Appendix I Authors and editors
Frances Bagenal (editor) Ofer Cohen Laboratory for Almospheric and Space Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Physics Astrophysics UCB 600 University of Colorado 60 Garden St. 3665 Discovery Drive Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Boulder, CO 80303, USA email: [email protected] email: [email protected] Debra Fischer Mario M. Bisi Department of Astronomy, Science and Technology Facilities Yale University, Council New Haven, CT 06520, USA Rutherford Appleton Laboratory email : [email protected] Harwell, Oxford OX 11 OQX, UK email: Mario.Bisi@<;lfc.ac.uk Marina Galand Department of Physics Stephen W. Boughcr Imperial CoHege London Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Prince Consort Road Science Department London SW7 2AZ, UK 2455 Hayward Avenue email: [email protected] University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MT 48109, USA Mihaly Horanyi email: [email protected] Laboratory for Almospheric and Space Physics, and David Brain Department of Physics Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Un iversiLy of Colorado, Boulder, CO Physics 80303, USA University of Colorado email: Mihaly.Horanyi@Jasp. 3665 Discovery Drive colorado.edu Boulder, CO 80303, USA email: [email protected]
327 328 Appe11dL\ I A11rliors and editors Margaret G. Kivel son Palo Alto, CA 94304- I 191, USA Department of Earth, Planetary, and email: [email protected] Space Sciences University of California, Los Angeles David E. Siskind Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567. USA Space Science Division and Naval Research Laboratory Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic 4555 Overlook Ave. SW and Space Sciences Washington DC, 20375, USA University of Mi chigan email: [email protected] Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2143, USA Jan J. Sojka (editor) email: [email protected] Center for Atmospheric and Space Norbert Krupp Sciences Max-Planck-lnstitut for Sonnensystem Utah Stale University forschung 4405 Old Main Hill Justus-von-Licbig-Weg 3 Logan. UT 84322-4405, USA 37077 Gottingen email: [email protected] Germany Tom Stallard emai l: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Jeffrey L. Linsky University of Leicester JILA, University of Colorado and f\lST University Road Boulder, CO 80309, USA Leicester, LE2 3Ar, UK email: jlinsky@ji la.colorado.edu email: [email protected]
Luke Moore Sabine Stanley Center for Space Physics Rm 5 I 6B, Department of Physics Boston University University of Toronto Boston, MA 02215, USA 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON, email : [email protected] M5S I A7, Canada emai I: [email protected] Rachel Osten Space Telescope Science Institute Ji Wang 3700 San Martin Drive Department of Astronomy, Baltimore, MD 2 1218, USA Yale University, emai l: [email protected] New Haven, CT 06520, USA
Carolus J. Schrijver (editor) Brian E. Wood Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory Naval Research Laboratory Lockheed Martin Avanced Technology Space Science Division Center Washington, DC 20375, USA 3251 Hanover Street, Bldg. 252 emai l: [email protected] List of illustrations
2.1 Sketch of 1he now of energy during a llare page 28 2.2 Example radio-optical flare seen on 1hc nearby M dwarf flare star EV Lac 30 2.3 Temperature coverage of chrornosphcric, tran!>ition region, and coronal lines trom different elemcnll> and ionic stages :n '.!A Emission lines in the op1ical and ullraviolct during a wcll-<;tudied flare on 1he nearby flare s1ar AD Leo 35 2.5 Wavelength coverage of filters used in optical al>tronomy 36 2.6 Example stellar Oare X-ray ligh1 curve and corresponding change of temperature-; and ahundances for TZ CrB 40 '2.7 Unusual radio/X-ray flare observed on a pre-main-sequence K-Lype star m the Orion Nehula 47 2.8 Cumulative Oare frequency distributions for different categories of M dwarf 50 2.9 X-ray Oare rate expressed as a percent of observing time for stars of different age 5 1 2.10 Flare frequency dislribulions on mature G-type stars 53 2.11 Flare frequenC) .. dil>tributions on old solar-like stars 5-t 3.1 High-resolution i.pcctra of lhc Mar 36 Oph showing interstellar absorption 58 3.2 Map of Lhe four pallially ioniLcd warm interstellar clouds closest to the Sun 58 3.3 Non-thennal velocities in the intcr~lcllar medium versus temperature 60 3.4 Basic structure of' the global heliosphere o1 3.5 Voyager 2 observations of solar wind 63 3.6 A 2.50 axisymmetric. hydrodynamic model of the heliosphere 65 3.7 The joume} of a Lyman-cv photon; the Ly-cv emission line: and the Ly-a spectrum of a Cen B 66 3.8 Temperawre and density vs. solar distance for diffcrcn1 parameters for the local interstellar cloud 69 3.9 Plausible s1ellar mass-loss rate due lo CMEs as a function of coronal X-ray luminosity 74 3.10 The blue c,idc of the Lyman-a absorption line of :rr 1 UM a 7-t
329 330 List of illustrations
