8Th Grade WV Studies May Also Be Used As Part of a Biography Unit in WV Studies and Language Arts

Telling West Virginia’s Story

West Virginians in the Civil War Objectives: Students will identify and analyze significant contributions of people

from West Virginia who played a role during the Civil War, develop research skills with the purpose of teaching the class what they have learned, and take notes and categorize information in order to write a short essay.

Grade Level and Subject:

8th grade WV Studies May also be used as part of a biography unit in WV Studies and Language Arts

Time Needed to Complete Lesson

180 minutes (four 45 minute classes)

Strategic Vocabulary abolitionist – one who wished to end slavery right away. secede – to withdraw from the Union. sectionalism – putting one’s section of the country ahead of the nation as a whole. irreconcilable differences - incapable of being brought into harmony or adjustment; incompatible

People to Know (Mentioned in the WVPBS video Road to Statehood):

(Highlighted individuals can be found in chapter 11 and 12 of the West Virginia 8th grade textbook -Clairmont Press’ West Virginia – 150 Years of Statehood)

Francis H. Pierpont John Jay Jackson Julia Pierpont

Albert Gallatin Jenkins John Carlile John Burdett

John Bell Waitman T. Willey Arthur I. Boreman

John Breckinridge Colonel Thomas J. Jackson Jacob Blair

Stephen Douglas

Guiding Questions

What roles did women and men play in Western Virginia and eventually West Virginia prior to and during the Civil War?

What could be considered “significant” contributions?

List of Materials Needed

WVPBS DVD – The Road to Statehood or access to the video online at http://www.wvpublic.org

Computers with Internet access and printing capability

Poster Board and writing supplies (i.e. markers, colored pencils, etc.)

Handouts (listed below)

Text Set File Copies are provided in the appendix for the documents/texts listed here.

1. http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1853 - Francis H. Pierpont 2. http://www.pierpont.edu/node/5722 - Julia Pierpont 3. http://www.wvculture.org/history/statehood/images/carlilejohn.html - John S. Carlile 4. http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/967 - John S. Carlile 5. http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/print/Article/948 - Stonewall Jackson 6. http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/print/Article/942 - John Jay Jackson 7. http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/print/Article/614 - Arthur I. Boreman 8. http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1005 - Albert Gallatin Jenkins 9. http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1006 - Jenkins Raid 10. http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1270 - Waitman T. Willey

Additional sites (copies not provided)

1. http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Pierpont_Francis_H_1814-1899 - Francis H. Pierpont (Primary Sources information on site)

2. http://www.theintelligencer.net/page/content.detail/id/586708/Francis-Harrison-Pierpont- --Father-of-West-Virginia-.html?nav=6322 – Francis H. Pierpont 3. http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~wvcccfhr/history/jenkins.htm - Francis H. Pierpont

Lesson Activities with Links to Websites

1. Biography Project – Research and Class Presentation

Overview:

o Students write questions they believe are important for a biography. Students will then research individuals that played a part in Western/West Virginia during the Civil War. Students can research the names of individuals in the movie, or research other individuals that played a role in the Civil War. o Students will create and maintain a graphic organizer to organize the facts they have found. o Students share what they found through oral presentations. Students will also submit a written document of their findings.

Schedule:

Day 1 –

• Students watch the video, The Road to Statehood, and complete the graphic organizer (“Video Guide”) of individuals mentioned in the video as they view it. Students will select an individual from the video or select another individual from WV that contributed during the Civil War they wish to study. • As a class, students will develop an operational definition of what are “significant” contributions. • Rubrics for both the summary and oral presentation should be distributed to students. (see appendix)

Day 2 –

• Using a graphic organizer (self-created or enclosed “Biography Worksheet”), students research an individual they selected yesterday (note: Text Sets of limited individuals are included). • Students use the information from their research to write a short summary of the life of their selected individual making sure to include significant events. Day 3 –

▪ Students make a visual presentation (i.e. PowerPoint, poster board, etc.)

listing relevant facts for a classroom presentation.

Day 4 –

• Students present their findings to the class. • All students take notes of peer’s presentations using the, “Students’ Presentation Chart”. • A group activity of having students rank individuals by importance to the new state of West Virginia can also be completed.

Appendix (handouts including primary and secondary sources in Text Set, rubrics, graphic organizers, etc.)

