discrimination Against Women

Department For International GER Gross Enrolment Ratio DFlD Development

EM0 Debt Management Office HC Health Clinic

Diphtheria. Partusis And HDF Human Development Fund DPT Tetanus DRF Drug Revolving Fund HIV Human immuno- Deficiency Virus Independent Corrupt Practices MDGs Millennium Development Goals Commission International Fund For MDT Muniple Drug Therapy Agricultural Development International Financial MMR Maternal Mortality Rate Institution Multi State Agricultural Development Institute Of Governance And MSADP Soclal Research Programme

International Monetary Fund MTEF Medium Term Expenditure Framework National Council On Development NCDP IMR Infant Mortality Rate Plannlng ITN lnsacticlde Treated Nets PIEC Natlonai Economic Council Joint Admlsslons And PlECO Nigerian Examination Council JAM6 Matriculation Board National Economic Empowerment And JP5 Joint Planning Board NEEDS Development Strategies

JSS Junior Secondary School NEPA Natlonai Electric Power Acthcrity

Kaduna State Economic National Fadama Development KADSEEDS Empowerment And HFDP Programme Development Strategies KAPVIA Kaduna Publlc Works Agency NGCI Non-Governmental Organisation

K3SG Kaduna State Government N:JF Nlgerian National Petroleum Kaduna State Development NI,IPC KSDPC And Property Company Corporation

Kaduna State Media FJPC Natlonal Planning Commission KSMC Corporation Kaduna State Transport KSTA NPI National Programme On Immunization Author~ty National Support Programme On Food NSPFS LGA Local Government Area Security

LSS Life Saving Skills ODA Official Development Assistance

Mathematics Association Of OPSR Office Of Public Service Reform t"1ilAFI Nigeria Manufacturers association of GPV Oral Polio Vaccine MAN Nigeria < 0 LC 0 - n a L7 c;om amw Z oo>a am2 w 2-2 'Vg.iwo .i XI a ornm t- 1.) UI .z a a n e 9 aaa aan or irm "I V) (0 UJ rn 69

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Kadiina State Economic Ultimately, the future has remained Empowerinenl and LJevelopment Strategy uncertain for the citizenry inspite of the (KADSEEDS) is a amscious effort by the massive interventions to mitigate the people to design a comprehensive circumstances of their existence. programme tirat will address the unique challenges that confront the State. It is a KADSEEDS is a new approach to the development plan that is conceptualized struggle to promote and make good the and articulated as a vision of the laudable intentions of our past leaders by Government and the people of the State to expunging the social vices that currently reduce poverty and create wealth. frustrate poverty reduction and wealth Through broad consultative and creation efforts. The new process compels participatory processes, the KADSEEDS us today to understand 'where we are provides well-defined policy direction for now', 'where we want to be between now the next two and a half years of this and 2007', and 'how to get there1. Under administration and lays a solid foundation the new dispensation, the enormous for continuity and sustainable development potentials of the State, which have thereafter. suffered neglect andlor misuse, will be exploited, harnessed and utilised to turn The development history of Kaduna State things around. KADSEEDS is indeed, an is simply exemplifying. The State is a economic and social action plan that will proud custodian of the history of the North. transform Kaduna State into a vibrant It is the repository of the structures and economy where prosperity, equity and legacies of the great Sardauna of Sokoto justice shall reign. and other Northern Leaders of repute. Unfortunately, these valuable legacies To achieve this commitment, KADSEEDS have, over the years, not been sustained, is introducing radically, new and more thus posing new and enormous social efficient ways of doing things, at the public, challenges to our contemporary private and individual levels using the environment. The emergent scourges of following principles: poverty, disease and ignorance have a. Reforn~irrg Government and culminated in creating a demoralised irrstitutinns: This strategy involves society that thrives on fear and suspicion. restructuring, right-sizing, re- xii professionalising and strengthening environment for foreign and government institutions to perform indigenous enterprises to thrive and maximally by: flourish with a view to enhancing i. Rationalising the number of official employment opportunities and institutions and officials; economic growth in the State. The ii. Stn'ctiy enforcing the implementa- exercise will, among other things, entail: tion of the provisions of the , recently reviewed and updated '. Conscious and consistent effort to official publications; promote security of lives and property iii. Improving internally generated throughout the State; revenue collection mechanism by ii. Privatisation and liberalization of non- enforcing existing tax laws and performing public enterprises; regulations and exploring new iii. Improvement of investment in the revenue sources; provision and utilisation of iv. Preparedness to enforce the infraslructural facilities and services; Fiscal Responsibility Act to ensure iv. Pursuit of avenues for increased credit transparency and efficiency in the facilities to individuals and SMEs and utilisation of public funds and providing improved network of loan resources; recovery; Encouraging the co-operation and v. Sustaining manpower develop- V. ment by re-introducing the State development of strong linkages Manpower Committee and between industries, SMEs, NGOs and execution of the Kaduna research institutions in the State; StateNVorld Bank Capacrty Vi. Creating Public Private Partnership Building and Good Governance through joint investments and project, structured interaction with private vi. Introducing Due Process, Budget sector operators. Implerncntation of a Social Charter Monitoring and Price Intelligence C. Units in all Agencies of for Empowerirtg People: This aspect Government of KADSEEDS deals with the vii. Re-aligning the functions of all line commitment of government to provide Ministries, Agencies and economic and social empowerment Parastatals to minimize through the provision of basic facilities duplications and waste of scarce and infrastructure required to uplift the resources. living conditions of people. These 11. Promoft Private Sector Growtli: facilities would include health, This involves the creation of enabling education, security, housing, .roads,. . Xlll water and communication. This effort patriotism, industry and good will entail the provision of resources conscience. for Ministries and Agencies to carry out their duties effectively and The KADSEEDS production process has efficiently in close collaboration with gone through wide and broad consultation NGOs donors and the Civil Society at throughout the State and beyond in order large. to package a balanced document that d. Value Orientation. The KADSEEDS reflects the views and aspirations of all emphasizes on character and stakeholders. This economic strategy will behavioral change as a necessary tool be executed and monitored under the for development. It therefore intends auspices of an Independent Monitoring to ensure that: Committee, which will comprise all i. Government is more responsive stakeholders with the State providing the and responsible to its citizens enabling environment to enable the full through social inclusion by attainment of the noble objectives of the enhancing communication, plan. The document will serve as the participation and information compass that will chart the course of dissemination about its activities. development in the State in the years to ii. A tripartite system of governance come. The Private Sector, our respected is evolved whereby the Civil Traditional Rulers, the NGOs, CBOs, the Society, private individuals1 Civil Society and Donor Agencies are organisations and the public enjoined to join forces with the collaborate in collective decision Government in its quest to urgently reduce and implementation of develop- poverty, create wealth and bring new lease ment policies. of life to the good people of Kaduna State. iii. The application of rule of law is promoted through implementation of the Fiscal Responsibility Act, the provisions of revised official publications, Due Process, etc. The rule of law would ensure tolerance, discipline, justice fairness, truth, selflessness.

xiv An Overview

T the meeting of the National and confidence in Governance, reduce Economic Council (NEC) in August poverty, create wealth and achieve value A003, all State Governors in Nigeria reorientation by eliminating negative values agreed to adopt an economic reform that have shaken the very fabric of our Expected agenda that is similar to the National society. These negative values have outcome of KADSEEDS: Economic Empowerment and stagnated growth and development and aurld inis: ,J~IS Development Strategy (NEEDS). This have set us backward economically. Thus, confidence KADSEEDS is intended to pull together Recluce economic reform agenda is a State-based Foverty Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), and utilize the all available resources in the .--r~~.- \>Izl!h which has now been christened the State State, Priiate Sector, NGOs, CBOs and V;iue ,?zar,z,?!ai!sn Economic Empowerment and the Civil Society, towards the achievement Development Strategy (SEEDS). Details of the primary objectives of the Millennium were prepared by the National Council on Development Goals (MDGs) especially that Development Planning (NCDP) comprising of reducing poverty by 50% by the year Honourable Commissioners of State 2015 as well as specificaliy regaining the Ministries of Economic Planning, the Joint enviable socio-economic vibrancy of the Planning Board (JPB)- made up of state. Permanent Secretaries responsible for Economic Planning from the States, and This task ahead is daunting and cannot the National Planning Commission (NPC). therefore be taken lightly. The proposed This initiative is intended to provide specific instruments for realizing this vision are pro-poor medium term development plans complex and difficult to implement. For for the 36 States of the Federation instance, changing the ways Government including the Federal Capital Territory does things, eliminating corruption and (FCT). Consequently, each State was enforcing Wansparency and accountability encouraged to develop its specific SEEDS in all their ramifications would require firm to reflect its peculiar socio-economic commitment by all stakeholders. challenges and diverse effective ways to Consequently, the 'price' of implementing tackle them. the plan could be high. In spite of this, the Government of Kaduna State is The Kaduna State version of SEEDS is determined to fully implement Uu: called KADSEEDS. Like the NEEDS, KADSEEDS because the long-timc KADSEEDS' objectives are to build trust benefits far outweigh the short tem co-1- Box 0.1 Background lnforrnatlon on Kaduna State In 1976, when heGentral Murtala Mohammed administration created seven new States In Nigeria, the then North Central State, wkh capital at Kaduna, was renamed Kaduna State. It was made up of the two colonial provinces of Zarla and Katslna. When In 1987, the number d States In the country was increased from nineteen to twenty-one, Katsina Provlnce became Katsina State, Mile the old Zarla Provlw became the new Kaduna State. Administratively, States were InlUally dlvided into provinces and NativeRocal Authorities. However, In 1976, the Murtala Mohammed admlnlstratlon Introduced the Local Government Admlnstration ryilem, which delegated some respondMlitles to eltctedlappolnted councllon. With each succeulve Military Government, the number d the LGAs In Kaduna State were Increased, rlslng from 14 In the early 1980s to 23 in 1998. Kaduna State ~ccuplesalmost the entlrs mid-central portlon of the Northern parts of Nlgerla and shares common borders with Zamlara. Katsina, Niger, Kano, Bauchl, Nasarawa, Plateau States, and the Federal Capital Territory to the South -West. The State ks located globally between latitudes 9' [M'N and 11' 32' North of the Equator and longitudes 6' 05' and 8" 38' East of the Graenwkh Meridian. The total land mass occupied by the State is estimated at 46,OM'sq km which is about 5% ofthe total land area of Nlgerta whlch Is estimated at 923,768 sq km. This makes Kaduna State the twelfth largest State In the counw. Major Riven In Kaduna include: Rlver Kaduna (from whlch the State derives Its name), Rlver Kogum, River Gurara, River Wonderful, or Rlver Matslrga and Galma, among reveral others. Climate: The State experiences a typical tropical contlnental climate wlth two dlstinct seasonal climates, dry and rainy seasons. These seasons reflect the influences of tropkal continental and equatorial maritime air masses, whlch sweep over the entire country. However, In Kaduna State, the seasonality is pronounced with the cool to hot dry season being longer than the rainy aeason. The weVralny aeason Is usually from May to October and varies as one moves North-wards. it is very much heavier in placer llke Kafanchan and Kagoro In the Southern parts of the State, whlch have an average of over 1 ,S24mm, than parts like Makam and lkara In the Northern parts, which have an average of 1,016mm. On the average, the State enjop a ralny season of about six months. The vegetation changes with the seasons so that during the wet season, the grasses and the leaves are green and fresh while during the dry season, they wither and dle. This is caused by high evaporation, which creates water shortage problems especially in Igabi, Giwa, Soba. Makam and lkara LGAs.

Average monthly and yearly dlmatic indkes of the State are as follows: SlNo I Parameters Year Average 1 I Average Rainfall (mrn) 1,272.5 2 ,, HumlcHty(%) 56.64 3 Daily wind speed (knot) 176.1 2 4 Average Daily min. temp. (C) 15.1 5 .. mar ,. (C) 35.18 This climatic pattern is suitable for the cultivation of subsistence and cash crop round the year, although dry season farming is often compkmented by irrigation. Kaduna State's topography is favourable for small, medium and large-scale farming and for tourism.

Souw lOdunr Sbts Plan d Mi~n(2(09 - Xa7). Kadura Yn. d Em.Plamng. In addition to this official commitment, the of Kaduna State are willing to cooperate ethnic diversity and plural cultural heritage with Government In the bid to implement of our people compel the introduction of the new agenda to foster peace and the desired change. Therefore, the people development.

Box 0.2 The People, Ethnic Composition, Cultures and Arts Kaduna State forms a portlon of the Country's cultural melting polnt with about SIXmajor ethnlc groups and no4 less than twenty other smaller groups. Among the major groups are: Hause, Fulanl, Kadara, Kagoro, BaJju, Jeba, Gbagl, Kataf and Kurame. In the northem parts of the State, the Hauoas and wme lmrnlgrants from the Southern States pradlce lslem whlle the majority of the people in the Swthem LGAe profws Christlanlty. The major Muslim festlvala Include Sallah Celebratlone of Id - El - Fitri, Id - El - KaMr and Id - El - Maulud whlle the Christians celebrate Christmas, New Year and Easter. All ethnic groups at one time or the other, wlthln the year, hold different festivals but three worth mentioning here are the Tuk - Ham, the Alan, and Durbar festivals. Prominent among traditlonal arts are pottery, leather works, Indigo -pit dyelng, and traditlonal basketslmat weaving.

Swrm: (Kaduna Stale Plan of Action (SPA) - 2004-2007). Kaduna State Mlnlstry of Ewnomlc Planning, Kaduna)

What Are the Major Advantages of KADSEEDS Over Previous Developfnent Plans?

1. KADSEEDS is founded on a Wcll- transparency, responsibility, partici- Defined Socio-econornic Framework pation and honesty in Public and of Accountability Relationships: Private Sector operations. The absence Previous attempts at development were of this collaborative approach would based on mauoeconomic framework allow corruption, poverty and decay to that failed to explain the political, social set In. It therefore, provides a clear road and cultural aspects of the design, map for improvement in every aspect of implementation and outcomes of the development. plan. But KADSEEDS is based on a 2. The KADSEEDS is Highly framework that captures the roles of Consultative and Participatory: The political, administrative, economic and plan is not based on Government ideas social actors in the processes of alone, as was largely the case with change. The emphasis on previous plans. KADSEEDS is the accountabilrty relationship seeks to outcome of a comprehensive and revive and enbench the values of broad-based consultation and partlcipation of people from all walks of life monitoring and evaluation. As a result of including the poor, women groups, the this wider consultation and participation, Private Sector, Non-Governmental one can safely and confidently say that the Organisa-tions (NGOs), Community Based KADSEEDS conveys the very vision, Organisations (CBOs) and experts in all desires and aspirations of the people of fields of endeavour. All stake- holders are Kaduna State. In this wise, the plan is involved in the design, implementation, people-based and demand driven.

Box 0.3 KADEEDS k founded on the primlples of specialization and the philosophy of complementaritles. In other words development h no longer a Government affair alone. The new plan Is aimed at trlmmlng Public Sector oprratlona down to enable % concantrate on the provision of essential servlces, whlch will protect and provide safety nets for Ita cwens. The Private Sector will engage In production and provlslon of specialized servlces and the donor Agencies, NGOs and the Civil Soclety at large will complement development In their omways. Therefore, KADSEEDS will pull the resources of different groups together and channel same towards the fulfillment of poverty allevlatlon goals, growth and prosperity. Actlvltles In the State wlll be coilaboratlve In nature - no longer acting In Isolation.

3. The Plan is Kaduna State Specific: Although the KADSEEDS resembles 'how to get there' as a people. The peculiar NEEDS in structure, the key issues are characteristics of KADSEEDS will be peculiar to the State, drawn essentially collated and translated into the State's from the State's unique and long-term annual budgets. Therefore, the experiences and overall development KADSEEDS is a plan of seif- determination needs. This is the first attempt to define and actualisation. 'where we are' 'where we want to be' and Box 0.4 History of Kaduna State

In 1956, Kaduna town was declared the Capital Territory of the former Northern reglon, and later the capital of former North Central State. Thls historical fad has established social and economlc tles between Kaduna and the governments and people of the former Northern Region, and has made the town a major centre of polltical anglneering In the country.

The State is home to top military officials Irrespective of their ethnlc and religious origlns. Kaduna clty attracted a creme of elites, the rkh and specialized people around the country who earned the tltle 'Kaduna Mafla'. It Is believed that the 'Kaduna Mafia' is an rlite club of political pace setters who often lnfluenca the placement of Northarnen on the seats of power at the Federal level. It Is often sald that, In addition to the peaceful nature of Kaduna State, the 'Kaduna Mafla' was responsible for the large Prlvate Sector Investment in the State.

On the realm of education and training, Kaduna Stete hosts many Federal Government Institutions such as the Nlgarian Defence Academy, Federal Training Centre, Natlonal Board for Technical Educatlon, National Primary Education Commission, National Eye Centre and the Ahmadu Bello University Zarla, to mention a few. The latter ranks among the earliest and the largest universities In Nigeria and Is one of the best in Africa. These and other educational establishments have earned the State the tltle: 'Center of Learning".

Economically, Kaduna is one of the major commercial cities in Nigeria, second only to Kano in the North. Its Industrial establishments such as textiles. furniture, automobile (Peugeot Automobile Nigeria Ltd) Nigerian Brewerlea and the Nigerian National Petroleum Company (NNPC) refinery afford the town and its envlrons lots of aconomlc activities. But there companies are not operating at full capacity. In fact, some have resorted to epileptic production while others have folded up. It Is Important to observe, at this point, that the economlc downturn In Kaduna Stata la not peculiar to it, rather If is a reflection of a national economic stagnation and decline.

Wm an International airport, major rail junction that llnks up wlth Zaria, Kano, Lagos and Port Harcourt, Kaduna town enjoys Local and International trade patronage. For Instance, its International Trade Fair Complex is only second to that of Lagos in terms of aba and global patronage. The biggest and most swessful multinational companies in Europe such as the UTC, Leventis and Challarems reslded In Kaduna town. However, apart from the annual trade hlr that the State hosts, other major commercial actlvlties have waned.

4. KADSEEDS Focuses on Reforming any meaningful economic progress is Government: The central theme for this achieved, Government must adjust the plan is to change the way Government processes and ways 1 does things. This does things. It is believed that erstwhile approach is a significant shift from official corruption and inefficiencies have previous attempts to refom stmctures been the major Causes of under- without due consideration to procedures development and poverty. Thus, before and behavioral pattern of Government. human, and financial resources as well as Therefore, the reform agenda emphasises its future prospects. Unlike the past on institutionalising target driven planning, development plans that were mere balanced budgeting and enforcement of 'wishlists', KADSEEDS programmes and monitoring and evaluation culture across projects are based on a realistic projection Government institutions whereby of the State's resources. This is In line with discipline, accountability, transparency and the principles of Medlum Term Expenditure the will for enforceability will prevail. The Framework (MTEF) in which expenditure is reform also focuses on minimizing limited to available resources. The MTEF Government's responsibilities to the promotes resource-based planning, provision of enabling environment for other effective participation, monitoring and Sectors of the economy to thrive. This evaluation. The set targets and strategies aspect particularly seeks to promote as contained in this text are achievable, Private Sector participation in the because they were set after taking into economy. account the magnitude of the problems 5. The Implementation Modalities are and the human and financial resources based on Resource Availability in needed to address them over a given Kaduna State: These include its natural, period of time (2005- 2007).

Box 0.5 Population Based on Vle annual growth rate of 3.2% Kaduna State populatlon Is estimated at 5,775,203 mllllon in 2005 as against 3,935,818 rnllllon In 1991, making it the third most populous State In Nlgerla. The rapid population growth has given rise to a population density of 125 people per square Kilometer In 2005 against 110 In 1999 The State's populatlon structure shows that, the majority of the citizenry currently live In urban and semi urban towns like Kaduna, Zarla, Kafanchan, Kagoro, Zonkwa BIGwarl, Makarfl and Zangon Kataf. Another unique feature of the State's populatlon Is the near 1:l male 1 female ratio not just fw the State as a whole, but among the 23 LGAs. 27.% of the populatlons are infants aged between G5 years and children aged 6-1 1 years constitute 18%. Further, the age dlstrlbution of the State suggests that only 10% of males and 8% of females live to see their 44th birthdays and only 1% of the populatlon scales to 75 years. Based on these flgures we can clearly say that the State Is under siege of population outburst with majonty of the people living in the towns and semi urban areas, putting pressure on the limited uban resources and Infrastructure. The population of women, infants and children also suggests a high level dependant and vulneraMe group In the State. The UNICEF Study of 2003 also shows clearly a general high mortality rate especially between the ages of 611 years and 2445 years. Souner: Ministry d EaxKrmic Planning - Kadune 2031 and UNICEF 2W3

enabler, a motivator and an evaluator State people, protecting vulnerable of all viable economic investments. and under-priviledged groups; women, Government institutions at the children and the disabled. People's grassroots (for instance the 23 LGAs, empopwerrnent programmes will 32 Emirates and Chiefdoms and 46 include; Development Areas) will be a. Encouraging job creation outside strengthened to mobilize, organize the Public Sector through Private and co-ordinate development activities Sector investment and strategic in their areas of jurisdiction. support for the SMEs. Credit 2. Promoting Private Sector Growth schemes will be boosted by and Development - In this respect, facilitating access to funds at low priority wiil include deep commitment interest rates. Apprenticeship to the provision of security of lives and training and integrated rural property, provision of viable physical development will remain strategic infrastructure, Partnership and instruments for job creation in the cooperation with the Private Sector. State. SMEs will also be The current programme on encouraged through skill clustering privatization and commercialization and agglomeration for this will be accelerated while the Kaduna purpose. State mining and solid mineral b. The housing conditions of the industry, tourism, SMEs and people of Kaduna State deserve agricuttural Sectors wiil be linked to urgent improvement. Therefore, Private initiatives to maximize deliberate strategies will be economic benefits derivable from developed to cooperate with them. Private developers to build 3. Implementing a Social Charter for affordable housing for renting, Empowering the People - This term outright sale or mortgage to the is broadly used to mean tackling the citizenry. In addition to this, causes of poverty head on, including KADSEEDS will seek to cut the among others, social exclusion, cost of owning apartments by unemployment, poor or inadequate encouraging research on local delivery of health care, education, building materials so as to promote water and housing facilities. A precise their use in the industry. attack on poverty will involve c. Introducing a State Health Policy strengthening the skill base of Kaduna which will plan and operate a comprehensive and functional into Islamic schools will be health system. It will foster Public accelerated. Fairness in staff Private Partnership (PPP) in the appointments, promotions and Sector and ensure the equipping of other incentives will be enhanced. existing hospitals, enhancement of 4. Effective Communication System the Primary Heath Care (PHC) Government will promote broad based system and development of participation by involving the Private necessary skills in the sector. Sector, Press, NGOs and the Civil Private practitioners vhll be Society in the implementation, adequately monitored to ensure monitoring and evaluation of the corporate delivery of health KADSEEDS. Through continuous services as a strategy to protect publicity on the Internet and local media the people from sub-standard programmes, the public will be enabled health care services. The new plan to track the operations of Government to eliminate child-killer diseases and assess their progress in the which is targeted at priority implementation of the KADSEEDS. The diseases such as malaria, intention is to promote an 'open system' tuberculosis, HIVIAIDS, reproduc- through which the Public can hold Government accountable for its actions. tive health and related illnesses 5. Vrtlue Reorientation This concept will be firmly pursued. Family - borders on character and behavioral change planning servlces will be promoted - a turn around from the negative values we along side awareness creation uphold as individuals and as a people. The towards checking the current high bane of deception, lying, corruption, cheating rate of population growth. and unpatriotic attitudes have eroded the d. Empowerment would also take the very foundation of development. Thus, form of strengthening the skill base KADSEEDS seeks to minimize these vices. of our people through functional The concept of value reorientation is education. The Government will borrowed from the simple wisdom of a tree adhere to the Kaduna State that bears good fruits because its roots are Educational Policy and ensure embedded in a good and nutfitious soil. Like general improvement in teaching the tree in figure 0.1, the roots of value and learning environment. Special reorientation for our Society must include incentives will be created for girl among others, God-consciousness, fairness, child education while the discipline and truth. Government believes incorporation of formal education that nuclear families, traditional leaders and religious groups can encourage these

0.6 Necessary Values for Poverty Reduction and Development

1. Respect- Our cultural heritage In Kaduna lo based on respect for our elders, authority and human lives. Our leaden must recognize the fact that every Kaduna citlzen has the rlght to live, freedom to express hls/her views and right to enjoy the abundant resources that God has Mewed us all wlth. On Me other hand, the citizens must respect the leadership In ways that promote patriotism and aemessness. 2. Tolerance- The pursuR for peaceful change rests In our ability to tolerate one another lrrespectlve of our expectatlons of them. To this end, the Moslems must tolerate the Christians and vice versa. Ethnic differences should not inform our actions and responses towards others; rather, tolerance would enable us work as a progresslve team ready to achieve a common agenda. 3. Social Inclusion- Living in harmony with our neighbors, colleagues and people around us would make a great difference. KADSEEDS would thrive in an atmosphere of friendliness and togetherness. This value will help us disband the artificial walls of ethnic, religious and tribal sentiments because it will enhance cooperation and collaboration In all spheres of life. 4. Honesty- To be honest in our dealings wlth fellow men and God. This value will eschew cheating, lying, deception and corrupt practices. It will uphold fairness, equity and dlsclpiine. KADSEEDS positions this value to be a central prerequisite to success. 5. Participation- This is the act of involving people in decision making, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of development programmes and projects. Participation creates a seme of belonging, thereby enhancing patriotism and loyalty to a common cause. VISION AND POLICY THRUSTS FOR THE PERIOD 2005 - 2007

n recognition of the peculiar poverty from 70% in 2003 to 50% by 2007. development challenges and the need to reverse their negative Security and Trust effects, the vision of the Government of The policy thrust for confidence building is Kaduna State will implement strategic to ensure the security of lives and property, policies to underscore the confidence promote peaceful co-existence and curb building measures being pursued at home the activities of unscrupulous and violent and outside the State, reform and people whose agenda is to destabilize the strengthen Government and its institutions, State and its progress. The Government is empower the people and create enabling resolved not to tolerate any person or environment for all economic, social and group of persons whose intention is to political actors to thrive. Agriculture and disrupt the peaceful co-existence of the Small and Medium Entereprises (SMEs) State. At the same time, dialogue will be will be the primary focus in the drive to intensified to foster mutual understanding create jobs and generate growth in the and tolerance. economy. The overall target is to reduce

Trust, Security and Confidence BuNding Strengthen the strike force bases in Kaduna town and broaden their scope of coverage to Include Ikara, Kubau, Kafanchan, Kachia, Saminaka, Makafi, BIGwari and Zaria. Codify community securlty system and promote cooperation betweem formal and informal policing. Effectively utilise formal security system such as the SSS to conduct perpetual surveillance in order to obtain fwst hand information on security matters. Empower the SSG's Office and other - -- . - Agencies responsible for security to collect, collate and interprete security information. Review, and where necessary, revise the sociai arrangement in Kaduna State to discourage suspicious activities such as segregated settlements and rumour

mongering.-. 1 Promote fairness and transparency in resource distribution and merit based reward system. Strengthen dialogue and sociai interaction among the diverse religious and ethnic gruops, Chiefdoms and Emirates to foster understanding and curtail mutual suspicion. Produce administrative maps to show boundary demarcations between Emirates and Chiefdoms.

