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NASA`S Contribution to the International Rosetta Mission The U.S. Rosetta Project: NASA`s Contribution to the International Rosetta Mission C. Alexander, S. Gulkis, M. Frerking, M. Janssen, D. Holmes California Institute of Technology/Jet Propulsion Laboratory 4800 Oak Grove Dr. Pasadena, CA 91109 818-393-7773 [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] J. Burch, A. Stern, W. Gibson, R. Goldstein, J. Parker, J. Scherrer, D. Slater Southwest Research Institute PO Drawer 28510 San Antonio, TX 78228-0510 (210) 522-6223 [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] S. Fuselier Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center Dept. ADCS, Bldg. 255 3251 Hanover St Palo Alto, CA 94304 650-424-3334 [email protected] T. Gombosi Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences The University of Michigan 2455 Hayward Street Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2143 734-764-722 [email protected] Abstract—The International Rosetta Mission was TABLE OF CONTENTS successfully launched on March 2, 2004. NASA's 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................1 contribution to this mission consists of the following three 2. THE U.S. ROSETTA PROJECT .......................................2 hardware experiments: Alice (an Ultraviolet Spectrometer), 3. LAUNCH SUPPORT ........................................................5 the Ion and Electron Sensor (IES - a plasma instrument), 4. COMMISSIONING...........................................................6 and the Microwave Instrument for the Rosetta Orbiter 5. OBSERVATIONS OF COMET C/2002 T7 (LINEAR) ...10 (MIRO), as well as other components. Collectively these 6. SUMMARY OF POST-LAUNCH OPERATIONS ..............11 elements are known as the U.S. Rosetta Project. In this REFERENCES...................................................................12 paper we present an overview of the U.S. Rosetta Project. BIOGRAPHY ....................................................................12 We present and summarize the successful launch and early operations phases of the U.S. Rosetta Project. Finally, an unplanned science target appeared in the form of comet 1. INTRODUCTION C/2002 T7 (LINEAR). Comet Linear was successfully observed by the U.S. Rosetta project on two occasions, The U.S. Rosetta Project stands on the verge of the April 30 and May 17, 2004, by both Alice and MIRO.12 transition to Mission Operations. The project consists in part of 3.5 instruments: Alice (an ultraviolet spectrometer), IES (the Ion and Electron Sensor, a plasma instrument), MIRO (the Microwave Instrument for the Rosetta Orbiter), and the electronics package for one of a pair of spectrometers on the ROSINA instrument called the Double 1 0-7803-8870-4/05/$20.00© 2005 IEEE. Focusing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS). These elements 2 IEEEAC paper #1508, Version 1, Updated October 27, 2004 comprise the NASA hardware contribution to the Following launch a successful series of activities International Rosetta Mission payload. In other commenced to initiate commissioning of the payload. The contributions to the mission, NASA provides key back-up Alice detector door was opened, and first light was navigation and tracking support for the International Rosetta recorded. MIRO, using its chirp transform spectrometer Mission by way of its Deep Space Network (DSN), In (CTS) for the first time, obtained the water signal of the addition, NASA supports an interdisciplinary scientist and Earth, as well as signals from Venus. A sophisticated provides investigator support to Co-Investigator’s (CO-I’s) spacecraft “spiral scan” pointing scheme was worked out on non U.S. payload instruments. and deployed for the first time for the MIRO measurements. IES validated its interface with the power interface unit The International Rosetta Mission is destined to study the (PIU) and conducted successful low-voltage operations. nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko and its The double focusing mass spectrometer conducted environment for a period of 17 months starting in August successful high-voltage operations. This paper discusses the 2014. The near-nucleus phase will begin at a heliocentric first phase of commissioning, as well as anomalies and distance of about 3.25 AU, after which there will be the surprises that were discovered. deployment of a Lander (Philae). The Lander mission will last approximately 2 weeks after which the orbiter will In the middle of commissioning, an unexpected target of conduct observations of both far and close proximity to the opportunity appeared in the form of comet C/2002 T7 nucleus, leading ultimately to passes in which observations (LINEAR). This paper concludes with a