3.1 1 The H I density for a hydrodynamic model of the Jr 1 VMa astrosphere 75 3.12 Mass-loss rate versus X-ray surface Oux density for mai n-sequence stars 76 3.13 The inferred mass-loss history of the Sun 78 4. 1 Spiraling astrospheric magnetic field f'or different stellar rotation periods 82 4.2 Low-resolution maps of the solar surface magneti c field characteristic of cycle minimum and maximum 82 4.3 Longitude-latitude map of the photosphcric radial magnetic field of AB Doradus 83 4.4 Solar surface field map for Carrington Rotation 1958, and as modified for different heliospheric field models 84 4.5 111c three-dimensional magnelic field corresponding to the surface distribution of the photospheric radial magneti c field 84 4.6 Cha nges in cosmic-ray flux and in solar-wind particle flux ob erved by Voyager I around September 2012 86 4.7 Cosm ic-ray energy spec1rum for modeled solar rotation periods of 26 d (c uJTent rotation), IOd, 4.6d, and 2d, along with the local ISM spectrum 88 4.8 Cosmic-ray energy spectrum for models with enhanced dipole and spot components 88 4.9 Sketches of different CME configurations 91 4. 10 Solar CME mass and kinetic energy as a function of fl are energy 95 4. 11 Expected mass-loss rate due to CMEs as a function of different dependencies on coronal brightness and for different maximum and minimum event energies 97 4.12 Comparison between the habitable zone and the areas where strong magnetospheric compression is possible by CMEs 100 4.13 Mass flux for a CME simulalion integrated over 1hree spheres at different heigh is above the planetary surface as a fu nction of time lOl 4.14 Renderings of the number density around a close-in exoplanet shown on the equatorial plane for the initial, pre-eruption state and during the CME evenr 6 h aner the eruption 102 4. 15 CME approaching a planet 102 4. 16 Contours of the temperature displayed on the equatorial plane during a CME event for a close-in planet 103 5.1 Geometry of a Keplerian orbit 105 5.2 Angles defi ning lhe oricntalion of a planetary orbit with respect lo the plane of the sky 105 5.3 Detection of exoplanets over time 108 5.4 Stellar light curve during an cxoplanet transit 110 5.5 Distribution of orbital inclinations for the Kepler transiting planet candidates 112 5.6 Wavelength-dependent limh darkening for HD 209458 113 5.7 Transit curves for different impacl parameters, wilh and without limb darkening 114 List of il/11srrario11s 331
5.8 Time series of transit light curves for HD 189733 11 5 5.9 A sketch of the structure and processes of protoplanclary disks 119 5.10 Primordial disk fractions of s t a r~ in young clusters 120 5.1 1 Masses and radii of well-charactcri1.ed exoplanets and solar-system planets 123 5.12 Planet-metallicity correlation for ga.eape 166 7.6 Ion escape from the Martian atmosphere, organi 7.ed by solar drivers 167 7.7 Density of escaping atomic oxygen ions from Mars at solar minimum and maximum :lS predicted by a global hybrid plasma simulation 168 7.8 Influence of magneric fields on planetary near-space environments I 70 7.9 Measuremenrs of outflowing oxygen ions from Earth's cu'ip regions as function of solar wind Poynting flux 172 8.1 Galileo Probe results showing Jupiter upper-aunospheric mixing ratios 179 8.2 Ju piter thennospheric parameters, based on Galileo Probe measurements 180 8.3 Upper-atmospheric temperature as a function of heliocentric distance for the giant planets 181 8.4 Ionospheric electron-density profiles derived from spacecrart radio occultation experiments at Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune 183 8.5 Ionospheric: model calculations for Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune 185 8.6 Sketch of a meridian cross secti on rhrough rhe Jovian magnetosphere. showing the principal features of the inner and middle magnetosphere regions 194 8.7 UV and IR auroral images or Jupircr 197 9.1 Compositionll of the upper atmospheres of Venus. Earth. and Mars 204 9.2 Effect of varying K:~ on neutral lhermospheric and ionospheric constiluenl profiles 206 9.3 Global mean temperature profiles for solar minimum and maximum conditions for Venus, Earth, and Mar~ 209 332 List of illus1ratirms
9.4 Neutral gas heating and cooling rate profi les for solar minimum and solar maximum conditions 210 9.5 FU V airglow of the Earth 213 9.6 Electron densities from Lhe Mars Express as fu ncti on or solar zenith angle 2 14 9.7 Martian mass density measurements at 130, l 40, 150, and 160 km altitude obtained between 10°-201) N during MGS aerohraki ng 2 16 9.8 Heights of primary electron-density penk showing a wave pattern 2 16 9.9 Earth's FUV airglow showing a wave pallern 2 17 9.10 Calc.: ulated spectrum of the lower-thennospheric vertical wind, monthly averaged (March) al the equator near 115 km 218 9.1 1 Calculated averugc peak F2 electron density for March, 1300 local for three TIEGCM simulations 219 9.12 Perturbations to the ionosphere. both total electron content (TEC) and vertical ion drift from the sudden su·arospheric warming (SSW) of January 2009 221 9. 13 Tonoson
11 .7 Dust Acoustic Wave (DAW) observed in rhe laboratory 267 12.1 Sources of energetic particles in the heliosphere 27 1 12.2 Energy spectra or energetic particles in the heliosphere and for cosmic rays 272 12.3 Bounce-averaged drift velocity, gyroradiu~. and period at Salllrn as a function of energy and L shell 274 12.-l Classification of solar energetic-particle events 275 12.5 CME spatial struclures 276 12.6 Concepts ofpnrticle acceleration in a ~olar gradual event 277 12.7 Intensity-time plots of prutidc /lux e~ ejected from three difforent solar longitude:. with respect to the nose of the shock front 278 12.8 The four phases of a large gradual CME event compared to energ)'-depcndent energetic particle Huxes 279 12.9 Concept of particle acceleration in an impulsive flare 279 12.10 Tr~jectories of cosmic rays in a planetary dipole llcld 281 12. 