Reform Government and its emulate particularly in the areas of Institutions discipline, prudent financial management, As a state, our policy thrust and sense of accountability, transparency and promotion purpose in reformimg Government and its of the rule of law. 'if Government gets it institutions is to strenthen the coordination right, others stand a better chance to get it and exploitation of our potentials in right'. Our quest to make Kaduna State an natural, human and financial resources, attractive place is cleariy demonstrated by and allocate same in ways that reflect the the bold steps we have taken to aspirations of our people without restructure, right size, harmonize, and compromising efficiency, effectiveness of reprofessionalize the operation of service delivery and the future growth of Government and its institutions with special our economy. The consideration of this respect to making governance more policy thrust is anchored on the principle demand-driven, responske and mat Governments must carve out the road- responsible to the yearnings of the people. map and lay leading examples for others to Public Sector Reform Implement the adopted portions of the Federal Government WhAe Paper of Ayida's Report on the review of the Civil service. Make copies available to all Ministries. Restructure, harmonize, right size and reprofessionalize Government and its institutions Privatue non-performing and less profitable enterprises Institutionalize Due Process and Code of Ethics and implement the Fiscai Responsibility Law when enacted. Sound Fiscai Pollcy and Operation Phase out incremental budgeting and substantially base expenditure on available resources using KADSEEDS targets and strategies. Maintain a more orderly and disciplined budget formulation process that curbs the numerous sources of extra budgetary expenditure. Raise internal revenue from N2.5b to N3.5b in 2007 Improve the capital - recurrent expenditure ratio from 2375 in 2003 to 60:40 by 2007 Economic Planning, Coordination Harmonize and streamline donor and Cooperation supports improve data collection, processing and storage across the State - coordinate and harmonize the activiiies of all research and statistics departments and units Reactivate and strengthen monitoring and evaluation. lmprove Partnership across tiers of Government Promote information dissemination, communication and participatory governance lmprove ail mechanisms for checks and balances. Coordinate and ensure the implementation of the KADSEEDS Entrench participatory approaches to planning, budgeting and implementation. Implement Financial Instructions and other official puiications in compliance with Due Process in the conduct of Government business. Information Disseminaffon, Create and maintain a State website Communications and Particlpafion Promote dialogues at State, LG and community levels. Develop community based radio programmes Effective coverage of Government activities (budget and implementation) on TVIRadio Mobiiization, sensitization and creation of awareness on effective participation Social and Economic Empowerment alleviation policies and programmes. The policy drive to empower the people of Poverty reduction strategies in Kaduna Kaduna State is all encompassing but with State are in forms of skill development, special attention to poverty reduction from credit facilities and protection schemes for the current level of 70% to 50% by 2007. vulnerable groups (women, youth, and This administration Is very conscious of the HIVIAIDS patients), improvement in the scourge of poverty on the people and the provision of basic social services such as consequences of not tackling it head on. water, feeder roads, health and education, This is why we have focused on effective participation, social inclusion and implementing a number of poverty Information dissemination.

Targeted Poverty Reduction Reduce unemployment by 2% by 2007 Schemes lncrease beneficiaries of loan schemes by 20% Increase number of apprenticeship trainees by 25 % by 2007 Provision of Social Services Reduce capital-recurrent expenditure ratio of Ministry of Health from 90:lOto 5050. Reduce Doctor-Patient ratio from 1 :66,966 to 1 :50,000by 2007 Reduce maternal and infant mortality rates by 50% Reduce or eradicate the incidences of priority diseases (malaria, typhoid, acute respiratory infection, measles, diarrhea and TB) by 2007 Reduce HIVIAIDS prevalence rate from 5.6% to 4.5% by 2007.

Raise girl child primary school enrolment from 29% to 40% and overall enrolment from 56% to 80% by 2007 Improve conditions of primary health care

B, NECO and SSCE) from 8% to 20% by Gender... - Balance I Mainstream aender- issues. I s ( lncrease women representation in Government leadership to 30% lncrease bylo% the number of women that are economically empowered Promote justice for women by domesticating the Convention on the Ellmination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) Environment Mainstream environmental issues Improve forestry reserves and plantation development by 2% each year Strictly enforce environmental law. Privatize less efficient activities of the Ministry.

In addition to these, the Government will Enterprise (SMEs) because these are give special attention to the promotion of areas where native talent is most agricutture and Small and Medium efficient.

Agriculture and Prosperity I Achieve 5% annual growth rate in comparative advantaged crops - Imaize, ginger, Irish potatoes etc and I seasonings. 1 lncrease livestock production by 25% each year I Enhance the Growth of Small and ( Promote formation of Cooperative Medium Enterprlsar (SMEs) Societies. Facilitate access to Private andlor long term low interest credit facilities. Resuscitation of moribund SMEs and facilitating the establishment of new ones I 1 Harmonize all micro-credit schemes and develop objective criteria for selectino beneficiaries. I - 1 Strengthen methods of monitoring and evaluation of loan performance I and ways of recovery.

Provide Enabling Environment for very foundation for an enabling other Actors of the Economy to environment. Therefore, among other Thrive things, the State must strengthen security Creating enabling environment for Private in ways that build confidence in the minds investments and capital flow into Kaduna of prospective investon, Provitle State remains a major area of focus, infrastructure and make the judicial systr>!r~ Indeed, our ability and commitment to effective. realize prevlous set goals could be the

Create Enabling Environment for Enhance security of lives and a// other Actors of the Economy to properties, rule of law and effective Thrive - Private Sector Investment, legal system. NGOs, CBOs and Donors. Provide strategic economic infrastructure Encourage Public Private Partnership in priority areas (Mining, Agriculture, Manufacturing, Tourism and Housing). Privatization and Commercialization of commercial/industrial enterprises. Promote a well-defined cooperation with NGOs and CBOs especially in the areas of women and youth development, mobilization, awareness creation and HIVIAIDS prevention and care. Consolidate and strengthen donor support and participation. Strengthen the coordination of non- Public Sector inputs in Kaduna State METHODOLOGY

onsuttative and participatory which comprised 3 Permanent Secretaries, approaches were used in Auditor and Accountant Generals of the developing the KADSEEDS. The State, Directors, NGOs and experts from design process commenced WITH the the academia and the UNICEF. The creation and inauguration of two Technical Committee has been responsible Committees namely, Drafting and for data gathering, analysis and drafting Technical Committees headed by the the document. A KADSEEDS Secretariat Deputy Governor, His Excellency Engr. was also created at the Ministry of Stephen Shekari and the Permanent Economic Planning. With the inauguration Secretary of the Minisby of Economic of these committees by the Executive Planning respectively. The first Committee Governor of Kaduna State, His Excellency was made up of Honourable Nhaji Ahmed Mohammed Makarti which Commissioners, Secretary to the State was backed up by financial comm'hents; Government, Head of Service, NGOs, one can say that the KADSEEDS has Traditional Rulers, Labour Unions, Private enjoyed necessary political support in Sector Organizations and experts from Kaduna State. relevant disciplines. They were responsible for regulating the Technical Committee

Data Gathering and Analyses

The processes of data gathering and structures and operations were the main analyses were guided by three challenges focal points and the whole exercise namely establishing: Where are we' revolved around them. 'where do we want to be' 'and how do we get there'? The answers to the first The Technical Committee was saddled question provided some information on the with the responsibilities of data collection, current development conditions of the analyses and timely progress reporting to State as a whole with details on specific the Drafting Committee. Data were Sectors. The second and third questions obtained through library research and provided data for target and strategy review of existing materials (such as the setting respectively. Existing Government poverty index study, State budgets and the UNICEF-supported State Plan of Action - comprehensive revenue prosp i?:k (SPA) just to mention a few. SEEDS between 2005 and 2007 - see page 21.; workshops and various consultative exercises were also conducted. The draft copy was widel'h circul,~lrld among development experts, IuGOs, 111d All the 19 Ministries including their the Civil Society. Dialogue on the re t 'rt Parastatals, Special Duties Outiits, was conducted on the meclia anc a Agencies, representatives of NGOs and conference was organized t:l sens i,:e the Private Sector provided the Technical Local Government stake-holders. b $id Team with some situation analyses of their inputs from these processes v I .e respective organizations. The methods of incorporated and the final copy is b I ~g sourcing Information from Ministries, NGOs prepared for launch~ng I ~d and Private Organuatlons included the implementation. creation of In house sub-committees aimed at facilitating broad -based Interactions It is important to note that, for the purpc !s beyond the KADSEEDS Secretariat. This of ensuring Pa*ership and ov~nershi of was an inclusive process that allowed for the KADSEEDS, the who13 exer +e detailed analyses of the submissions of all revolved around Government institut IS Ministries and their AgencieslParastatal in and activities. In other words, the struc e the State. of this document, its targets and strate !s

reflect the actual actions of all Governr I it

In addiiion, 2 rounds of detailed organizations as obtained in their dat )- discussions with all line Ministries, NGOs day activities. Thus the KADSEEDS ie at and the Private Sector were organized by an abstract policy; it is a presentatio ~f the Technical Committee. The sessions how Government should be run on I ly were almed at reaching a consensus on bases to meet public expectations. the targets and strategles set for the line Ministries and their Agencies. Once this The process of packaging KADSE. was achieved, the Executive Council along document has brought to the fore the , side the Drafting Committee selected state of statistical information in the S priority areas that formed the basis for lndeciding the way forward, it bec 2005 budget. The Ministries of Finance imperative to undertake a thori and Economic Planning conducted the situation analyses to determine whet* resource potentials of the State Agency by are at the moment. In attempting , Agency and came up with a analyses, the Committee realised the management of statistical information plan without reliable and veritable data, has been a major problem in the State. statistical information management should The process of data generation, collation, be accorded a unique and special interpretation and dissemination has over recognition is the State. KADSEEDS, like the years been ignored. Thus, available any other plan, can only create effective data, where it exists, is highly unreliable and meaningful Impact, if the quality of and/or incomplete. Since KADSEEDS is information onwhich it is predicted is basically a plan and since there is no way urgently and drastically addressed. of producing a balanced and operational

Structure of the Report

The KADSEEDS document as packaged is institutional arrangements and factors a complete policy plan for poverty needed to enforce operational and reduction and wealth creation. It comprises accountability relationship among Public of a Forward which reflects the personal Sector actors. It postulates that the conviction and commitment of His successful implementation of KADSEEDS Excellency, the Executive Governor on the will rely on a relationship that is driven and document. It is followed by an Executive sustained by accountability relationship. Summary that encapsulates the the policy The four actors - politicians, Civil servants, direction of the plan while the Overview implementers and citizens can only play whlch provides basic historical information their roles effectively under the new on the State, highlights the comparative dispensation if the accountability factors advantages and major benefits derivable are applied. from KADSEEDS. This is followed by the Vision and major Policy Thrusts of the Chapter Two analyses and explains plan, its Methodology and highlight of the poverty conditions from various structure of the document. perspectives - Income, capability, functional, social exclusion and intangible The KADSEEDS document proper is made poverty. About 70% of Kaduna State up of seven chapters viz; population is said to live below the poverty Chapter One provides a comprehensive line. This is aggravated by the poor framework for understanding and conditions of socio-economic and implementing the development plan. The infrastructural facilities, rapid population framework explains the important growth and continual deprivation. The chapter on poverty reiterates the point that are expounded as a major component of KADSEEDS's ultimate outcome is to the Social Charter. This chapter explains overcome poverty, empower people and to the Social Charter Principle of the SEEDS create wealth in all its ramifications. whereby poverty reduction and empowenent are enhanced through Chapter Three discusses the challenges of efficient delivery of key infrastructural and achieving 'good governance' in Kaduna social services. State; key among them are the fight against corruption, fraud, waste, abuse of Chapter Five discusses the challenges and office and other related Public Sector action plans for achieving specific Sector problems that hinder efficient performance. development especially on the fields of; Government and institutional reforms are agriculture, environment, culture and major determinants to change without tourism, science and technology and solid which the whole KADSEEDS processes minerals. These Sectors require close co- will be abortive, To this end this chapter is operation and collaboration between devoted to changing the ways Government Government and Private Sector. does things with special reference to strengthening transparency and Chapter Six discusses the role of Private accountabilrty in Government operations, Sector in the development of the economy institutional reforms towards reducing the of the State. As one of the pillars of size of Government and providing enabling KADSEEDS, Private Sector development environment for Private Sector participation is conceived to be an important process for in the economy and conduct of fiscal positive change. Progress In this Sector operational reforms (such as improved will rely on a number of factors, key Locally generated revenue, debts and debt amongst which is the effective management, balanced budget and performance of the Ministry of Commerce resource-based budgeting). and Industry in creating potent linkages between Private investmenffcapital and the A detailed analysis of infrastructural and activities of various Minisbies. social services is contained in Chapter Four. The analysis is focused on the Chapter Seven discusses the institutional present conditions of education, health, arrangement for the implementation of the water, roads, housing and electricity and KADSEEDS and the provision of regular how to improve service delivery. monitoring and evaluation of the entire Particularly, activities of women and youth process. CHAPTER ONE

FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING AND IMPLEMENTING KADSEEDS

He cenwal goals of SEEDS are to inefficiencies, corrupt practices and reduce poverty, create wealth and financial misallocation. achieve value re-orientation. But Institutionally, Government organizations Twe all know that more often than are prone to these setbacks because of not, such development goals turn out to be the dearth of accountability relationships 'wishful thinking' because the institutional among major actors. This framework and structural mechanisms for achieving proposes that deliberate effort be made to them are usually weak and flawed by enhance the accountabili relationship in unproductive values, corruption and the Public Service and ensure its inefficiencies. This suggests that the enforceability in the processes of framework for designing and successful implementing the SEEDS in order :o implementation of KADSEEDS must, of achieve and sustain its laudable goals. necessity, focus on addressing these problems and strengthening the operations The framework takes into account the of the Public Sector (which is the main Federal structure of Nigeria within which lmplementer of SEEDS) to realize the State Governments operate. The Nigerian goals. Federation is such that the center is particularly strong because of its privileged Experience has revealed that the factors control over its major economic resources that bedeviled sustainable development especially from the handsome oil revenue. plans of the past were not necessarily The State and Local Governments draw a because of inherent defects in the paltry 47% from the Federation Account planning process per se but in the while the balance goes to the Federal structural and institutional arrangements Government. However, at all levels, there for their implementation. More importantly, has not been stringent process of the processes of implementing previous accounting for how the resources allocated development plans in Nigeria lacked clear are being managed, thereby allowing for cut framework for reforming the Public wastages and corruption. The situation Sector and eliminating major setbacks like; seems to have been aggravated as funds are in many cases, being expended without following g the Due Process or 1. Institutionalization of 5 key reference to rules and regulations. accountability instruments; However, lack of vertical and horizontal 2. Promotion of answerability fectors accountability within and among the three across four Public Sector actors - the tiers of Government has been a major State (politicians), policy custodians reason for the failures of previous (Civil sewants), policy implementers development plans and indeed the cause (organizations) and policy of deepening level of poverty. beneficiaries (citizens or clients).

Given these rather peculiar problems in Nigeria, the successful implementation of SEEDS would depend on 2 major actions:

Accountability Relationships

There are many definitions of healthy relationships, performance, accountability from the point of view of a consistency and continuity. variety of disciplines (economics, political Accountability from this perspective is science, sociology, accounting, and public constituted of 5 elements: Hierarchy, administration). Its application to the Assignment, Financing, Functioning and KADSEEDS design and implementation Enforcement. The elements the State lays no claim to any superior definition. Government should institutionalize in the Rather, it is conceived as a critical process processes of designing and implementing for home-based economic growth and its KADSEEDS. The use of these sustainability, a full basket of ideas that components to depict accountability is not connote positive virtues and good moral altogether new, the World Development values (honesty, sincerity, discipline, Report (2004) potrays these componerits orderiiness, self-respect, productivity, as necessary factors for effective service equality, effectiveness and godliness), delivery to the poor. Figure 1.0 Five Instruments of Accountability

,-.

Functioning

1. Hierarchy: This refers to well-defined that, an effective hierarchy (devoid of structures for the exercise of authority unnecessary bureaucratic structures) that ensure answerability at ail levels will ensure checks and balances, of Government operations. The orga- enforce performance and effective nogram of the State which depicts service delivery. Furthermore, a authority and power distribution is hierarchy that is compliant to clear, though it has had to be radically accountability will ensure responsibility modified to accommodate immediate and answerability upon which the political imperatives. Institutional successful implementation of this plan proliferation, the interplay of pressure relies. groups and political compensation 2. Assignment: There can be no seem to have altered the existing accountability where organizations hierarchical structures in the State. and officers operate without distinct The underiying assumption here is and wen-defined and specified roles and assignments, as is often the case assignments has constituted a serious with State Government instiiutions. setback to effective Public Sector Assignment, in this context refers to performance. Timely and adequate schedule of duty, job description and financing of assignments could specification, which spell out the minlmize these problems. hierarchy and responsibilities for Accountability in this context also has organizations and Individuals. to do with proper budgeting and Sometimes, the creation of Ministries, budget implementation - making the Agencies and Parastatals and the budgets the vehicle for implementing employment of staff and consuitants and achieving targets and goals. are driven more by poiiical 4. Functioning: This is about measuring conveniences and discretion rather outputs and out-comes to ascertain than need and competence. In such efficiency or performance successes cases, organizations and staff operate or failures. An Agency or individual without clear-cut assignments, which can be said to be functionally allows for the creeping in of productive if assignments are duplications, inefficiencies, wastages promptly, adequately or efficiently and corrupt practices into the system. carried out. Performance Accountability from this perspective measurement is key to this instrument. demands that operations of Accountability at this level demands Government Agencies must be guided that organizational and individual by clear assignments of order andlor performance assessments are delegattons that culminate in the regularly carried out through a variety achievement of overall development of technlques: monitoring and goals of the State. Outside the Public evaluation, being the most veritable, it Sector arena, Government can also requires that the outcomes or the delegate roles to Private enterprises score cards of these processes are (PPP), donors and NGOs based on published andlor disseminated. negotiated terms and conditions. 5. Enforcement: This refers to reward 3. Finance: This refers to the input systems that recognise good (money, material, manpower and performance and sanctions paor managerial skills) that enables the performance. It also menris implementation of assignments. The appropriate application of the laws tlr)d inability to provide timely and regulations that promote the reign of adequate finances for public sector the rule of law. Implelnenfi*rt~ enforceability is complex and difficult it will be unfair and ineffective to especially where assessments are enforce rewards or punishment. biased or de-linked from the earlier Accountability at this stage requires stages. For instance, if clear that the first three stages are properly assignments are not given and finance entrenched before enforcement is is not adequately allotted to Agencies, implemented.

Promoting Accountability Relationships among Four Actors

Box 1.0 Definition of Four Account~lbilityActors

Polltlclans: In the Nigerian democratic setting, politicians as electedlappointed representatives, act on behalf of the State and have monopoly of legitimate use of physical force, rules and laws of the land. They have the power to regulate, leglslete and sel and enforce the 'rules of the game'. They also represent the interests of the electorates who in this case are classifled as citlzens. Poiiticlans in thls context can be defined as the State ruiing machinery.

Clvll Servants: These are well-trained Public Sector workers who provide expert support for politicians in running the affairs of the State. Civil Servants are the custodians of the law; they llaise with the politicians in the course of formulating and Implementing State laws end the regulations that guide the application of the 5 accountability instruments. They also form part ofthe state machinery. hplementardProvlders: These groups in the accountability chain are the frontline providers of Public Sector organisationa - Minlstries, departments, bureau, Agency and Parastatals. Front line providers are those Public Sector workers Ktro come in dlrect contact with clients. They could be teachers, doctors, nurses and pharmacists.

Cllentdcitlzenr: These are individuals or households who try to Influence Government decisions for improve Services and welfare packages. As citiiens, they participate both as individuals and through coalitions (CBOs, cooperative societier, political parties, labour unions, development associations) to define collective objectives. As clients they put pressure on Government to improve the supply of given services like water, eiactrlcity, heakh and education.

To help understand the challenges of box 1.O) is rather artificial, it supports the reforming Public Sector operations at the distinct role that each of them will play in State level in Kaduna, a chain of four sets the implementation of KADSEEDS. of actors and the relationship between them has to be examined. Atthough the classification of these actors (as shown in

Arrows in figure 1.1 point the direction of easy to draw because the former does not accountability and portray collective generate information on the performance objectives by stakeholders. This of the latter. Apart from this, the relationship is typical of all public sector relationship between politicians and operations - health, education, sanitation, lmplementers is dominated by master - agriculture, water and electricity supply. servant relationship in ways that prohibit a Under this assumption, politicians are the fair and objective performance most influential because they control the assessment that leads to true instruments of power. Therefore the accountability. Implementation processes of KADSEEDS must win the support of this class. Also, However, the KADSEEDS will minimize the framework assumes that the State these problems through the provision of comprises of the top Civil Servants and the specified targeted assignments for all political class in power who jointly delegate Government Agencies within which their responsibllities to lmplementers. Thus the performance can be easily measured. It is accountability relationship between these now left for the Government of Kaduna actors is a mutual one. It is assumed that if State to finance the implementation of at any point In time the relationship these assignments, engage the services of between the political group in power and independent monitoring team and enforce Civil Servants is severed, the application compliance and answerability at all levels of the 5 instruments will be flawed. Figure 1.1 shows that all three actors - This suggests that politicians should rely politicians, implementers and Civil on the professionalism of Civil servants to servants are answerable to citizens. provide efficient governance particularly in However, in most circumstances, such the areas of allowing the rules to govern accountability relationships do not exist. their behaviour. The power relationship Most times, citizens are unable to exert the between these two should be that of desired influence on Government actions mutual trust in ways that both parties can because they lack the basic instruments - hold each other responsible and education, information and coalitions. accountable based on the State's This preposition holds that clients or stipulated rules and laws. citizens can be empowered to hold all other actors in the circle accountable in 3 The accountability relationship between ways. First, Non Governmental politicians and implementers is not always Organizations, donors and interest groups can empower clients through awareness accountability relationship between client- creation, training and information providers deserves more consideration. dissemination. On the other hand, Government can empower clients by Formal political institutions (political creating a competitive economy for wider partieslelections) and informal relation- cholces of services. Clients can empower ships (advocacy and public information themselves by creating alliances, unions campaigns) are the probable ways of or pressure groups to speak with a ensuring accountability between politicians common voice. and Civil servants on the one hand and citizens on theother. However, in all of The accountability relationship between these relationships, citizens have to be citizens and the rest of the actors can also empowered so that they can initiate ways be improved by empowering them to hold of enforcing accountability. the latter liable for their actions. Such empowerment can be in form of increasing Overall, the successfui implementation of citizen's choices by creating competition KADSEEDS hinges on strengthening the among service providers (schools, relationships in the chain - between hospitals) that would result in improved politiciansCivi1 servants, politicians- service delivery. The State can also implementers, implementers - citizens, promote accountability relationship politician-citizens and Civil servant- between implementers and citizens citizens. Making just one link effective may through participatory actions. Since not be enough to create the required politicians hardly have time to hold impact. Conversely, keeping a weak link in implementers accountable, improving the the chain will distrupt the workability of Uie accountability relationships in the syste111 CHAPTER TWO

POVERTY AND POVERTY REDUCTION

overty means so many things to so reduce poverty - particularly ameliorate many people but the bottom line is absolute poverty and deprivation. Pthat the concept connotes lack. It KADSEEDS will not only treat the could be lack of intangible things like symptoms of poverty but will also attack its health, education or tangible things like root causes. The development plan will money, food and infrastructure. One of the also produce accountability and create expected outcomes of KADSEEDS is to wealth opportunities for all.

Causes and Effects of Poverty

The major causes of poverty in Nigeria 5. Disproportionate distribution of job and indeed in Kaduna State include the opportunities and social amenities; following:- 6. High prevalence of HIV/AIDS and 1. Corruption and mismanagement of other killer diseases; resources in both Public and Private 7. Lack of family planning. Sectors; 2. Inadequate and deterioration in both In the course of interactions, the people's quantity and quality of infrastructure perception of the causes and effects of such as roads, water supply, poverty includes the following: electn'city, heatth and educational 1. Increasing incidences of corruption by facilities, etc; Public Sector officials as they attempt 3. Frequent social unrests due to to make ends meet and increase their communal and religious conflicts, etc; purchasing power to the dis- 4. Low returns in resource utilization in advantage of the majority. both agricultural and industrial 2. Increased importation mainly through Sectors; smuggling, of low quality, fake and adulterated goods to make them ranks the least with 1.42 POVl as shown in affordable to the pauperized citizens figure 2.0 below. and this gradually kill local initiatives and investments. While the POVl ranking gives insight into 3. Rapid deterioration in living conditions the poverty situation of the Local of the people, resulting in poor health Government Areas, the method of and a return to traditional methods of aggregating the 9 components has failed healing; to dissect poverty details within the same 4. Increasing rate of crime and social context, thereby providing skewed vices; representation of poverty profiles. For 5. The rise of individualism and instance, although the POVl of Jaba Local survivalist concerns aimed at meeting Government ranks highest, its daily needs; infrastructure conditions are poor, even 6. Loss of confidence in Government and worse than those of Kudan Local its programmes; Government. 7. Low morale and declining patriotism; 8. Misplacement of priorities. The figure below clearly shows that the poverty level is high and varies across The 1999 Kaduna State Povedy lndex LGAs with highest proportion of the poor (POVI) study by the UNDP explains its living in the North. Overall, the education poverty conditions from different index (EDI) is poor. The ED1 of Bimin perspectives, computed from 9 composites Gwari, Giwa, Ikara, Lere, Soba and Sabon and compressed into 4 major indicators - Gari LGAs rank between 0.10 and 0.16 Economic Status lndex (ESI), Education while Kudan and Makarfi LGAs rank as lndex (EDI), Environment and low as 0.04. (See details in Appendix 1) Infrastmcture (El) and Social Development The infrastructure and environmental (El) lndex (SDI) - each having a total score of conditions of Sanga, Kauru, Kudan, Giwa, 1. The indicators are both comprehensive Kagarko, Jema'a and Jaba LGAs are and explicit, showing welfare and living relatively backward. Life Expectancy, conditions of people across the State. measured by (SDI), is generally low acrosr; Based on these indicators (which do not the State with Sanga and Kauru having tht! reflect the tremendous changes that have highest scores of 0.38 while Sab~nGal, occurred since 1999), Jaba LGA ranks Zaria, Makarfi, Giwa, Kubau and Kuda~c highest with 2.39 POVl and Kudan LGA are among the lowest with scores r etwi '. 0.01 and 0.17.

Box 2.0 Kadunn State Poverty lndex (POVI) One of the most compehenslve poverty studles of Kaduna State that established thls poverty lndex (POVI) was concluded In 1999 by the UNDP In collabaatlon with the lnstttute of Governance and Social Research (IGSR). The study was based on the fu-ndonlng appoach and used Indicators like environment, Infrastnrcture, educatlon, demography, economic and soclal factors to measure poverty condltlons In the State. The flndings are both lllumlnatlng and revealing. Spedflcally, the Indkes that measured the level of poverty were:

> Education- The lndex consists of the level of formal education and adult literacy rate. It measured the number of people who termlnated their education at wondary and tertiary levels and the number of people with adult literacy. > Availability: - This refers to the presence of basic sewlces such as telecommunication, postal services, police and security services, transportatlon and education. The index actually reveals the level of Infrastructure development In a glven community (in this case by Local Government areas).