description of how may be conducted from as close as 1 km (3280 feet). The scientific measurements were obtained when the spacecraft orbiter will escort the comet through perihelion, to a post- was not fully characterized and what they might mean. perihelion distance of about 2 AU. Because commissioning was not fully complete as of the The prime scientific objective of the Rosetta mission is to writing of this report, the timeframe covered here includes study the origin of comets, the relationship between the months leading up to launch and the first 6 months of cometary and interstellar material and its implications with Rosetta’s cruise from March 2 through August 2, 2004. regard to the origin of the Solar System. The measurements to be made to achieve this are: 2. THE U.S. ROSETTA PROJECT (1) Global characterization of the nucleus, determination of dynamic properties, and surface morphology and NASA’s contributions to the International Rosetta mission composition are the following three U.S. hardware experiments: Alice (2) Determination of the chemical, mineralogical, and (an ultraviolet imaging spectrometer), the Ion and Electron isotopic compositions of volatiles and refractories in a Sensor (IES), and the Microwave Instrument for the Rosetta cometary nucleus Mission (MIRO). A fourth instrument, ROSINA, the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis, (3) Determination of the physical properties and is a European investigation with a U.S. hardware interrelation of volatiles and refractories in a cometary contribution consisting of the electronics package. nucleus Specifications of these hardware components are summarized in table 1. Other components of the NASA (4) Study of the development of cometary activity and the contribution to the mission include: the participation of an processes in the surface layer of the nucleus and the interdisciplinary scientist (IDS); backup tracking, inner coma (dust/gas interaction) telecommunications, and navigation assurance provided by the DSN; and support for the scientific participation of U.S. (5) Global characterization of asteroids, including investigators on non U.S. experiments. determination of dynamic properties, surface morphology, and composition Alice The mission was successfully launched on March 2, 2004. The Alice instrument [1, 2, 3] will obtain spectra of the Back-up tracking and navigation support provided to ESA nucleus and the coma in the 700-2050 Å bandpass (ultra- by NASA’s Deep Space Network (DSN) involved the so violet and extreme ultra-violet wavelength regions). This called Space Link Extension (SLE) services interface investigation will: (1) directly determine the volatilized between the NASA and ESA ground support networks, helium (He), neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), and possibly krypton interleaving two differing cultures of communication and (Kr), and the nitrogen (N2) content of the nucleus in order to ground station equipment. This paper will report on the provide information concerning the temperature of successful mating of different ground networks, and some formation and the thermal history of the comet since its residual issues. formation; (2) directly determine the production rates and spatial distributions of the key parent species, water (H2O), 2 carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2), thereby scientists a better idea of how comets formed, what they are allowing the nucleus/coma coupling to be observed and made of and how they change with time. interpreted without significant ambiguities; (3) obtain unambiguous atomic budget measurements of carbon, Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur in the coma to derive (ROSINA); electronics package for the Double Focusing the elemental composition of the volatile fraction of the nucleus; and (4) study the onset of cometary nuclear activity Mass Spectrometer (DFMS) in ways that Rosetta otherwise cannot. Additional ROSINA is a state-of-the-art mass spectrometer [6] with objectives include (5) mapping the cometary nucleus at far- two redundant sensors using different technologies for UV wavelengths and characterizing the presence of icy UV simultaneous and independent mass detection and absorbers on its surface; (6) studying the photometric verification. The ROSINA instrument is capable of making properties of small grains in the coma as an aid to mass detections to 300 AMU (atomic mass units), and of understanding the size distribution of cometary grains and resolving mass to and accuracy of one in three thousand (on how they vary in time; and (7) mapping the time variability the 1 percent level). The primary measurement objective of of O II, C II, and N II emissions in the coma and ion tail ROSINA is
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