11 Ga lactic cosmic-ray spectra for various pa11icle population~ 282 12. 12 Two-dimensional integral flux di:.tribulions for electron-; and protons at Jupiter based on the Divine-Garrell/GIRE radiation modcb 282 12. 13 Macrosignaturcs of energetic ions in the inner magnelo\phcrc of Saturn as a function ot L - ~hcll and both local time and latitude 284 12. 1-l Microsignature of Saturn's moon 'fothys, and L-depcndcm:c of radial diffusion coeflicient Du 285 12. 15 Global flow patterns around Jupiter as derived from Galileo energetic particle measurement<; 286 12.16 Intensity of electron~ along and againi.t the magnetic-llcld direction inside Saturn ·s magncwsphere 287 13.1 EISCAT IPS "inglc-s1te intensity Ouctuations 300 13.2 The mu Iii-site TPS experiment 301 13.3 JPS power spectrum and CCF examples 302 13.4 JPS power spcc1ru m example 303 13.5 The scintillation potential of IPS oh'lervations 304 13.6 Comparison of 1hc scintillauon index wi th different IPS observing frequcncie:. 305
13.7 The effect of inc reusing the parallel hasclinc ( Bp3r) in a multi-site observation of IPS 3 10 13.8 Outward-fl owing solar-wind slructure and the UCSD CAT LOS projection 312 119 Example of UCS D LOS mapping onto Carrington maps 313 D .10 Example 30 visualization from the UCSD 3D CAT 3 1~ 13.11 Example ecliptic and meridional cuts cx1rac1ed from the UCSD 3D CAT 316 13.12 Example 1ime-series extraction fro111 the UCSD 3D CAT 318 List of Tables
I. I Titles of the volumes in the Heliophysics series page 3 1.2 Chapters and their aurhors in the Hcliophysil:s sc1ies sorted by theme 3 2. 1 Comparing large solar and stellar flares 24 2.2 Solar/stellar explosive event commonalities 27 3.1 Astrospheric detections from Lyman-a absorption 72 7.1 Present characteristics and climates of the terrestrial planets 148 7.2 Escape velocities Vesc and escape energic~ E for protons and atomic oxygen 159 7.3 Venical extent and important species for upper atmospheric regions of terrestrial planets 160 7.4 Typical properties of the solar wind (SW) and IMF at terrestrial planets 165 8.1 Planetary and atrnosphe1ic properties for the gas giants 178 8.2 Pedersen conductances l:p calcu lated using energy deposition and ionospheric models 189 9.1 Summary of primary tidal forcings for Earth and Mars. 215 10. 1 Properties or the plasmas upstream of selected small solar-system bodies 234 13. I A breakdown or the radio spectrum 291
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Res. 100. 19, doi: 10.1029/94JA02266 Zieger, B., Opher, M., Schwadron, N. A .. Mccomas, D. J., & Toth, G.: 2013, Geophys. Res. Leu. 40, 2923, Joi: I 0.1002/grl.50576 Zuluaga, J. I. & Cuartas. P.A.: 2012, l curu.\ 217, 88 Zurek, R. W.: 1976, J. Almos. Sci. 33. 32 I Zurek, R. W., Barnes. J. R .. Haberle. R. M .. et al.: 1992, Dynamics of the Atmosphere of Mars, 835-933 Index a Cemauri , 59. 65, 76. see also binary stars alkali metal, 145 et Ccn B. 65. I OS Allan Hill s A8 1001. 140 Proxima Cemauri. 49, 77 Allende, 139 a Tau, 71 arnbipolar diffusion, tee diffusion. amb1polar 11. see plasma II nmbipolar elc:ctric fields. see elecuic field. amb1polar II CMa,68 Ampere's Law, 227 ~ Pictoris. 116 ampl itude scintillation, su scintillation. amplitude £ CMa.68 Angriles. 139 K Ct:t, 49 angular momentum l o'~ rate, 93 I; Boo Binary. 76. ree also binary st:us angular mlc. Kepler, '''A' . Jee Kepler angular rate I; Boo A. 76. 77 I; Boo B. 76 angular' elocit}. I/I. 258 rr t UMa, 74, 75, 77 anisotropies. particle. AF', 285 36 Oph, 57 anomalous cosmic ray) (ACRs). 67 Apollo missions. 134. 135 AB Ooradus, 83 Apollo Passive Seismic Experiment. 134 ablation. 183. see also meteoroid ablation Appleton anomaly. see Equatorial lono~pberic Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). 292 Anomaly active regions. see Sun. active regions Archcan era or con. 9. 85 active stars. 49 Artemis mbsion, 244 adaptive optics, I 17 association l'raction. 96 adiabatic condition. .tee magnetohydrodynamics asteroids. 246. see also Br.tillc; Ceres; Eros. Gaspra; adiabatic invariams. 278 Ida: Vesta first. 272. see ofm magne1ic moment cru~tal fields, 140 s.!COnd, 272. me alfo bounce motion dynamo. Jee dynamo, tNeroids third , 273. see also magnetic flux conservation astromctry. 117 adsorption, 157 astronomical unit (AU), 62 :idulthood. stellar, stellar adulthood .iee Astrophysics Data Sy)li!m (ADS), xii aeronomy. 175 astrosphere. 56. 70, 71. 80. see also stellar wind compamtive, 13 a_~1 rospheric magnc11c field (Al\1F). 81. 91 albedo. A. fee Bond albedo Eanh's. 85 Aracama Large Milli mctcr/submillirne1er Army (ALMA), 79. 118 Alfveu point, 93, 98 atmosphere. 175 Alfven speed. v A. 93. 2:l I Alfvcn surface. 93 exobasc. 159-161. 162. see also escape Alfvcn "a>t!S, see wave~. Alfven exosphere, 160. 177. 198, 202 Alfven \l.ings, 237. 239. 245 exosphere, swfacc-bOund, 175 Alfvcnic Mach number.. 1ee Mach number, Alfvcnic global energy budget. 153 Algol systems, 26, ue alw binary stars hererosphere. 177. 201 . see also atmosphure, upper 366 Index 367 homopause. 160. 177. 179, 188. 201. 203. 204. ~ec e:>..oplancts. ~ee cxoplancts. circumbinary 11/.w Jupiter, homopausc: Mars. homopause: nares. see flares. bmal) )\ar): magnetic turhopause reconnection. binary srars homo>phere, 177. 201, see nlso aLmosphere, lower: orbits, W'l' astro111clry atmosphere. turbopau!ie rot:ition rate. 26 ionosphere. ree ionosphere tidall)' locked. 55 10\'er. 13. 159. 175. 177. 202. 203. 211. su aim hirefringent medium. 