> Road Accesslbllity: -This lndex measured the condtions of roads across the LGAs and their Implied accessibility were scored on the bads of whether the roads were tarred and accessible in rslny and dry seasons; not tarred bul good or Mether the roads were bad all year round. Road accountablllty Is central to poverty reduction as it provides fw movement of goods and people, access to market, hospitals and exchange of Ideas.

> Housing:- The study also measured the quality of houses across the 23 LGAs of Kaduna State. it classified buildings and houses by type of building wall (stonel brlck, cement, mud or wood), rooflng (slate or asbestos, zinc, grass or mud) and type of tollet lacilklee available to the household -whether it Is water flush, pit or bush system. > Amenities:- Thls Indicator defines the source and availability of drinking water, energy for cooklng and electricity supply. It shows the number of people using piped water, well water and stream sources. Some people use electricity or gs3 cookers, others kerosene or wood. Some villages are also llnked to private generators, national electricity grid and others have no sources of electricity supply. indeed, people's quality of life Is dependent on thase amenities.

> Crowding: This is a measure of the degree of housing congestion - number of people that share one room. This also refleds the poverty level of a household. > Economic Status: This refers to the total expenditure of a household divided by number of persons In the household. The indicator Is essentially relevant fw measuring the Income and pattern of expenditure. The assumptlon here Is that the total amount expended In a given period and the quality of goods and services bought can deflna whether an lndlvldual or household is rich or poor. > Nutrition:- The Inferred balance in the daily diets of a household was used to compute nutrition. These diets are carbohydrates, protein and vitamins. If the dally dlets of households do not contain appropriate portions of these diet components, then the household could be said to be poor. > Social:- Thls lndex was computed on the basis of life expectancy at birth. A household with high mortality rate Is sald to be poor.

Source: UNDP. GSR 1999 These outcomes of the study clearly show In addition to these poverty indicators, the a correlation between education and life UNDPIIGRS poverty index survey also /n~p!erneritmgat expectancy. In other words, the LGAs with showed that over 70% households still use least 60% higher ED1 tend to reflect better SDI, wood as major source of energy for KADSEEDS goals can signifying that, good education is key to cooking while about 14% use kerosene. arneliorato any attempt to escape poverty. The The frequent use of wood is putting these poverty provision of Infrastructure also requires pressure on forest and plantation corld,:ions precise intervention. For instance, about resources which eventually could lead to 85% of the households live in mud houses the exposure of the soil to wind and water among which 68% are living in single erosion and reducing the quality of land rooms. Figure 2.1 below also shows that, available to a teeming population. stream water is the major source of water availability in the State.

Figure 2. 1

Saurw: UNICEF 2003 Figure 2.2

Source: UNDP, IGSR 1999

An important aspect of poverty that is often intangible poverty, but in the real sense ignored is intangible poverty. This is not both are mutually reinforcing. The World defined by the lack of physical access to Bank Study on 'Voice of the Poor in Nigeria things like money, infrastructure or social showed' that intangible poverty is both amenities, rather, it is perceived to mean a rampant and devastating on people's negative intrinsic trait(s) that determines quality of life. For instance, the factors of the way a person perceives and does fear and suspicion can become a threat to things. These traits may be ignorance, peaceful coexistence. intolerance, fear, suspicion, distrust, anxiety, fanaticism and lack of voice. Poverty and Security Although the indicators cannot be easily Specifically, there is a causal relationship measured, they constitute potent factors between poverty and social unrest; we can for good and fulfilled life. Some have clearly assert that the instabilrty witnessed identified lack of access to physical in Kaduna State is rooted in a complex infrastructure as a major cause of combination of tangible and intangible public funds which ultimately leads to poverty. Among the major factors are; underdevelopment and its Illiteracy andlor ignorance: in spite corresponding effects. of Government efforts to make Religion: religious sentiments are the education accessible to majority of the most potent tools that are manipulated citizenry, he level of illiteracy in our by mischief makers to cause crises in society Is still uacceptabie. The the society. prevalence of this menace that breeds The value reorientation strategy discussed an army of unemployed constitute above can be used to curtail intangible willing tools in the hands of mischief poverty. makers. High level of unemployment: the Sustainable Poverty Study in Kaduna bulk of the productive segment of the State society is either unemployed or The 1999 UNDPIIGSR - sponsored unemployable. This situation is further poverty study seems to be the last major compounded by the depresson in the intervention of its kind in the State. The manufacturing sector of the economy. study did not only reveal the various faces Unequitablc distribution of wealth: of poverty but has reflected the inter- the concentration of wealth in a few disciplinary nature of the phenomenon. A hands and uneven allocation of study of poverty levels must have to take amenities breed discontent and into account not only the income level of general ill-feeling. These have direct the people but also their access to bearing on the security of any society. qualitative education, health, water, r Lack of social cohesion: one of the housing, energy, balanced diet, good major effects of the numerous crises environment and a host of others. we have witnessed in the State is the division of the towns particularly Since the advent of Civilian administration, Kaduna environs into 'safe" and huge amounts have been spent to address 'unsafe" sefflements, essentially on deficiencies in all the Sectors of the religious grounds. Integration factors economy. The full impact of such like inter-marriages are being interventions has not been fully grasped by relegated to the background. the people because of inadequate Attitudinal problems: the craze for recognition of Sectoral inter-relationships in weah has led to such vices like the development process. Under armed robbery and mismanagement of KADSEEDS, sustained studies of the various ramifications of poverty will be Government level. The objectives of the given prominence. This will enable SPAP are to: Poverty redtlcfion systematic channeling of resources not Train beneficiaries in skilful ventures programmes only to reduce the level of poverty but also and entrepreneurship; t";!l/ ,'ac11s O!I to eradicate its root causes. Design programmes that will generate eii~rl:rz!~ng mass employment for the youth, tangibio *3!1d The KADSEEDS Implementation1 women and other vulnerable groups Q:tanycbia pover:;,~ T11c Monitoring Committee will work closely especially in sanitation and community {ailer wli ha with Agencies that handle micro-credit, security services; ,!>!9;7!~!:.!i!ly skills development, cottage and small- Formulate and review development [/;e ~$;;,(!~s scale industrial development, other line- policies and strategies that will monitor of re,':;!obz Ministries, the Private Sector and donors, and ensure steady reduction in gra:;ps, ,\;GO9 3rid in order to obtain an articulate programme poverty; st255 i'!:':; to tackle poverty head-on. Coordinate and harmonise all poverty ,rp,,,.,,# ,.... , ,,.~ reduction programmes to facilitate Tackling Poverty complementarity and eliminate Official measures that have been taken to duplication and waste; and alleviate poverty are clearly demonstrated Introduce and operate an efficient and by recent interventions in the Sector. On viable micro-credit scheme that will inception, the present Administration ensure sustainable financial support to initiated a Poverty Alleviation Programme qualified and eligible individuals and known as the State Community groups, create active cottage Empowerment Programme (SCEP). This industries and stimulate economic was partly in response to the crises that activities at the grassroot. occurred in the state in February and May, 2000 and involved neighbourhood watch, Since inception, SPAP has implemented sanitation and community development three micro-credit schemes and a Women activiies. About 5000 youths were Empowerment Programme as follows: engaged in the programme. 1. A Motorcycle Loan Scheme under which a total of 1768 units of The SCEP has been reviewed and motorcycles were purchased and replaced with a State Poverty Alleviation distributed to mostly unemployed Programme (SPAP) which is headed by an youth at highly subsidized prices and Honourable Commissioner at the State under favourable terms of repayment; level and a Coordinator at the Local 2. A Micro Credit Scheme for Butchers In addition to the above, the government which involved disbursing I450 million also operates the following: to Butchers' Associations all over the 1. Loan Scheme for Civil Servants state; (covering housing, motorcycle, motor 3. A Micro Credit Scheme on Transport vehicle and furniture). under which 110 units of fairly used 2. Industrial Special Trust Fund Loan vehicles were purchased at a total cost Schemes for Small and Mediurn Scale of about N100 million and sold at Enterprises (SMES) highly subsidized rates to 3. UNDP - Supported Micro Cr~!tlil beneficiaries; and Scheme operated under a Trwt Ftnttl 4. Women Empowerment Programme referred to as the Human Developtrf.'*' which is still being implemented and Fund. involves establishing at least one cottage industry for women in each Local Government Area based on availability of raw materials. State Poverty Alleviation Programme (SPAP) Kaduna State Action Plan

Dept I Targets I Strategies Actlvitles 1 C o s t (M) s;g;~y lndlcator I I I 2006 I 2006 1 2007 State i Beneliclaries I Tralnlna and Monitorlna- of 1 46.800 1 56.160 1 67.392 Poverty programme Is engaglh the efficient KDS Alleviation to engage youth to sanitation Programme about 1,300 provide programme for (SPAP) unemployed sanitation. all the LGAs Kaduna youths ard security, State jobless nelghbourhwd Monttoring of persons (males watch and community and females) community development from all the development projects in all wards In LGAs services the LGAs into gainful employment. Monitoring of safety of lives and property In all the LGAs nleghbourhood watch and training Skills To collaborate Receipts and Acquisition wlth suitable analysis of Programme. and highly proposals from To ~rovide result-oriented NGOs tbai;ling and NGOs to empowerment provide skills Negotiation with to about 500 and financial selected NGOs number of support for on terms of unemployed self- engagement youths and employment jobless Financial and persons from material support all the Local to selected Government NGOs Areas in Kaduna State , Monitoring and ' evaluation of 1 empowerment of 1 trainees for self- To coilabonte Negotiation with I I I I I Acquisition with suitable selected NGOs Programme. NGOs and I In terms of To provide provid them I engagement I 1 1 1 I suppart to with grants for reputable advancement Finanolal, moral NGOs involved to and material in skllls beneficiaries support to development of thelr selected NGOs and products empowerment Receipts and analpis of proposals from NGOs

Monitoring and evaluatlon of empowerment of tralnees for self- employment and poverty reduction1 alleviation

Kaduna State lndustriaiisation (Special) Trust Fund (KSITF) Action Plan

Dept I Targets 1 Strategies Activities CostjPI) Agency I Indicator 2006 2006 1 2007 KSlTF Provide 300 Operate a - Project 150.0m 100.0m 50.0m KSlTF ventures with Credit proposal funding support Guarantee appraisal who would Scheme and - Loan support each employ grant approval approval an average of for loan - Project 5 people to get support implementation an employment through monitoring for target of 1,500 approved enhancement of people participating production and between 2005 banks loan repayment - and 2007 Incentives for Civil Servants, 2004-2007

The Government, in demonstrating a clear them self-reliant. A Multi-partner Micro understanding of the role of Incentives on Finance Scheme involving the Federal, performance, has provided the following: State and Local Governments, Commercial 1. Upward review of salaries of all Civil Banks, micro-finance institutions and Servants Community Banks will be introduced to 2. Renovation of Government quarters make funds available to needy 3. Motor cycle loans entrepreneurs and also ensure that the 4. NlOOmillion annual credit scheme to loans are transformed into viable and all categories of Civil servants to cover sustainable businesses. for housing, furniture, vehicle, motorcycle and bicycle loans; amount Poverty Red~~ctionProgramme: to be gradually increased to N500m by 2007. Target 5. 100% upward review of the Civil Reduce poverty by 20% - from 70% in Servants Duty Travel Allowances 2005 to 50% in 2007. (DTA). 6. A policy called 'Security of Tenure' Strategies whereby staff enjoy job security. The Adopt firm measures to reduce policy has allayed the fear of population explosion in collaboration indiscriminate dismissal from office with UNFPA and related Agencies; and other related uncertainties about Implement anticorruption laws and the Civil Service. imbibe the Financial Responsibility Act 7. Mass housing projects which involve to reduce corruption, promote establishing about 240 housing units accountability, financial discipline and under phases 1 8 2. transparency; Implement key actions on agriculture, The initiatives so far embarked upon will SMEs, health and education; generally be sustained in the coming years Harmonize loan scheme activities but schemes that are perceived as mere under the Kaduna State government handouts will be discouraged Industrialization and Human and emphasis will shift to collaboration with Development Trust Funds in the State; NGOs in skill acquisition and Develop and standardize the type empowerment of beneficiaries to make and criteria for selecting poverty alleviation beneficiaries;

CHAPTER THREE

REFORMING GOVERNMENT AND ITS INSTITUTIONS

Judiciary I.

Governance

hanging the way Government Nigeria has been ranked as one of the does things' is a national most corrupt countries of the world, where slogan that is firmiy rooted in the misuse of public office and primitive the NEEDS and SEEDS.It is a progressive accumulation have been entrenched as an attempt to change the perception and integral part of Government operations. behavior of the people and practices in However, the consequences of corruption Government which have deprived the Civil and other related Public Sector Service of its professionalism and the weaknesses are enormous; worst among people of their rights. Overcoming which are the decline in Civil Service conuption and financial improprieties are professionalism, lack of accountability, low probably one of the greatest challenges of manpower development, deprivation, these reforms. For many years now,

47 inequitable distribution of resources and KADSEEDS is an expression of a increased poverty. conscious realization that Government's The initiative to change the ways structural and institutional arrangements A respons;ble Government does things through the require urgent transformation. and resporisive Public Sector Reform Gor,ernrnent wi;l ivin the coirfidancn 1. Tackling Corruption and State's political and economic institutions cocperz!ldn Promoting Transparency and promoted a culture of contempt for the rule dlid SU);pJlt Accountability of law and ultimately a passive tolerance cli:s nlicnns In the past decade, corruption was for behavior previously considered practically institutionalized in the abominable. operations of Government In Nigeria. This adversely affected the operations of all Given the negative implications of these levels of Government. Societal institutions malpractices on the State's image, growth, decayed to an unprecedented extent, as and development, the present the powerful elites and the colonized Administration felt it could not continue to opportunities. The process was ignore them, particularly as experience has accompanied by the intimidation of the shown that the successful pursuit of a judiciary, the subversion of due process, State vision has often been nurtured and the manipulation of existing laws and advanced by the inculcation of good moral regulations, the suffocation of the Civil and ethical values in the citizenry. Society and general disregard for the rule of law. Since the coming of the democratic Kaduna State, like other parts of Nigeria, dispensation, there has been some experienced its share of these problems. measure of improvement on the structural process of governance, thus addressing The corruption quagmire in Nigeria and some of these many negative trends. indeed in Kaduna State was rooted in the KADSEEDS envisions a prosperous State failure and virtual collapse of good that is not only developed economically but governance, the non-existence of also infused with strong moral and ethical democratic values, the erosion of values. procedures for accountability and the prevalence of bad eggs in leadership positions. Waning public confidence in the Policy Target involve working closely with Federal Some of the policy targets for minimizing Agencies such as the National compt practices are: Orientation Agency, the National Inculcating integrity and good Agency for Food and Drug citizenship at the individual and Administration and Control, the Police, corporate levels; Customs, the Judiciary, Prisons, and Development of disciplined and strong Immigration, Independent Corrupt work ethics; Practices Commission (ICPC) and the Promoting excellent, competitive, Economic and Financial Crimes creative and innovative service Commission (EFCC). Expand the delivery machinery; State's budgetary process to include Enhancing perseverance and visionary Due Process, Budget Monitoring, Price thinking as opposed to short-term Intelligence Unit (BMPIU) or a similar expediency; institution at the State level. Creating an atmosphere for thirst for Laws aimed at combating corruption knowledge, information, and know- and promoting law and order should how; be strengthened; More commitment to the welfare of Stepping up measures to check vulnerable groups; economic and financial crimes, Creating an identity and pride in the including making legal provision for the spirit of Kaduna State; exposure and punishment of unethical Promoting effective participation of behavior, Civil Society in Government decision- Adopting a formal code of ethics for ail making and implementation organizations and Sectors, publish a processes; code of ethics to engender Sustaining effective dissemination of transparency in the conduct of information through the media and Government affairs, and require the Internet. disclosure of information; lnstiiutionalising the process of training Strategies staff in ethical behavior; Reform, strengthen, and modernize Openly rewarding exemplary conduct institutions (based on limited (such as academic excellence, intervention of the State on the exposure of fraudulent acts, etc) and institutions) whose duty is to promote sanctioning unethical and unproductive and enforce compliance. This may behaviors; Reforming the bureaucracy through Reforms. The State Government has since monetisation of fringe benefits (Car, ratified substantial parts of the housing, utilities, domestic assistants, recommendations. These among others drivers, etc), redefining and include training and staff development, redesigning processes to reduce performance evaluation and organizational delays, rotating officers and increase review; operational methods, procedures supervision; manuals, financial management, morality Involving Private Sector and Civil in the Civil service, minimization of Ti~c?r.ore 19 /;I?? t'.?~lr,z!!;es, Society in governance, including corruption and abuse of office and staff 23 1.GAs. 32 participation in checks on the exercise remuneration. This report is precise and Em:r3les and 16 of Government power by providing explicit on Civil Service reforms; therefore, Adrnir;!sfr~!ive information about Government actions. its full implementation will facilitate the areas. TO complement this effort, achievement of the KADSEEDS goals and lns:,:urion~l ~?!onnis Government should continue to objectives. focused to publish budgets and records of c::33/3 revenue collection and expenditure on In addition to the provisions of the Ayida ,::;J7:.'l:l ;.'iCfi 211d the media and Internet; report, the KADSEEDS seeks to right size cco:C~1:lorl Providing a platform for economic and possibly down size the Public Sector ~s~,~/~c!I:;,,7sc au:hcr.i!.?s {I? coordination for all Ministries, and increasingly expand Private Sector v~jysnrar involvement in the economy. This is Agencies and Local Government iiirc.:ces Areas to avoid the use of discretion in because experiences elsewhere have :,?,::\>dl;,.>,? l!!d fund allocation and expenditure. shown that Government is relatively poor in grass 13ufs Establishing special incentive schemes the provision and operation of some goods deve:o;rnen:. and measures to improve self-checks and services. Government is expected to and regulation; concentrate In its statutory functions of Government may develop a service providing basic Infrastructure, services and delivery charter that will be a watchdog security. Under this initiative, the State between service providers and Government is expected to act as an beneficiaries: enabler, a monitor and an evaluator of all , A~~~~~ and introducethe F~~~~~ prosperous economic investment. Responsibility Act in the State. 2. Structural Reform The public Sector reform priorities of The size of Government machinery in WU)SEEDS conform to the Report Kaduna State is relatively large and has of the ~~~i~~panel on the civil Service grown significantly since 1999. Dernocralic governance returned to the State when the Ministries, 41 Extra Ministerial State's Civil Sewice had just experienced Departments and Parastatals and 3 one of the most extensive purges in Bureaux manned by 24,564 employees history. Between 1997 and 1998, the then comprised of 15,637 senior staff (on GL 6 military government conducted a large- - 17) and 5,927 junior staff (on GL 1 - 6). scale retrenchment in an effort to radicalty Over 3,000 of these staff were employed down size the Civil Service. Though good between 2000-2004 in the Intentioned, the reform brought some medical/paramedical, education/ academic structural defects in the system while as well as in the administrative, instilling insecurity in the Civil Sewice. In professional and sub-professional cadres. addition, it left behind a huge bill of Apart from the traditional Ministries and unsettled claims arising from the Agencies of Government, political misadventure. This was the confused and exigencies have demanded the pathetic state of the Civil Service when the introduction of additional structures. For political Administration took over the reigns instance, there are at least 300 persons on of power in 1999. special duties in Government that operate Size of the State Civil Service: The State outside the statutory Ministries and Civil Sewice is currently made up of 19 Agencies.

Box 3.1 Expansion of the Public Sect~r

In additlon to the employment of new staff, 6 new Parastatals were Created that include Bureau of Religious Affairs (Christians), Bureau of Religious Affairs (Moslem). 9 School Management Boards, Kaduna Public Works Agency (KAPWA). State University and State Emergency Management Agency (SEMA). 7 new Ministries were also put In place; these are Minlstries of Science and Technology. Rural and Community Development, Chleftalncy Affairs, Economic Planning. Envlronment. Youth and Sports, and Culture and Tourism. To some extent, the structure by the Kaduna State Public Service is a reflection of Its Internal political and security peculiarities. it is clear that the options to employ new Service would be identified, assessed and staff and to create new Ministries, offices, addressed. This project is carefully Parastatals and institutions as a response planned to coincide with the introduction of to poliical peculiarities, security KADSEEDS as it will assist to ensure the I Local au!ilortbos expediencies and other considerations attainment of the objectives of this new ~:,111 be might have broadened the Civil service development plan. It will also create a Civil encouraged to Sector. Whatever may be the case, there Service that can partner with the Private be less Sector, NGOs, CBOs and donor Agencies dependent on is need to check overlapping functions and Govcmrriont in redundancy. In the process, capacity of the to boost economic activity and improve the trrrns of Civil se~ceis still relatively low, thus, economic well-being of the citizenry. :inanctng. building professionalism in the Civil service should be based on sustainability and Policy Target proactive structural adjustment. Reform and transform the Public Sector in line with the Government Kaduna State, like most States in Nigeria, White Paper on Civil Service Reforms operates a large Public Sector. The data and KADSEEDS specifications, with a above also indicates that Government is view to rapidly reduce poverty, create still the major formal employer of labour. jobs and wealth and restore dignity of However, a careful study of the Civil labour, sanctity of life and respect for service manpower status and structures the rule of law. should be carried out in line with the S tratey ies KADSEEDS goals to realign, right- size Implement the adopted Federal and professionalise the service. Government White Paper otherwise called Ayida Report on the Review of Structural reform also has to do with the Civil Service Reforms; manpower development andlor capacity Right size the Public Sector and building. Government's commitment to strengthen institutional professiona- train more than 10% of its work force lism; annually needs to be enacted. Already, a Integrate all research and statistics, World Bank Capacrty Building and Good monitoring and evaluation units Governance Facility of $6m is being across Ministries to the Ministry of negotiated. This project is expected to Economic Planning; commence in the first quarter of 2005. It is * Conduct a research on the roles of expected that, within its 5-year tenure. Agencies and Parastatals, align training needs of the Kaduna State Civil their functions with key Ministries' objectives, and reduce duplications markets, motor parks, sewage, primary and number of offices. education, health, agriculture. They are Strictly enforce the existing revised also empowered to partake in traditional offlcial publications in the Civil Service. and commercial activities. In the bid to Make copies of these publications minimize wastages and functional available to all key officers and duplications, KADSEEDS provides for conduct training on same subject; streamlining and harmonizing the activities of State and Local Governments. Revive manpower development and Specifically, special interest will be directed capacity building of 10% of the Civil towards streamlining LGAs salary and servants annually. pension schemes, unifying accounting, auditing, due process and all other 3. Institutional Reforms accounting matters, coordination of People understand and appreciate good economic planning, revenue generation governance in the ways the State, in recent and budget implementation. To this end, it years, has decentralised the social and has become imperative for the State to economic landscape up to the grassroots arrange a sensitization process whereby through the creation of 32 Local Government Councils can imbibe the Emirates/Chiefdoms, 46 Development new philosophy in planning and Areas, etc. The running of Government is implementation of relevant poverty- therefore currently enjoying a smooth reducing programmes relationship with the Local Government Areas (LGAs), the Development Areas, The fact that all grass-roots institutions traditional institutions and CBOs. However, draw more than 95% of their revenue from a close examination of the creation of the National and State coffers, and their Chiefdoms and Districts shows that the activities are closely interlocked with those financial and manpower resources required of the line Ministries creates a need to for sustaining the structures are tasking the enhance better understanding and State's resource base. coordination between the State and these bodies. Local institutions under the Case for Local Government Economic KADSEEDS arrangement are considered Empowerment and Development to be major implementation partners Strategies: The 1999 Constitution has particularly in the areas of primary defined the statutory functions of LGAs to education, health and mass mobilization. include maintenance of local roads, These local institutions should be brought The Ministry of Local Government Affairs is on board to accelerate development. the link organ between the State and the The Local Governments, Development LGAs and should establish machinery for KADSEEDS Areas and Traditional Councils (which carrying out this activity to achieve the infends to make draw directly or indirectly from the statutory goals of KADSEEDS. opbmal use of all allocations as well as exercise power of Lccal ins(ifu!ions by build~ng revenue generation) should establish The Ministry of Chieftaincy Affairs was P~ttnershipfor development planslstrategies akin to created as a response to demands for the imvet:; reiii!ction KADSEEDS. This will enforce creation of additional Emirates and 2: 'I;idve:s so as accountability and promote good Chiefdoms. The Ministry is preoccupled :3 iil,niin;zo tile governance at the grassroots level. The with the consolidation of new Emirates and !oi:g s:anding pr~~blenlsof ultimate objective of poverty reduction and Chiefdoms and stabilization of other o:~?::c;!iz!isas ensuring general welfare and progress can related traditional institutions. The roles ol ..a!(<,-,I ?ra!::<~Io be enhanced if development strategies are the Ministry also enhance maintenance of g;?.?s roots harmonized across the tiers and among law and order, promotion of peacef~~l ;.?!sc:?;r;on 1n the arms of Government. The coexistence, culture, and tourism and !.'~?:~elopr!ii.rrt dt.c,s:o;~s, establishment of Local Government boundary clarification between tmditioi::,l . -.,. >,.n~?!!:~?rvo[j Economic Empowerment and institutions. a'?: ;noIl!!o!,nG Development Strategy (LEEDS) will be one ::u!concern bold step in achieving the State's The Ministries of Local Governm.?nt ilit~! t1;om development agenda in the near future. Chieftaincy Affairs are the focal ag?nts ',.: implementing most aspects o1 tha institutional reforms. Local Government Action Plan -- .. "", . -.- Dept 1 Targets Strategies Adlvlties Cost(U Agency lndlcator ' 2006 2008 2007 FacllRate Purchase and Purchase of 1.2m 0.5m State Govt. Number of effective Supply radio message via Mln. for ration communication machine & Local Govt. machines between 23 maintenance provlded I LGAs I I I I I I I Build Local Resaarch Purchase Govt Data analvses and 5Nos. 1 I dat.storage compufers. I 2No. I I I ILocaiGovtI equipments I Improvement Capital grant Renovation of 552.0m - - Ministry, of the living to primary State Govt., conditions of Development schools, LGAs, NGOs Development Areas const~tionof And Donors I Areas ' I I culvert. 1 I I I I Chieftaincy Affairs' Action Plan --- MlEl ; Dept. Targets Strategies Actlvitles Cost (N) I I I In Millilons I - I Bound. To resolve all inter reconciliatory Consultative meeting Matters and Intra- meetings to with parties lnvolved In boundary dlsputes solve Inter boundary disputes wlthin various and intra- Emirates dlsputes /Chiefdoms between particularly the emirateslchief newly created doms ones To produce to liaise with adminlstrative Mlnlstry of maps showing land and clear cut survey boundaries between Me Emirates/ Chiefdoms , districts and

update laws Ministry of relating to Lands and boundary and Survey

contemporary. . I realties To demarcate important cattle Royal routes In all the Highnesses LGAs to reduce through the conflicts between chairman, cattle rearers and Councii of - farmers Chief- taincy on disputs reconciilatory Affairs relating to matters meetings, and of inheritance. enlightenment boundary demarcation etc. 4. Economic Planning, Cooperation and Coordination One cardinal objective of the Ministry The instrument establishing the Ministry under KADSEEDS is to srtenghthen its of Economic Planning provides that the institutional capacity to enable it perform Ministry shall be responsible for the its coordinating, monitoring and preparation, implementation, monitoring evaluation roles more effectively. The and coordinating of all development enhancement of the Ministry's programs and budgeting In the State. It effectiveness will impact on general also plans the manpower development performance of the service and bring the and coordinates all forms of foreign benefits of good governance to the assistances to the State. The Ministry entire citizenry. serves as the think tank and provides statistical data for plannlng purposes. The Ministry is working closelywith donor agencles on numerous poverfy Over time the Ministry's capacity to eradication and wealth creation perform these duties effectively has programmes. The impact of the been eroded as a result of rapid interventions of UNICEF, UNDP (undt!r depletion of staff and inadequate training Human Development fund), the NIqF and experience of the few existing staff. and others is being visibly felt in thr: The Ministry is currently faced with new beftiting communities. Thesi? challenges in the areas of coordinating programmes will be enforc~d nr111 the preparation and effective replicated in other communities metw.. implementation of the KADSEEDS and 2005 - 2007. capacity building of the Civil service. Economic Planning Action Plan