1 - Video Guide 2 - Biography Worksheet 3 - Research paper (summary) Rubric 4 - Oral Presentation Rubric 5 - Students’ Presentation Chart 6 - http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1853 - Francis H. Pierpont 7 - http://www.pierpont.edu/node/5722 - Julia Pierpont 8 - http://www.wvculture.org/history/statehood/images/carlilejohn.html - John S. Carlile 9 - http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/967 - John S. Carlile 10 - http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/print/Article/948 - Stonewall Jackson 11 - http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/print/Article/942 - John Jay Jackson 12 - http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/print/Article/614 - Arthur I. Boreman 13 - http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1005 - Albert Gallatin Jenkins 14 - http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1006 - Jenkins Raid 15 - http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1270 - Waitman T. Willey

6-15 -Selected factual information on selected individuals (listed in Text Set)

NextGen CSOs for 8th Grade WV Studies

SS.8.H.CL3.4 - identify significant contributions of men and women of West Virginia during the Civil War and identify the roles of ethnic and racial minorities.

NextGen Literacy Standards

SS.6-8.L.1 - cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources, attending to such features as the date and origin of the information.

SS.6-8.L.13 - produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

SS.6-8.L.16 - conduct short research projects to answer a question (including a self- generated question), drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions that allow for multiple avenues of exploration.

Author and e-mail

Dan Cosgrove [email protected]

An electronic copy of this lesson plan and access to the WVPBS video Road to Statehood can be found at http://www.wvpublic.org Under the Education tab click on Learning Media and search for “Road to Statehood”.

Appendix 1

Video Guide

Graphic organizer to be used with the West Virginia Public Broadcasting video, “The Road to Statehood”

Individual mentioned in video (in order of Notes (from watching video) appearance or referenced) Francis Pierpont

Albert Gallatin

John Bell

John Breckinridge

Stephen Douglas

John Jay Jackson

John Carlile

Waitman T. Willey

Colonel Thomas J. Jackson

Julia Pierpont

John Burdett

Arthur Boreman

Jacob Blair

Appendix 2

Biography Worksheet

Name of Subject:

______

Birth:

Death:

Early Inspirations:

Education:

Major Accomplishments:

Significance:

Friends and acquaintances:

Appendix 3

Research Paper (summary) Rubric: West Virginian’s Biography

Student Name: ______

Category 4 3 2 1 Quality of Clearly relates to Clearly relates to Clearly relates to Has little or Information the topic. Includes the topic. Provides the topic. No nothing to do with several supporting 1-2 supporting details are given. the topic. details. details. Mechanics No grammatical, Almost no A few Many spelling or grammatical, grammatical, grammatical, punctuation errors. spelling or spelling, or spelling, or punctuation errors. punctuation errors. punctuation errors. Graphic Organizer Graphic organizer Graphic organizer Graphic organizer Graphic organizer has been has been has been started has not been completed with completed with and includes some started. quality details most details details. completed Organization Information is very Information is Information is The information organized with organized with organized, but appears to be well-constructed well-constructed paragraphs are not disorganized. paragraphs. paragraphs, but well-constructed. could be more.

Appendix 4

Oral Presentation Rubric: West Virginian’s Biography

Student Name: ______

Category 4 3 2 1 Preparedness Completely Pretty prepared but Somewhat Not prepared. prepared. might have needed prepared a couple more (rehearsals were rehearsals. lacking). Speaks Clearly Speaks clearly and Speaks clearly and Speaks clearly and Often mumbles or distinctly – no distinctly – distinctly most of cannot be words are mispronounces the time – understood – mispronounced. one or two words. mispronounces mispronounces one or two words. multiple words. Content Shows a full Shows a good Shows a good Does not seem to understanding of understanding of understanding of understand the the topic. the topic. parts of the topic. topic very well.

Comprehension Able to answer Able to answer Able to answer a Unable to almost all the most of the few questions from accurately answer questions from questions from classmates. questions from classmates. classmates. classmates.