12::? atmosphere, homo~phere. mrnosphere, 81rkdand currents. 187 sir:uosphere: aimo;,phcrc. 1roposphere birth. ~ee stellar binh me~opause, 160, 208 Boltrn1ann constant. k or k 8, 159, 179 planetary, 11. 147 Bond albedo. A. 153, 154 ~tcllar. I 13 bounce motion, J. :?.72 ..1ee also adiabatic inv:iri:inr~. ~tra1osphere. I SJ, 215, see tJfo• atmosphere. lower: second: magnetic mirronng gas giant. stratosphere: sudden srr.nosphenc bow shock (BS). 15. 60. 72. 235. 240. 270. •<·e alw warmings Eanh. bo"' ~hod. heliosphere. structure 1hennosphere. 159. 177 • .~u 11/.w a1rnosphere. bo\\ wave. 6~ upper: Earth, thenno;phcre: gas giant. Braille. asteroid. 247 1hcnnosphere; Mai'S, thennosphere: terrestrial bremsstrahlung, 27, 10. 44, 197 planets. thennosphcrc brightness rempcrmurc. 31 troposphere, tee atmo~phcrc. lower: gas giant: hroadband photometry. ree photometry. broadband troposphere; terrestrial pl:lnet~. troposphere bulk escape. fee escape. hulk rurbopause. 203. 204. ~ee a/w atmosphere. homopause Call1>to. see Jupiter. llK> cyclo1ron maser insrabili1y. ti'<' in~1ahili1ies, cyclnlrnn Jii.>ociarivc charge exchange . .fee charge e~chang0. lllUS dissociative disturbance factor ll!vel. iet• g- le~e l n 1ee diffusion. coefficient. molecular diurnal tides. fet udcs. diurnal d.ut maner. 116 d\1e flare ,.1ar.. ~t(' U\1 arr > I~. dMc flare Sl;\J"\ DAW!\ .pacccmf1. 2.+7 Doppler broadening. I 09. 1ee alw line broad~ning d:iyglow. 175, 208 Doppler effect. I06 dc·~crccning e' cm. 70 Doppler pararnelen, ( b J. 59 dcnd 1one. ff<' 1.li~ks. iuninniun Doppler shift. 34. 106. 108. 109. 12 1, 293 deb1i~ disk, fee disks. dch1 j, Ooppler 1cchniquc. 106. 107. 111. 117 . .!l'I' 11/tn rad1:il Ucbyc '>hie lding Jcng1h. >.n. 266. ue also pla~ma veloci1y. obscrv:uion~ ~hic lding d1s1ance dnft of particle; dcutcnum (DJ. xii. 57. I ~O hy neu1ral ~md 185 d1flu:.c aurora. fee aurom. <.hllu!.C curvarure. t'c. 271 d1ffu~mn t X 8,V£.2l3.2J7,27] :unbipolar. J 85 gradien1, 11c. 271 coefficie111, e{ldy. K. 203 Hall. 193. see 11/w curreni. Hall . eleclric fidd, Hall cocf'ticiem. molecular. D, 203 101al, i!, 273 cocllic1cnt. md1al. H. 21).+ vertical. 220 eddy, .~ee diffusion. cc1t:tfo:urnt, eddy: d1ffu>1on. drift tcnu. 84 1urtuknt Dungey cycle. 16. 190 equmion. 283 ruta1ionally domma1ed. 191 magnetic. JO. 128 du\I, 15 . .+4. 25 1, 268 molecular. J77. 201. see a/\'o diffusion. cocfficienl. charging. H'I' curre111s, charging. 255 molecular cometary. 2.+8 particle. 165. fee alro diffu~ion. molecular de1ec1ors. 268 tenn. 84, t 28 disk. see disks rurhulent. 177. 205. ti'<' "fo' chffusion. codfa:ienl, elTech\e po1cntml. U. 259 eddy equation of motion. 257 velocil). 204 C>c:lpe \dOOI}. l'cu<1p<· 261, ~ee alw csc dMc lltu'C stars. 49 effect of GCRs, .tee galactic cosmic rays. effect on exoplanets, 98 E:irth field swngth. 82 energy absorbed. ~ee tcrrewial planets, energy Oare rate. 42 absorbed flares . .see flares. dwarf star~ hi~tory. 78. see also Archean era: Faint Young Star lensing. l 16 Problem; Late Heavy Bombardment magnetic activity, 6, 90. w•e also magnetic activity ionos1Jhere. see ionosphere. Earth's mnltiwavelengch flares, 42 life, 9. 12. 87 photosphere, 50 magnetic activity, ~ee magnetic activity. radio Oares, 31 geomagnetic ~o lar neighborhood. 49 magnelic field. I 0. see lllw Dungey cycle: dynamo. spin rate. 48 Earth's ultracool, 50 magnetosphere. see magnetosphere. Enrth's white-light flares. 27. 34. 37. 41, see nl.fo llares, m:mtlc, see mantle whi te-light mi s~i ons, 202 X-ray emission. 48 Moon. ~ee Moon. Earth '~ dynamic pressure, see pres~ure. dynamic pla~ma source. 192 dynmno. 6, 169, ~ee al.wi crustal magnetic fields radiation belts. see radiation belts, Eanh '~ action, 127. 129 reflex solar velocity. tee rcOex solar velocity asteroids, 139, 246 surface pressure. 152, ue als" cerrestrinl planets, a~t rop hysical. 10 surface pressure binary stars. 8 surface temperature, 93, we aLw terrestrial planets. Eanh':., 10. 130, 137. 146. fet! also Eanh, magnetic su1face temperature field thcmlOSphere. 209. tee ulso atmosphere. electric field, see electric field. dynamo thcrmosphere; tcrre~t rial planets, thcm1o~phcre exoplanet. 140 tides, 217, .fee also tcrre;trial plwiets, tides; tides Ganymede's. 11. 134, 240 ve locity. see HORIZONS ephemeris system gcn..:rntion, 26 volc:111ic activity. ue volcanic activity ice giants'. 137. 144 wava~.auuospbcric.219.223 ionosphcric.220,222 cccentncity. e. 105, 121. .1ee also terrestrial planets. Jovian, 136 eccentricity Kronian, 136 eddy diffusion. see diflusion, eddy; diffusion. lunar. I I, 134 coefficient. eddy Ma11ian, 133, 169 effective temperamrc. see temperature, effective Mcrcunan. 132 Einstein ring, J 16. see alw 111jcrolensing technique planetary. 10, 126. 129 EISCAT Svalbard Radar CESR). 298 planetesimals. 11. 139 EK Ora. 34. 47 sell-sustaining. 127, 128 electric field. see also conductivity; Ohm's Law shut down, 10, 133 ornbipola r, 162 source region, 7, 128 convection. J:.'sw. 164 Venusian. 169 co-rotational, Er. 257. 259, 261 dynamo. 213 £ x 8 drift. see drift of paniclc~. £ x 8 Hall. 163. see alS ellip1iciry. >ee eccenuicity gas gian1, 112. 115, 119, J 23. see also cxoplaner~. ellipse. 105 hol Juplll!rs: rnigra1ion, planetary elonga1ion angle, 297 habirabil ity, tee httbllability: habitable planer: F.nceladu;. 183. 192. 245, fe<' ulso Saturn. nwon> habitable zone energetic neutral a10~ (ENA~). 162 . .154. 32 I. 11•t hol Jupuers. 98. I06. 