Dept I Targets I Strategies I Actlvlties Cost N Agency 1 lndlcator 2006 2008 2007 Int'nal Harmonize 8 Create a unit Compilation 0.3m 0.5m 0.055 Dept of Coop Dept streamline to deal with all cd ail donor m International donor donor Agencies in Cooperatlon support Agencies the State, types 8 increase donations capacity Set up received buildlng Committees Ministry of Setting up 8 1 .Om 2.5m 2.5m Economic inauguration Planning dthe State Manpower Committees

Creating more units Creating the Dept, of loans 8 tiaising with 0.2171 0.3rn 0.3m International Manpower Ministry of Cooperation units Finance on all loans received in the State

Resuscitate Cali meeting Contlnuous 0.5m 1 .Om 1.0m Ministry of State by inviting meetings & Economic Committee members vist to Planning on Food 8 UNICEF Nutrition COLNISA (SCFN) projects Budget Preparatlon Analydr or 7 Om 7 Om Dlrector of Preparatlon ' Dept of annual advanced Budget Sept. - Dec : Budget and proposals budget bilateral Production ' documents discussloris Jan. - March

Mlnlstrles/Para statale and final

with the State Legislature '3'EL ram : 3 %

8 81 3: iim - L:gS c d og- 5 >CE3 5 52 gg E,ez+x"' - g OQ= -5 , I , ch. S?X

5. Fiscal Policy and Operations between 1999 and 2003. Of this amount, Budget: Statutory Allocation from federation As has been the practice In Kaduna State Account and Value Added Tax account for in the past, KADSEEDS will ensure that 76.42% and Statutory Allocation alone budget processes will continue to be accounts for 66.41%. The internal revenue participatory to improve the agencies of effort of the State Government only Government, the Local Governments and accounted for 8.82%. This shows a very the communities. high dependence of the State on Federal sources, most especially on the Federation Under the new arrangement, the State will Account, for the financing of its have a balanced budget. This means that programmes. This makes the State highly anticipated expenditure must be kept at vulnerable to the exigencies of Federal the level of anticipated income. Deficit politics and to instability in the National budgeting will continue to be discouraged. economy. In other words, its fiscal and Hence as much as possible, realistic budgetary operations are subservient and forecast of revenue must be made. cannot function without the Federal oil Blowing up anticipated revenue as has revenue allocation. The Kaduna State been practiced will not be accepted. Revenue Board collection targets are always in deficit, showing that the While the key challenge is to tailor mechanisms require improvement. The Government spending toward striking factors militating against maximum equilibrium with revenue, spending will performance by revenue collection continue to be in line with predetermined agencies are being looked into by a high priorities. Keeping revenue and powered committee. The implementation expenditure at equilibrium also requires of the committee's report will enable the accurate prediction of resources and their State achieve its target of raising internally efficient utiiization on viable programmes. generated revenue from N2.5m in 2004 to W.5m by 2007. Revenue Generation: The Kaduna State Government realized a total of N77,109,246,838.97 from various sources Figure 3.0

Pattern of Revenue Collection (2000-2003)

Expected Collected Shortfalls

Source: Minirl~of Finance (see revenue proJec(ionfor 2005-2007 In Chap!er 7)

Some specific revenue collection c. Some eligible tax payers do not pay challenges in Kaduna State are: tax because of misinformation - they a. Lack of adequate information on do not understand the logic and taxpayers: this is because the tax usefulness of taxation, so they resist payers are not willing to come forward any efforts to be taxed. and declare their actual income. d. Lack of tax uniformity: Virtually, most b. Lack of cooperation from the tax tax payers believe that they are payers: Many Nigerians do not feel unfairly levied. There are no standard accountable to Government and its structures and modalities for levying cause; therefore they do not consider tax in Nigeria, and the problem has the payment of tax as a civic created distrust between collectors obligation. There is also an observed and payers. lack of patriotism by some well-to-do e. Complexity of the tax system - Due to indi~idualswho outrightly refuse to pay lack of adequate publicity of the tax tax despite being the highest system in Nigeria, the public Is of the beneficiary of Government patronage. view that the tax system is difficult to understand. Many tax payers cannot to minimize heavy dependence on distinguish between PAYE, WHT & statutory allocation from the Federation VAT while the concept of mubple Account or borrowing. To this end the taxation or double taxation is vague to structure of the tax system, collection them. methods and coordination of tax f. Inadequate capacity: Tax collectors administration are being reviewed and wil are often not composed; some of them continue to be the focus of tax reforms in have low educational background and the State. lack the basic knowledge and techniques to communicate. Tax Expenditure collectors should be professionally On the expenditure side, the State equipped and friendly; On the contrary, Government has spent a total of some of them are very aggressive and N93,898,577,900.43 between 1999 and boastful, thereby putting the tax payer 2003. Out of this, 58.24% has been spent on the defensive. on recurrent services while 42.76% has been on capital projects. Viewed against In addition to these challenges, the the ratio of 60.40 which is recommended structure of the tax system is overwhelmed (in NEEDS) between recurrent and capital by indirect taxes. Atthough these taxes are expenditures to allow room for some generally retrogressive, the high rate of development to occur, the State seems to evasion of direct taxes attributed mainly to have done well on the whole as figure poor data about people and sources of 3.1show a ratio of about 58:42. income (as a result of large informal Sectors) makes indirect taxes attractive. The share of capital expenditure however, The State is also exploring the possibility of rose to 65% in 1998 and remained above collecting user charges on infrastructure the 40% mark up to 2001. It then dropped and some social services. Income tax to 35% in 2002 and 25% in 2003.This trend system in the State is also poorly is informed by Government's efforts to coordinated (individual and corporate, service its debts which were taken to including withholding taxes) resulting in finance capital projects. In real sense asituation whereby community tax is not therefore, the CapitaVRecunent being collected. expenditure ratio still remained within the range of 60:40. The State Government is gearing up its effort to improve its revenue drive in order Ratlo of Capital to Recurrent Expenditures (1886-2005)

Source: Ministry of Emnomlc Planning

The high ratios of capital expenditure in introducing Contractor Finance in 2000 and 2001 suggest that much of the implementing numerous capital projects boost realized in receipts from Federation has enabled it to provide a number of Account Allocation since the take-over development projects. from the Military was initially ploughed mainly into the implementation of capital For 2002 and 2003 a lot of the expenditure, projects. Since then, however, recurrent which might not have gone as capital expenditure has been expanding rapidly. expenditure for new projects, was however Between 1999 and 2001, both recunent expenditure to pay for capital projects and capital expenditure curves rose executed in previous years. sharply and the gap between the two has been widening. The growth in recurrent There are gaps between budget estimates expenditure was as a result of internal debt and actual revenue generating capacity as servicing taken for the implementation of earlier mentioned. There has always been capital projects. The policy of the State in some shortfall between actual revenue generation and the size of the budget. A sense represents expenditure in capital possible explanation for this is that under projects. However, the State meets its democracy, the people express their obligation on both short term and long-term desires more openly to the Government debts. and the Government in turn more responsive to the pressures emanating Policy Targets from these demands. The effort to justify Phase out incremental budgeting - itself to the people and to balance political base budgeting and expenditure on pressures tends to make the Government KADSEEDS targets and strategies; over-ambiiious and hence the difficulty to Pursue Balanced Budget and avoid balance its budgets. It is necessary to limit deficit budgeting; Government budgets to more realistic Maintain a more orderly and expectations of resource inflow and hence disciplined budget formulation process to make the budgets more balanced. that corrects the numerous sources of extra budgetary expenditure; The analysis so far has drawn attention to Increase internal revenue collection the need to curtail recurrent expenditure from N2.5 billion to N4.5 billion by and allow sufficient room for an acceptable 2007; level of Government investment to occur. lmprove the process of revenue One area that is often targeted when the projection, collection and acccunting; need for such curtailment arises is Develop structures and better personnel costs. A look at the experience techniques for tax collection and when this was last done on a large scale in accounting; Kaduna State, however, suggests that Enforce budget-base expenditure; curtailing personnel costs by reducing the Maintain the capital-recurrent number of workers may not achieve the expenditure ratio at 60:40 up to 2007; objective of reducing recurrent Reduce the role of Government in expenditure. Rather, it may increase it if direct production of goods and appropriate precautions are not adopted. services; Strengthen facilitation and regulatory I>L;Z.~on:! CpY: M.:n;?j~fi:~;n! functions of Government; Kaduna State internal and external loans lmprove financial record keeping, profile stands at 2.9Billion and 1.8Billion usage and dissemination through respectively. Its Public debt repayment information technology; stands at 5.9billion in 2003. This in real Institutionalize the coordination of also the Estimates Committee and financial expenditure of all Ministries, Plan lmplementatlon Committee; Agencies and Local Government Set or re-enforce expenditure ceilings Areas; for Public Sector Ministries and Provide coherent strategies to reduce Agencies to conform to available and manage fiscal deficl. revenue; Strengthen the Debt Management -ategies Office to conform to the National Debt Base all subsequent budgets from Management Office (DMO) guidelines; 2005 projections on KADSEEDS Studies to strengthen existing and programmes and projects; identify new revenue sources will be Strengthen Agencies that regulate encouraged e.g. exploration of mineral Public Sector financial expenditures; resources. Train all budgetary and treasury staff on the computerization of budgetary g. Administration of Justice and system; Human Rights The State's Ministry of Justice is Strengthen and ensure compliance of responsible for upholding due respect and the procurement process; observance of the rule of law, which is a Establish inter-Governmental fiscal sinequa-non to successful governance, coordination based on fiscal particularly in a democratic system. responsibility initiative; WSEEDS seeks to sustain a just and Systematically train all staff of egalitarian Society where the citizens and Revenue Board and other revenue the State are protected and respected generating agencies on enhanced within the framework of the Constitution collection techniques. and Kaduna State Laws and Regulations. Set a Committee to expand andlor Due compliance with the law in the pursuit improve on revenue generation of official responsibility is a central sources. Revamp, restructure and prerequisite for achieving KADSEEDS strengthen collection system. goal. Committee should come up with set levels to collect which tax and how in Other major stakeholders in the order to avoid multiplicity of taxes and administration of justice are the Police, conflicting methods of collection; Courts, Prison Services, Private legal Ensure that the ' Fund Allocation practitioners, the Legal Aid Council and the Committee functions as intended so Legislature. The effective pursuit of justice Reduce by half the average time hangs on how human rights can be between a reported offence and achieved through the cooperation of these judgment; organs. One challenge of the justice Promotion of women's rights from system is the need to review and domestic and other related abuses. modernize existing laws and practices to conform to realities on ground. The law Strafegies review process will be strengthened and Build capacity through the ernploymerlt the entire justice system re-oriented to of 30 additional lawyers and 811% provide justice as the public expects and training of the existing ones by 2007; demands. Provision of necessary equipment fqr effective dispensation of duties:

Targets Develop cooperation ! etw~:,'1, Maintain a crime free Society; administrative stakeholders oi jus' Increase citizens and Government and human r~ghts. satisfaction of quality and timely justice delhery; Justice Action Plan

------.-- - -- %-, . -- Dept Targets Strategies Activities Agency Indicator '

Ministry Quick To strengthen Recnritment of 2,132,754 00 Ministry improvement ' of dispensation of the manpower additional staff of in length of Justice Ijustice I requirement I I I I IJustice I time riqulred with a view to to administer ensuring Justice

arraignment and diligent prosecution of I case3 I To adopt Enlarging the Purchase of - 2,000,000 3,OW,OW Ministry Quality technological existing unit additional of legislature method of and co- computers Justice and legal producing ordinatlng its (Hardware & document legal activities with software) and dccuments that of the other relevant Law Reform office improve on the Secretariat equipment mathod of law review through Training and the Re-training the introduction relevant staff and use of information technoioty I Ensure - comprehensive record keeping and retrlevai of Laws through the we of

electronic- --~~ ~ I equipment I I I I I I I I Make1ustke I To establish 1 Enlightenins i - i 2,OW.OW 1 2.000,OW 1 easliy. the the public accessible to department the activities of the wmrnon for the Me department man protection of through indigent confidence cliens rlghts buildlng programmes I Effective I biiinwith existing civil ilberty organisations and other NGOs To reduce the To give effect Constitlute and workload on to the fund arbnratlon regular courts decisions of committees through the the Publlc introdudlon of Complaints Educate the Aternative Commlsssion public on their Dispute (Ombudsman) rights of Resosolute electrion to mechanism Encourage submit to the aggrieved decision of the persons to arbitration seek redress committees through the public Amend all defenders unit relevant of the Ministry legislations to make the decision of the arbtratlon committees binding on the I I I partiei I I I I I I To provide a I To 1 Comt~ct5 I 10,WO.WO( lO,WO,WO1 conducive accommodate more offices /22;~;fmI:LE0fthel / I I I 1 out thek day to I day actlviti& ( I I I I I I ( To ensure I To povlde I The provision 1 ( 7,000,000 1 7,000,000 ( proper custody space for of 3 stores for of properties attached the Rent peroperties Tribunals for the Hlquarters andoneeach for the I I I branches I I 1 I I

current Law I Books. Law I I I I I . -. -. - -.. Reports, Jornels etc To enhance Provision of Purchae of 4,000,003 5,003,000 5,000,000 quick and omce photocopiem, sfflclent equipment etc. services

7. Information, Communication and This task is to be carried out by all Participation stakeholders but especially the media and One of the attributes of good governance is NGOs. The Government intends to effective communication and information entrench these cultures in Government by dissemination to all citizens. In this way empowering the media to transmit relevant stakeholders can participate in the decision information on the performance of making and implementation of KADSEEDS. development programs especially those that concern them. Participation enables Target citizens to contribute effectively to the Raise advocacy on good governance determination of objectives of Government though the radio, television and papers thereby holding Government accountable Create and sustain a Kaduna State for the delivery of the objectives. website by 2005 and publish all KADSEEDS programme regularly. Effective communication and participation are firmly rooted in the KADSEEDS The details on how these can be achieved whereby information on issues of through the activities of Ministry of governance are made available to the information and home affairs are contained Public at all times. Sirnilariy, Government is in the matrix below: also able to hear the voice of its citizens through constructive criticisms.

Purchase of 15.00 - Mlnlstry of power lnforrnatlon generating plants KSMC To provide lor Upgrading or high 5.00 25.00 15.00 Englneering about 80% stabilrty tension supply Departments in transmkslon of of Rabah Radio and FM and URBAN Road from TV. TV channels. 11KVtoa more reliable 33KV and provision of 11KV supply to Kulena TV studios currently on domestlc supply. Supply and installation of 33/0.415KV Transformer at KSMC Rabah Road and the relocation of the 11/0.415KV Transformer to Kufena TV House KSMC To have a TV Install and Supply and 13,088, 10.0 8.7 Engineering Channel for operate from Installation of 259 Department, Commercial Kaduna a small a 2.5KW TV Broadcasting to UHF Television Upgradeable finance our Transmitter to UHF operations cover the Television competing metropolis and Transmitter. effectively with environs. Make PIE and Feed other urban and programmemlng Lines. Mast satellite channels. and content modification. highly attractive renovation of to advertisers. transmitter room and training KSMC To ensure the Install a Digital Supply and 20.0 5,253,9 20.0 Engineering sustenance of FM transmitter Installation of 90 Department. Dl z- @ E PE .C - w .- w "4., .C a & E 2i E BE & E :%s .?% -0 -E% .-E22 - - B 8 %P P %B P %> z EZ wnrx WOW wnt-

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0 0 3 2Y Is

CHAPTER FOUR

INFRASTRUCTURE AND SOCIAL SERVICES

Ho\ 1.0 Focal and lmplcmenting Agencies

N March 2004, the Office of Public Sector operations and subsequent Sewices Reform (OPSR), United disincentive for Private Sector initiatives. I Kingdom, conducted a study on State resources are often pressured by Public service delivery in Nigeria. The large structures that result in inadequatt! outcomes concluded that Public services in funding. Institutionally, arrangement:; to Nigeria are not serving the people well; supervise or monitor Sector performance they are inaccessible, poor in quality and and accountability are sometimes weak of indifferent to customer or beneficiary nowexistent. needs. The road map for improved Public service delivery under NEEDS and SEEDS Due to these conditions, services acros:i lends to the OPSR findings. board are not meeting the yearnings of thc! people well. Services such as water ant1 The absence andlor dearth of efficient electricity supply, hospital and educatiot~ service delivery across Sectors in Kaduna are epileptic and inaccessible if they exist

State is simply an echo of a national Providers are often insensltive trl problem spurred by conuption, large Public beneficiaries needs, and mistake thei responsibility and mandate to provide compassionate doctors and nurses that efficient services with rendering favour to respond to patients in a professional, beneficiaries. orderly and prompt manner; the prison yards wear decent looks and the courts There is also the problem of getting 'value adjudicate cases fairly and promptly; for money' especially from Government- teachers and pupils are enthusiastic to dominated paid services. For instance, attend school because adequate incentives how much money should it cost a customer are put in place; graduates are able to put to obtain an efficient supply of water or their knowledge to use; farmers are electricity? Very often, service delivery is benefiting from agricultural programmes; not cost driven and the welfare of general order and efficient supply ol customers is left to the caprices of services across Ministries and Agencies providers. There are practically no with well-defined linkages. This is the sort methodologies for understanding the of vision that the KADSEEDS advances interface between cost and efficiency and towards Sector d~veloprnent. for measuring performances. These and other related problems have consislently KADSEEDS intends to minimize these worsened social and Private service challenges by inducing a positive :;ystemic delivery. change in Public Sector service delivery irl Many would like to see 'well-equipped ways that will win people's respf!ct ai,!t hospitals manned by dedicated and confidence. EDUCATION

t is a universally accepted fact that under pressure for more of its services Ieducation is the storehouse of wealth as which can be addressed through increased well as the bridge between poverty and funding. prosperity. This fact has informed Kaduna State Government's huge investment in the The broad aim of education is to train and education sub-sector which stood at M.9 develop the individual to be useful to billion in 2003 and N3.9 billion in 2004. himself and to the society. The introduction This investment is already making a of a pre-vocational curriculum in the earty positive impact on the school system 1980s at the Junior Secondary School especially in the areas of staffing, level was intended to meet this need of renovation of dilapidated school self-reliance. Unfortunately, inadequate infrastructure and the provision of funding of education during the last tv~o additional buildings, teaching materials and decades led to the poor implementation of quality of the products. the scheme. The schools have been left with only one option: a pre-occupation in Kaduna State is not only among the largest training for grammar school education and states but is strategically located and the passing of examinations for hence attracts people from all over the certification. The Kaduna State Econo~r~ic Federation who have chosen it as a Empowerment Development Strategy ail!:$ second home. As a result of the above at putting in place programmes rutti facts, the demand by the general public for strategies that will bring about a posttfe educational opportunities and other intervention through schooling and mabt:rj facilities provided by the government is its outcome more meaningful and relev consistently on the high side. The to the society. education sector, in particular, has been The Current Status of Education in Kaduna State

The State had 2,842 public Primary and Enrobnent 286 secondary schools in the year 2004. The Kaduna State government gives high There has been an Increase of private priority to the development of education participation in the Education sector, from especially in the areas of infrastructure 1990-2004 over 135 private schools were expansion, rehabilitation, reconstruction, registered in the state. It is also observed renovation and provision of equipment and that with the introduction of the Universal manpower. This accounts for the relatively Basic Education scheme (UBE), there is huge budgetary allocation to the Ministry. heightened demand for education by the But the output in terms of quality of various communities as evidenced by the education, measured by teacher-student establishment and management of primary ratio and examination results are still schools by some communities in the state. worrisome. This is indeed a positive development as the pressure on public schools may be reduced through the process.

Table 4.0 Trend in Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER), znd Completion Rate ill Priinary Schools 1999 - 2004

ACTUAL CLASS OF YEARS ENROLMENT % COMPLETED ENROLMENT CLASS I - 6 199811999 639195 89454 85 1999/2000 841 569 1 18369 86 2000/2001 795573 65675 81 2001/2002 843634 76337 88 2002/2003 763747 70694 90 2003/2004 916496 84833 86

Source: Wtnislry of education 2004

80 There has been a steep increase in completion is high, there is a need to raise primary School enrolment in the State this level to 100%. since the introduction of the Universal Basic Education Scheme (UBE) but the Educational facilities and Teachers percentage of female enrolment is still low. The table below provides useful Only 29% of female children were enrolled information on the condition of classrooms into primary schools in the past 6 years. and teachers at the primary school level. Cukural beliefs and poverty might have The available facilities are overstretched. contributed to the low rate of female child enrolment in the schools. The table above For a sound and quality education, the suggests that about 56% of school aged schools must be provided with qualified children were out of school in 200312004 and adequate number of teachers. session. This number is high and may Presently in some local governments like threaten the future of education in the Giwa, and BIGwari, the teacher-pupils ratio State if concerted efforts are not taken to is 1.93 and 1:91 respectively. reverse the trend. Though primary school

Table 4.1 Condition of Prirnary Schools Fac~lities

200312004 200412006 Project Projection 2008 2006 Actual Enrolment 795573 843634 916496 939408 962894 986966 Teachers Available 18824 17693 20115 2061 8 21133 21 682 Additional Teachers 1065 3398 2797 2867 2939 301 2 Needed Class in Good 5866 61 59 66% 681 6 6987 7161 Condition Additional 14023 14932 16262 16669 17089 17513 Classrooms Needed

Source: Mnislry of education (see projections and more details in appendix) Apart from the enormous shortage of Secondary Schools, lnspite of this the classrooms the table also clearly shows schools are pressured with a 'large the number of additional teachers required demand' for educational services. This to match the growing enrolment. indicates that available facilities (especially Secondary ScRool Enrolnlent: classrooms and teachers) to cater for Secondary school enrolment records show current number of pupils and students are that, 39% of children aged between 12-18 in short supply. years were enrolled into Secondary Schools in 200312004 session. This The state is currently faced with high percentage is lower than that of the number of primary school leavers wanting primary school and suggests that about to move to secondary schools. This leads 61% of this category of children are out of to over-admission and large population of school, There are also indications that students in the secondary schools. progressive enrolment from primary to Consequently this situation leads to poor secondary and secondary to tertiary is low performance in the schools because the and many children drop out of school when facilities are overstretched. they complete primary and Junior

Table 4.2 Enrollnent in Publ~cPost Primary Schools by Local Government Areas as at 200312004 Sessiori

SIN0 LGA No. of Enrolment Teachers Schools M F M F 1. BiGwarl 7 2520 394 46 1 2. Chikun 15 981 3 31 31 265 93 3. Giwa 12 4892 1503 109 17 4. lgabl 16 6638 1568 106 25 5. lkan 6 3424 46 1 81 5 6. Jaba 10 61 83 2368 193 24 7. Jema'a 15 12482 2905 31 6 103 8. Kachia 17 8805 2433 21 7 24 9. Kaduna Nolth 22 22829 8440 759 323 10. Kaduna South 15 11 688 6242 353 151 11. Kagarko 12 8680 2049 105 21 12. Kajuw 9 4975 1092 103 15 13. Kaura 11 11 084 2961 31 0 91 14. Kauru 9 5251 931 96 6 15. Kudan 3 1173 134 22 6 16. Kubau 9 3745 1089 81 6 17. Lere 16 7353 1327 193 18 18. Makam 6 2096 222 34 3 19. SIGarl 14 13607 5707 292 78 20. Sanga 12 6328 1707 86 10 21. Soba 6 31 87 1311 94 8 22. UKataf 26 12144 1807 31 9 76 23. Zaria 16 12144 1807 31 9 76 TOTAL 284 187,251 57,036 6,262 1,405

Source: Minislry of Education. Ksduna Slate

Contribution of Different Sectors to The situation is more critical for Secondary Edi~cation: mathematics and physics with a teacher- There were 284 public secondary schools student ratio, of 1:268 and 1:396 in the year 2003/2004 with a total respectively. enrolment of over 244,286 students. Data available in the State Ministry of Education Access to Highcr Educalior?. indicates that over 90% of children in Kaduna State is indeed one of the most Kaduna State are enrolled in public privileged States in Nigeria in terms of secondary schools. Only 10% attend number and variety of tertiary institutions. private schools. With over 13 different types of tertiary Institutions including one of the largest Number of Teachers arid Teacher- Universities in Africa, i.e the Ahmadu Bello Student Ratio in Secondary Schools: University, Zaria, indigenes of the State An inventory of the number of teachers in with relevant entry qualifications ought to public schools in the year 2004 indicates a have more access to tertiary institutions total of 5,976 teachers serving in 284 than most of their counterparts from other Secondary Schools. Women represent States. However due to high demand for about 25% of the secondary school tertiary education many qualified indigenes teachers in the State. With a total are unable to gain admission into these enrolment of 244,286 the Teacher-Student institutions. ratio in the State is 1:56 for Arts subjects. The Kaduna State government has Schools was not readily available. therefore established a State University, to However, information from the State profile provide more opportunities for its (1999 to 2003) indicates a general indigenes. Data on enrolment of Kaduna increase in total enrolment and number ol State Indigenes in higher institutions of schools established. In nearly all cases, learning is estimated at 45,000 as at 2004. enrolment into the lslamiyya Schools favour females more than males. Access to Alfernative Education: In addition to a number of Federal, State Mass Literacy Centres and privately owned Institutions, the State In an effort to increase the literacy level, has a total of twelve Business the State, Agency for Mass Literacy has Apprenticeship Training Centres (BATCs) facilitated the establishment and in different locations. Women Training registration of over 1,278 literacy centres Centres are also established by the State as part of its efforts towards promoting and Local Government Councils to mass literacy across the country. Over promote women empowerment and 70% of the 1,279 centres are run by the development. A total of 23 of such centres, Agency and Local Government Councils. one in each of the LGAs are being Effort is being made to obtain current operated in the State. Skill Development information on the enrolment because Centres are also being established by different organizations handle their private organizations, individuals and Non programmes individually. However, the Governmental Organizations. Trades and Agency for Mass Literacy is working out vocational centers established by the modalities for the coordination of all the National Poverty Alleviation Programme groups and programmes being carried out and other State Parastatals to improve in the State. skills among women and youth also provide access to other forms of education. Nomadic Education. Sequel to the government intensive Enrolment into lslarniyya Schools: campaign on the value of education, and Another form of access to education that is expansion of the facilities all over the stat*. rapidly progressing in the state is the the children of Nomads are increasingli. women and children lslarniyya Schools. patronizing the schools as shown b-:low. They are supported and monitored for the benefit of the State. Data on the number. type and enrolment into the lslamiyya Table 4.3 Statistics on Nomadic Schools

