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Geospatial Investigation of Groundwater Potential Zones in Kachia Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria

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Geospatial Investigation of Groundwater Potential Zones in Kachia Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria GEOSPATIAL INVESTIGATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ZONES IN KACHIA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA BY MARY EDWARDKUHIYOP DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY FACULTY OF SCIENCE AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA, NIGERIA AUGUST, 2016 Title Page GEOSPATIAL INVESTIGATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ZONES IN KACHIA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA BY Mary EdwardKUHIYOP B.Sc. Geology, UNIJOS (2009) M.SC./SCI/5862/2011-2012 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A MASTER DEGREE IN REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY FACULTY OF SCIENCE AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA NIGERIA AUGUST, 2016 i DECLARATION I declare that the work entitled “Geospatial Investigation of Groundwater Potential Zones in Kachia Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria”has been carried out by me in the Department of Geography.The information derived from the literature has been duly acknowledged in the text and list of references provided. No part of this dissertation was previously presented for another degree or diploma at any other Institution. Mary Kuhiyop EDWARD _________________ ______________ Signature Date ii CERTIFICATION This dissertation entitled “GEOSPATIAL INVESTIGATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ZONES IN KACHIA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA” by Mary Kuhiyop Edward meets the regulations governing the award of the degree of Masters Degree in Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System of the Ahmadu Bello University, and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. Prof. E.O. Iguisi _______________ ______________ Chairman, Supervisory Committee (Signature) Date Dr. B. Akpu _______________ ______________ Member, Supervisory Committee (Signature) Date Dr. A.K. Usman _______________ ______________ Head of Department, Geography (Signature) Date Prof. K. Bala _______________ ______________ Dean, School of Postgraduate Studies (Signature) Date iii DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to almighty god for giving me the grace, strength, and above all knowledge. Also to my late father Mr. Tanko Ibrahim without him, I would not become graduate today. May his soul rest in peace. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My sincere gratitude goes to the Almighty God for sparing my life and taking care of me up to this moment and ensuring that my research work meets the point of completion. My gratitude goes to my able supervisors in persons of PROF E.O IGUISI and DR.B. AKPU for their professional advices, guidance and patience all through the period of my Research work. May God continue to bless you.My appreciation also goes to my beloved husband Engr.Edward Kuhiyop for his support financially, morally and spiritually. GOD bless you. I also want to appreciate my children Noka, Noyet and Nocham for their understanding and support during the period of this work. I also will like to show my appreciation to my mother Mrs.Asabe Tanko for her support, encouragement not to give up and also for her prayers. I love you mama and God bless you. I also wish to appreciate my brothers and sister Gideon Tanko, Rachael Tanko and Dorathy Deh for their support and prayers. May Almighty God bless you all. I wish to thank my sister in-law Patience Kuhiyop for your kindness in helping me take care of my children during this period of this research work, God bless you Finally, my special appreciation goes to my course mate Paul Jobins, Shunom Baba who contributed to the success of this program. and I feel honored to have been a student of this prince less institution v TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page ...............................................................................................................................i Declaration ........................................................................................................................... ii Certification ........................................................................................................................ iii Dedication ............................................................................................................................ iv Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. vi List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... x Abstract ................................................................................................................................ xi CHAPTER ONE : INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study ............................................................................................ 1 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem ............................................................................ 5 1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study ................................................................................ 8 1.4 Significance of Study ................................................................................................. 8 1.5 Scope of the Study ..................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER TWO : CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 10 2.2 Concept of Ground Water ........................................................................................ 10 2.2.1 Groundwater ............................................................................................................ 10 2.2.2 Occurrence of Groundwater ..................................................................................... 11 2.2.3 Aquifer .................................................................................................................... 12 2.2.4 Aquitard .................................................................................................................. 12 2.2.5 Unconfined and Confined Aquifers .......................................................................... 13 2.2.6 Aquifer Properties .................................................................................................... 14 vi 2.2.7 Geophysical Investigation ........................................................................................ 16 2.3 Literature Review .................................................................................................... 21 2.3.1 Movement of Groundwater ...................................................................................... 21 2.3.2 Quantity of Groundwater ......................................................................................... 22 2.3.3 Groundwater Storage Capacity................................................................................. 22 2.3.4 Quality of Groundwater and Uses ............................................................................ 23 2.3.5 Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing in Groundwater ..................... 25 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 37 3.2.1 Location and Size .................................................................................................... 37 3.2.2 Climate .................................................................................................................... 39 3.2.3 Vegetation ............................................................................................................... 39 3.2.4 Soils ........................................................................................................................ 40 3.2.5 Geology ................................................................................................................... 40 3.2.6 Hydrology ............................................................................................................... 46 3.3 Methodology ........................................................................................................... 46 3.3.1 Reconnaissance Survey ............................................................................................ 46 3.3.2 Types of Data and Sources ....................................................................................... 47 3.3.3 Software .................................................................................................................. 48 3.3.4 Data Processing ....................................................................................................... 49 3.3.5 Techniques for Data Analysis .................................................................................. 51 CHAPTER FOUR : RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 55 4.2 Characteristics of Groundwater Potential Zones ....................................................... 55 4.2.1 Topography or Elevation ......................................................................................... 55 4.2.2 Average Annual Rainfall ........................................................................................
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