144. ue altn gas gian1 ciltn inte~lellar 11i.:d1um. neutral:. ice giants. 144. \ti' alw ice giants ENLIL model. 321 mass.106. 117. 122.121 equatorial looosphenc Anomaly (EL.\). 212 radius. 111, 122 Equa1orial Spread F (ESF). 223 rocky, see 1erres1rial pl:mets Eros. 247 super-Earth~. 141 erup1ivc cvcnls. see explosive cvcn1s 1rans11ing. 11 O. 1ee (1/vo rncl inalion, 1ransit ing e~cape, 12, 161, 177 exoplaners: ligh1curve, transit bulk. 163. 170 exosphere. ue auno~phcre. exosphere du~I . ;ee ci/so dust. c~upc vcloclly. 253 expansion coefficien1. thumal. see thermal expansion cncrg)', 159 coeffic1enr hchophys1cal drivers. 164 explosi1e .:~.:nl,.,, :!3. :!5. 26. 28, 38. 43. 47. ree alw hydrodynamic. 157 coronal mass ejection. !fares ion ou1flow. 162. 170 extreme ultraviolet (EUV). 164 ions. 162. 163. 166, 169, 173. sl'e also ion pickup ex1remcly long baseline (ELB). 3IO. 311. 315, ree Jean\. 161. I65. I 70 11/so baseline magnc1ic fields in fl uence. 12. 169. tt•e alw magnetic shield Fain1 Young Siar problem or Faim Young Sun neutrons. 281 paradox. 78. 93, 97 photochemical. 162. 165. 171 Faraday rOlarion (FR). I 8. 292. 294. 322., see afro n11e. atmospheric. 12. 163. 171 coronal mass eJ~tlon. Faraday roration: r3te. ions. l 68 ionosphere. Faraday roia1ion solar~ ind innuencc. 16-' Faraday's Law. 227 speed, ve"'" 158. see 11lrn dusl, escape velo<.:ity fas1 mode waves, see waves, fast mode spunering. 162. 165. 170, 237, 254. 264 Fe snow. see iron ~now t hcm1al. see escape. Jeans Fermi acceleration, 277. 1ee alwi shock. accelera1io11 10 space. 158. 164. I 7'i FK Com sys1cms. 26. fl't' ulso bmary !ltar!I escape vclocny. 11,H.. tu dust. eo;cape velocily; FK Comae. 91. 1·ee a/.10 gianr Stars c...cap.:, speed tlares, tee alw coronal ma~s ejection. relation 10 Europa. 243. 245, 284 flares: CAplo!l1vc cvcnrs. magneric reconncc1ion: Europl:M lncoheren1 SCATtcr (EISCAT) radar Neupen Etrec1 relationship facility. 298. 302, 303 binary s1ars, 8. -'6, 52 European Space Agency (ESA). 11 7, 276 continuum, 36. 42 EV Li1c, 77 disks, 91 e~aporation. chromospheric, tee chromosphere. d1>.arf ~tars. 37. 41. ~u aim dwarf stars. flt1r.! raic: e"apora11on dwarf 51~. "hue-light C\Ol>a~e. tempcratun:. 27 -29, 3 L 37, 39 cx:cull:uion. 14, 179, 1115. 188. 295. 1ee also tracers. 27 occult~111on triggering, 90, 275 rings. 268 white-light. 36. 37, 45. 54. see also dwarf stars, \ pacecr:if't. 176 white-light str:uosphcrc, 177. see also :iunosphere. stra1osphere X-ray, 30. 39. 45 1hcnnal ~tructure , 180 flow velocities. t,.. 285 them10,phcrc. 13. 177. 179. see al.10 atmosphere. flux rope,., magm:uc. 319. 324 thcn11oi.phcre flux tube interchange, 16. 192. 194 tropo,phcre. 177. tee also auno~phcre. lower Fomalhaut. 11 6 uppcrarmosphere. 14. 175. 176. 1116. 193. 198. footpoint. 81. 276 199. 295. ~ee also atmosphere. upper gas lll'C ~Mll'C, see prcs~ure. thermal motion ~ . 91 Forbush. Scoll, 275 Gusprn. 246 Fresnel diMancc, 108 Geiger counler;. 273 Fresnel filter. 308 Gemini Planet lmager. l 16 g.:m:r.tl l·ircul:111on models {GCMs). see global Fresnel r:u.hu>. "I· 309 c1rcul,111on model Fresnel spatial frequency. q I, 308 gcodynanro. m.' dynamo, E.'lnh's Fresnel L.One, '109 gcomagnctrc secular variation. 131. I J2 frozen-in field condi11on. 192. 229 gcornorphologic evidence. 152 fusion, 7 giunt i1111x1cl . .I('(' impact giant planets. 1ee gas gi:int .((·level, 312 giant star:.. xii. 25. see a/<11 FK Comae Gaia mission. 117 "ind. 71 galactic bad.ground ;ynchrotron emission. ue GJl214b. 14-1 synchrotron emission. galactic background GL 229 B. 116 Galactic bulge. 54 global cin:ulalion model (GCM). 145. 207. see "Lw Galactic Co;rnic Ruy> (GCRs), 8. 'i6, 63. !14. 280. see Thcrmosphcre Ionosphere 131ectrodynamics also h e lio~phere , shielding of Oul:1<.:tic Co~mic GCM Rays: supernova. debris Global Ohscrvations of Limb and Disk (GOLD), 202. cffcc1 on Eanh, 8. 56, 70, 85. 86 :m Galactic magnelic field. 322 Gloh:il Positioning Satdlitc (OPS). 324 GALEX satellne. 5 1 Global UV l111agcr (GUVI), tee Them10,pherc Galilean sat.:llrte>. w:e Jupiter. moons, Galilc:w lon o~p herc Mesosphere EnergcLic; ruid Galileo mission. 134. 176. 246, 260. 285 Dynanucs. Global UV lm:igcr Orbiter, 2-10, 243 GOES •ntcllilc. 94 Pmbe, 178, 179. 181 gradicni drifl. ,ire drift of particlco. gmd1enl Ganymede. 15. 146, 240, te<' al.to Jupit er. moons, gradual cvcms. 276, 277 . .ret• 11/.w tfares, gradual phase G11lilean grmlual nare phase. see llarcs. gradual phase dynamo. (l'f dynamo. Ganymede\ grain sire. tee dus1. gr.iin size magncto>phcrc . .ree magnetosphere, Ganymede's granulmion. 109, 1ee alsu convecti,•e granules ga. constanl. see uni,•ersal gas cons1:in1 grav11y waves. 1ee waves. gra\'il} gas gi:mt, 5. 6, 175. tu fllso cxoplanct ~. gru. g1an1: gray atmosphere u•sumption. 153 exoplanct>. hol Jupitcrs; ice gi:ints; Jupi1er: grccuhou•cgn~e•. 11, 149, 155. 164 Neptune: Smum; Ur:inus grou1> l'Clocity, 118 , see waves. group velocity aurora, 196, Sl't> al.w1 aurora gyrofrcqucncy. 27 1 climates, 148, .1·ce alsu climnte dU~I, Wµ. 258 conductivity. 189. ~ee also conductivity electron. 32 dust, 268 ion. 184. 188 dynamo. 116. tee afro dynamo, ice gi:in1>; g)l'OHldlU'>, r~. 246. 259. 271, 273 dynamo. Jo\ i:m; dynamo, Kronian ion. p,. 237 energetic p:irticles, 283 gyrosynchrotron emission, 29, 31. 46. tee alw energy input, I 53. 180 synchrotron emission fo1mation. 118. 119. see 1.1/~o 111igr:it ion HI emission. 186, see also J-Jj 11t. 14. 188. 