Year No. of Schools I Enrolment M F Total 1999 36 645 455 1,100 2000 51 3,538 2,645 6,183 2001 95 5,104 4,025 9,129 2002 102 5,597 4,416 10,013 2003 111 5,597 4,416 10,013 2004 120 1 1,346 8,654 20,000

Quality of Educatiorl The quality of learning at any level is the The dividends of the huge investment in bedrock of the educational system. Infact; education may not be visibly evident educational policies are fashioned with the immediately through activities like the ultimate goal to improve its quality and performance of students in both internal relevance to the society. Between 1999- and external examinations. This is 2003 the government introduced a number because investment in education is a long of policies, programmes and projects in term venture and takes time to manifest. order to improve the educational system Already, more teachers are being recruited and achieve qual~tyservices in the sector. and posted to schools to handle the Among other things Teacher's salaries are curriculum. The improved teaching paid promptly and regular promotions are environment facilitated by Government carried out. These efforts impacted intervention has greatly changed the positively on teaching and learning in the physical otrtiook of many of the schools school system. and enhanced teaching and learning. Table 4.4 Students' Performance i!) NECOISSCE Exams

Year No. of Students with 5 Credits [+ Maths 8 English (NECO)] 199912000 3,579 14.80 200012001 1,931 8.71 200112002 1,820 9.12 2002l2003 2,078 8.07

Lfajor Constraints lnadequate teachingllearning materials

8 lnadequate qualified manpower for (textbooks, equipment, teaching aids, teaching and learning activities in our computers etc) in the schools; schools; Outdated textbooks and materials in Limited and unconducive office public and school libraries; accommodation in the schools; 8 Shortage of ofice accommodation for Increased enrolment particularly in he the lnspectorate Divisions. urban and semi-urban areas; Shortage of classroom facilities and Targets infrastructures at all levels of Raise girl-child primary school education; enrolment from 29% in 2004 to 50% in Lack of specialist rooms i.e Science 2007; Laboratories. Libraries and Workshops Raise overall primary school enrolment with the necessary equipment etc.; from 50% to 80% in 2007; Some Parastatals and institutions lack . Improve teacher pupil ratio in areas vehicles for logistics; like Giwa & BlGwari LGA to 150 by lnadequate funds for parastatals and 2007; institutions to carry out projects and Raise primary school completion rate maintain existing ones; from 86% in 2004 to 100% in 2007;

Education Action plan

I COST AGENCIES INDICATOR TARGETS STRATEGIES ACTIVITIES (U) ! 2006 2006 2007 i 'rimary Raise a) Construct 600 a) Construct 1200 - 300,000,000 450,000,000 SPEB .ducation overall new primary dassrooms In the new primary schools primary schools schools enrolment b) Expansion d from 50 to existing schools b) Construct 600 - 150,000,000 300,000,000 SPEB 80% in ciassrooms In the 2007 (I.@. c) Advocacy existing schools 1,197,445) c) Sensitization, - 2,OW,OW 2,000,000 SPEB I moMllzation, workshop. awareness campaign for traditional/religious d) Japanese leaders International Opsratlon d) Construction of 265 - 327,170,170 - JiCA Agency (JICA) new classrooms Project

e) UBEMlorld Bank assisted Polst e) Construction of 295 99,969,340 99,969,340 99,969,340 UBE World new classrooms in Bank existing schools in 6 Project f) Renovation LGAs

I) Renovation of 279 46,615,610 46,815,610 46.81 5,610 UBE World cla~~rooms Bank g) Expansion of project existing primary schools g) Construction of 171 57,500,000 57,500,000 57,500,000 E.T.F. classrooms in the I h) Renovation of existing primary .? classrooms schools :.{, i i) Provision of h) Renovation of 840 140,000,000 140,000,000 140,000,000 SPEB I dassroorn classrooms ' ? furnaure i) Suppiy of 7500 3- 20,000,000 20,000,000 20,000,000 SPEB 1 j) Provislon of seater combined desks i Teachers deskslchairs t j) Supply of 4200 No. of 14,000,000 14.W0.000 14,000,000 SPEB ! teachers tables and ! chairs Q 10,000 per i pair Ralse glrl a) Advocacy llncrease mobllisatlon - 90,000,000 90,000,000 SPEBIMOE child school wmlnam, workshops, Agency for i enrolment awarenecu campaigns Mass ! from 29% for Tradttlonal and Lteracy f In 2004 to Rellglous Leders. Also i 40% by more female reaches m07 be reculted to serve as rde models Ill I I b) Provlslon of Construction of 2 VIP - 15,000,000 15,000,000 SPEB toilets fw both tdits In each of the bays and girls schools To reduce a) Recrulment Recruitment of 24,425 85,919,M)8 85,919,008 85.91 9,008 SPEB teacher - of more additional teachers pupll ratio teachers from 1:101 to 1 :SO in LGAs with hl h ratics - SPEB 4Ralse Same as in a) and b) cmpletion teachers and above 1 zrm provision of faclllles

b) Provision of Purchase of textbooks UBE, essential In the 4 core subjects SPEB, textbooks to World Bank, etc. match 1:l ratlo f c)Malnstreamlng Sensitlzalion and SPEB, HIVIAIDS Into awareness campaigns NGOs the cunkulum HIVIAIDS MOE, AML modulw AND CBOs a)Establlshment Construction of 284 MOE d more JSS by schools from 2005 - I from Government to 2007 primary to accommodate junior UBE poducts ; secondary 1 school from b) Expansion d Construdion/renovation MOE : 65% to existing schools of classrooms, 100% (1.e. laboratories, lrbranes 84.833)by 2007 c) Recruitment Recruitment of 3,000 MOE teachers , d teachers for -.! teachers based on performance MOE 8 merit 6,000,000 d) Create award Award best teacher E.R.C. for best teacher annually In each of the year division and at State level = 13 e) Pay up to 30%of Payment o science 6,000,000 inducement teachers allowances allowances E.R.C. f) improve a) Posting of 10,700,000 capacity of experienced class Education teachers as resource E.R.C. Resource persons to handle Centre ERC various aspects of the school curriculum, i.e. one resource person 45,000,000 per subject E.R.C. b) Staff development training and retraining of staff of ERC & 460,0C0.000 teachers MOEl c) lnstitutlonal capacity Library building -renovation of 138,OC0,000 Board conferences, printing rooms and office - equipment and furniture 15,367,600 MOEi d) Construction of a Llbrary general purpose Board workshop with equipment and library with internet facility MOE g) Improve a) Construction of a library services library in 4 schools in in schools Ieach of the 23 LGAs b) Provislon of books I for the new libraries c) Recruitment of 184 staff for the new I libraries

enrolment of the employment girl child wnsitization, mobllisation, wm1naraMorkshop and awareness campalgn

:ural a)Establishment Construction and ibraries, of rural libraries equlpping of rural :aduna libraries in 14 LGAs

b) Renovation I Renovation of 4 and existing libraries at rehabilitatlon of I BIGwarl. Saminaka, existing rural lkara and Kachia libraries and updating of books stock

C) Provision of 3 Purchase 01 3 No No. generating set at HIQ Kaduna. Zaria and Kalanchan HEALTH

Health Facilities fortified by 8 academic institutions. There State Government has are 4 other post basic programmes offered T ::tablished 23 hospitals and 3 dental in ABUTH, National Eye Centre etc. centres, in 21 LGAs except Sabon Gari and Kubau. The process of establishing a Donor Agencies have also offered credit general hospital In Sabon Garl LGA is on facilities for the provision of health facilities course and that of Kubau is already under in the State. The World Bank Health construction in Pambegua. In the System Development Project has meantime, Sabon Gari is being served by proposed the construction and upgrading ABU Teaching Hospital Zaria and Gambo of 6 primary health centers and 10 health Sawaba Hospital WGayan while Kubau is clinics in 16 LGAs. The successful served by General Hospitals in Ikara, implementation of these projects will Kauru and Saminaka. In addition, improve access to health care in the State. provision has already been made in the Also, the African Development Bank 2005 budget for the establishment of Kaduna Health Rehabilitation Project has hospitals in the undeserved areas of just completed the rehabilitation and Kaduna melropolis. The affected areas equipping of 5 hospitals through a credit are Kawo, Rigasa and Sabon Tasha. facility to the Minisby.

The Federal Government of Nigeria has Figure 4.2 below shows that, Kaduna State also established specialized tertiary health has well over 1,300 hospitals, health and institutions In the State. These are the dental centres, pharmacies, laboratories Psychiatry, Eye and Ear Hospitals among and health clinics, half of which are others. In addition to these, there are 608 privately owned. In order to consoiidate Local Government health facilities which the laudable achievements made so far by include Primary Health Centres (PHCs) the present Administration, there is need and Health Clinics (HCs) and 656 Private for the provision of adequately trained health facilities which include Private and personnel and modem equipment. For faith based hospitals, clinics, laboratories optimum benefit, there is need for and pharmacies, spread through out all Government to effectively supervise the the 23 LGAs of the State. In addition we Private health institutions so that they cn11 have 2,500 registered Patent and provide good services to their clienls. Proprietor Medicine Shops. These are Figure 4.0

Source: Ministry o( kallh

Health Personnel medicine, pharmacy, laboratory science, x- Health Care Services in the State are ray, etc generally in short supply of specialists in

Table 4.5 Health Personnel - Patient Ratio

C~orY Health PersonneUPatient Health PersonnelIPatient Ratio Ratio 2000 2004 Medical doctor 1:71,309 1:31,079 Nurses I:4,789 1:2,826 Pharmacist 1:97,471 1:20,203 Laboratory scientist I:570,475

Sauna: Ministry of HeaJlh

In recognition of this need, the Minis try of Eqoipnlent Health established a scheme whereby The five hospitals rehabilitated by students in their clinical years (400 level Government through the AD6 Keduna for medicine and dentistry and 300 level Health Rehabilitation Project were for pharmacy and laboratory sciences) supplied with medical equipment, hospital receive scholarship covering living furniture and non-medical equipment as expenses and school fees. The students part of the loan portfolio. State on graduation are expected to come back Government has also provided some to the Ministry as staff. The outcome of equipment to other State hospitals. this scheme has been positive - it is However, there is plan to use the responsible for the upward change in $2.8miIlion from the balance of the ADB Doctor-patient ratio from 1:71,309 in 2000 credit facility for the procurement of to 1:31,079 in 2004. The State medical equipment for distribution to Government magnanimously approved the secondary health facilities in the State. employment of 650 medical staff in 2004. This has gone a long way to improve the Most of the State hospitals have or are situation though there will be need for undergoing renovation. The five hospitals more staff to be employed to meet the rehabilitated with the ADB loan facility optimal standards for providing effective have been fairly adequately equipped. Health Care services in the State. These are located in Birnin Gwari, Kafanchan, Saminaka, Tudun Wada and Kakun. Government will now focus its attention on providing these equipment to hospitals in the year 2005. The affected enhance the gains already made. areas are Sabon Tasha, Kawo and Rigasa. For full functioning of these The State has phased the rehabilitation of faciliies the State will need to spend not the remaining 22 facilities. While the less than N30 million for medical rehabilitation of ldon has been completed equipment. Equipment have been and commissioned, 7 others are at purchased for those facilities that are different levels of completion and will be functioning now, however some vital commissioned within the year. These are equipments are still lacking in some located in Kwoi, Zangon Kataf, Kofan hospitals. The major ones are x-ray Gayan Zaria, Giwa, Makarfi, Kachia and machines, surgical equipment, Barau Dikko Specialist Hospital. Hunkuyi spectrophorneters and electrophoretic was rehabilitated and has already been machines in the laboratories. plrt to use slnce 2002. Government will now focus its attention on provlding these equipments to enhance Three new facilities have been established the gain already made. and wcrk has already commenced to make them functional during the year. Implementation of Projects and These are located at Doka (Abuja Express Programmes Way) Sabon Gari Zaria and Parnbegua. Many of the services are offered through the implementation of projects and Six of the remaining 11 health facilities programmes. Some of the programmes have been earmarked for rehabilitation in are Drug Revolving Fund Scheme, 2005. These are located in Kagarko, Onchocerciasis Control Programme, Roll Gwantu, Ikara, Family Health Unit Tudun Back Malaria, National Programme on Wada and two Dental Centres located in Immunization, HIVIAIDS Control Kaduna and Zaria. The remaining five will Programme. TB Leprosy Control be captured in the subsequent budgets. Programme, Kaduna State Eye Care These are located in Kujama, Kaura, Programme, Reproductive Health, etc. Kauru, Turunku and Maigana. Dtug Revolving Fund (DRF) Scheme Government has also identified parts of This is a cost recovery scheme for drugs the Kaduna metropolis that are where hospitals add 10% mark up on the underserved with heathcare services and cost price of drugs, reagents and other has provided for the construction of consumables. The scheme is being run successfully by most hospitals except for distribution of mectizan tablets to the 16 the low capitalization of the programme. oncho endemic LGAs in the State. There is therefore the need for additional Kaduna Eye Care Programme capkalization of funds to ensure regular The State has been working with Sight provision of drugs which will eventually Savers International for the past 10 years eliminate out of stock syndrome. in the area of cataract outreach and capacity building for officers. A new Roll Back Malaria (RBM) programme to run from 2004-2007 has The Roll Back Malaria Initiative has the Included ABUTH, Guinness Eye and goal of halving the malaria burden National Eye Centre as stakeholders. worldwide by the year 2010 through a multi-Sectoral and muttiator approach. National Programme on Immunization The priority areas in the RBM initiative The NPI supplies and carries out include the following: Immunization activities agalnst 6 killer (a) Disease Management; (b) Disease diseases among children and pregnant Prevention (provision of insecticide treated women, which are poliomyelltis, measles, nets and materials), chemoprophylaxis, tuberculosis, diptheria, pertusis and environmental management and personal tetanus. protection); (c) Social mobilization; (d) Operational research and (e) Health Reproductive Heallh System Development. The Ministry through its reproductive health programme carries out activities in Ta and Leprosy Control the area of family planning, s;tfo The State has been working with the motherhood, integrated management ol Netherlands Leprosy Relief Association for childhood illnesses, adolescent health i.e. the past 10 years to supply free drugs and everything to do with child and mater~~al reagents to TB and leprosy patients health. through clinics it has established in all the LGAs of the State. UNICEF Assisted Programme The UNICEF is working with the State ill Onchocerciasis Control Programme its focal Local Governments in the are? 1,1 The State is working with the Africa child and maternal health, immulzai:4-. Programme for Onchocerciasis Control and roll back malaria. (APOC) for the procurement and free Table 4.6 Mortality Rate - .- - I Year IMR UBMR MMR

1999 9111000 19111000 95011 00,000

2003 11 511 000 20511 000 98011 00,000

While massive Public enlightenment HlVlAlDS Development Project continues, 11 hospitals have been The HIVIAIDS Development Programme is proposed to be approved as centres to a World Bank Assisted Project for creating prevent mother to child transmission of Public awareness on the pandemic. The HIV. At the moment only 400 people in State has secured a credit facility to the the State are provided with antiretroviral tune of $4.3 million with additional N50 drugs at the ABU Teaching Hospital milllon from State Government to fight the Kaduna and Zaria. There are plans by the scourge. State to bring in more patients in the State Health Indicators owned programme. The State of matemal and child health is Malaria an indication of level of development as Malaria is one of the leading causes of well as the performance of the health care deaths in Infants and children in Nigeria. It system. The indices for infant, child and is estimated that 50% of the 120 million of matemal mortality for the State in 1999 the population experience at least one and 2003 are presented below: acute episode each year. Kaduna State HlVlAlDS has a projected population of 5,621,789 The prevalent rate of HlVlAlDS in Kaduna half of which might experience an episode State in 1999 was 116%. Through thls year. Those at high risk are pregnant massive Public enlightenment the mothers and children under 5 years of prevalent rate dropped to 6% by 2003. It age. The projected population of pregnant is estimated that 230,000 people are living women is 280,331 and that of children with HlVlAlDS in Kaduna State. under 5 years is 1,123,567. Natiow.de there are 1,500,000 children A table on reported cases of malaria and orphaned by HIVIAIDS. deaths from 2000 to 2003 in Kaduna State is presented below: Table 4.7 Reported Cases of Malaria and Deaths .. - - - --

I Deaths

The State has procured 40,000 Insecticide The prevalent rate of TB in Kaduna State is treated nets with additional approval of 5911 00,000. N51,350,000 for procuring more for Reproductive Health distribution in the State. Reduction of Infant, child and maternal TB and Leprosy mortality rate by 20% by 2001. The Leprosy component is successfully 1. Maternal mortality rate from operated with assistance from the 9801100,000 live birth to 784 pc!r Netherlands Leprosy Relief. There are 75 100,000 live birth; multiple drug therapy (MTD) clinics all over 2. Infant mortality rate from 11511 000 live the State. The number of newly detected birth to 91 per 1,000 live birth; cases has stabilised and on the verge of 3. Under-five mortality rate from declining with 178 cases in 2003 and 181 20511000 live birth to 16411000 live cases so far this year. The prevalent rate birth. of leprosy in the State is 41100,000. lmmunisation As a result of the controversies over the The TB component of the programme oral polio vaccines, this has affected started in 1998 and has now expanded to negatively the coverage of other vaccine!:. 33 intake centres (diagnosis and Coverage for 2001-2003 is presented ac treatment) and 44 ambulatory clinics follows: (treatment only). In 2003 3,803 patients were diagnosed and treated. So far 3,224 patients were diagnosed for the year 2004. Table 4.8 Immunization Coverage . ..-. .. - ...... ~...... -. .. - ...- .?. - .. --,. i Year BCO DPT3 OPV3 Measles 2001 62% 67% 38% 87%

2002 54 19.6 20 59

2003 37 19 38 43.03

Source: Miistry of Health

The targets for 2007 are: (d) Measles from 43% to 70% (a) BCG from 37% to 70% (b) DPT from 19% to 70% The projections are stated below: (c) OPV from 38% to 70%

Table 4.8 projections from 2005-2007 Disease 2005 2006 2007 BCG 40% 58% 70% DPT 40% 53% 70% OPV 49% 58% 70% Measles 52% 61 % 70% Major Problems To minimize out of stock (01s Though some good progress has been syndrome in our hospitals. made in the health Sector in the past 4 years, some major problems in the Sector Strategies are:- Strengthen effective checks and * lnadequatelobsolete medical balances to improve judicious use of equipment resources provided by the Government Shortage of all categories of health to the Ministry. staff Prepare for the implementation of the High disease burden as a resutt of low National Health Insurance Scheme coverage for immunization in the past, (INHIS) by 2005 or whenever the high mortality rates and ravaging Federal Government decides its take effects of HIVIAIDS. off. Inaugurate a coordination team to Policy Targets coordinate all health programs * Reduce sectoral capital projects funds (especially those sponsored by in order to raise spending on health donors) to minimize duplications and service delivery by 50% by 2007. wastages of resources. Reduce HIVIAIDS from 5.6% to 4.5 by lncrease health capacity by training 2007 and retraining nurses, technicians and Reduce mortality rate from their laboratory scientists by 2007. current rates by 2007 Improve student scholarship scheme lncrease immunization of BCG, DPT3, to increase the number of Doctors and 0PV3 and Measles from their current Pharmacists in the State by 45% in percentages to 70% each by 2007 2007. Reduce occurances of malaria, acute Train staff on child survival strategies respiratory infections (ARI), measles, and implementation of Life Saving diarrhea and TB from their current Skills (LSS). rates 5% each by 2007 Employ 1500 health professionals by Minimise drug/substance abuse 2007 including qualified teachers for among youth and Society at large the health schools. through Public enlightment campaigns. Step up the status of training schools To control proliferation of fake and by providing required equipment. substandard drugs in the State. Initiate and slrengthen programs for HlVlAlDS prevention, care and treatment. This should include To structurally and functionally schemes to intensify Public awareness integrate the leprosy service within the campaigns on both communicable and primary health care system by 2007 non-communicable diseases. To establish two diagnostic and 4 To reduce mother to child transmission treatment centres for TB in each LGA of HIVIAIDS by 2007 by 2007 Provide antiretroviral drugs to cater for To successfully treat with short course at least 500 HIVIAIDS patients therapy 85% of all diagnosed TB especially women and children by cases by 2007. 2007. To achieve 85% cure rate for ail Create a format for measuring and treated TB cases by 2007 from the monitoring Private health present level of 72% establishment performance in the To diagnosis 70% of the expected State. TB cases by 2007 from the present Recapitalize the DRF scheme with not level of 50% less than N30million seed stock by To ensure at least 60% of those at risk 2007. of malaria benefit from use of ITN I)y Purchase simple instruments and 2007. equipment for data collection, storage To ensure at least 60% of womerl i~i and retrieval such as calculators, their first pregnancy have ac:ess 10 registers, bicycles, motorcycles, recommended preventive treatment 1:). computers etc by 2007. malaria by 2007. Improve research activities for To intensify Public enlighten~ient111 generating information through drug abuse surveys, health maps, monthly and To intensify routine inspecf )n i1i7 I annual summaries. testing of drugs in Quality Cor ' To reduce from the present level of laboratories. 15%to below 10% annual proportion of grade 2 disabilities among newly detected leprosy cases by 2007.

Strenthenlnlng - Provision of minimum of HMlS HMlS packages to headquarters. Zones and selected Hospitals

Health - Conduct studies on Research major health issues eg. Malaria, Malnutrition. Reproductive health CSM with the aim of obtaining baseline data

ICT - Provtsion of Internet services - Networking of offices in Headquarters. lraining institutions and the zonal Headquarters

Needs 1 -Assessing present Assessment 1 situations and needs of our health facilities in respect of manpower, equipment and treaining and making appropriate I I recommendations I 1 Strenthening h upgrading and upgrading of

Remodelling - Remodelling and and upgrading rehabiiitatlon of existing of 6 No. HC to structures PHCs to - Furnishing and

Improve equipping. ~ of facilities I I access to PHC ( 1 I I I I F I To prevent the I To reduce from 1 - Advocay lo policy 4.55 1 4.0 1 4.0 1 Neitherland I Ihe present makers and impalrements level of 15% sensitization meetings I I I 1 Z7iGyLR), 1 I deformliesPh*icak and I annual I with the communities KDSG, MOU of -Training of general I detected I heanh workers in I I leprosy cases disabilttles detection and referral of among newly leprosy cases detected -Provision of leprosy leprosy cases servlces in one to below 10% specialized clinic in by 2007 each LGA as a referral centre andln HeaHh Facllltles In the LGAs -Health educatlon in medla houses To expand To establish - Provision of 1.8 1.8 1.8 NLR access to tuberculosis mlcrosc~pe~for sputum tuberculosis services in 2 smear examination se~ices diagnostic and - Provision ofadedquate 1.3 1.3 1.3 KDSG 4 treatment lab reagents centres I each andmateriais for sputum LGA by 2007 smear microscopy to all diagnostic centres

To diagnose -To suspect TB in ail 10.0 10.0 8.0 KDSG 70% of the patients with cough fw expected more than three weeks cases of TB by - To diagnose new 2007 from sputum positive cases present level of -to dlagnose cases 50% clinically To ensure short To successfully -To provide short 2.50 2.50 2.4 NLR course treat with shod chemotherapy to chemotherapy course therapy patients for diagnosed 85% of all - To ensure 13,747, 13,747, 13.747, KDSG TB patients diagnosed TB uninterrupted abaiiabilty 841 ,.33 841 ,.33 841 ,.33 according to cases by 2007 of anti-TB drugs at State natlonal and LGA level guidelines throughout the year

To achieve -To use DOTS for the 3.00 2.5 3.35 KOSG 85% cure rate intensive phase of antl- for all treated TB treatment in the TB cases by treatment centres 2007 from the -To performfollow-up 3.00 2.5 2.155 NLR present level of sputum examination at 72% T*,gm & Thonth of short course therapy -To maintain good referral system -To ensure regular treatment I To reduce I To ensure that I -Procurement of 1 20.0 1 25.020 1 1 I

WATER SUPPLY

e Water Board and the State's Water Resources takes care of Semi- The Federal -rMinistry of Water Resources are the Urban and Rural areas. Estimated water and Slate main Agencies responsible for water demand is put at 751mld and current Governments supply. The Water Board supplies potable service coverage represents 23% of the have huge water to urban towns and the Ministry of State's population. inveslments in piov,2i1ny ivatar tl~iol~gt,darns. Table 4.9 State Water Supply Coverage -Year 2004 usler works. schemes and Cwnmunltles State % Stab? Actual Actual Population % % State boreholes but Populatlon Population Water Watef Coverage Sewlce Coverage iA;a!ershortage Year 2004 Demand Supply Coverage rs st:!/ acula (MW Ufban 3,145,837 51.32 540.25 171.00 995,720.23 31.65 16.24 Semi-urban 1,267,300 21 .00 159.63 31.93 257,460.00 20.00 4.20 Rural 1.696.863 1 27.88 50.91 5.60 1 186,654.93 11.00 3.04 Total 8,130,000 1 100 1 761 I 208 1 1,439,836 02.66 23.49 Sauce: Ministry d water reroucea

Water facilities

Urban water supply Dams Water Works There are five existing dams built and The State Government has built twelve owned by the State Government mainly for (12) water works for the supply of portable water supply and limited irrigation. water to nine (9) urban centres in the 1. Kangimi dam of 58.5 million cubic State. The Table above shows the meters (rncm) for Kaduna town. estimated population, water demand and 2. Shika dam of 15.3 mcm for Zaria capacities of water works. Figure 4.2 also Water Supply. vividly shows that the current supply 3. Bagorna dam of 3.95mcm for Birnin capacrty of 380.80mld of water by Water Gwari Town. Works is inadequate given that 540.25mld 4. Gimbawa dam of 3.0mcm for lkara is needed to satisfy the water shortages of town. the estimated urban population. It 5. Saminaka dam of O.5mcm. therefore, suggests that, more investment Urban water supply operation and is required in this field. maintenance is being commercialized, it is sustained through appropriate pricing by Figure 4.2 fixing tariff sufficient enough to defray

Table 4.10 Existing Water Works Capacities Year 2004

I I I Total of Service Area 1 3,145,837 1 540.25 1 380.08 operational expenses. This Is an important Councils. The State Government step towards relieving Government of its constructs, commissions and hands over fmancial burden. the schemes to the respective Local Government Council for operation. Water Production from the 12 water works Maintenance of the scheme is through has dropped to an alarming rate of 171mld community-based approach - between the from the 380mld available capacity due to State Government, Local Government and erratic power supply and worn out the benefiting communities. equipment. The low productlon level coupled with inadequate capacity has As mentioned earlier a total of 27 Semi- resulted in poor Service Coverage of only Urban Water Supply Schemes have been 32%. This implies that only 32% of the executed by the State Government with urban population is receiving potable water two on-going ones. Presently, there is at from the municipal water supply system least one water facility in every Local daily. Government Headquarters in the State. Considering that semi-urban areas make Semi-urban (Small Town) Water up about 21% of the total State population, Supply it is estimated that less than 20% of the Water supply was hitherto concentrated in inhabitants of these areas have access to urban and ~ralareas to the neglect of potable water. In other words, 80%, semi small towns, otherwise known as Semi- rural dwellers still depend on traditional Urban Areas. In an effort to address this sources such as hand-dug wells, concrete neglect, the State Government setup, as a wells, rain harvesting, etc. matter of priority, a Semi-urban Water Supply Programme for the provision of It is estimated that there are over 260 potable water in all Local Government semi-urban communities in the State in Council Headquarters. need of water facilities as against the present 27 schemes constructed. There are 27 Semi-urban Water Supply Therefore only 10% semi urban Schemes provided by the Kaduna State communities are linked to epileptic water Government with two on-going projects at supply. Gure (Lere LGA), and Meyere (Makarti LGA). Semi-urban Water Supply Schemes are operated by the Local Government Table 4.11 Boreholes Spread in Kaduna Rural Areas