Appendix 5

Students’ Presentation Chart

(To be used for taking notes while classmates are presenting Biographies)

Name of Individual Major Accomplishments/significance to the Civil War (notes)

Appendix 6

Francis Harrison Pierpont

State founder Francis Harrison Pierpont (January 25, 1814-March 24, 1899) was the first and only governor of the Reorganized Government of Virginia. Born near Morgantown, Pierpont was a great- grandson of Col. Zackquill Morgan, founder of Morgantown. He received his middle name in honor of Gen. William Henry Harrison, under whom his father was serving at the time of his birth. Often called ‘‘the Father of West Virginia,’’ Pierpont’s statue stands in Statuary Hall in the Capitol Building in Washington, one of two West Virginians so recognized.

While Francis was an infant, his family moved to a farm in Marion County and later, when he was 13, to Fairmont, where his father built and operated a tannery. Educated in a log schoolhouse near his home, Pierpont entered Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania, in 1835. Following graduation, he taught school in Harrison County but also studied law and was admitted to the bar at Fairmont on May 2, 1842. Among the friends of his youth and young manhood were Waitman T. Willey, Gordon Battelle, and John S. Carlile, all of whom played key roles in the West Virginia statehood movement.

In 1848, Pierpont began an association with the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, serving as a right-of-way attorney in Marion and Taylor counties. He started a coal mine on family property in 1854 and entered into a partnership with coal pioneer James Otis Watson, whose family later controlled Consolidation Coal Company. On December 26, 1854, Pierpont married Julia Augusta Robertson of Wisconsin. Beginning in 1856, he helped to found Fairmont Male and Female Seminary, forerunner of Fairmont State College (now University).

In the opening days of the Civil War, Pierpont spoke frequently and forcefully for the Union and against secession. He was a representative to the First and Second Wheeling Conventions in 1861, where he worked with other conservatives such as Willey to delay the immediate declaration of a new state, which he believed to be unconstitutional. On June 20, 1861, Pierpont was unanimously elected as governor of the unionist Reorganized State of Virginia, which sat at Wheeling until West Virginia entered the Union two years later.

Pierpont worked assiduously to obtain funds for the loyal government, raise troops for the state militia, defend northwestern Virginia from guerrillas and keep as much of it as possible under federal control, and protect the B&O and Northwestern Virginia railroads. He worked hard for the recognition and admission of West Virginia. Following the establishment of the new state, he headed a loyal Virginia government at Alexandria. In May 1865, at the direction of President Andrew Johnson, he proceeded to Richmond, where he headed the civil government as reconstructed under the Lincoln-Johnson Plan. As a result of the creation of military government in Virginia under the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867, Pierpont was removed from office on April 4, 1868, by Gen. John Schofield, the military governor.

Following his return to West Virginia, Pierpont served a term in the West Virginia House of Delegates but lost his seat when the Democrats ‘‘redeemed’’ the government and took control of the young state. His partnership with Watson, a Democrat, was dissolved due to political tensions. In his retirement he helped to found the West Virginia Historical Society and served as president of the General Conference of the Methodist Protestant Church. Pierpont died at the home of his daughter in Pittsburgh and was buried with military rites at Woodlawn Cemetery, Fairmont.

Written by Philip Sturm

Citations

1. Ambler, Charles H. Francis H. Pierpont. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1937.

2. Francis H. Pierpont Papers. West Virginia & Regional History Collection, West Virginia University Libraries.

Appendix 7 Julia Pierpont Day Celebration Planned for May 23 in Fairmont

Wednesday, May 20, 2009 - Sunday, May 24, 2009

Saturday, May 23, will mark the Fifth Annual Julia Pierpont Day for Fairmont, West Virginia. The day has been established by the state of West Virginia, Marion County and the city of Fairmont to honor Julia Pierpont, the wife of Fairmont's Francis H. Pierpont, the Governor of Restored Virginia (1861-68) and "The Father of West Virginia."

Pierpont Community & Technical College was named in honor of Francis H. Pierpont.

Many historians credit Julia Pierpont with inspiring Memorial Day in May 1866. At first the holiday was called

Decoration Day and was a day to repair and decorate the graves of the Civil War soldiers who had given their lives for their country. In 1882, the holiday's name was changed to Memorial Day, which became a day to honor all who have given their lives in service to their country. In recent years, remembrances include all those who have died.

Julia Pierpont Day is a day to prepare for Memorial Day by giving attention to all graves, but with special attention to the graves of military veterans, especially those having served in the Civil War (1861-65).