199 ionosphere, 1ee ionosphere. gas giant cooling, 198 m:igncrospherc. tee magnewsphcre ionospheric composition. 182. 183 me1:illici1y. 124 1\!comb111:111on rate. 184 Index 373 thcnnal emission. 14, 186 clus1 ohser,utiuns. 1·et• 11/so dust. 11 fl l1ahitahility, 140. 148. 16..J exoplanet detection. 111 . l 14. see 11/.10 cxopl a n cr~. habitable planet. 2. 98. 147. 173 raa/r11e1wplm1et>. dewction Em1h-like hydrogen >Htll nbwrpuon. see (l/.w hydrogen wall. hlhitahle /One. 2. 9. 70. 98. 100 65 Hall cond!K:U\'11)'. see conductivity. Hall spoke observation~. 261 Hall current. photometry. 53 magnetic activity. 9. 25. 52. 54. 55 . .fee alw coronal planets, 122 mass ejection: explosive events: flares transiting planet search. 111 dwarf stars. ue dwarf stars, magn~Uc ncuvily Kcplcrian orbital velocity. 192. 259 geomagnetic. IO. 207. 322 Kilp1sj:ini Atmosphenc Imaging Receiver Array <>Olar, lee Sun, magnetic activity (KAlRA). 299. 303. ue lllm JPS capable stellar. 73. 77. 80. 89 syMems magnetic braking. 25. 77. 93, 98. see also sol:ir wind. Ko1,ai penurbation. 121 magnetic braking Kroman. see Saturn m:ignetic diffush•lly. >.. l 27 magnetic fields. R. 2. 16, .1·ee also dynamo; Parker L-shell, 284 Spiral Lambcn-Bt:er Law. 182 influence;: on escape. fee escape. magnetic field' Londau d:unping, 266 influence Langmuir probe equatioM. 256 magnetic Rux consen:uion. fee conservation. Laplace. Pierre-Simon, 118 magncnc nu, LASCO. fet> Solar and Hcho-,phenc Ob>ervatol). magnetic nu, rop~. see nu, rope>, magnetic L'll'gc Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph Magneric Induction Equation. 127 e~perime nt magnetic loop, 31. 38. 81, 277, fee also flux ropes. laser scauering. see scattering, laser magnetic: loop semi-length Lat<: Heavy Bombardment. I. 9, 85 magnetic mirroring. 187. 195. ue lllm bounce Legendre polynomials, 257 motion: mirror force Leo cloud. see clouds magnetic rnomcm. µ.. 272 1ee hfe. habitability planetary. M. 99. 243. 273 hght curve magnetic perme:1b1ht)'. µ. 127 nan:. see flare. light curve permeability of vacuum, 110. 228 radio. 29 magnetic pressure. tee pres~ure. magneuc RM. see Rossirer-McLaughlin effecL. 12 1 magne1k re<.:onncction. 190, 242 tnmsit. 112, 113 binary >tar~. 46. see also binary scars lightning. 57. 85 explosive evenh. 26. IC't' also explosive evenrs >lOml>. 186 limb darkening. 11::!. 113 Rares. 24. 27. 91. 278. see also flares unpulsi\c c~cnts, 7 line broadening. 34. 1ee ul10 r>oppler broadening hnc of nodes. 106 1mcrchangc. 92 line of sight (LOS), 297 magneio~phcre. 15. 16. 280. see aim Dunge; cycle; line ratio. 59 Vasyliuna~ cycle line >hi ft, see Doppler shift pruticle acceleration. 277 Living With a Star (LWS), x. xi Magnetic R eynold'~ Number. see Reynold 's number. Local Bubble. see Local Cavity magnetic Local Cavit;. 68 rnagnetic shield. 2. 99, I 00, 171. see also Galactic local imersrellar cloud CLIC) •.1ee clouds Co!>mic Ray>. effect on Eanh: heliosphere. shielding of Galactic Cosmic Ra)~: local inccrstellar m~ i um. 1ee intcr..tellar medium. local magncto~'P~n.: loop >Cllli -length. 41. 46. 1u nlso flares. length scales magne1ic ten>1on. 91, see also curvature force Lorent?. Force law. 12.9, 271 magnetic tran~ition region. 32 Low l"rcqucncy Array (LOFAR), 299, 324. see all'IJ magnetic trap. 27. 29 I PS capable system> magnetism lower :itmosphere. 1ee atmosphere, lower planetary, I 0 Lunar Pro>pcclOr. 134 stellar, 6 lunar quakes. 1ee Moon. Eanh·~. quakes magne10-mtarional 1n~13bility (MR I>. Iet tn\tabilitie~. mngneto-roiational MA. set Mach Number. Alfvcnic magnetohydrodynamic~ (MHDI. 227. 1ee alw Mach number, 249 conser\'ation. Max .... ell 's equations Alfvenic. MA. 15. 61. :rn. 2.11. 242 adiabatic condition. 228 nmgnctosonic. Mm 1 • 15. '.133 ideal. 228 sonic. 15, 230 model. 86 11i:1c.-rosigna1ures. see moon absorption features. processe~. 24. 126 m.1crosignature~ magnetometer. 268 m:ignc>ium silicates. 141 magnetopause. ~u magnetosphere. magnetopau..c 376 Index magnerosonic Mach number. M 111 ,. fee Mach number. seasons. 11. 21 I. see also terrestrial pl:inets. mugm.:1osonic >cason:il variations magncrosonic waves . .Me waves, fast mod..: su rface features. 12. 152 magnerospherc. 15. 126. 278. see olso dynamo thcnnosphcrc. 208. st·e <1/so a1mospher.:. comp:tct. 162 thermosphere: terrestrial planets. lh..:rmosphere currenrs. 14, ree afro current: 1ono)pherc, cunents. tides. 220. ue also t crrc~tri al planets. rides: tides Jupiter, current ~yMcms Lilt ..1u Mars, obliquity dusl, 1·,,e dust, in magneiosphcrcs upper atmo~pherc. 224. 296. see also a1111uspherc, Eanh\. 240 upper: tcrre>trial planets. upper armosphere encrgcuc particle d1Mnbution, 283 \\:Sier conrent. 149. 152 now~ . 19 1 Mars Atmosphere Volmilcs Experimen1 {~AVEN). Ganymede's. 241 173, 202. 208, 225 induced. l ,'.11m:i~. 1ee Saturn, moon~ old age. fee Mc liar old age m1111-magnctosphcres. 169. 213 open-closed lield lin~ boundary, 17. 169. 286. ue f1fo1 min-or force. see til.10 magnelic mirroring aurora: Dungey cycle min·or point. 195. 273. 286 . .f('(! also magnetic Ophiuchus. 56. 118 mirroring optical depth. t. 111. I ~1 molecular diffu~ion cooffic1ent. 1ee diffu>ion. spokes. 204 cwflicient. molecular Onon 'lebula ('lu,lcr. 45. 47. 11 8 momentum equati11n, 1rt 1:011..crvauon. momentum s1ar-fom1ing region. 11 6 equation orography, 2 19 moon ah\orpllon >ignnturc> outer planets. 1ee ga> gianl 111acrosigna1ures, 28:1 uutgassiag. volcanic. 157. 158 rmcro~ignaiurcs. 28.! Ol'ertum time. 25 Moon. E:mh's. 15. 