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Eucalyptus Beyond Its Native Range: Environmental Issues in Exotic Bioenergy Plantations International Journal of Forestry Research Eucalyptus beyond Its Native Range: Environmental Issues in Exotic Bioenergy Plantations Guest John A. Stanturf, Eric D. Vance, Thomas R. Fox, and Matias Kirst Eucalyptus beyond Its Native Range: Environmental Issues in Exotic Bioenergy Plantations International Journal of Forestry Research Eucalyptus beyond Its Native Range: Environmental Issues in Exotic Bioenergy Plantations Guest Editors: John A. Stanturf, Eric D. Vance, Thomas R. Fox, and Matias Kirst Copyright © 2013 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved. This is a special issue published in “International Journal of Forestry Research.” All articles are open access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Editorial Board Han Chen, Canada Kurt Johnsen, USA Timo Pukkala, Finland Chris Cieszewski, USA Chandra Prakash Kala, India Robin Reich, USA Piermaria Corona, Italy Seppo Kellomaki,¨ Finland Scott D. Roberts, USA Qing-Lai Dang, Canada Kihachiro Kikuzawa, Japan Lisa Samuelson, USA Daniel C. Dey, USA Guy R. Larocque, Canada John Sessions, USA Yousry El-Kassaby, Canada Harri Makinen,¨ Finland Hubert Sterba, Austria Edward Farrell, Ireland Azim Mallik, Canada Andrew J. Storer, USA Mark Finney, USA Timothy Martin, USA Michael Tausz, Australia Jianbang Gan, USA Brian C. McCarthy, USA I. B. Vertinsky, Canada Frank Gilliam, USA Guillermo Mendoza, USA Kristiina Vogt, USA Andrew M. Gordon, Canada Ram Oren, USA Contents Eucalyptus beyond Its Native Range: Environmental Issues in Exotic Bioenergy Plantations, John A. Stanturf, Eric D. Vance, Thomas R. Fox, and Matias Kirst Volume 2013, Article ID 463030, 5 pages Eucalyptus and Water Use in South Africa, Janine M. Albaugh, Peter J. Dye, and John S. King Volume 2013, Article ID 852540, 11 pages Environmental and Socioeconomic Indicators for Bioenergy Sustainability as Applied to Eucalyptus, Virginia H. Dale, Matthew H. Langholtz, Beau M. Wesh, and Laurence M. Eaton Volume 2013, Article ID 215276, 10 pages Introduction of Eucalyptus spp. into the United States with Special Emphasis on the Southern United States, R. C. Kellison, Russ Lea, and Paul Marsh Volume 2013, Article ID 189393, 9 pages Survey to Evaluate Escape of Eucalyptus spp. Seedlings from Plantations in Southeastern USA, MacA.CallahamJr.,JohnA.Stanturf,WilliamJ.Hammond,DonaldL.Rockwood,EvelynS.Wenk, and Joseph J. O’Brien Volume 2013, Article ID 946374, 10 pages Evaluating Potential Changes in Fire Risk from Eucalyptus Plantings in the Southern United States, Scott L. Goodrick and John A. Stanturf Volume 2012, Article ID 680246, 9 pages Assessing the Invasion Risk of Eucalyptus in the United States Using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment,DoriaR.Gordon,S.LukeFlory,AimeeL.Cooper,andSarahK.Morris Volume 2012, Article ID 203768, 7 pages A Spatial Index for Identifying Opportunity Zones for Woody Cellulosic Conversion Facilities, Xia Huang, James H. Perdue, and Timothy M. Young Volume 2012, Article ID 106474, 11 pages Diversity of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Associated with Eucalyptus in Africa and Madagascar, Marc Ducousso, Robin Duponnois, Daniel Thoen, and Yves Prin Volume 2012, Article ID 450715, 10 pages Quality of Wood and Charcoal from Eucalyptus Clones for Ironmaster Use,Barbara´ Lu´ısa Corradi Pereira, Aylson Costa Oliveira, Ana Marcia´ Macedo Ladeira Carvalho, Angelica´ de Cassia´ Oliveira Carneiro, Larissa Carvalho Santos, and Benedito Rocha Vital Volume 2012, Article ID 523025, 8 pages History and Status of Eucalyptus Improvement in Florida, Donald L. Rockwood Volume 2012, Article ID 607879, 10 pages Eucalypts and Their Potential for Invasiveness Particularly in Frost-Prone Regions,TrevorH.Booth Volume 2012, Article ID 837165, 7 pages Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Forestry Research Volume 2013, Article ID 463030, 5 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/463030 Editorial Eucalyptus beyond Its Native Range: Environmental Issues in Exotic Bioenergy Plantations John A. Stanturf,1 Eric D. Vance,2 Thomas R. Fox,3 and Matias Kirst4 1 Center for Forest Disturbance Science, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Athens, GA 30602, USA 2 National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA 3 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA 4 University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA Correspondence should be addressed to John A. Stanturf; [email protected] Received 12 March 2013; Accepted 12 March 2013 Copyright © 2013 John A. Stanturf et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The