There are thousands of Civil War veterans, both Union and Confederate, buried throughout West Virginia. In the spirit of Julia Pierpont, it is hoped that other West Virginia communities will join Fairmont in observing Julia

Pierpont Day with ceremonies of remembrance and the cleaning, repairing, and decorating of those graves. It is also hoped that these graves will have been designated as such by the start of the national Civil War

Sesquicentennial commemorations in 2011.

Saturday's celebration in Fairmont is being presented by the Marion County Historical Society in co-operation with

The West Virginia Civil War Re-enactors, City of Fairmont Historic Landmarks Commission, Marion County Military

Veterans Council and the West Virginia Three Rivers Festival.

Open to the public, it begins at 10 a.m. on the porch and lawn of the Marion County Historical Society Museum adjacent to the Marion County Courthouse with a prelude of Civil War Era music by Wha-ke-we-nn?.

At 10:30 a.m., the ceremony will begin with Dora Kay Grubb, president of the Society, presiding. Others participating are members of the West Virginia Civil War Re-enactors, including Mark Tennant, Pam and Art Dodd as the Pierponts; Rev. Richard Bowyer; Andrea Turner, Queen of the West Virginia Three Rivers Festival; Matt

Delligatti, Mayor of Fairmont; Randy Elliott, President of the Marion County Commission; Michele Figaretti, District

Representative for Gov. Joe Manchin III; and JoAnn Lough, Marion County Historical Society and City of Fairmont

Historic Landmarks Commission member, along with Wha-ke-we-nn?.

At 11 a.m., a motorcade will form led by a police escort to Woodlawn Cemetery Historic District on Maple Avenue.

The Marion County Military Veterans Council will conduct a service at the Veterans War Memorial under the direction of Harold Swidler.

Floral tributes will be laid at the graves of Boaz Fleming, the founding "Father" of Fairmont and a Revolutionary

War veteran, and of Thomas C. Miller, West Virginia State Superintendent of Schools, long-time Fairmont High

School principal, the first president of the Fairmont State Alumni Association and a Civil War veteran. Officiating are Matt Delligatti, the Mayor of Fairmont, and Mary Jo Thomas, the President of the Fairmont State Alumni

Association, respectively. All will be assisted throughout by the West Virginia Civil War Re-enactors.

The ceremony concludes with a presentation of a floral tribute at the graves of Francis and Julia Pierpont.

Officiating will be Michele Figaretti from Wheeling, District Representative for Gov. Joe Manchin III. Wha-ke-we-nn? will play throughout the laying of floral tributes at the individual graves.

The celebration continues at the Marion County Historical Society Museum with an early tea honoring Gov. Francis

Pierpont and his wife Julia. Civil War Re-enactors Art and Pam Dodds will appear as the Pierponts. The public is invited to enjoy tea and conversation with the Pierponts. "Tea with the Pierponts" will conclude at 2 p.m.

Francis H. Pierpont Julia Pierpont

Appendix 8

John Carlile State Archives Portrait File

Carlile, who resided in Clarksburg, served as a state senator, a delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1850-51, and congressman. He voted against secession in 1861, and headed the movement to break away from Virginia. He was elected to the United States Senate, where he drafted the statehood bill for West Virginia. By this time, Carlile had changed his mind regarding statehood. He sought to sabotage statehood efforts and voted against the bill.

Appendix 9

John S. Carlile

U.S. Senator John Snyder Carlile (December 16, 1817-October 24, 1878) played a controversial role in the creation of West Virginia. He was born in Winchester, Virginia, in modest circumstances. He was educated by his mother and started out clerking in a store. He began studying law and was admitted to the bar in 1840. Setting up his practice in Beverly, which was then the county seat of Randolph County, he later moved to Philippi, then to Clarksburg. In 1847, he was elected to the Virginia Senate, beginning an eventful political career. He served also in the Virginia constitutional convention of 1850–51, and in Congress from 1855 to 1857 and from March until July 1861. In early 1861, he was a delegate to the secession convention in Richmond, where he and other delegates from the western counties bitterly opposed Virginia’s secession from the United States.