Scum: Ministtyd Wafer Rewurces Rural Water Supply workshop is also used to provide training Rural water supply is catered for through to Village Based Workers for the sinking of boreholes, concrete and maintenance of the hand pumps. The hand-dug wells etc. There are a total of Rural Water Supply Department has 1,667 boreholes constructed by the seven Zonal offices at the following

Figure 4.3 Ci~annelsof Maltitlc~W!ntci- Avnila!)lc (7,)

Ministry of Water Resources covering all locations: Birnin Gwari, Ikara, Kachia, the 23 LGAs. Kaduna, Saminaka, Zarh and Zonkwa. The officers in these zones are charged In addition to the number of boreholes with the maintenance and supervision of built by the Ministry of Water Resources boreholes in their domains. as mentioned above, WATSAN has constructed another 400 boreholes. To Only 20% of the boreholes constructed ensure effective maintenance of the are active and productive. Service boreholes, a standard mechanical coverage is, therefore, estimated at only workshop has been constructed. The 11% of the rural populace. Based on the data above, there is an acute 1. To enhance all year round food shortage of water in adequate quantity and production, potable quality in Kaduna State. Streams 2. To provide employment opportunities, and hand-dug wells are the prevalent 3, To enhance the general well being of sources of water that constitute more than the people, and 77%. The supply of pipe borne water in 4. To enhance Economic Empowerment. urban and selected semi urban towns is epileptic, In all, water supply coverage in In this regard, Government adminlsters the State stands at about 23% of the total irrigation operations; it supplies raw water populatlon. This level of service falls below to irrigation farmers at a specified fee, the 60% level expected in year 2003 in line which accrues to Government treasury. with the recommendations of the National Also Government generates some limited Water Supply and Sanitation Policy. In fact amount of revenue from irrigation farmers the supposed 23% supply is not efficient as through land preparation and rents. So far, a large number of consumers in both the State Government has procured and urban, semi urban and rural areas are distributed about 2000 units of 3" pumps dissatisfied with current services. on loan to farmers for irrigation farming. Pilot Irrigation Schemes are used to lrrigation provide training for irrigation farmers to lrrigation activities are carried out in 7 acquire skills. divisional offices and 19 Pilot Schemes. About 150,000 farmers are engaged in the Water and Sanitation 19 pilot schemes that total irrigation The Agency is engaged in the development farmers to 500,000 by 2004. All the Pilot of Environmental Sanitation by the provision lrrigation Schemes have a total area of of pit latrines in homes, premises and public 1100 acres on the average. places such as motor parks, markets, dinlcs, schools, etc. It has established The development and promotion of Sanitation Centres (SANI CENTRE) within lrrigation Farming is undertaken by the LGAs. lrrigation Services Department of the Ministry of Water Resources. The main The Rural Water Supply and Sanitation objectives of the lrrigation (Dry-Season) Agency (WATSAN) currently implements Farming are: the Water Supply and Sanitation Programme. The programme is run in collaboration with the Federal Government Broken down or worn out equipment (FGN), External Support Agencies (ESA), due to age and lack of readily available the State Government (KDSG), Local spares for effective maintenance; Government Area Councils (LGAs), and inadequate installed capacity to meet CommunitiedNGOs. The programme's present and future water demands; ultimate objectives are: Borehole yields are generally low, rarely going beyond 1.5 Vs due to Pali of To provide safe whole-some Rural crystalline basement complex Government's cflarts In tlie Water Supply; underlain in most parts of the State; i.'romot!on of Development of Environmental Lack of community based irrigation is to Sanitation as integral part of safe maintenance regime; develop disposal of faecal waste in pit latrines, Lack of commitment on the part of i!:easures for and Hygiene Promotion to the Rural ccoperdfion and Local Governments to manage semi- cscrd:aafion of Areas and Slums (Peri-Urban) areas of urban and rural schemes; :he activities Urban Centres; There is over emphasis on the herween :he To eradicate water borne diseases to exploitation of ground water through iClinislr/ of reduce morbidity and mortality among the construction of boreholes at the djicrilfure and i:'dier raSOUrCeS. children; expense of other methods like the To reduce the burden of fetching water construction of concrete wells, rain from long distances by women and hawesting and development of children; springs; To enhance the general well being of Multiple Agencies are involved in the the population in rural and slum areas; construction of boreholes giving room r To stimulate Economic Ernpower- for duplication of efforts, which has ment. made collation of data difficult if not impossible; Constraints Lack of attention given to repairs of The factors militating against efficient irrigation infrastructure and machinery; service de(ivery in the water Sectors can Near neglect of data collection, be summarized as follows: analysis and compilation, with adverse consequences on sound planning ol Technical Constraints water schemes in future. Erratic power supply to water systems particularty in the southern part of the State is characterised by low voltage; Financial Constrait~ts There is hardly any training and re- High production cost resulting from training given to rural water supply and NEPA commerclal billing; irrigation staff. High chemical cost particularly alum due to near monopoly of the major Targets Local producer; The specific objectives of the Water Supply Water wastage due to poor consumer Sub-sector, which all the States of the attitude to water conservation giving Federation and FCT, are encouraged to rise to High Unaccounted-For-Water adopt are: (UW; Extend service coverage to 80% of the Nonpayment of water rates by population by the year 2007; Federal Institutions, especially the Extend service coverage to 100% of Military and Police; the population in the year 2011 and Funds for capital projects have always beyond; come either directly or indirectly from However, without prejudice to the National Government, and with increasing Water Supply and Sanitation Targets, population and the demand on the Kaduna State Government has set the scarce resources, the burden of targets to achieve: funding is surely going to increase; 50% Service Coverage by the year Inadequate and late budgetary 2007; provisions have adverse effects on 70% Service Coverage by the year borehoie drilling programmes and 201 1; irrigation activities. 100% Service Coverage by the year 2015 and beyond; Manpower Constraints Provide Minimum Service Level of 120 Local Governments and benefiting litres per capita per day (Icd) for urban communities lack requisite training to areas with population greater than manage semi-urban and rural 20,000 inhabitants to be served by full schemes effectively; reticulation and consumer premises Lack of skilled personnel at the State connection; level to effectively manage rural water Provide Minimum Service Level of 60 supply projects and irrigation icd for Semi-urban settlements with activities; population of between 5,000 - 20,000 to be sewed by limited or full reticulation and house connections as determined by the beneficiaries1 Rehabilitation of developed water Government; supply sources in conjunction with Provide Minimum Sewice Level of 30 Local Government Areas; Icd within 250m of the community of Protection of openlconcrete wells by 150 - 5000 people, sewing about 250- Installation of hand pumps or provision 500 persons per water point; of Aprons and covers to avoid Provide water of potable quality to contamination from surface wash conform to WHO standard in the back; absence of National Standard; Selection and development of water Judicious and optimal utllisation of sources and intake structures for river and dam water for the purpose of lrrigation purposes; dry-season farming; Recovery or construction of canals and Reduce soil leaching through the distributaries for the conveyance water constant but seasonal application of for irrigation; crop shiWng cultivation with various Development of Pilot and Extended grains, spices, and vegetables. lrrigation Schemes; Seasonal Land Preparation for Strategies Irrigation Farmers; Establishment, contrd, and Procurement of irrigation pumps for management of new water schemes distribution to farmers on a loan consisting of dams, water works, and scheme; distribution systems, and rehabilitation Pursue the rehabilitation of water and extension of such existing ones for supply schemes in the State to restore urban water supply for the purpose of existing capacities in the towns of providing water in order to meet the Kaduna, Kafanchan, Kagoro, Zonkwa, requirements of the general Public, and Saminaka under the proposed agricutture, trade and industry in the National Urban Water Sector Reform State; Project; Construction of small packaged Expansion of Kaduna Metropolitan schemes for Semi-urban Areas (small Water Supply to cope with future towns); demand beyond year 2004; Recovery of mototised boreholes with Expansion of existing water supply overhead tanks and standpipes and schemes in the towns of Kafanchan, repairs of boreholes fitted with hand Bimin Gwari, lkara and Kagoro; pumps for rural areas; Speed up the construction of Zaria ground water yield in most parts of the Water Supply Expansion Project State; through the collaborative efforts of Rehabilitation and reconstruction of Kaduna State Government, Federal Irrigation machinery and infrastructure; Government of Nigeria and the World There is need for development of new Bank; irrigation schemes to increase food Construction of new Regional Water production by encouraging all year Schemes in the towns of PakiMakarfi, round farming; Igabi, Sanga, Kachia, Godogodo, There is need for procurement of 2000 Kajuru and Kauru in accordance with irrigation pumps annually to provide the recommendations of Kaduna State employment opportunities and reduce Water Resources Masterplan of April poverty; 1997; Training and re-training of all State Improvement of power supply from Government staff should be given NEPA particularly In the southern part paramount attention; of the State which is characterised by Charging some nominal fees to assist low voltage; towards the operation and Provision of stand-by generating plants maintenance of Semi-urban and Rural for water systems; Water Supply Schemes; The State Government intervention is While protecting the low income necessary towards recovery of huge bracket, Government will consider the arrears of water bills from Military, privatisation of the production, Police and other Federal Instiutions; distribution and sales of treated water The State Government intervention is in order to enhahce efficiency in all necessary to prevail on NEPA to respect. charge concessionary tariff for water Training of relevant Local Government supply so as to minimise high charges Staff and members of the benefiting to the Water Board; Communities on operation and Create more Public Enlightenment on maintenance of Semi-urban and Rural water conservation and payment of Water Supply Schemes; water rate to change consumer Monitoring and Evaluation of Water attitudes; Supply Systems after complntion by Development of borehole programmes the State Government; should be restricted to communities of Establishment of community bawd not more than 20,000 due to poor operation regime involving the Lwa1 Government and the benefiting State Government, Local Government Community for Semi-urban and Rural and the benefiting Community for Water Supply; Semi-urban and Rural Water Supply. Establishment of community based maintenance regime involving the

Water, Sanitation and Irrigation Action Plan ..-....,." -..,.. i Dept. Targats Strategies Actlvitles Cost (Cl billion) Agents indicators i I

2006 2006 2007

Urban To extend water supply By rehabiiltatlon Zaria water supply 1.230 2.230 2.3M) KDSQ in Water coverage to 50% of the and sxpanslon expansion pro]ect collaboration of FGN Supply State Urban Population of existing by Year 2007, to cover schemes World Bank 70% of the State Uhan Assisted National Popultaion by Year ConstrucUon of Urban Water 1.000 0.800 0.603 201 1 and to cover new water Sector Reform collaborationKDSG In 100% of the State supply schemea Project for the with World Urban Population by towns of Kaduna, Bank year 2015 h aria, Kafanchan. accordance with the Kagoro, Zonkwa, None targets set by the State Samlnaka. Blrnin Government, Mthout Gwari and lkara prejudice to the targets of lhe National Watw Kaduna town 1 Supply and SanltaUon water supply Policy. expansion 0.756 1.134 None I

lmplementatlon Rehabilltatlo of ; of appropriate existing water ; and affordable supply schemes in Tariff St~cturethe towns of Blrnin to recover cost Gwari, lkara and 6.189 8.252 None Kwoi Optlrnun cpacity \ utilisation of Constructlon of i exlsUng facilities new regional water supply schemes in the towns of Paki. IgaM, Sanga. Kachla. Kafanchan,

~ -. ~ 120 Malntalnlng Samlnaka, water quality KujamalKaluru, standard Godogodo and Kauru 0 084 None i Water supply extenslom from Zonkwa Water i 1 Supply Scheme I I Meet rnlnlmum Water supply 0 150 None consumption extenslons from standard of 120 Kwol water supply i LCD fw urban schemes 1 areas wth I population of KDSG 20,000 and Network 0 044 8 above extenslons In Kaduna Provlslon of full retcculation and Network 0 009 KDSG consumer extenscons In Zarla Sewlce connections In Laboratory and urban towns survey equipment 0 051 KDSG

Human Emergency Resource rehabil~tatlonof Development Blrnln Gwarl Dam 0 015 KDSG

! lnstallatlon raw water pumps at Malall Intake 0 035 KDSG Emergency rehab11ctaUon works of Kaduna town Water Works 0 020 KDSG 3 0 315 0315 KDSG Seml Urban To extend water supply To constluct Con~trLi~tlonof ! Water coverage to 50% of the small town water 11 1 schemes i Supply State Population living supply schemes 1 In small towns by Year throughout the 2007, to cover 70% of state I the State Popukalon KDSG I living In small towns by Meet rn~~lmurnSeml urban water 0 017 Year 201 1 and to cover supply standard wpply at Taknjel ! 100% of the State of WLCD for In Zango Kataf LG population Ilvlng In malltowne with Area arnall towns by year populatlon i 2015 In accordance between 5,030 I wlth the targets set by to 20,000 Training and the State Government, Capacky building - 0.030 0.025 KDSG wlthout prejudlce to the Provlslon of i targets of the Natlonal limited lnstallatlon of solar ! Water Supply and reticulation and pumps In 3 LGAs, SanRation Policy. house one In each 0.015 KDSG \ ccnnectlons Senatorial Dlstrlct

Rural Water To eltend water suppiy Implementation Drilling of 6,000 0.1 20 0.420 0.420 KDSG I Supply coverage to 50% of the of boreholes boraholes State Population living drllllng Statewide in rural areas by Year programmes 2007, to cover 70% of the State Popunalon Meet minlmum Training and 0.015 0.015 KDSG living In rural areas by supply atandard Capacity building I Year 201 1 and to cover of 30 LCD for 100% of the State rural vlllagea population llvlng In rural with popu'ation areas by year 2015 In solless Ulan accordance with the 5,OW targets set by the State Government, without Provide a water prejudice to the targets pdnt for 250 to of the National Water 500 penons with Supply and SanRaUon 250 metres Pollcy. radius irrigation Judicloua and optimal SelecUon and Development or 0.053 0.012 0.012 KDSG Activkies utilization of rivers and development of water resource dam water for the water awrces ntake structures (8 purpose of dry-season and intake pump bases at (irrigation) farming structures for the Kagoro, Jaglndi, purpose of SIBirln, Kanglmi, :! irrigation Jere Sakwa, Satung. Richifa ! and Nok, 4 dams i at Matari, Kubau, lkara and Humkuyi. 3 well at 3 Blrnin Gwari. ! Kuzumtu, S/Birnin. 4 intake dredging at Galma and Bimin Gwari) for inigation purpose

Rehabilitation and construction of irrlgatlon canals i 1 and dlstrlbutories 0 030 1 760 1.760 KDSG 1 at Zaria, lkara, Lere, Knfsnchan, I Kachlr, Kaduna ! Garden and Blrnln Gwarl Irrigation I schema covering 1780 acres

Land preparatlon 0 004 0 043 0043 KDSG for Irrigation actlvltler at Zaria, Ikara, Lere, Kafanchan. Kachia and Birnin Gwari

irrlgatrion schemes 6 Procurement of small pumps 8 rehabilitation of existing pumps 8 tractors 0 240 0240 KDSG

Tralnlng of ~rrlgatlonstaff

Staff trelning and 0 002 0002 KDSG capacity bulldlng 0 0 1 0 WATSAN water To achleve more Collaborative Develop 200 0 053 0 012 service coverage in programme as boreholeo through Agency Resources RWASSA and (WATSAN) Rural Water Supply and par National direct labour I Sanitation Water Supply drilling and UNlClEF Agency assisted RWASSA and Ssnltatlon aanltation Pollcy between FGN. ESAs - Protection of 280 0 002 0 001 0 001 UNICEFIKDSG, open wells from LGA and CBOs surface as foliowa contam~nation - FGN - Development of 0 005 0 005 0 005 Presidential other water Water Ininitiative sources eg 2W i -External Springs hand dug support wells Agencies UNICEF Conslructlon of 0 015 0010 0010 - KDSG 150,000 pN latrines programme In housee and VIP Improve access latrlnes at public to water supply places i end sanitation to 1 alleviate scarcity Rehabllltdion of 0.003 0.003 0.003 ! 700 boreholes, 1 - LGA hand pumps In Programme of wn]uctlon with Improved supply LGAs and I rehabilit8tlon of Employment of 0.013 0.013 0.009 WATSANI UNICEF water rources professional and ! and sanitation technlcel staff for development cnpaclty bulding of 200 vlilage based - Community workers (VBW) to and NGO operate and i contrtbution to maintain water rnalntenance, supply and sustenance, and sanitation activities security of infrastnrcuture Employment of 0.002 0.002 0.001 WATSANI Sanitory UNICEF InspectorwTrainlng workshop for 230 Sanitary Inspectors and Extension Workers

Advocacy to policy 0.5m 0.5m 0.5m WATSANI makers for the UNICEF support of the programme ! Mobllisation of 0.3m 0.3m 0.3m WATSANI communities fw UNICEF i enlightenment of i hygiene promotion

Sensltisatlon of 0.9Wm 0.9Wrn 0.9Wm WATSANI Tradlonal Rulers. UNICEF i Religious Leaden and Opinion Ii Leaders at local level ROADS, TRANSPORT AND HOUSING

he major functions of the Ministry of performance of commercialized or T works are to provide and maintain privatized Agencies. For instance, KSTA is infrastructure with particular reference to fully commercialized but often relies on roads, Public buildings, mechanical and Government support for its vehicles and electrical Installations. Its key Parastatals other related expenses. Government namely: Kaduna State Public Works needs to be firm in the Implementation of its privatization and commercialization Agency (KAPWA), Kaduna State FofJ:ms in Ihe Development & Property Company policies to ensure that affected agencies s!:ucture and (KSDPC) and the Kaduna State Transport take serious steps to realize their revenue cpsrat~onsof Authority (KSTA) were created in addition potentials and also exercise strict discipline :hs A1inis:ry of to the roles of the three technical in the management of the resources they '~.io:ks sliould seme as an departments (Building Department, Civil generate. in:egrdi pad of Engineering Department and Electrical/ 1/10 Mechanical Engineering Department) to Based on these and other relilted KAE3EEDS. provide for road maintenance, housing and challenges, reforms in the structure and Fcr instance. transportation facilities respectively. operations of the Ministry of Works and KAPL'/A's Transport should serve as an integral part ac:ivi:,es cotild os Iimftod to Roads, housing and transport form an of the KADSEEDS. Also based on the road integral part of the social charter of outcome of Interactive sessions with the marntenance KADSEEDS - the development and Ministry, it is clear that, KAPWA's activities wltrle the efficient supply of these services will are only, in practice limited to road lechnicaI empower the peopie of Kaduna State and maintenance while the Civil Engineering departmefils marntain t11ck Department of the Minisby is prim,~rily relief them of their poverty conditions. usual dut~es. Particularly, good roads and transport concerned with roads contract planr ing, systems will determine economic growth packaging and administration. The and sustainable livelihoods. limitation of MAto road mainten~nce is to make the desired impact on the Related concerns over the provision of maintenance of the extensive road neh lark infrastructure are the dual status of the State has developed since 1999. Parastatals (that affords them to operate as privately owned enterprises and yet Roads enjoy Government privileges such as A total of 19 rural and 55 urban ,>ad payment of staff salaries) and inefficient construction/rehabilitation projects l 3ve been completed while 30 are ongoing with previous Government. The present overall average of 31.25% completion. 16 administration then set a policy of first road projects, provision of culvert and recovering these houses within its two equipment for KAPNA are provided in terms of office. The main policy is to 2005 Approved Budget Estimate. Lack of recover the houses to be habitable, then adequate data on the conditions of the refurbished later. So far, about 720 roads State-wide has constrained houses have been renovated. broadbased analysls on their status. concentrating mainly on recovery and rehabilitation to make them habitable, while The creation of KAPWA was necessary extension, furnishing and landscaping is for enhanced and effective road planned for latter stages. The target is to maintenance. To facilitate its capacity get all these houses rehabilitated and buildup, the Agency is in addition to refurbished by the year 2007. undertaking routine road maintenance, also engages in construction1 Though the general policy of the Federal Government is to gradually hands off the rehabilitation of township roads on direct production of houses to the private sectcr, labour bases. this State has magnanimously embarked on the construction of mass housing for Housing public and civil servants. Currently, 2dO In the housing sector, the Ministry housing units are being constructed Headquarters takes charge of policies, through the KSDPC. The target is to planning, construction and maintenance of construct 1000 housing units by the year institutorial and public houses including 2007. traditional institutions while the KSDPC is responsible for the general housing need The KSDPC also plans to procure, prepare of the private sector. Through commercial, sites and services and lease out to the the company is also meeting the general public in addition to direct challenges through private sector construction and selling. Furthermore collaborations and investment. Government's strategic intervention in So far, Government has over 1,340 areas of providing loans, mortgage and institutional quarters, housing public and subsidy for public servants and the poor civil servants throughout the State. When will go a long way to reduce the pressure this administration came in, most of the on housing. houses were hardly habitable and almost lost as result of over 15 years neglect by Transport construction of unit houses for direct Private operators occupy this sub-sector; sales to the public; meanwhile the KSTA is only partially To reducee cost of construction of commercialised, as its charges are midway houses and make them more between commercial and social rate. It is affordable through the use of local therefore important for the KSTA to building materials and construction minimize dependence on Government technology; resources and be fully commercialised. At least 85% of public houses and Major Cor~strairrts buildings be recovered and Lack of adequate inventory of existing rehabilitated by the year 2007 road infrastructure which are essential To construct houses for Traditional data for cost effective planning and Chiefs and Emirs in all the Chiefdoms bedgeting; for those yet to have by the year 2007. Non-determination of economical and rategies social based road network Complete ongoing 30 number of roads requirement. under construction by 2005; Targets Initiate and complete the Improve road accessibility by addition constructionlrehabilitation of additional of 491km and 41km of 439km and 41km of ~raland urban Asphaltidsurface dressed rural and and 15km of LC roads by 2007; urban roads respectively by 2007; Classification and preparation of Build capacity for effective inventories of roads, bridges and maintenance of roads to cope with the culverts; needs of constructedlrehabilitated Provide close monitoring and roads by 2007; evaluation of all commercialised and Be in a position to publish information privatised transport activities; about road infrastrucuture in the State; Establish economidsocial demand Revise the edict of KAPWA to conform based road network for the State and with reality of practice and also to specify which roads should belong It1 remove areas of conflict; State and Local Government'Dlstrbl To construct 1000 housing units by the year 2007; To acquire land and provide site and services at 5 designated semi-urban locations, acquire land and

RURAL AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

The Ministry of Rural and Community implementation of Community Development was established vide Kaduna Development Projects. State LAW N0.3 of 1999 as contained in the Kaduna State Government Gazette De!:,7r n;lc.:,? of C.'.j:r:mu~:ifj)Dr/i.vcio~mc~n? N0.14 of 28th July 2000. The Ministry In the years 2000 to 2004, some of the consists of the Departments of Community activitieslachievements of the Community Development and Rural Development. The Development Department are as follows:- Ministry is specifically charged with the * Mobilization and inspection tours to all responsibility of, among other things: grant aided CD projects in the 23 Planning, processing, supervision and LGAs of the State. execution of electrification projects in Training of frontline development Kaduna State. workers at the Social Development Coordination and liaison with relevant Centre, Zaria. Agencies, Authorities and various Economic empowerment~vocational communities in matters pertaining to training of 500 women at the 4 Women electricity supply. Community Development Centres in Development of a hierarchy of Rural Kaduna, BIGwari, Fadan Kagoma and Feeder Roads across the length and Zaria respectively. breadth of the State. Presentation of Awards to fourteen Identification of communities' local excelling Community Development resources and needs. Associations on community develop- Mobilizing the communities for ment projects in the State. effective participation in self help r Formation of critlcal Mass committee projects. on HlVlAids activities. Publicity, enlightenment, awareness Training workshops to all Communlty creation and participation in Development Associations on self-help communrty Development Programmes, activities. in liaison with other Governmental and Disbursement of P113.7 million to 61 non-Governmental organizations No community Development Projects Motivation and registration of and M million to 46 No Community communities, and the provision of Development projects as grants-in-aid assistance to communities for the by the State Government. Dcpac-;mc.rir 31 Rural i?e'/~io!:mel?f Targels The Department of Rural Development has By 2007, at least 200 rural The approach over the last 5 years succeeded in Communities will have access to more for rural developmrnf in providing electricity to about 240 social amenities. During this period, fhe next 3years towns/villages spread across the State. 6,000 women will acquire skills on cou!d be muiff- These were achieved through construction income generating activities that will d~mensionaland of Inter-township connection lines, town- better their livelihood thereby reducing fherefore niulli- distribution networks and transformer the rate of poverty amongst women; Seclora! Ruin1 devr1opmer;f 1s substations.The process of determining Provision/supply of electricity to 240 a crcsscufliny Projects to be implemented is both towns and villages spread across the Issue fherelure consultative and participatory. 23 Local Government Areas of Kadl.ma comp~ai~ensive State; me!l;ud of The approach to rural development in the Provision of 888km of feeder roads. P~,l.nei;jiip. coope~!:oi~arid next 3 years could be multi-dimensional csordina!:on and therefore multi-Sectoral. Rural More meaningful projects will be .~:::OSS bl~nislry. development is a crosscutting issue. In this implemented by various Co.smu.~il~ NGOs could be wise, comprehensive method of part- Development Associations t!cvs:spmer;l lo nership, cooperation and coordination c:a!ns:ream :h~ across Ministries, NGOs, etc could be issues. developed to mainstream the issues.