genus Eucalyptus is native to Australia and Indonesia The prospect of widespread planting of these nonnative but has been widely planted in many countries. Eucalyptus species for commercial purposes in the southern United hasproventobeparticularlysuccessfulintropicalandsub- States has again arisen, prompting questions about potential tropical regions. Several species are also successful in some environmental effects. In response, a conference was held in temperate regions, but problems with sudden and severe Charleston, South Carolina, in February of 2012 to review frosts pose limitations. Current plantations around the world the history of Eucalyptus research and culture in the USA are dominated by the “big nine” species (E. camaldulensis, and around the world and to examine potential environ- E. grandis, E. tereticornis, E. globulus, E. nitens, E. urophylla, mental issues surrounding their expanded introduction in E. saligna, E. dunnii,andE. pellita)andtheirhybrids,which the southern USA. Environmental issues addressed included together account for more than 90% of Eucalyptus planted invasiveness potential, fire risk, water use, and sustainability. forests. Much of current tree improvement efforts focus on Papers from that conference, as well as contributions from the use of hybrids and clones, and development of genetically other countries that shed light on these issues, are the subject modified Eucalyptus is already underway. of this special issue. For many reasons, there is increased interest in using wood for energy, and short-rotation plantings of Eucalyptus Background. Two papers in this special issue summarize the will likely be an important source of feedstock [1]. Many history of Eucalyptus plantings in the USA. R. C. Kellison Eucalyptus species have desirable properties for bioenergy et al. discuss the introduction of Eucalyptus species to the plantations, including rapid growth rates and high wood United States while D. L. Rockwood reviews the history and density. The indeterminant growth pattern and evergreen status of tree improvement research activities with E. grandis, foliage allow eucalypts to grow whenever climatic conditions E. robusta, E. camaldulensis, E. tereticornis, E. amplifolia, are suitable. The sclerophyllous leaves of eucalypts allow them and Corymbia torelliana in Florida. Significant plantings of to withstand very dry conditions and may also be an adapta- Eucalyptus in the United States began with introductions tion to low nutrient conditions. However, the same traits that from Australia as a result of the California Gold Rush in 1849. make Eucalyptus attractive for bioenergy and other bioprod- Eucalyptus species were introduced in the southern USA ucts, such as rapid growth, high fecundity, and tolerance of as early as 1878, but no significant commercial plantations a wide range of climatic and soil conditions, also make them wereestablisheduntilthelate1960s.Performanceofselected potentially invasive. species for ornamental purposes caught the attention of 2 International Journal of Forestry Research forest industry and led to species-introduction trials in 1959. appropriate for Eucalyptus plantations and new treatments Cooperative efforts by forest industry and the USDA Forest must be developed to ensure adequate control of competing Service on genetic improvement of selected species for fiber vegetation without seedling damage. production were successful enough to engender interest from industrial forestry companies in the upper South, who estab- Invasiveness. Potential invasiveness was the key concern lished plantations with little attention paid to species or seed addressed at the conference and three papers in this special source. These plantings failed, leading to more systematic issue look at this from different perspectives. T. H. Booth evaluation of 569 sources representing 103 species over a brings a broad perspective from Australia and other coun- 14-year period by the Hardwood Research Cooperative at tries, particularly the potential for invasiveness in frost-prone North Carolina State University. Severe winter temperatures regions. D. R. Gordon et al. apply the Australian Weed Risk in late 1983 and early 1984 and 1985 terminated this effort. Assessment tool that is based on traits associated with invas- Research to develop frost-tolerant Eucalyptus in other regions iveness and experience from other countries. M. A. Callaham of the world combined with moderated temperatures across et al. report on a preliminary field assessment of actual the South has fueled renewed efforts to identify frost-tolerant escapes from Eucalyptus plantings in South Carolina and species adapted
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