When the convention nonetheless approved secession, Carlile returned home to Clarksburg to lead the movement toward a separate state. Immediately following his return from Richmond, Carlile organized the Clarksburg Convention, which called for a meeting in Wheeling the following month. He helped organize the resulting First Wheeling Convention in May 1861, which favored statehood but adopted a ‘‘wait and see’’ attitude toward Virginia’s secession referendum. After Virginia voters approved secession in the subsequent statewide referendum, the Second Wheeling Convention in June established the ‘‘restored’’state of Virginia which would maintain a pro-Union government for Virginia throughout the Civil War. It was Carlile’s ‘‘Declaration of the People of Virginia,’’ adopted by the convention, that called for the creation of this government. Carlile and Waitman T. Willey were elected as Virginia members of the U.S. Senate by the new Unionist state legislature.

In the summer of 1862, when the Senate began considering admission of West Virginia to the union, Carlile’s actions took a controversial turn. He insisted upon a referendum among the people of the proposed new state before statehood could be approved. Given the Confederate sympathies in several southern and eastern counties, this might have derailed statehood. Eventually, a substitute bill written by Senator Willey was passed, which required only the approval by a constitutional convention. Many of

Carlile’s former friends now angrily viewed him as a traitor to the cause of statehood, and there were calls to have him impeached. However, he continued to serve in the U.S. Senate until March 3, 1865.

Carlile’s political career was effectively ended. President Grant later nominated him as ambassador to Sweden, but the U.S. Senate refused to confirm him. Carlile died in Clarksburg and is buried in the Odd Fellows Cemetery.

Written by Jim Barnes

Citations

1. Moore, George E. A Banner in the Hills. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1963.

2. Stutler, Boyd. West Virginia in the Civil War. Charleston: Education Foundation, 1966.

3. Ambler, Charles H. Waitman Thomas Willey: Orator, Churchman, Humanitarian. Huntington: Standard Printing & Pub., 1954.

4. West Virginia Biographical Dictionary. St. Clair Shores, MI: Somerset Pub., 1999.

Appendix 10

Stonewall Jackson

West Virginia’s most famous soldier never quite overcame the lonely childhood of an orphan. Thomas Jonathan Jackson was born near midnight on January 20–21, 1824, in Clarksburg. The death of his father and the destitution of his mother led to the boy being raised by a bullish uncle on the ancestral Jackson estate near the village of Weston. A lack of familial love molded Jackson into a shy, reticent, independent, and determined adult.

In 1842, the poorly prepared, rough hewn teenager entered the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. He firmly believed that ‘‘you may be whatever you will resolve to be.’’ Such resolution enabled him to graduate a surprising 17th in a class of 59 cadets. Jackson was assigned to the artillery, which was always his favorite branch of service.

Three promotions for gallantry came in the Mexican War. In 1851, Jackson left the army and spent the next ten years at the Virginia Military Institute in Lexington as a professor of natural and experimental philosophy and instructor in artillery. He was not a stimulating teacher. That, combined with a number of odd mannerisms, made him the campus character. Yet during those years Jackson allied himself with the Presbyterian faith, dedicated his whole life to God, and became one of the most actively pious men of his day.

When Virginia left the Union in 1861, Jackson dutifully went with his native state. He commanded the strategically important post at Harpers Ferry until being appointed a brigadier general of infantry. In the opening battle at Manassas on July 21, 1861, he and his brigade won the name ‘‘Stonewall’’ for steadfastness at the critical point in the engagement.

Unusually tall (six feet) and heavy-set (175 pounds), Jackson had brown hair, huge hands and feet, plus pale blue eyes that seemed to penetrate whoever faced him. He was so unpretentious that for the first year of the Civil War, Jackson wore the blue uniform of a VMI faculty member. His favorite mount was a small, unimpressive-looking horse affectionately called Little Sorrel.

Jackson repeatedly sought permission to lead a force into northwest Virginia to save his home area from being kept in the Union by federal invaders. Meanwhile, his successful 1862 campaign in the Shenandoah Valley electrified North as well as South. For 11 months thereafter, in a near-model partnership with Gen. Robert E. Lee, Jackson was instrumental in victories at Cedar Mountain, Second Manassas, and Fredericksburg. By the end of 1862, the lonely orphan from the mountains was regarded by many as the most accomplished soldier in the world.

The brilliant career ended in May 1863, at Chancellorsville. Having used his favorite tools—secrecy, swift marching, a sudden and heavy attack where least expected—Jackson was accidentally shot by his own troops in the chaos of battle. The amputation of his left arm led to pneumonia. On May 10, 1863, Stonewall Jackson died after uttering the words: ‘‘Let us cross over the river and rest under the shade of the trees.’’