233. 244 :umosphcre. see atmo~phcre. e~osphere. p-mode oscillruion,. 109 >url:lcc-bound P-point. 297. 304. 307. JO& conductivity. 234. 1ee ,1lw cumlucti\ it) pateomagnetism. no. 114. 139. 1.io crw.tal held:.. 134 Purker Spiral. 81 dynamo . .1ce dynamo. lunar Pedersen conduclt\ ity. vu conductiviry. Pederc:er1 qual.cs. 134 Pedersen current, 1ee cu rrent. Peder.en /vluhi-Elcmcm Radio-Linked lntcrfcromctcr Nc1worl. periastron !MERLIN!. 298 passage. 46. I0(•. 121 point of. 105 l\agoya Lnhers11y. 298 pcn-ncabihty. .>ec magncuc pcm1eability nanofl:ire heating hypc.llhc'1'. 42 pen-ninivity NASA. x. 111. 202. 217. 276. 121 clec1ron. i·. 30.l 'lnl1onal Cearer for Auno>ph~nc Re!>earch (NCAR). 'acuum (of free \pace). to. 255. 304 218 phase speed. u11 11, S<'t' wave~. phase speed Nuvy Operational Global Atmospheric Prcdicrion photochemical .:qutlibrium. see phorochcmi~lry. Sys1cm -Advanced U:vel Phy~ics High Alllludc equilibrium cNOGAPS-ALPHA\. 21K phot dust. 16, 258 total. 2.18. 24 1 solar wind, 66 primordial disk, .tee disks. primorchal Pioneer Band 9. 253 Project 1640. I 16 Pioneer 10 1md I t. 176 protoplonetnry disk, see disks, primordial pitch angle, a. 195. 27 1. 286 Proxi ma Cemauri, see a Ceniauri planet-planet seauering, 6. 121 PSR 1257+ 12. 107 planetary oco.:ultation, tee radio occultation puls.1r. 17. 72. 292, 322. 324. 325 planeresi mals. 139 timing. 107 dynamo. sel' dynamo. planete.~im."tls feeding grou nd , 11 9 quasnr. 17. 292, 294 planets quasi-neut rality condition. 265 . .vee also charge dwarf gns. 6 neutrality gas giant, tee gas giant quw.i -stella r radio source. see quasar terre.~trial . 6. see terrcstrinl planets, 147 quasi-two-day wave (Q2DW), see wave.s, plasma fl, 15. U. B I. 233 quai.1-two-da) plasma frequency. wp or J,.. 32. 3!» plasma pn:ssun:. fl!t' pressure, thennal radar. 290 . .vet also LPS capable systems plasma shielding distance. 'Ao. 264. ue also Debye cchoe;. 292 shielding length rnd inl ve locity, 106, 121 plasma wave, .IN! wuves, plasma ohservations. 108. 109. l 11. see also Doppler plasmoid, t63. 194 technique Pleiadcs. 46. 5 1 stellar semi-amplitude. see stellar rad ial velocity plwnes. see o.:ryo\olcanism; Enceladus se mi-amplitude Pluto, 148, 177. 249 radi:1tion belts. 16. 270. 280. 281 point of periastron, m • periastron. point of Eanh·~. 273. 281 Poisson's equation, 228 Jupncr's. J96. 28 1 Polar Me~os phcri c Cloud~. 220 Saturn's, 281 potential. sel! duot. effective potential: electric radiation uamage. 56 potential; scintillation. potential radimion pressure, see pressure, radial ion power-law distribut ion. 42 radiative-<:onvcctive boundary. 145 Poynling nux , 17 1 radiative equilibrium. 153 Poynting- Robenson drag. 44. 118 radia1 ive hydrodynamics. see hydrodynamics. pre-main-sequence stars. 43. 45, see aim T Tauri stars radiative precipitation, 195 radiative recombination, see recombination. r.1diati ve acceleration. I!!!! radiative transfer models, 41 atmosphcnc heating, 13. 180, tee al.m Joule heating radiative zone. 6 aurora, 187, 196, 197 radio conductivity. 189 aurorae. ue aurora. radio current closure, 188. 193 bursts. J'.:!. 276. 278, 292, see al.w gyrosynchrotron ionization.. tee ionization. impact; ionization. emission: flare.~. radio. 320 precipitation flare. set narcs, radio pbolo~phere. 27 great St OnlL~. 290 radio emi~~ion . 196 light curve. Tee light curve. radio X-ray emission, 14. 197 occull:ition. I 8. 179. 18 2, 207, 293, 294. see al.w pressure, see also pla~ma f\ occultntion balance, 69, 169 scinrillation. see scintillation, rad io dynamic. 70, 99, 228. ue also solar wind. ram spccLnun, 290 pressure radiogenic heating, 139 electron. 163 radiolysb. 17 gas, see pres~ure. thermal ram pn:$~ure. see pressure. dynamic magnetic. 15. 169. 228, 23 1, 232. 234, 241 random walk. 6. 8 penurbatio~ . 230. 2J t Rayleigh Taylor instability. fte instabililies. Rayleigh plasma •.w•e pre.%ure. thennal Tay lor radiation. 16. 44. 72. 253 recombination ram. see prcs~ ure , dynamic chcmicnl, 205 solar wind . .vee solar wind, ram prcssur..: dissocia1ive recombinalion. 162. 184. 205. 214 surface, su tcrre;Uial planels, surface pressure radimivc. 182. 205 lhcnnal. p, 227. 232 r:ite.200 /11dex 379 rc<:onncction. see magncuc reconnection mul1i-site olh.:rvulions.197. 306 nincx 'elocity potential. 306, 30~ solar, 106 po11-er spectrum. 309 Mcllar. 106. 122 radio, '293. 106 refracrive inde>i:. 11. 294, 300, 303 solar wind. 289 refractory clements. 70. 118 Scorpio-Centauru:. Association, 57 Reynold's number. magncuc. ReM. 10. 138. 145 <:creens. s.ee scattering ~recns Rhea. 244 seasons. see dust <;torm, season, ~fars. seasons. rings. nngs. see also gas giant. rings <;easons: 1crrcsuial planets. seasot1al varinuons atrno;,phere connection. 183. 184. 187 secondary eclip~e. 1 12 panicle absorption, te<' al.s11 moon absorption secondary electrons. 181, tee also second;1ry paniclc~ signatures. micros1gnucurcs. 283 secondary prutic:lcs. 281. vee also secondary elec1rons ~casons. 263 secular migration. Sl'I! migr:uion. secular rocky planets. see terrestrial planets seismic anisotrop}. 131 Ro,.:tta spacecraft. 248. 26 7 seismic w:ivei., 111 Ro'i~hy number. 25 seismology. 130. 13.t Ro;;iter-McLaughhn (R~ll effect. 121 o,cmi-ampli1udc. ue Mellar radial velocity rotmion mea~ure (RM). 323 semi-ampluude RS CVn systems. see also binary stars, 26 semi-diurnal tides. see tides. semi -diurnal semi-li!ngth, ~ee loup semi-length Smurn. 