Community and Rural Development Action Plan Acqulsltlon of Conatrudlon d 3 About 6,000 4m 4m I 1 skllls Women women centers, one women will I Empowerment In each senatorial acquire skllls In J Improved llteracy zone of the state soapkampela I programmes maklng. eewlng, knitting etc which wlll reduce level of unemployment etc Vlflage regrouping Dealgn a modern One Rural 51-17 5m and resettlement. settlement pattern community wlll 4th provlslon of become semi social emenltles urban Creatlng Mobllizetion and About 460 2m 2rn awareness In self- Registration of wmmunltles help programme community development and general development assoclatlons will development of associations by staff be formed and the rural slatloned at all the 23 registered within communities Local Governments the 23 Local Governments Rural Prov~slonisupplyof Conslruction of HT & Provieton of 15b 1 2b 1 Ob KDSG and Dev electrlc~tyto 240 LT llnes substations IIgM for the 23 LGAs, towns/vlllages In whkh will be linked to domestic & through the all LGAs of the the National Gr~d wmmenial Ministry of State actlvltles, SOCIO- Rural & poldiclal Community development of Development the rural dwellers Mahng remore Construction d ~ral Constructing - 0150b 0150b KDSGand comrnunit~esmore roads over 888km of the 23 LGAs, acceslble rural roads through the , M~nlstryof Rural 8 , , , , Community I , Development LANDS, SURVEY AND COUNTRY PLANNING

e allocation and management of land Layouts must be created ahead of needs Tis central to development. The Ministry and provided with se~ices before of Land and Survey and Country Planning allocation. A situation where people dictate is charged with the responsibility of control the pace of development Instead of the and administration of land. It designs and Government cannot bring about decent prepares layouts for residential, urban growth. Lack of proper planning commercial and industrial purposes. It also generally is a recipe for confusion and it carries out control to minimize illegal applies to urban planning. development, land abuse and falsification by the preparation of general planning The review of the Master Plan of the policies, mapping and surveying of existing Kaduna town is a sine-quo-non-for identified layouts. the updating of the cadastral records of Kaduna. The intelligent Survey sheets are installation and provision of infrastructural in shreds and not reliable for development facilities relies substantially on approved control. The rate at which Kaduna town is layout designs and appropriate cadastral growing and the lack of records makes it maps of towns and villages. However there imperative for prompt action and the are no clear linkages and coordination introduction of a Geographic Information between various Agencies that are System (G.1.S) to restore sanity to our charged with these responsibilities. They development control efforts. Management work at cross-purposes and no sharing of of Cadastral data and information manually information data. The lack of this is no longer in vogue; therefore cooperation and coordination results in computerization is a must for the Ministry. conflict of functions and activities in the While Kaduna town and environs are State. growing at a faster rate, the designated urban areas at the Local Government are Most recent settlements in Kaduna town equally growing. The Ministry is working are not properly planned. Narrow streets, with the 23 Local Government Chairmen poor road networks, high population on areas of collaboration to have Layout density and lack of other infrastructural Plans for their areas before allocation of amenities, characterize these places. plots are made. There has to be a deliberate pro-active and not reactive policy in urban planning. Targets Establish and set up the Kaduna To raise registered land titles in the Geographic Information System (GIs) State from 20,000 to 30,000. and computerization of the Ministry. Efforts will be made to provide Set up new Cadastral Control Points in services to major layouts like the State. Barkallahu, Tsaunin Kura, Hayin Reproduction of Intelligent sheets. Danmani, Baban Saura, Romi, Bwaya, Preparation and Demarcation of Eye center, Ungwa Muazu, Tradefair, industrial layouts. Saminaka, Pampo layout, ZEDA, Liaison with the Ministry of Commerce Zonkwa and Kwoi. and Industry for creation of Industrial Efforts will be made to acquire about Layouts. 20,000ha of the 40,000ha of the Preparation of Master Plans for so~r~f: Eastern bye pass land. selected Local Governmc!~~l Preparation of Eastern Sector Bye- Headquarters. Pass Master Plan. Urban renewal of blighted ar-as i.18 ' Review of the existing Max Lock slums. Master Plan of 1967

GENDERANDYOUTHDEVELOPMENT

ubstantial social development in gender inequity and poverty can be S Kaduna State is vested on the arrested by the activities of these activities of women, youth and NGOs. The Ministries. growing incidences of unemployment,

Youths and Sport Youth and Sport activities in Kaduna State: Sports development by individuals, Encourage mass participation through the corporate bodies and the different tiers of promotion of sporting facilities, equipment Government through its activities. and manpower development in order to achieve high standard in Sports The Ministry therefore plans to keep this performance. It focuses on general tempo of enthusiasm and growth of Sports development of the Youth mentally, and Youth activities through a well planned physically, economically and socially. and articulated programme that will ensure mass Private Sector participation and The Ministry's activities are mainly in the professionalism. The Ministry intends to areas of: train Youth to attain a level of self- a. Encourage the formation of Sporting employment and to encourage more Associations, Youth Clubs, teams and athletes beyond the shores of Community Development Association this country. among others; b. Leadership Training, Youth Constraints empowerment programmes and . Lack of equipment and manpower, provision of recreational facilities. office space, skill sustenance ant1 inadequate craft centers. Giant strides have been made in the areas of tennis, football, handball etc.

The Ministry plans to enhance the growing interest and sustain the increasing awareness of the importance of Youth and Youth and Sports Action Plan --- .------t

I

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z-585; - - 0 a, C, CW 0 0 C- C -aaa 0 sa,zzEoox 5x ellw 2 $ a an8 > ~1 Women Affairs and Social Development

The proportion of women to men in is canying out well-defined programs to Kaduna State is i:1 but they are poorly ameliorate the suffering of women and represented in the affairs of the State. For less privileged group of our Society instance, there is less than 10% women through skill acquisition, capacity building, representation in policy making poskions loan scheme and rehabilitation scheme. In and only a few are economically addition to these, deliberate attempts are empowered. Inhumane attitude against made to recover the most vulnerable of women particularly in the form of domestic our Society - beggars, lunatic, orphans violence, sexual abuse, trafficking, hard and widows. The rights and privileges of labour etc. is on the increase. these ones are fought for and delivered to them by the Ministry. A number of global conventions and national resolutions have been enacted to However the Ministry is constrainted by minimize gender imbalance and abuse of lack of adequate funding and manpower. women, one of the recent being the United There is aiso the problem of lack of data to Nations Convention on the Elimination of facilitate timely and targeted intervention in all forms of Discrimination Against critical conditions such as domestic abuse Women. Kaduna State is specially giving against women and girl child trafficking. attention to these Conventions and has set There is a need to enact laws on the concrete mechanisms to empower women protection of women rights and to economically, politically and socially. domesticate other related international conventions on the protection of all Women should be economically vulnerable groups (beggars, physicilrlv empowered through skill acquisition like impaired persons, widows and c+phaf.,' knitting, sewing, tie and dye, handcrafts, computer training etc. so that they can be self-reliant. The Ministry of women Affairs Women Affairs and Social Development Action Plan

- - . - - . .- - -- .. - .. De~t.I Taraets 1 Strateales 1 Acthrlties 1 Cost IN). . I Res~onslble I M & Exwcted ! Agency I outcbme i ; 2005 2006 1 2007 ! Income . Micro credit NlOm I N5m 1 N3m Mln. of Women 1 Data coliectlon and Generating facllltlcs for Affairs, NGOs, verlflcatlon on em~owered actlvff les Grassroots CBOs and I number of women 1 women Donor agencies that recelved mlcro ' Skill credit and earned 1 acquisition Establlrhment higher Income, to of cottage be canled out by I Industries at LG NGOs, Increase In areas. number of Women aconomlcally empowered.

2. 30% of Bill on 30% Capacity MWA. NGOs Monitor of bill decision making affirmative building passed. Blll passed position to be action on women In occuplcd by Form a working dccislon-making women. group to positions. advance for 30% affirmative action IoMying actlvlties to relevant Insthution (KDHA).

3. Mainstream Establish Advocate for MWA, NGOs, Number of gender . gender In all gender desk the CBOs desk created. Ministries and In Mlnlstrles establishment Number of gender Instiiutlons In the and employ of gender desk tralnlngs. Gender State gender focal h all Ministries mainstreams In all , persons I Mlnlstrles 4. Dornesticatlon Training Form a working Level of Public or CEDAW Advocacy group on awareness, number : Convention on Publicatlons. CEDEW of people tralned. the elimination of Awareness domestication. CEDAW all forms of and domesticated, dlrrimination campaigns. women live free agalnst women and fulfilled lives.

CHAPTER FIVE

SECTOR DEVELOPMENT

AGRICULTURE

griculture remains the main stay of opportunities offered by the irrigation Kaduna State economy - it is development efforts of the State Aestimated that, about 80% of the Government. Similarly, the State population are engaged in small and Government assists farmers in the areas of medium scale farming. Apart from being a extension services, provision of subsidized major source of livelihood, this Sector agricultural inputs such as improved seeds, remains the largest employer of labour, a agro-chemicals, credit facilities, tractors key contributor to wealth, income creation and fertilizer. The Fadama II Programme and poverty alleviation. will further boost dry season farming.

Maize, rice, cassava, sorghum, millet, The major constraints affecting agriculture yams, cocoyams, beans and lrish potatoes in Kaduna State can be summarized as can be considered as stable food, while follows: predominant cash crops include sugar 1. The production system is cane, ginger, tomatoes, pepper, groundnut, characterized by small-scale rice, Irish potatoes, soya beans and cotton. producers dependent on low adoption These agricultural produce are cultivated of improved inputs and practices for subsistent and cash crop purposes. The resulting in low productivity of resource strength of agriculture rests in the hands of use. small-scale farmers. 2. The State Agricultural Extension Service is inadequate as extension Most of the crops cultivated under irrigation workers - farmers' ratio continues to tend to give farmers higher yield and widen. income. In this respect the potentials of 3. Inadequate Government support for using irrigation agriculture, as an farm input, especially on i~nproved instrument for poverty reduction is seeds delivery services a+~dtfrt reasonably high. Currently, farmers are inability of the Private Sector to t?* - fast taking the advantages of the up the challenge. 4. Price instability of agricultural produce. 8. lnadequate Private Sector investment. 5. lnadequate provision of preservation, 9. Poor maintenance, supervision and processing and storage facilities to management of forest reserve and reduce on - farm and off - farm losses plantations. which are up to 30 percent depending 10. lnadequate agricultural extenslon. on the produce. 6. lnadequate provision of incentives and These and other related problems resulted support for youths to exploit the In sharp drops in variety and total output of various employment and business staple crops. For instance, maize opportunities offered by the agricultural production decreased from 1334343 metric Sector. tonnes to 944671 metric tones between 7. lnadequate Government interventions 1998 - 2004. to reduce risks from weather vagaries, pests, diseases and price instability for agricultural goods.

Table 5.0 Production and Yield of Major Crops in Kaduna State 1998 to 2003

Yleld Actual Yleld Crops Expentancy

Maize 2.86 - 3.05 Rice 2.0 - 2.40 Swghum 2.0 - 2.05 Soybean 2.0 - 2.50 Cassava 8.0 - 0.50 Glnger 8.0 - 15.00 Sugarcane 10.0-18.00 Irish Potato 7.0 - 14.00 Yams 10.0-15.00 Tomato 7.0 - 17.00 Swne: Reports of KAW Q?&S Livestock Kaduna State is endowed with a number of livestock breeds. The major ones are estimated as follows:

Table 5.1 Traditionally Managed Livestock Popillation - 2003

Type of Livestock I Number (commission) Cattle (Bunaji) Goats (Sokoto Red, Black or White WIAfr. Dwam Sheep (Yankasa, Balami, Uda) Pigs (Yorkshire, Hampshire) Poultry (Layer, Broilers, Duck, Turkey etc) Rabbits Fish Ponds Bee Hives

Swne: Estimated Based on 1990 National Livestock Survey

Small and rural farmers, except for cattle centers. Most of these poultry farms have which, are mostly owned by pastoralists, now gone out of business due to stiff do livestock farming. They keep cattle for competition from imported stocks. breeding, fattening and animal traction. Seml - urban and modem cattle practices Traditional Beekeeping is a common are common in Kaduna and Zaria towns enterprise in Kaduna State. Modem where rich people buy and keep breeding Beekeeping is receiving a lot of attention stock. from the Government and Private Sector participation is on the increase. Pig farming is a popular investment among the southern parts of the State. Large- Government intervention in livestock scale poultry farming are on free-range development is focused on the provision of basis. But many small and medium scale infrastructures and other support services poultry farms are common in the urban such as: 1. Pests and Disease control centers, which have since closed. 2. Veterinary Public Health However, fishermen continue to rely on 3. Poultry Development traditional fishing (Captive) system. A few 4. Beef and Dairy Animal Development Private fish farms have been established (Sheep, Goats Rabbits etc) for commercial purposes but a number of 5. Grazing Reserve Development. them are uneconomical for many reasons including poor management practices. The Government of Kaduna State is providing substantial financial and material Livestock development is critical to poverty resources support for livestock reduction as this aspect of farming has development. become an income generating venture.

More than 95% livestock grazing reserves Irrigation and Fadarna Development are not developed. Only 36 veterinary Kaduna State is endowed with vast doctors are in operation in Kaduna State Fadama land which is scattered along the and 1 known cold meat store available. network of flood plains and low lying areas Government support for this Sector is not of river systems, Irrigation activities in the adequate and Private Sector involvement State are mainly on individual smallholder is mainly unskilled and undefined. schemes. Farmers rely on both surface and underground water sources. About Diseases Affecting Livestock 0.08 million hectares of Fadama land area The Common Livestock Diseases in the exist in the State. So far, about 0.028 State include: million hectares developed are put under 1. CBPP cultivation, the Department of Irrigation in 2. Foot and Mouth Diseases the Ministry of Water Resources and the 3. Heiiminteosis KADP are responsible for the 4. PPR (Sheep 8 Goats) implementation of Government lrrigation 5. New Cattle Disease development policies and programmes. 6. Gomboro The achievement of these Agencies, 7. . African Swine fever individual farmers and groups especially in the expansion of land area under Fisheries cuttivation is provided in figure 5.0 below. In the areas of fishery development little success has been recorded. There are at the moment only four Fish multiplication Figure 5.0

Irrigation Achievcrnctits in i

UTarget Achievements

Given the successes recorded under Users such as farmers, pastoralists, KADP (MSADP and NFDP I) the State fishermen, hunters etc. Government concluded arrangements to implement another World Bank Assisted The major bottlenecks mitigating the National Fadama Development development of irrigation activities In the Programme (NFDP II) which focuses on State include: small holder irrigation management 1. Inadequate provision of funds for the scheme. The NFDP II recognizes and development, operation and main- made special budget provision to cater for tenance of inigation infrastructures in the needs of the major Fadama Resource the State. Exlensron ivorkers to 2. Low productivity due to low use of high. The major approach of the State farmer rabo wrll improved lnputs and poor mana- extension methods are: be rased from 1 3000 tO gement practices. 1. Adaptive Research on crops, livestock, 1 1000 by 3. Perishable nature of irrigated crops fisheries, OFAR Trials and 2007 causes high losses due to poor Demonstrations on Agro-forestry, crop Lspecrally preservation, processing and storage protection, Soil conservation, SPATS women facilities at all levels of production and etc. fatmen w~llbe marketing. 2. Field Days supportcdby edens~on 4. The Increasing conflicts between the 3. Monthly Technology Review Meetings v.orkors various Fadama resource users (MTRM) especially the farmers and pastoralists. 4. Forth nightly Meeting (FNT) 5. The declining effectiveness of 5. Visit to farmerdwomen extension and input delivery services 6. Use of Radios, TVs, Mobile Training in the State. Vans 7. Formation of Cooperatives and other Extension and Input Delivery Services Groups/Associations The current agricultural extension service 8. Implementation of specialized projects is tailored to meet the production activities fully and or partially sponsored by of small scale producers of crops, FGN, State Government or NGOs. r~estock,fisheries agro-forestry and other Under this method the KADP is specialized enterprises. It is operated currently implementing the following under the unified structure in line with projects: Training and Visit (T 8 V) Extension a. National Support Programme on System. The T 8 V system of extension Is Food Security (NSPFS) (FAO- the most effective but costly aspect of IFGNIKDSG) agriculture development. At the end of the b. Root and Tuber Expansion utilization of the World Bank (No. 2346 Programme (RTEP) (which is UNI) from 1985 to 1996 the State IFADIFGNIKDSG programme) extension outrit standard is as low as 1 c. Sassakawa Global 2000 (SG 2000) extension worker to 750 farm families. - (NGOIKDSG). Three quarters of State extension workers were rationalized. At the moment the State The State has since established a extension worker to farming families ratio is company, (Farmers Suppty Company Ltd.) about 1:3000 which is considered very FASCOM to supply the needed Inputs and other related services at all times. requisite plants and equipments to meet The only and most important input whose the challenges. Unfortunately, the supply has become so controversial achievement recorded in farm between Federal and States Government mechanization is small mainly due to: is fertilizer. The States will continue to 1. Poor management proarre, distribute and sell fertilizer to 2. Under utilization of plants and farmers at a subsidized prlce for many equipment years to come. To meet the needs of 3. Inadequate funds for operations and farmers for fertilizers under the current maintenance subsidy level (25% and above) the cost 4. High cost of procurement implication on Government budget will continue to remain hlgh. The Current efforts of Government to rehabilitate and procure new tractor for Agricultural Mechanization direct sales to farmers and Local The policy focus of Government Government Councils is yet another drive programmes on farm mechanization is to to assist the farmers. gradually introduce farmers to simple farm tools for both production and post-harvest Targets activities; the aim is to mechanize the lncrease Fadama areas being major operations of production, harvesting, cultivated from 11,000 ha in 2004 to preservation and processing etc. The 30,000ha in 2007; Department of Agricultural Engineering lncrease yield of comparative performs the following functions to achieve advantaged crops like maize, ginger the above objectives: and sugarcane; Narrow the ratio of extension workers 1. Provislon of Tractor Hire Services (HS) to farmers from 1 :3,000 to 1: 1,000 by 2. Provision of Land Clearing and the year 2007; Development Senrice lncrease rate of adoption of new inputs 3. Provision of Workshop facilities among farmers; Development and Services Raise productivity of dry season cash 4. Tractor Operators trainings crops like tomatoes, pepper, carrots, 5. Consuttancy Services. and other vegetables through increased irrigation practices; Kaduna State Government has over the years invested resources to acquire Improve utilization of already existing Strategies storage structures or facilities in the Employ 150 extension workers by State; 2007; Reduce on-farm and off-farm losses Implement the Fadama project in which are up to 30% to as low as 10% collaboration with the World Bank; by the year 2007; Collaborate with Ministry of water Increase maize average yield from resources to increase irrigation; 2.7metric toneslha to 5.0metric tones; Train extension workers or1 Reduce pest and disease related mainstreaming HIVIAIDS, environmonl losses; and gender issue in agriculture; implement presidential initiatives by Facilitate farmers access to Micro raising cassava production from Insurance Schemes that will cater lor average yield of 9.09metric tonedha in risks and possible losses for key crop 2003 to 12.50 by 2007; promotion; Provide policies for continual and Put pressureiadvocate on the Federal effective Private Sector investment in Government to minimizr :hc agriculture; importation of crops like maizta an(' to Educate farmers on HIVIAIDS enact policies on price stabilize 'ion; endemic; Develop sustainable projects to I -;! Promote environmental protection and the youth into agriculture - e.g spe . i gender ethics among farmers. credit schemes; Provide special supports for WOE farmers. Agricultural Action Plan - . -. .- , ...... -. .- ...... -. . .~., ..-..-- Targets Stretegles I Activities I

Agric increased Services food production by 30% per rnnum of ferliilzers to a?

met by State every year Govt. 8 Private Sector Ensure interventions. The sourcing 8 atate can provide distribution 6 subsidy for storage of 38.000MT valued buffer stock of at N400m Agro- chemicals

Sourcing & distribution of improved seeds in collaboration with Prlvate Sector 1 increase fruit Production of Timely 1 3.00m trees crop Improved fruit sourcing oroductbn bv tree seedlings of distribution of toil palm. Date seedlings of palm Managers fruit tress (May Cis8 Guava. -August each To achieve this year) target, the State will have to borne Resuscitation the cost of of State owned subsidy of about nurseries N6.Om (SNos.) 1 Encouraging Private Sector to establish nurseries. orchards 8 plantations Increase fish Production of Reactivation 11.50m 5.00m 5.00m i

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Conatructlon of control posts

Public enlightenment on report of any disease outbreak

Rehabilitation Reactivate of Government inbastmdures owned ranches for leasing with above 3W0 heada of cattle hdding capacity at a tlme Rehabilitation -9 -9 of existing Rehabilitate Infrastructures sheep and goat for leasing to centers the Public

Spraying Eras lfumlgatlng Following the piggeries with devastating strong enects of African disinfectants Swine fever on plg population, Enlightenment cranlafy action to and tralnlng of MI1 off virus farmers on the before stocking is basic advisable management practices of pig production

Sensitize Public on the quality of dernonstratlon rabbi meat hdding centers to and to provide weaners enhance acceptance

Rehabilitate Hides and Skin mprove hides drying frames ind skin and sheds ~roductlonand State wide ]reservation for ncome Enlighten jeneration Public on the opportunity cost lost in the abuse of Hides and Skln as food instead of as forelgn exchange earner

Hygienic Provision and processing of construction of meat In order to a slaughter ensure house for each wholesome LGA supply of meat to populace ENVIRONMENT

Industrial Wastes Kaduna State, industrial effluent in the form The management of industrial waste in of direct liquid waste discharges, solid Kaduna State is a subject of great concern. waste dumping into water bodies, and Most of the Industries do not have the Best indiscriminate hazardous waste disposal Available Technology (BAT) to effectively have become a growing problem, manage all the waste they generate and especially in Kaduna town. Untreated discharge into the environment. 60% of the effluent from the industrial estate (Kaduna industries in the State discharge solid, South) flows into Makera, Kakuri, Romi liquid and gaseous effluent directly into the streams, which drain into the river Kaduna, environment without any prior treatment. A the principal source of drinking water as survey of 150 chosen industries in the well as an important fishing area. River State indicates that only about 9% Kaduna is severely contaminated by undertake rudimentary recycling prior to industrial discharges as revealed by some disposal of wastes. This situation points to studies. It has been estimated that the the growing industrial pollution problem, industries contributed about 160 kglper day which affects the ecosystem in the State heavy metals to the river. In addition, the and threatens the health of its population. industries produce an estimated 3,400 tons of hazardous waste annually and large Water Pollution amount of the waste goes into the river. Of the environmental issues that need to be addressed urgently, contamination of Air Pollution water sources has been identified as one Air pollution is another major of the most important. Although, environmental problem in Kaduna State. agricultural and municipal wastes The problem is more pronounced in contribute to the contamination of water in Kaduna South, than other parts of Kaduna town. Industrial emissions cause the a. Household refuse: These include majority of air quality degradation. Air typical components such as paper, pollutants of concern as observed from bottles, garbage, cartons, rags, metal physical chemical analysis reports of contents, bones and combustible gaseous emissions are Sox Nox particulate debris. These constitute about 75% of matter and heavy metals. the solid wastes being generated in the State. Municipal Wastes b. Commercial refuse: This consists of Solid wastes are substances and waste from trade premises of business materials, which are disposed of or houses. This constitutes about 10% of required to be disposed of according to the the total municipal waste. provisions of the law. In Kaduna State, c. Market refuse: This is made of leaves, waste generation is associated with human vegetables, rotten fruits and other activities particularly in urban areas where organic matter, which might have been domestic, commercial and industrial discarded. This constitutes about 7% activities are high. of the total municipal solid waste generated in the State. The type of living determines the nature d. Street refuse: These include ali waste and characteristics of refuse produced in from houses, street sweeping such as the community. Solid waste generation in rags, cow dung, dead animals, Kaduna State varies from place to place discarded waste, paper and bottles. and also from season to season. At a rate e. Stable refuse: This is a special kind of of 0.5kg per person per day (World Bank refuse containing solid and liquid Rate) Kaduna metropolis generates about waste from stables, cattle shear, 450,000kg per day. This is equivalent to slaughter houses etc. It also 450 standard tipper loads per day. The constitutes about 5.5% of the total implication here is that if this is not wastes. evacuated on a daily basis, an accumulation will begin to mount and Waste Disposal within a short time a garbage crisis will About 70% of the municipal wastes emerge. disposed are through open dumping. Organic and solid refuse are often The municipal solid wastes generated are incinerated. classified as follows: In an effort to arrest the menace of solid sewage disposal currently employed waste within the metropolis, Government include: The set up a committee on refuse known as a. Septic Tanks Gover!~~:?er~t II,?Sr,?!!~n Kaduna Refuse Collection Implementation b. The traditional salga system /!,,:!!:<: .5/<*{,7 Committee. The Government c. Open defecation (,I {I;!> l.*#,:t? commissioned the Midland consultants in r?l;sc 2002 to assess and evaluate the number of Soil Erosion c,,i!.?~~i:o!l households and waste generation within This results from the removal of the topsoil ?:3,1 .)nr;~x!,?i L:,- ,;>,j,,, .,( the metropolis and advice the Government by wind or water activity. It leads to land !I.,> ;., 7; ,! on the Private Sector participation on solid destruction, loss of fertile topsoil, and #., , ,. . 1. waste management. reduction on the land carrying capacity. All parts of the State are affected to some Sanitation extent by this phenomenon. However, Poor environment sanitation entails foul areas most affected include Ikara, Soba, stagnant water, co-habitation with animals, Lere, Zangon Kataf, Giwa, Igabi, Kaduna bushing and unkempt residential premises north and south, Kauru and Sabon Gari. etc. These are the common sight in parts of Kaduna especially the high- density Flood zones. Flooding is often associated with areas of high rainfall and low line topography. Prone Despite Government efforts to sanitize the areas with "prodigal" rain experiences that environment, little progress has been lead to flooding with serious environmental recorded. The reason may not be consequences are Kaduna, Saminaka and unconnected with the level of poverty, Lere areas. Over flowing from Galma River illiteracy and nonchalant attitude of the affects Makarfi, Ikara, Zaria and Sabon urban dwellers. The Government, in an Gari Local Government Areas. Also, the effort to rid the State of sanitation Gurara River basin flow affects Jama'a, problems, introduced environmental courts Sanga, Jaba, Kagarko and Kachia LGAs. and mobile courts to prosecute environ- mental defaulters. Drought and Desertification This phenomenon is associated with Sewage Disposal climatic condition, which record rainfall The mode of sewage disposal in Kaduna deficiency and stunted vegetation cover State is very unsatisfactory especially in over a period of time. Areas most affected the urban area, the three main methods of in the State include Ikara, Makarfi, Giwa, Keep the Kaduna and other cities Kubau and part of Bimin Gwari LGAs. clean by 2007.

Forestry Strategies The forestry department solely carries out Take stock of all industries and forms the development and conservation of the of emission disposed on the State by ecosystem. It creates permanent forest each; cover by selecting and constituting them as Liaise with Ministry of Water forest reserves. Wildlife resources and Resources to minimize contamination plantation establishment and utilization are of water source; also vital activities for the sustenance of Organize workshops on environmerltal the ecosystem. cleanliness; Enforce environmental laws on all Targets erring organizations; Raise level of recycling waste from 9% Privatize refuse collection; to 15% by 2007; Establish Waste Recycling Vlant 1.y Reduce rate of industrial indiscriminate 2007. disposals of wastes from 60% to 40% by 2007; Environment Action Plan

i Dept. Target Strategy Actlvttles Cost NM Agency -Indicator : 2006 2008 Environment Ralse the level of Development of land 20m - and KEPA waste recycling fills MENRIKEPA from 9% to 15% by 2007 Encouraging the Monitoring and participation of Private control of pollution. 2.6m organizations

Reduce rate of Take stock of Waste analysis lm - MENRIKEPA Industrial and Industries, nature of indiscriminate waste and their State disposal of waste from 60% to 30%. Purchase of Lab lab operations and 500.000 - chemicals and reagent protective clothes

Establishment of Zonal offices.