He is buried in the Stonewall Jackson Cemetery in Lexington, Virginia.

Written by James I. Robertson Jr.

Citations

1. Robertson, James I. Jr. Stonewall Jackson. New York: MacMillan Library Reference, USA, 1997.

Appendix 11

John Jay Jackson Sr.

General John Jay Jackson (February 13, 1800-January 1, 1877), was born near Parkersburg. His grandfather, George Jackson, was a three-term congressman. John G. Jackson, the father of John Jay and son of George, took over George’s seat in Congress and served five terms.

Educated at Washington College (now Washington & Jefferson College) in Pennsylvania and at West Point, John Jay Jackson served in the Seminole War as a member of Gen. Andrew Jackson’s staff. In 1823, he resigned his commission and returned to Parkersburg to practice law. After two brief terms as a prosecuting attorney he was elected to the General Assembly of Virginia, where he served six terms. He commanded a brigade in the Virginia militia from 1842 to 1861.

In April 1861, Jackson served in the convention in Richmond that voted for Virginia to secede from the United States. Jackson himself voted against secession and before leaving Richmond presided over the Powhatan Hotel conference of Western Virginians who resolved to try to keep Virginia loyal to the union. At the first Wheeling Convention the following month, he and other conservatives delayed an attempt to create a new state. By 1863, he supported the move for the creation of a separate state, but opposed the final step in that process because he was pro-slavery and the Willey Amendment which cleared the way for West Virginia to become a state provided for an end to slavery.

Although active in West Virginia politics, Jackson did not seek elective office. He capped his public service as a member (1871) of the commission to ascertain West Virginia’s share of the Virginia debt, an intractable problem that was not finally settled until 1919.

Jackson was the father of Gov. Jacob Beeson Jackson and Judge John Jay Jackson Jr.

Written by Edward M. Steel

Citations

1. Baas, Jacob C. Jr. "John Jay Jackson Jr.: His Early Life and Public Career, 1824-1870." Ph.D. diss., West Virginia University, 1975.

2. Brown, Stephen W. "John George Jackson: A Biography." Ph.D. diss., West Virginia University, 1975.

Appendix 12

Arthur Ingraham Boreman

Arthur Ingraham (also spelled ‘‘Ingram’’) Boreman (July 24, 1823-April 19, 1896) was West Virginia’s first governor. He was was born in Waynesburg, Pennsylvania, and moved with his family to Middlebourne, Tyler County, while still an infant. Except for a brief period during which the family lived in Marshall County, he resided in Middlebourne for a decade and a half and received his schooling there. Then he studied law under the tutelage of an older brother and brother-in-law, James McNeill Stephenson, and was admitted to the bar in 1845. Shortly thereafter, Boreman moved to Parkersburg, the home of the Stephensons.

Parkersburg would remain Boreman’s hometown for the remainder of his life. From there he was first elected to public office in 1855, when he was sent as a Whig to the General Assembly in Richmond. He served until Virginia’s secession from the United States on April 17, 1861.

The decade of the 1860s was the most eventful of Boreman’s political life. After Virginia’s secession from the United States, he visited U.S. military officials in Cincinnati to seek protection for Unionists living in Parkersburg. In June 1861, he was elected president of the Second Wheeling Convention, which under his leadership voted to establish the Reorganized Government of Virginia, loyal to the Union and supplanting the secessionist government in Richmond. It was from Reorganized Virginia that Boreman and others secured the necessary constitutional approval for the creation of the state of West Virginia.

In October 1861, Boreman was elected to a circuit judgeship. On May 6–7, 1863, he attended the Constitutional Union Party Convention in Parkersburg and became its nominee to be governor of the new state. On May 28, 1863, he was elected to a two-year term without opposition. In his inaugural address in Wheeling on June 20, Governor Boreman asserted that he would assist in the founding of a system of public education throughout the state that would provide all children, regardless of economic level, schooling to prepare them for respectable positions in society. He backed his words with action during the next six years, during which he was reelected two times. A public school system was established, and with the aid of the Morrill Act, which had been enacted by the federal government in 1862, West Virginia University was created on February 7, 1867.