146. see alsu gr1; g1am semi-major axis. :i. I 05. I 1 l aurora. see aurora, Saturn scmi-minoraxb. b. 105 Bring. 261. 264 shielding. see magnellc shield dnO velocities. 273 shielding dismncc. plasm:i. 'i.v. ~ee plasma ;h1elding duSt.261 distance dynamo. see dynamo. Kronian shock,230.233.238,246,249 homopause. I 99 accel~rmion processes, 270. 280, .1ee olso Fcrrni ionization. 199 accelernt ion ionosphere. see iono;phcrc. Satumian bow. see bow shock lightning storms. see lightn111g, storms CME, ree coronal ma;s ejection. shock frunt niagneiosphere. ~ee magm:toi.-phcrc. Sarumian comet. see comel. shock moons. 283 . . \IOnm. see du,1 'IOnns: hghming. siorms: magne1ic surface gravity. xii, 25 ;ictivi1y, geomagncl1c: ratho, great s1om1s; ;olar surface maJ!ne1ic field, ti'<' crustal fields: dynm110; o;1onns: substorms photosphere. 111:tgnc1ic fie ld 'trmo:.phcrc. vee utmo;phcrc. >tr:11osphcrc :;urface po1en1ial. ¢, II!<' elcctnc potcllllal, >Urfacc ~1rcam in1eraction region 1<;1R I. 321. 'ee tilso surfOk:e pressure. see 1crre,1rial plane1s. -.urfnt•c Co-rom1ing ln1craction Rc,\!ions pre.o;;,ure 'uhg1nn1 ,1;irs. 25 surface 1empera1\lre. 11'1' stellar lempcra1urc: 1crrc>lnal \Ub>1om1s. 190 planc1s. surfac..: 1cmper.iturc >llddcn s11a1osphcnc warmings CSSWs). 220 Swami con,1ella1ion, 146 <;un. ix S1,1,irl emission. see aurora. Swirl em1~'1on act he regions. 112. 90 <.ynchrotron cmis;1on. 31. 141. 280. see 11/so A:trc ~. age, SI synchro1ron: gyrosynchrotron cmi~siun chromosphere. l 64. It'<'"''" chromosphere beam. see <1ls11 pu lsar. I 07 corona.38.40. 164.277.289.290.297.323.fee galactic bad;ground. '23. 326 alw corona; occult:it1011. rndm:. C}Cle. tu solar cycle T Tauri ~1ars 1TTSl. 97. vre al.10 young ~lcllar OOJCCh dmmc1cr. I 0 classical. 44. 45. 47. 87. 91 t•volution. 7. 15-1, 11'<' 11/\11 ~olar-like star; 1-.cak-lined. 44. 4:'i cxplo~ivc events. see explosive eve111s Taum> Molecular Cloud. 45 field ~1reng1 h, 82 temperature, T ll:ire. see Hares. solar auroral spot. 199 h1~1ory. vee Sun. cvoluuon bngbtness. >e<' bngh1ncss 1cmpera1ure irr:ichance. 'ee mad1:1m.:.:. -.olar: solar constant cold gas. (i'f' cloud,, 1cmpcra1ure mn{!neuc ac1i\'il)'. I. 9. 14. ~1. 86. 1ee alw coronal d1~I.;. ~ee di>k>. 1cmpera1ure mas-. ejection: llruc:.: >ol:u cycle dTec1fre. Tcff· \II, 31. 153 magnetic field. fee helio-.phere. Sun, photo,pheric flares . .tee Aare<., 1empcra1ure magnetic field photoionized g:•>. '197 mass-lo~s ra1e. 38, 7J. <>4. \l't' 1t/su muss-Jo;; ra1c solar. SN! Sun. 1c111pcrnturc rncasun:mcms. 289 s1ellar. see stellar 1cmperature phowspheric magnetic hdd. 83. 87 l<'m:strial planets. '<'e lcm:strial planers, <,urfacc retk~ >Olar velocit). 1ee reflex ,oJar veloc:i1y temperature: 1crres1nal planets, 1cmpcra1urc ru1a11on r:ue. 86. see alsCJ Camngton 11'1aiion profile 'pcc1rum. ~ii, 201 Telh}>. (ee Sarum. n11')()n> >urroundmgs . .see clou troposphcre, 211. 217. 219, 224. ue al.w van Allen. Jamt!s, 273 atmosphere. lower variable star catalog. see catalogs. variable star upper atmosphere. 203. 208. 2 11 , 220, .tee also Vasyliilnas cycle, l94, see olso nux tube interchange at mo~ p he re, upper: Mars. upper atmosphere Venus. 148, 1('1' ulsn terrestrial planers volcanic activity. see volcanic activity deuterium to hydrogen muo. 150 theory of special relath ity, I 06 dynamo. ue dynamo. Venu~ i :in thennaJ conduc11vity. m! conducth•ity, thermal magnetosphere, see magneto~pherc. induced thermal con•ccuon. ree convection. thennal rotation. 204 thermal esc.ipe, H'e escape. Jeans ~u rface. 12. 151 thermal expansion coefficient. rx. 128 water content, 149 thcnnal prc~~urc. see pressure, therm:il Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), 299 tbem1osphere, .t<'e atmosphere. thermosphcre very-long-baseline interferometry (VL BJ). 294 Thermosphcre Ionosphere Eleclrodynamics GCM Vest::i, 140 • .tel' alw as1croids (TIEGCM). 218 Viking Lande~. 207 Tbermosphere lono~phcre Mesosphere Energetics and "iscos1ty. 10. 142. 191 Dynanuc~ (TIMED). 202 volatile materials. 122. 157 Global UV lmager (GUVI). 205 volcanic ocuv11y. 12. 16, 157, 259 . .tee aim Sounding of the Atrnospht!Te by Broadb;md cryovolcanism: lo Emission R.id1ometry {SABER), 2 10, 219 volcanic outgas~ing. see outgassing. volcanic Thomson scnttcring, see scattering. Thomson vol ume l'1 11 issiun measure (VEM). 34, 39. 40 tides, ,tee al.to earth. tides: ionosphere, tides; Mars. Voyager spacecraft . 62. 137. 176. 186. 262. 265, 266 tides; t erre~t nal planets. tides, 214 plasma waves and mdio science experiments, 268 diumal, 214 \4m1.i:er I (VI). 62, 85 migra11.ng. 214 \v1·a,11er 2 (V2). 62. 137 non-migrating, 214 semi-diurnal. 214 waler vapor ( HiO), 157 Titan. 134, 148, 177. 2:17, 245 wave numher, 214. 308. 309 total electron comcnt (TEC). 222. 324. 325 wave vector, k. 230 trans it timing viuiutions, 122 wave fron t ~. 308 u·ansiting planet, .tee exoplanet, transiting wavelength. I.. 106 Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances {TIO~). 223 wa,es. see lllso dispersion rela1 ion Triton. 246 Alfvt!n, 232. 238 tropical iono~phere ..tee ionosphere. 1ropical Dust Acoustic (DA). 266 1roposphcre. ree ;Wno>phcre, 1ropo>phere Dust Ion Acou Weh~te r, Merriam. 147 XO Pro1ecl. I 11 WFIJ{ST. I 17 Wil.ipcd1a. 147 )Oung stellar object~ (YSO>). 46. 118. see C1/W T Wmd Dividing Linc. 77 Tawi stars Wini.I spacecraft. 317 young Sun. see Sun. young wind~. tee solar v.ind: stellar winl.I XMM-Ncwwn X·r<1y observatory. 98 Zero-Age Main Sequence (ZAMSl. 43. 45