Llaising with Ministry of water resources. 4,600,000 -

To keep the streets Production of 5m of Kaduna town environmental master clean. plan. 33m Sanitation, evacuation and privatization Programme

Purchase of refuse 15m plant equipment

Clearlng of drainages 40m and culverts Purchase of 1m motorcycles for monlorlng

Forestry To establish 300ha Raise seedlings, -1 16,700 seedlings 5m 5m 5m Forestry dept of teak/eucalyptus planting and of teakleucalyptus at plantation at 1M)ha Surveillance jema'a and zaria each year (2005 nurseries. Mo7) -Planting ofteakleucalyptus species at Sanga. K.kurmi, Kaura, and Anara FIRS. To establish QOha -Mobilization 104,040 seedlings of Forestry of community -Raising of seedlings eucalyptus, teak and woodlots at 30ha -Planting gmelina at GSS per year.(2005- -Surveillance Kachia. GSS lkara M07) andgovt day secondav school Gure. 34680 seedlings each year ------(2005-2007) To Improve -Procure fire fighting Fire tracing of Guga, 1.5m 1.54m 1.5m Forestry wnservation and tools Kabama dept. development of ,Mairabo.Kachia. plantations(3200ha) Moblluation/awareness Anara, and sanga. by year 2037. -Apprehension TsonjeiKafanchan Surveillance ,Kurml plantations. To reduce pressure -Sensitization -Sale of procured 10m 10m 10m Forestry and dependence on -Procurement of coal items at subsidized dept.1 forest reserves for briquettes and cost WFMP fuel wood by 5% improved stoves. -Monitoring of sales through purchase -Demonstration of alternative -Surveillance of sources of energy forest reserves and (20052007) apprehension -1000 cartons of coal and 16M) stoves. -Procreation of -Raising of 173,400 -Purchase 1.Ern 1.8m 1.8m Forestry watershed to teak and eucalyptus -Distribution dept. reduce seedlings at 57.800 -Patrolling desertifcation by seedlings per year -Planting of river planting 15ha at (-2007) banks at river 5Ohalyear(MW- -Planting Kaduna. 2007) -Surveillance -Enlightenment To secure and -Raising of 400,000 -Clearing of reserve - Mm 25m Forestry Improve seedlings of cassla boundaries dept. conservation of 68 spp. Neem and -Fixing of sign forest reserves by Gmelina boards and beacons 50% -Planting -Enrichment planting -Surveillance -Su~elilance -ErectionlRecreation of -Apprehension beundary beacons To reclaim 300ha of -Raising of seedlings 116700 seedlings of - 7..5m 15m Forestry encroached forest -Planting eucalyptus and teak dept. reserves at l50ha -Surveillance at Tukurawa, each year. Nassarawa, Doka and Dogon kurmi forest reserves To enable the -Procurement of -Instaliation of 3.0m Forestry raising of seedlings Irrigation sets irrigation sets dept. through effective - Procurement of -Application of watering and chemicals pesticidesifungicides protection against and insecticides pests Forestry -300ha of teak -Planting -Ralslng of teak 39.16m 30.66m 30.66m KDFMP (KDFMP) plantation at lOOha -Application of seedlings 116700 at each year(2005- pestlcides Nlmbia M07) -Fortiflcatlon -Planting -To conduct -Watering -Survelilance maintenance -Surveillance -Coppice reduction operations in -Raising of seedlings and management 61 00ha of -Procurement of tools -fire tracing plantation each -Surveillance -Brushing year. Forestry To ensure -Procurement of fire -Instailation of 0..540m 0..2m O.lm KDFMP (KDFMP) protection of fighting equipment equipment omceiresidential -Surveillame -Maintenance buildings and plants -Surveillance against fire. Forestry To improve -Procurement of 10 -Patrolling of 0.80m KDFMP (KDFMP) Surveillance and Micycles and 50 plantations means of mobility in bicycles. the project. -Distribution Forestry To improve -Purchase of parts -Routine servicing 1.2m 1.2117 1.2m KDFMP (KDFMP) administrative and -Effecting repairs -Necessary repairs protection activities directly in the project CULTURE AND TOURISM

ulture and tourism is an important militate against tourism promotion is its C service Sector of an economy, it can capital intensiveness, which poses promote the history, arts and ways of living significant challenges on Government's of a people. Global experiences have also meager resources. Very often, good shown that tourism is a revenue generating topographies are equated to tourism Sector for Government and wealth creator potentials, but it takes more than natural for Private enterprises. But in Nigeria, the topographical resources to develop a Sector is grossly under utilized because of tourist economy. The Sector requires huge lack of human and financial resources to investments to turn natural endowments to develop it. Significantly also, the tourism secure and pleasurable sights. It also industry is being crippled by Nigerians' requires lots of skills and commensurate poor attitude and receptivity to tourists. patronage on the side of the populace. Some have attributed the low patronage of tourist attraction sights to poverty and The development of tourism requires unfriendly culture to holiday, rest and sight careful planning and taking into cognizance seeing. Foreigners have also not been the social, cultural, political and economic keen towards patronizing Nigerian tourist characteristics of the Society in the sights because most of them do not meet process. Towards this end, the Ministry of international standards and worse still Cuiture and Tourism was set up to: security is not guaranteed. Encourage the provision and However, the development of tourism in improvement of Tourism amenities and Nigeria would rely on a painstaking change facilities in the State; in cultural belief and ways of life of our Provide advisory services and people. It would also depend on information on Tourism; Government policies to create security for Assist all tiers of Governments in the foreign tourists and Private Sector creation of; investments. A sub-system of National Parks including natural areas, historical The cultural heritage of Kaduna State sites and recreational areas which affords it potential tourist attractions but the are declared by the Nigerian array of opportunities have neither been Tourism Development Corporation tapped nor utilized. One of the factors that to be of national importance and Multipurpose Theatre. acclaim. General Hassan Usmao Park phases I Holiday resorts and amusement and II. parks. Zaria Hotel and seven Motels in Sowenir industries. various Local Government areas. - Games and fish reserves, wild life An organized Cultural troupe that refuges etc. performs locally and internationally. There are also cultural festivals in Carry out undertakings which appear different parts of the State organized to be necessary for the promotion and on annual basis. development of the Arts, Culture and Tourism Industry in the State and to do Potential sites and activities that have been such other things as are incidental to earmarked for further development include: or conducive to the exercise of the Zaria Dam. functions of the Ministry; NokMuseum. Register, classify and grade all General Hassan Usman (phase Ill) hospitality and Tourism enterprises, Proposed Holidays resort on Kagoro travel agencies and tour operators in Hills such manners as may be prescribed; Fencing of all MotelslHotels. Organize, hold or assist financially or Establishment of Film industry with otherwise the holding of exhibition facilities. performances of festivals of Arts Encouragement of Mass Arts crafts Culture and Tourism, etc, and admit production etc. the public thereto, either with or Promotion of visual Arts. without charge; Lay down the rules under which Some of the challenging questions for this competition in Arts, Culture and sector are: what is the revenue base of the Tourism shall be held and award Kaduna State Culture and Tourism sector; prizes for same; should Government continue to fund the Organize and undertake the functions sector or should it hand it over to the of cultural centers for the State. control of private initiative? What significant contributions is the sector making to lt~e Tourism Developnient in thc State growth of the State? How can Kad

Fenclng of all the Department Levai of Motels/Hotels. To 40m of Tourism. local attract more patronage customers.

I Participating in 1. Creating investment Departrnent Number of Expositions, Trade opportunities in the 1om 13m of Tourism. investors Fairs In Kaduna, Toulism Industry Attracted Enugu, Abula, through publications, Lagos, and seminarskVorkshops international promotion activities Expositions etc.

General Hassan Usman Park.

(Phase iii)

embankment land scaplng etc. Arts and Crafts Purchase of relevant Department exhibition. equipment and 10.4m of Tourism. productlon of plays facilities to enhance and musical shows volume and quality of production ~I Live performances Using the new multi- ! Department and community purpose theatre for the 3.9m of Tourism. theatre productions exhibitions at both local and international levels !I Producing Arts for Department National and I 5.2m of Tourism. lntematlonal exhibiiom and exports Ipurposes I Culture Revenue generation Production films Establishment of film 49m through the film generally for local Industry wlth facilities. of Tourlsm. Industry sales and exportation. Training of Local I I Artists.

Providing professional Guidance to 8m 9.6m 10.4m Independent vlsual Artists & crafts men. 1 I I I I I 1 1 Promotion of Inter- cultural harmonv ~erformancessuch 1-1 as music dance and worksif Arts & Crafts drama with the view items and other related to generating some souvenir objects revenue to the Ministry and also provide sources of income for artiffits. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

he creation of the Ministry of However, the important place of the TScience and Technology in 2001 Ministry could be threatened by its much signified the need for Kaduna State to attention to administrative matters. It make a quantum leap from its backward controls about 15 sciences, technical and primitive industrial level to a and commercial colleges in addition to modernized and self-sufficient economy, 12 Business Apprenticeship Training at least in terms of scientific and Centres (BATCs). Substantial funds are technological know how. The roles and already being sunk into renovation, responsibilities of this Ministry are both rehabilitation and construction works. timely and desirable. These divert attention from the main thrust of the Ministry's functions. 1. To take direct control of all the existing science, technical Specifically, the ministry is to: commercial and vocational schools, 1. Promote and popularize Science State Polytechnic and such other and Technology in the State; similar institutions that may be 2. Collaborate with other stakeholders established or constituted in the in Science and Technology; State. 3. Increase public awareness on the 2. To enhance, facilitate and vital role of science in national coordinate the development of development and well being and re- Science and technology and orient the entire society towards formulate such policiesthat will scientific thinking; boost technology transfer. 4. Ensure optimum utilization of the 3. To promote information technology1 resources of the State for the up- computer literacy and undertake1 liftment of the general quality of life encourage research programmes in of the people in accordance with our the field of science and science culture and traditions; education 5. Promote skill acquisition for self- 10. Produce more qualified sct8:lice and reliance; technical students to fill lh~! State 6. Build capacity, especially in science quota in Tertiary instittrtior~o in tt~rt and technology; country; and 7. Spur students to show more interest in 11. Supervise the Science and l~?chnic;ll learning science and other related Schools Management Board, tt~eS!slr! subjects; Polytechnic and Vocational rrairu 8. Promote information and Centres to ensure that the ctmndul I communication technology environment is provided for sffec 9. Produce more qualified science and teaching and learning. technical students to fill the State quota in Tertiary institutions in the country; and

Encourage -Fabrication of - Design and BATC co- adaption. simple Implements fabrication of a ordinator innovation and to improve motorized tricycle development in transportation.fwd I Design and technology processing and - provlslon of shelter fabrication of a BATC CO- motorized wheel ordinator barrow - Fabrication of stoves to use coal BATC co- brickettes for cooking ordinator I - Design and fabrication of a crop Rubsonl Nuhu dehydrating machine Bamali I Polytechnic - Research on Improvement on the durabiiity of the traditional mud Science and roofing ( Gidan soro) tech. dept

- support to Provision of inventors and specialized machines innovatcrs to innovators and Science and fabricators tech. dept

Assistance to inn~vators~lnventors to collaborate with Science and relevant institutions, tech. dept research centres and industries In order to enhance their creativity

To identify and Provide financial Science and encourage assistance to tech. dept research and research and development in development relevant areas of activities in the State needs - Organization of Science and Bring research exhibitions on tech. dept findings to science and attention of technologe activities. entrepreneurs for -Visit research development into organizatlons and functional products local crans people In the State to identify research findings Science and end articles being tech. dept fabricated In order to pubiicise them Liaslng with Support for - Provislon of Universities. development of flnanclai grants to Poiytechnlcs. research nndlngs research Science and Research through the organizations tech. dept organizations provlsisnof grants and individuals or linkage with - Provision of involved with finance linkages between science and organization research and tech activities relevant - Traiing of Human organizations resources In relevant skills for -Identify employable employment and skills Science and self-reliance - Provide adequate tech. dept training for the youth - Exploitation of the In trades Identified natural resources of the State using Collate data on availaMe data to material and natural advise the resources through Government to liasing Mhrelevant invest or agencies and make encourage such data available investment by to the State interested Government and entrepreneurs to entrepreneurs BATC Co- create Job ordinator opportunlties for citizens BATC Co- ordinator Use the Equip adequately -Carry out inspection resources of the and update of existing State for existlng faciliies in workshops and creation of Technical and training facilities in wealth and Vocational the TecWocationai services colleges Colleges - Repair faulty machines and Science and replace tech. dept obsoleteldamaged tools and equipment - Replace obsolete machines - Increase no. of Expand no. of lrades In colleges trades in the and BATCs having existing colleges less than 7 trades. BATC Co- - Introduction. . . of- . .new .. ordinatoriSTSMB trades into the BATCs

Increase no, of Establishment of 11 Vocational more BATCs In colleges in the LGAs that do not Slate have them Llaise with - Identify good proprietors of technical workshops Technical In the State Workshops for Industrial Attach and monitor attachments for tranees of TechNoc BATC Cordinator trainees of colleges to TechNoc colleges proprletors of workshops and Industries to enhance lurther acquisition of skills

Encourage Govi to Government through provide micro- the Min. of Science BATC Cordinator credits for and Tech. will graduands of Voc. provide assistance in Colleges the form of tools and equlpment to graduates of Voc. Tech Dept. Colleges to be self- employed

Senbization of Principals will be parents In skill directed to vigorously BATC Cordinator acquisition so that publicise the they can existence of their encourage their BATCs by iialsing Idle wards to with LG chairmen, patronize yhe District Heads and various vocational other prominenet centres spread individuals within

--.--..-....---.7-...--..--. Employment of - Encourage exlstlng additlonal teachers Lab attendants to in core subjects attend free laboratory areas courses at school of Lab sciences lbadan

Provision of - Provide additional relevant Government with infrastructures accurate data on teaching staff shortages In core - sublect areas. Appeal to Govt to recruit additlonal teachers In core sublect areas - Encourage school PTAs and Old boys to engage the services of part-time teachers In core subjects

Establishment of Provislon of activities well equipped like weather stations, fabrication centre botanical, geographical and bloioglcal gardens, school buses, school farm, corecurricular Training of Staff to actlvltles etc to lden man the centre the =pa of learning 01 the students

Construction. Construction and equipping and equipping of 2 Labs. staffing of science 2 workshops, and tech. multi- amultlpurpose purpose centre centre, Internet cafb. fence and parking lot

Supporting -Training of existing research and staff In the use of development in equipment to be ethno-medicinal installed in the muiti- (traditional) purpose centre zz(Y -u- ma@ occ c2o)z .9mgw =urng:; ~S,E OLO gz?i.ga 0 'iii E $:? ;EBB a e: gas model plant lor use in kitchens. restaurants etc I I Sclence Dept Increase public Provide training In - Provision of awareness on ITC to civli sdditlonai computers utilization of servants and the and associated renewable genral publ~c accessories for the I sources of Min. of Sclence and energy Tech. Sclence and - Extension of Tech. Dept Internet connectlvity, ministries, parastatals and interested private organlzatlons Tech. Dept , -Recruitment of additional iCT staff - Upgrading our internet facilitiy from I K to C band I - Continuous training of the staff of Min of Tech. Dept science and Tech. in computer 20.0m - Encourage Promot~onof computer literacy in ICT in the State the State through the training of civil servants an'd the general public at the Ministry Tech. Dept headquarters 10.0m CHAPTER SIX

PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT

Focal and implementing Agency Min~stryof Commerce and Industry

II over Nigeria, there is a clear Providing enabling environment for the understanding that expanding growth of foreign and indigenous Private A+ublic Sector activities, which are investments is especially important bedeviled with corruption and abuse of because it is this Sector that provides job office, are some of the factors responsible opportunities and creates the necessary for the country's poor economic competltive environment that generates performance and poverty. That operating wealth and development across the World. a large Public Sector is no longer desirable is evident in Nigeria's weak industrial base Foreign Private Sector Involvement with declining capacity utilization and The improvement of Foreign Direct output, large budget deficit, deterioration in Investment (FDI) and capital flows are the social and infrasbuctural facilities and some of the central pillars of KADSEEDS high level of unemployment. The role of because foreign investment can ensure KADSEEDS in this wise is to redefine the economic growth and prosperity, all things tasks and responsibilities of the Public being equal. However it is difficult to attract Sector in ways that enable statutory foreign capital and investment because it is functional efficiency and effectiveness on restrictive - going mainly to choice one hand and create the necessary countries where profit can be maximized. enabling environment for other Sectors of In fact, foreign investors often target the economy (such as the Private Sector, medium and buoyant economies because Non Governmental Organizations, they are more competitive and stable. An Communty Based Organizations and the economy that is less predictable due to Civil Society) to thrive. economic externalities finds it difficult to attract foreign investment and capital. to pick up the challenges of exploiting Therefore Nigeria has found it very tasking these opportunities for Private Sector to draw foreign investors into other Sectors development. of the economy other than oil, telecommunication and electricity supply. Indigenous Private Sector Involvement Like most parts of Nigeria, the involvement More than 90% Private Sector operations of foreign investment in Kaduna State has in Kaduna State are made up of SMEs dwindled over the years. However, the that range from Bakery, Milling, Printing, rates and composition of FDI in Nigeria is Agriculture (especially dry season farming), beginning to gain height since the Welding, Tailoring and Foundary, just to liberalization of selected key Public Sectors mention a few. This Sector predominantly and installation of a democratically elected depends on Government patronage. Thus, Government in 1999. Also, the participation the SMEs are not self sufficient in terms of of International Financial Institutions (IFI) manpower and capital availability, they are (The World Bank, International Monetary significantly weak and subservient to the Fund (IMF) and African Development Bank Public Sector. (ADB)) and Oftlcial Development Assistance (ODA) such as the DFID, EU The SMEs tend to operate in isolation with and Governments of various countries has little or no vertical andtor horizontal also improved significantly in the Nigerian linkages with bigger companies. They are economy. These financial institutions are not only small in size but are unable to relevant linkages to the growth of the metamorphose to full-scale industrial indigenous Private Sector if they are Sector. For many years now, the Kaduna properly accessed. State economy has been overburdened by stunted and deteriorating SMEs Kaduna State requires broad and characterized by poor skills, too little extensive financial and technical support capital and lack of competition. The through these foreign institutions especially Government is often blamed for the poor that Government financial status is both conditions of the Private Sector i.e., its fragile and dependent on the Federal inability to provide the necessary enabli~la Government. It is therefore left for the environment for the sub-sector to thrive. Government to empower the appropriate Ministries (Ministries of Commerce and Industry, Finance and Economic Planning) Box 6.0 Major Factors M~litatingAgainst Private Sector Development in Kaduna State

1. Lack of access to capital on affordable and approprlate terms

2. Lack of access to sewlces of the formal Sector such as Banks and Insurance

3. Lack of appropriate and adequate education and skills.

4. Lack of managerial capabliities

5. Poor monitoring, control and accountability in the Sector

6. Inadequate access to Infrastructural facilities such as roads, electricity, water, and telecommunication particularly in the rural areas.

The Government of Kaduna State is Strategies making frantic efforts to spur the growth of Redefine the functions of Government SMEs and to make the State an admirable to focus on its primary roles of one for both foreign and domestic Private providing basic infrastructure, security investments. Some of these steps are the and the social services that are privatization and commercialization of necessary to create a competitive Public enterprises and Issuance of credit environment for sustainable Private facilities to selected SMEs. Sector driven wealth and employment; Government to facilitate and promote Targets targeted incentives and interventions Promote the devlopment of 2,000 in specific areas to promote specific functional SMEs in the State; Sectors and industries; Increase productivity of the 2,000 Create an enabling environment for SMEs by 5% per year; competitive Private Sector with special Amact more foreign investors by 2007 reference to: in priority Sectors of the State Investment in infrastructure economy. especially electricity, transport and water; = Reduce policy related costs and risks such as administrative barriers to business, weak legal Create Public Private PaAnership system and other uncertainties that (PPP) through Joint Investments and discourage business incentives; Structured Interaction with Private - Improve security of lives and operators; properties; Base Economic Planning on markel Provide alternative financial sources principles in order to minimize for medium to long-term access to politically driven factors on economic credit since the banks and other decisions; financial institutions are not easily Implement the KADSEEDS, which accessible; provides for the coordination of Sector Initiate Industrial clusters and driven growth; agglomeration. This refers to Provide appropriate structure for specialized cooperation through regulating and propelling the Private vertical or horizontal linkages of Sector to develop in a socially and industries or SMEs at home or abroad; environmentally responsible direction; Adopt methods of promoting the Conduct a research on the operational products of SMEs - through trade fairs patterns, conditions, products and and information linkages abroad; special needs of the SMEs in the Develop science and technology in the State; State so as to create alternative Equip the Ministry of Commerce and sources to electricity and water supply; Industry to focus attention on the Encourage the development of strong promotion of Private investment i~nd linkages between industries, NGOs growth of SMEs; and research institutions especially the Link up SMEs to IF1 and other Universities; international financial bodies; Embark on long term well strategized Sponsor pilot research projects ir~ campaign for foreign investment alliance with the Universities or1 promotion in the State, laying clustering SMEs. The research cvill emphasis on priority Sectors; also seek to promote the producl ol Privatize selected Public enterprises in the particular SME through pa~:kagi~~!), order to shrink the domain of advertising and marketing; Government and enlarge the size Implement at least 1 scier.:e i-.' of the Private Sector; technology pack by 2007. Commerce and Industry Action Plan i i Dept. Targets Strategies Actlvites Cost (U) Agency Indicators 1 : industry 2006 2006 2007 Small-Scale Counter part Capacity Sensitization ?Om 36m 37.200m Ministry of I funding to Building loans of people commerce and small scale from through industry In i cctlage Government seminard coliaboratlon with i industries in all and Ihe workshops any interested I the Local financial and granting party from the i Govts. of the Houses .of credit. private sector. 1 State I' ; Medium and Develop. Of Providing of Building of 130m 156m 187.2Wm Ministry of j large scale Industrial Infrastructure toads and Commerce and j unit 'ayouts such as roads drainages Industry. i drainages electricity etc. selling of i Government shares in i publlc private 1 Companies I Development Development Provision of - 20m 24m Ministry of 1 of lndustnal in all the infrastructure. commerce and Estates L.G A for Bulldlng up Industry ! small structures ndustrles letc Development Selling of 200m - Min. of Comm. of lndustnai share in and lndustry i Estates Kaduna, 1 lkara and ? Parla f I Companies Commerce Attract~ng Partictpatrng Exhibrtlon of 14m 16 800rr X) 16Om M~nistryof I fore~gnlocal in the major investment Commerce and 1 ~nvestorsto international opportunrt~es Industry : Kaduna State Trade falrs ln in the State I the Country and 9Lagos, Hlghl~ghting i Enugu and Government i Kaduna) etc pol~cles I

CHAPTER SEVEN

IMPLEMENTATION

we earlier observed, the specialized fields of study are focal efforts implementation of any to improve the quality of education. Adevelopment plan is probably the most challenging aspect of the The implementation of KADSEEDS development process. This problem is defines the process of achieving the set especially pronounced in Nigeria where goals. These processes include the Governments seldom act within the institutional arrangements and framework, provision of any plan. monitoring and evaluation, financing strategies, pilot projects and risk mitigation In recognition of this problem, the initiatives. arrangement to implement the KADSEEDS will be holistic, consistent and Institutional Framework persistent. In a bid to allay the fears of our For the purpose of cohesion and co- people over Government's intention to ordination of KADSEEDS implementation, better their lives through the an institutional framework is being put in implementation of this plan, we have place. All stakeholders are represented in commenced the pursuance of key targets the system and especially, the channels of of our policy thrusts. For instance, the communication between them, are clearly institutional arrangements to maintain indicated. security are backed by the creation of the Ministry of Chieftaincy Affairs; strike forces At the apex of implementation are the and other deliberate efforts to enhance State Governor, His Deputy, the State peaceful co-existence. Executive Council and the State House ol Assembly. Routine supervision of the We are implementing a number of targeted KADSEEDS implementation will be poverty reduction programs for trade conducted by the State Monitoring groups, Civil Servants, HIVIAIDS victims, Committee. women, youths and the disabled of our The framework portrays that over and Society. Coupled with the establishment above anything else (at least for now), the of Kaduna State University in 2004, the promotion of synergy, harmonization :~r~d improved scholarship schemes for complementarity is upheld in 111~ implementation process. This is relationship between stakeholders will particularly relevant for minimising ensure transparency, accountability and duplication of efforts and wastage of predictabilityof the process. scarce resources. The structured

Figure 7.0 Framework for Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation The Independent Monitoring Committee Financing will comprise of all representatives of the Government is resolved to seek financial stakeholders of KADSEEDS including assistance from donor Agencies Private representatives of the Private Sector, Civil Sector operators and NGOs support in Society, donors, labour and NGOs. Sets specific areas of the KADSEEDS of performance indicators have been development. Specifically, the principles of developed for the monitoring and financing KADSEEDS will rely on evaluation exercises by the team. participation, cost sharing and co-financing Outcome of the exercise will be used to of the strategies. Our financing strategy enforce rewards for all Public Sector will emphasize on actors. Donor assistance and other Increased revenue generation from related support will also rely on the internal sources for instance, the lax outcomes of h.1 & E for the productive base of the state v~illbe enilanced; investment in the State. Overseas Development As:;istatlct: (ODA) will be sought; Having clearly understood the si~nificant Collaboration with donors - ONFi:'?. place of M & E in the implementation UNICEF, World eank will la(. process, the team will be inaugurated as streamlined and strengthened;

soon as possible and training of all 8 Adopt ways of involving comr ~uniti:: members will follow suit. NGOs and other stake'lold~. Table 7.1 Resource Projections . --.------Recurrent Revenue

Fund I I Capital Receipts Transfer from Capital 14.898 1 1 17.132 19.700 Development Fund I I 1 --.- I I 1 Opening Balance I I I I I I

Internal.- - Loans- . 7.677 .. . I 1 External Loans I 1.839 1 I 2.00 1 I 2.00 1 Grants- 0.326 ) 0.500 / I 0,600 ( ' Other Capital Receipts 3.079 1 2.00 1 I 2.00 , Total Capital Receipts 27.81 9 1 21.632 1 1 24.300 Table 7.2 Percentage of Budgetary Allocation to KADSEEDS Strategies ( -_------_ _--* -- --- 1 2005 1 % 1 2006 1 % 1 2007 1 %1 I (Nb) I I (Nb) I I (Nb) I i Reforming Government and I 0.20 1 0.74 1 0.24 1 0.75 1 0.28 1 0.78 1

Pilot projects The essence of adopting a pilot project in The detailed pilot projects to be the KADSEEDS arrangement is to test run implemented are contained in the matrices the system and to amend any areas of on overall policy thrusts for 2005 - 2007. difficulty in the processes of implementation. The earmarked projects 1. Security targets and actions; are carefully selected to tackle what we 2. Economic Planning, co-ordination and consider to be of urgent importance to the co-operation; State. Also, in the face of limited 3. Information dissemination, communi- resources, KADSEEDS' pilot projects will cation and participation. help minimize unnecessary wastages through a focal effort to address the felt Risk Mitigation needs of our people. The implementation of this plan may encounter some challenges that are not Indeed the successful implementation of unusual to any bold attempt to bring about these pilot projects expressively change. Some of the risks we foresee convince Kaduna State people and indeed border around lack of political will, skills the world of our sincere intent to change and adequate finances to implement the the ways Government does things and programs. Furthermore, there could be enhance their condiiions of living. deliberate attempts on the side of clients to A substantial aspect of KADSEEDS is sabotage the plan. geared towards training and re-channeling its work force to achieve its development The close involvement of the Civil Society goals. This factor will mitigate for the in the processes of developing this problems of lack of skills and manpower to document could serve as a mitigating implement the program factor for lack of political will. The people of Kaduna State and all other stakeholders of The strategy to co-finance and share the KASEEDS are aware of the potential cost of implementation of KADSEEDS benetits of the programs. These groups could serve as a mitigating factor for can put pressure on the Government to limited finances. implement the KADSEEDS to their satisfaction. The Independent Monitoring Group can also assist in pressuring Government to keep to its commitment to the people.