Boreman’s primary business during the first 22 months of his governorship was steering the infant state through the remainder of the Civil War. It was not an easy task. Not everyone living within West Virginia’s boundaries was loyal to the new state. Fifteen southern and central counties had not participated in the state’s first election, and in an effort to retain control for the Radical Republicans, Boreman secured the passage of the voters’ test oath law in February 1865. This divisive legislation denied the right to vote, to hold political office, to practice law, to teach, and to sue to those persons who could not prove their present and past loyalty to the Union. Such oaths effectively disenfranchised the many ex- Confederates in the new state, who were overwhelmingly Democrats. Thus the Republicans were assured of a majority in West Virginia in the first years after the war.

Governor Boreman found time to marry in 1864, wedding Laurane Tanner Bullock, a Wheeling widow and mother of two sons. The ceremony was performed by the Reverend Alexander Martin, who in 1867 became West Virginia University’s first president. Boreman resigned as governor on February 26, 1869, to be elected to the U.S. Senate by the state legislature.

As a senator and as a Republican, Boreman supported the ratification of the 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, guaranteeing the right to vote regardless of race. Upon receiving word of its ratification, he telegramed Robert W. Simmons, the leader of the black community in Parkersburg, and a celebration was staged in that city in 1870. Five years later, Boreman’s term as senator ended, and he returned to the private practice of law in his hometown. In 1884, he organized a relief effort to assist the victims of a devastating Ohio River flood. In 1888, he was once again elected to a circuit judgeship, a post he would hold until his death. His funeral was held in Parkersburg’s Methodist Episcopal Church, North, where he had been a lay leader in the congregation. Boreman was survived by his wife, their two daughters, and two stepsons. He was buried in the Odd Fellows Cemetery in Parkersburg.

Read Gov. Boreman’s inaugural address.

Written by Bernard L. Allen

Citations

1. Ambler, Charles H. & Festus P. Summers. West Virginia: The Mountain State. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1958.

2. Morgan, John G. West Virginia Governors, 1863-1980. Charleston: Charleston Newspapers, 1980.

3. Woodward, Isaiah A. Arthur Ingraham Boreman. West Virginia History, (July & October 1970).

Appendix 13

Albert Gallatin Jenkins

Congressman and Confederate General Albert Gallatin Jenkins (November 10, 1830-May 21, 1864) was born at Green Bottom, Cabell County. He was educated at Marshall Academy (now Marshall University), Jefferson College, and Harvard Law School. Jenkins practiced law in Western Virginia and served in the U.S. Congress from 1857 to 1861.

At the start of the Civil War he enlisted recruits for a Virginia unit called the Border Rangers and was elected their captain. In July 1861, at Scary Creek in Putnam County, Jenkins’s leadership was instrumental in defeating the Union force. In August he formed the 8th Virginia Cavalry (CSA) and became its colonel. In November Jenkins with other cavalry units staged a surprise raid on a Union camp at Guyandotte.

In early 1862, Jenkins was elected to the First Confederate Congress. In August he was appointed brigadier general. He went on to command a battalion of cavalry at the Battle of Gettysburg. Jenkins was recognized as a fearless cavalry raider.

Jenkins died of wounds he received at Cloyd’s Mountain. He rests in the Confederate plot in Spring Hill Cemetery in Huntington. Jenkins’s Green Bottom plantation house, maintained as an historic site by the West Virginia Division of Culture and History, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. Jenkins’s home and plantation were listed as Endangered Properties by the Preservation Alliance of West Virginia in 2012.

Read the National Register of Historic Places nomination for the Albert Gallatin Jenkins House.

Written by Jack L. Dickinson

Citations

1. Geiger, Joe Jr. Civil War in Cabell County. Charleston: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, 1991.

2. Dickinson, Jack L. Jenkins of Greenbottom. Charleston: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, 1988.

3. McManus, Howard Rollins. The Battle of Cloyds Mountain: The Virginia & Tennessee Railroad Raid. Lynchburg: H. E. Howard, 1989.

