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2009 INTRODUCTION OVERALL SCORE: 2.11 M Mali Lies in the Heart of Africa’S Sahel Zone

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2009 INTRODUCTION OVERALL SCORE: 2.11 M Mali Lies in the Heart of Africa’S Sahel Zone With the notable exception of L’Essor, which has national coverage, 90 percent of newspapers are distributed in the Bamako vicinity only. The rural areas where Bambara or other languages are spoken have local newspapers in these languages. Mali 232 MEDIA SUSTAINABILITY INDEX 2009 INTRODUCTION OVERALL SCORE: 2.11 M Mali lies in the heart of Africa’s Sahel zone. The country was led from 1968 to 1991 by Moussa Traoré, who rose to power in a coup that ended the so-called socialist regime of Modibo Keita. After Traoré was overthrown, on March 26, 1991, a democratic regime emerged and free elections have been organized ali Mregularly—the latest in April 2009. The legislation that regulates the media sector is favorable theoretically. Some media observers, however, believe that in reality a favorable freedom of speech environment is subject to changes in political will, which are unpredictable. This potentially leaves the media vulnerable to the whims of the government of the day. Today, Mali has more than 200 private newspapers, only about 60 of which appear with any regularity. With the notable exception of L’Essor, which has national coverage, 90 percent of newspapers are distributed in the Bamako vicinity only. The rural areas where Bambara or other languages are spoken have local newspapers in these languages. Mali has 224 FM radio stations in operation. The Bamako district alone has 16 radio stations, while the regions of Kayes and Sikasso are the best equipped in terms of radio stations, with 38 and 45 stations, respectively. Seven stations of the Office of Radio-Television Mali (ORTM)—the national channel—broadcast in the regional capitals. Urban Malians also have access to almost 150 cable channels. Despite the proliferation of media, Mali still has problems with the strained economy and diminishing human resources. Those factors influence greatly the quality of newspapers and radio programs, which tend to favor entertainment over news. MALI 233 Mali AT A GLANCE GENERAL MEDIA-SPECIFIC > Population: 13,796,354 (July 2010 est., CIA World Factbook) > Number of active print outlets, radio stations, television stations: Print: 8 daily newspapers, 50 periodicals; Radio Stations: 233; Television > Capital city: Bamako Stations: 2 including the public channel and Africable > Ethnic groups (% of population): Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, > Newspaper circulation statistics: N/A Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%, Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5% (CIA World Factbook) > Broadcast ratings: N/A > Religions (% of population): Muslim 90%, Christian 1%, indigenous > News agencies: The Malian Press and Advertisement Agency beliefs 9% (CIA World Factbook) (state-owned) > Languages: French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African > Annual advertising revenue in media sector: N/A languages (CIA World Factbook) > Internet usage: 200,000 (2008 est., CIA World Factbook) > GNI (2009-Atlas): $8.862 billion (World Bank Development Indicators, 2010) > GNI per capita (2009-PPP): $1,190 (World Bank Development Indicators, 2010) > Literacy rate: 46.4% (male 53.5%, female 39.6%) (2003 est., CIA World Factbook) > President or top authority: President Amadou Toumani Toure (since June 8, 2002) Unsustainable, Anti-Free Press (0-1): Country does not meet or only minimally meets objectives. Government and laws actively hinder free media development, professionalism is low, and media-industry activity is minimal. MEDIA SUSTAINABILITY INDEX: MALI Unsustainable Mixed System (1-2): Country minimally meets objectives, with segments of the legal system and government opposed to a free media system. Evident progress in free-press advocacy, increased SUSTAINABLE professionalism, and new media businesses may be too recent to judge sustainability. Near Sustainability (2-3): Country has NEAR progressed in meeting multiple objectives, 2.65 with legal norms, professionalism, and SUSTAINABILITY 2.52 2.51 the business environment supportive of 2.37 2.32 2.30 independent media. Advances have survived 2.20 2.09 changes in government and have been 1.98 1.94 1.88 codified in law and practice. However, more 1.85 SUSTAINABILITY time may be needed to ensure that change is 1.62 MIXED SYSTEM UNSUSTAINABLE 1.53 enduring and that increased professionalism 1.46 and the media business environment are sustainable. Sustainable (3-4): Country has media that 2006-07 2008 2009 2006-07 2008 2009 2006-07 2008 2009 2006-07 2008 2009 2006-07 2008 2009 UNSUSTAINABLE are considered generally professional, free, ANTI-FREE PRESS and sustainable, or to be approaching these FREE PROFESSIONAL PLURALITY OF BUSINESS SUPPORTING SPEECH JOURNALISM NEWS SOURCES MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS objectives. Systems supporting independent media have survived multiple governments, OBJECTIVES economic fluctuations, and changes in public opinion or social conventions. 