4. Hechler, Ken. Newspaper series. Huntington Herald-Advertiser. 1961.

Appendix 14

Jenkins Raid

On August 11, 1862, the federal government directed that 5,000 soldiers stationed in and near Charleston be brought to Washington, to be used in the more active eastern theater of war. This reduction of federal strength in the Kanawha Valley did not pass unnoticed. On August 18, Confederate Gen. William Wing Loring began planning an attack into the region. Loring sent his cavalry on an extensive sweep through the area north of the Kanawha Valley. Gen. Albert G. Jenkins, a Cabell County native, led the raiding party. He started from Salt Sulphur Springs in Monroe County on August 22, with 550 men.

Jenkins’s troopers rode first into the Tygart Valley, skirmishing briefly with U.S. forces near Huttonsville. On August 30, the raiders attacked and occupied Buckhannon, where they captured 20 prisoners, 5,000 stands of small arms, and a vast supply of ordnance, stores and clothing. The following day Jenkins’s men occupied Weston. They paroled a few prisoners, destroyed the telegraph office, and rode for Glenville. Remaining briefly at Glenville, the raiders arrived at Spencer on September 2. There they surprised and captured several companies of the 11th West Virginia Infantry. Arriving at Ripley, on September 3, the Confederates found no enemy force and captured the federal paymaster, relieving him of $5,525.

On September 4, Jenkins and his men crossed the Ohio River and became the first to raise the Confederate flag on Ohio soil. The following day they attacked federal forces at and near the Mason County courthouse, then moved into Buffalo, Putnam County. On September 8, Jenkins’s raiders rode into Barboursville, skirmished with the enemy, remained there for two days, then rode into Wayne, Logan, and Raleigh counties. The Jenkins raid proved that Union defenses in the Kanawha Valley were inadequate and on September 13, 1862, a larger Confederate force captured Charleston, remaining there until late October.

Written by Tim McKinney

Citations

1. McKinney, Tim. Civil War in Fayette County. Charleston: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, 1988.

2. Dickinson, Jack. The 8th Virginia Cavalry. Lynchburg: H. E. Howard, 1985.

Appendix 15 Waitman T. Willey

State founder and U.S. Senator Waitman Thomas Willey (October 11, 1811-May 2, 1900) is sometimes called the Father of West Virginia. He was born near Farmington and grew up on his family’s farm. He was self-taught until he entered Madison College in Uniontown, Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1831. He received his education as a lawyer during apprenticeships to Philip Doddridge and John C. Campbell in Wellsburg. Willey began his law practice in 1833 in Morgantown, where his career as a member of the Whig political party was launched with his election as clerk of the Monongalia County Court (1841–52). He was noted as an orator and debater. He frequently quoted Greek and Roman classics as well as the Bible in his speeches.

Willey was a delegate to the 1850–51 Virginia Constitutional Convention, where his speech ‘‘Liberty and Union’’ brought his first statewide recognition. He argued that ‘‘Liberty and Union are indissoluble.’’ He was defeated as the Whig candidate for lieutenant governor of Virginia in 1859 but was selected as a delegate to the Secession Convention of 1861. His oratory against the ordinance of secession gained him many enemies. ‘‘Will you bring this desolation upon us?’’ he asked Virginians. ‘‘Will you expose our wives and children to the ravages of civil war?’’

Virginia seceded nonetheless, and when the pro-Union Reorganized Government was established at Wheeling, Willey was elected by the legislature to a seat representing Virginia in the U.S. Senate. Although opposed to secession, Willey was not at first in favor of a new state. He gradually changed his opinion. He proposed the West Virginia Statehood Bill in the Senate and saw to its passage and later signing by President Lincoln. He was then elected as one of West Virginia’s first two U.S. senators and served from 1863 to 1871.

Although previously an owner of domestic slaves at his home in Morgantown, Willey spoke eloquently for suffrage for African-Americans at the 1872 Constitutional Convention that produced West Virginia’s

current constitution. ‘‘But why all this hostility to the poor Negro?’’ he asked. ‘‘In war we send him to the battlefront, in peace we impose on him all the burdens and duties of any other citizen. Then why should he not vote?’’

Willey is remembered for the Willey Amendment, which provided for the emancipation of slaves as a precondition for the creation of West Virginia. Willey never retired from public life. He was called on for speeches at special events, such as Morgantown’s centennial celebration. He died in Morgantown. His home was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Read the National Register nomination.

Written by Jeanne Grimm

Citations

1. Ambler, Charles H. Waitman Thomas Willey: Orator, Churchman, Humanitarian. Huntington: Standard Printing & Pub. Co., 1954.