234 MEDIA SUSTAINABILITY INDEX 2009 OBJECTIVE 1: FREEDOM OF SPEECH “Frequencies are granted according Mali Objective Score: 2.32 to a planning logic that creates four frequencies for each Malian commune. Mali’s constitution guarantees the freedom of expression, But everyone wants to be located in including freedom of the press. According to Article 4, “Every person has the right to freedom of thought, conscience, the larger cities,” according to Isaïe religion, belief, opinion, speech, and creation within the Somboro, executive secretary of the confines of the law.” Additionally, Article 7 stipulates: “The Union of Independent Radio and freedom of the press is recognized and guaranteed. It is Television Stations of Mali. exercised under the conditions provided by the law. An independent institution regulated by organic law ensures equal access for all to the state media.” More than 220 radio stations broadcast throughout the country. The commission that grants frequencies has a Malians exercise these freedoms within certain limits set by relatively diverse composition. Among the requirements to other legislation and regulations. For instance, Law Number receive a frequency, applicants must be Malian nationals 00-46/AN-RM, passed in 2000, limits speech inciting racial, and pledge to use the license within the national territory national, or religious hatred or murder. according to a set of terms and conditions. “Frequencies However, the MSI panelists noted that commitment has are granted according to a planning logic that creates four dampened regarding ensuring the legal support for freedom frequencies for each Malian commune. But everyone wants to of the press. Mahamane Cissé, publication manager of the be located in the larger cities,” according to Isaïe Somboro, independent Le Scorpion, commented, “The social and legal executive secretary of the Union of Independent Radio and standards do not go far enough to protect press freedom Television Stations of Mali (known by its French acronym, and access to information—especially when these notions are URTEL). Last year’s MSI found that the committee meets to put into practice, as the independence of the judicial system judge applications only twice a year, leaving many applicants has wavered on the issue.” Social and cultural prohibitions hanging—and encouraging politically well-connected continue to inhibit free speech as well. applicants to find alternative routes to approval. Furthermore, many find the terms of the planning logic inscrutable. Last year’s MSI noted that the government had acknowledged that broadcast licensing laws need to be revised. This year’s LEGAL AND SOCIAL NORMS PROTECT AND PROMOTE panelists confirmed that the National Assembly is working FREE SPEECH AND ACCESS TO PUBLIC information. on a new project concerning the broadcast media, but the FREE-SPEECH INDICATORS: changes that might take place are not yet clear. > Legal and social protections of free speech exist and are enforced. Officially, the media enjoy no specific tax advantage, but legislation is not restrictive, either. Although the government > Licensing of broadcast media is fair, competitive, and apolitical. imposes no tax restrictions on the creation of a press > Market entry and tax structure for media are fair and company, importers pass along customs duties and other comparable to other industries. taxes for equipment to the media outlets that purchase > Crimes against journalists or media outlets are prosecuted them. Last year’s MSI study noted that sometimes, authorities vigorously, but occurrences of such crimes are rare. use taxation to penalize newspapers that they consider > State or public media do not receive preferential legal treatment, too critical. and law guarantees editorial independence. > Libel is a civil law issue; public officials are held to higher Journalists generally work and live in a safe environment standards, and offended parties must prove falsity and malice. where they can feel relatively confident, but they are not free from aggression. Furthermore, according to Sékouba Samaké, > Public information is easily accessible; right of access to information is equally enforced for all media and journalists. editor-in-chief of the independent daily Info Matin, reactions to journalist harassment are not very firm. The publication > Media outlets have unrestricted access to information; this is equally enforced for all media and journalists. manager of Les Echos, Alexis Kalambry, mentioned the case of one of his journalists, Sidiki Doumbia, whom the police > Entry into the journalism profession is free, and government held for questioning at their Kita headquarters for two days, imposes no licensing,
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