Higher Education at a Time of Transformation

SYNTHESIS OF THE GUNI HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE WORLD REPORTS Synthesis of the GUNI Higher Education in the World Reports

Higher Education at a Time of Transformation: New Dynamics for Social Responsibility was specially commissioned by UNESCO for the 2009 World Conference on Higher Education (WCHE). Taken from the Global University Network of Innovation (GUNI) Series on the Social Commitment of Universities, which explores key issues facing higher education in the twenty-first century, this publication is a synthesis of the three reports:

HIGHER EDUCATION AT ATIMEOF TRANSFORMATION HIGHER EDUCATION AT Higher Education in the World 2006: The Financing of Universities Higher Education in the World 2007: Accreditation for Quality Assurance: What is at Stake? Higher Education in the World 3. Higher Education: New Challenges and Emerging Roles for Human and Social Development A TIME OF Including contributions from 70 authors from 34 countries, this publication showcases the key ideas from the global issues and the regional perspectives, as well as 24 good practices, making it an essential tool for all involved in higher education. TRANSFORMATION This publication analyzes the present and future challenges faced by higher education institutions in the context of globalization, providing a perspective on the financing of higher education, and on the accreditation mechanisms that are in place for assuring quality. It also examines the challenges and emerging roles of higher education in terms of its contribution to human and social development. New Dynamics for Social Responsibility The publication also focuses on how higher education institutions (HEIs) could contribute to a systematic and proactive analysis to develop critical discourses with which societies can continually reflect on their evolution for a positive social transformation. It considers how HEIs could strengthen their role as agents of transformation, facing both local and global challenges, and suggests that their vision and mission need to be re-oriented towards the creation and distribution of socially relevant knowledge and a complex understanding of reality, thus strengthening their social responsibility and contributing, through knowledge, to a harmonious global development.

GUNI was founded by UNESCO, the United Nations University (UNU) and the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), after the first WCHE. This year is the tenth anniversary of both the conference and GUNI, and it is within this framework that this publication aims to stimulate serious debate on the social responsibility of higher education and its relevance at the local and global context in this time of change.

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www.palgrave.com GUNI SERIES ON THE SOCIAL COMMITMENT OF UNIVERSITIES

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Individual or collective authors are responsible for the choice and presentation of the facts, ﬁndings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in their articles, which do not necessarily reﬂect the views of the GUNI Network or its secretariat, UNESCO, the United Nations University, the Technical University of Catalonia, or other institutions that support this project. The designations used and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on behalf of GUNI concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of the authorities of such, or concerning the endorsement or acceptance of such opinions.

BBBSUHOVLQGG PRINCIPAL EDITOR GUNI

EDITORIAL TEAM

Cristina Escrigas GUNI Executive Director Bikas C. Sanyal Guest editor of Higher Education in the World 2007. Accreditation for Quality Assurance: What is at Stake? Peter Taylor Guest editor of Higher Education in the World 3. Higher Education: New Challenges and Emerging Roles for Human and Social Development Elisenda Bru Project Assistant Yazmín Cruz Project Ofﬁcer Josep Lobera Research Fellow Francisco López-Segrera GUNI Academic Adviser

AUTHORS OF CONTRIBUTIONS INCLUDED IN THIS SYNTHESIS HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE WORLD 2006. THE FINANCING OF UNIVERSITIES

Name Country Institution Akira Arimoto Japan Hiroshima University Fahima Charafeddine Lebanon Lebanese University Jesús M. de Miguel Spain University of Barcelona Miguel Ángel Escotet Spain Deusto University Carmen García-Guadilla Venezuela Center for Development Studies Arthur M. Hauptman USA Consultant Bruce Johnstone USA State University of New York Jane Knight Canada Ontario Institute for Studies in Education Alma Maldonado-Maldonado Mexico University of Arizona Michaela Martin France International Institute for Educational Planning Jan Sadlak Romania UNESCO-European Centre for Higher Education Jamil Salmi Morocco World Bank Bikas C. Sanyal India International Institute for Educational Planning Damtew Teferra Ethiopia Ford Foundation International Fellowships Program Maureen Woodhall United Kingdom University of London Jandhyala B. G. Tilak India National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration

HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE WORLD 2007. ACCREDITATION FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE: WHAT IS AT STAKE? Name Country Institution Abdel Bagi A.G. Babiker Sudan University of Kuwait Colin Brock United Kingdom University of Oxford José Días Sobrinho Brazil University of Sorocaba Judith S. Eaton USA Council for Higher Education Accreditation Elaine El-Khawas USA George Washington University Hans J. A. van Ginkel Netherlands Utrecht University Jacques Hallak France International Institute for Educational Planning Jane Knight Canada Ontario Institute for Studies in Education Michaela Martin France International Institute for Educational Planning Francisco Michavila Spain UNESCO Chair of University Management and Policy, Technical University of Madrid Peter Okebukola Nigeria Lagos State University Muriel Poisson France International Institute for Educational Planning Marco Antonio Rodrígues Días Brazil United Nations University Jamil Salmi Morocco World Bank

iii

BBBSUHOVLQGG Name Country Institution Bikas C. Sanyal India International Institute for Educational Planning Alenoush Saroyan Canada McGill University Juma Shabani Zimbabwe UNESCO Cluster Office, Harare Mala Singh South Africa The Open University Antony Stella India Australian Universities Quality Agency Stamenka Uvalić-Trumbić Serbia UNESCO Section for Reform, Innovation and Quality Assurance Silvia Zamorano Spain UNESCO Chair of University Management and Policy, Technical University of Madrid

HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE WORLD 3. HIGHER EDUCATION: NEW CHALLENGES AND EMERGING ROLES FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Name Country Institution Philip Altbach USA Center for International Higher Education, Boston College Richard Bawden Australia University of Western Sidney Aziza Bennani Morocco Ambassador of Morocco to UNESCO L. David Brown USA The Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations, Harvard University Anne Corbett United Kingdom London School of Economics and Political Science Jean-Marie De Ketele Belgium Université Catholique de Louvaine Gerard Delanty Ireland University of Sussex Boaventura de Sousa Santos Portugal University of Coimbra Axel Didriksson Mexico Government of Mexico City Cornelia Dragne Canada University of Victoria Budd Hall Canada Center for Global Studies, University of Victoria Alma Herrera Mexico Network of Public Macro-Universities of Latin America and the Caribbean Leo Jansen Netherlands Technological University of Delft Sheila Jasanoff USA Harvard University John W. McArthur USA Columbia University Andrei Marga Romania Babefl-Bolyai University Goolam Mohamedbhai Mauritius Association of African Universities Teboho Moja South Africa New York University Manuel Ramiro Muñoz Colombia IESALC/UNESCO Deepak Nayyar India Jawaharlal Nehru University Deane Neubauer USA East-West Center Victor Ordoñez Philippines East-West Center Imanol Ordorika Mexico National Autonomous University of Mexico Jeffrey D. Sachs USA Columbia University Mary Stuart UK Kingston University Charas Suwanwela Thailand Chulalongkorn University Rajesh Tandon India Society for Participatory Research in Asia Peter Taylor UK Institute of Development Studies Hebe Vessuri Venezuela Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research Josep Xercavins i Valls Spain Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Wang Yibing China GUNI Asia-Pacific Federico Mayor Zaragoza Spain Foundation for a Culture of Peace Mohaya Zaytoun Egypt Al Azhar University

BBBSUHOVLQGG GUNI EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE FOUNDING INSTITUTIONS Georges Haddad Director of the Division of Higher Education, UNESCO Konrad Osterwalder UNU Rector Antoni Giró Roca UPC Rector

GUNI EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

Cristina Escrigas

REGIONAL OFFICES Peter Okebukola President GUNI Africa Juma Shabani Secretary GUNI Africa Abdel Moneim Osman President GUNI Arab States Abdel Bagi A.G. Babiker Secretary GUNI Arab States Wei Yang President GUNI Asia and the Pacific Plyasakol Sakolsatayadon Vice-President GUNI Asia and the Pacific Ding Jianmin Executive Director GUNI Asia and the Pacific Wang Libing Chief Assistant GUNI Asia and the Pacific Marianne Frenay President HUNI Europe and North America Rodolfo Pinto da Luz President GUNI Latin America Giovanna Valenti Secretary GUNI Latin America

GUNI SECRETARIAT

Antoni Giró Roca GUNI President

Cristina Escrigas Executive Director

Elisenda Bru Project Assistant Miquel Cano ICT Support Àngels Cortina Network Coordinator Yazmín Cruz Project Ofﬁcer Jacqueline Glarner Communications Ofﬁcer Carlos González Head of Technological Innovation and Communication Josep Lobera Research Fellow Valtencir Maldonado Observatory Coordinator Sònia Mascarell Project Assistant Mariví Ordóñez Administrator

Josep Coll Academic Coordinator Francisco López-Segrera Academic Adviser

BBBSUHOVLQGG CONTENTS LIST OF GOOD PRACTICES, TABLES AND MAPS viii 4.3 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF UNIVERSITIES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Ix Alma Herrera 39 GLOBAL UNIVERSITY NETWORK FOR 4.4 INSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES AND INNOVATION xi IMPLICATIONS FOR HEIs: TRANSFORMATION, UNESCO xiv MISSION AND VISION FOR THE 21ST CENTURY UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSITY xvi Teboho Moja 41 UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE CATALUNYA xviii 4.5 THE ROLE OF THE UNIVERSITIES IN METHODOLOGICAL NOTE xxi CONSTRUCTING AN ALTERNATIVE GLOBALIZATION Boaventura de Sousa Santos 43 PART I INTRODUCTION: New dynamics 4.6 HIGHER EDUCATION AND ITS INSTITUTIONS AND THE CIVILIZATIONAL PARADIGM CRISIS for social responsibility Josep Xercavins i Valls 44 Cristina Escrigas, Josep Lobera and Editorial Team 1 II.1.5 Implications for education 48

PART II 5.1 THE EDUCATIVE PURPOSE OF HIGHER SYNTHESIS OF HIGHER EDUCATION FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL EDUCATION IN THE WORLD 3 DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION Richard Bawden 48 Higher Education: New Challenges and Emerging 5.2 HIGHER EDUCATION CURRICULA FOR Roles for Human and Social HUMAN AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Peter Taylor 51 Development 21 5.3 HIGHER EDUCATION’S CONTRIBUTION TO II.1 GLOBAL ISSUES 23 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: THE WAY FORWARD II.1.1 Introduction Leo Jansen 54

II.1.2 The context of higher 5.4 TRAINING FOR THE PROFESSION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: EDUCATIONAL education 23 REQUIREMENTS FOR PRACTICAL IMPERATIVES 2.1 POLITICAL AND SOCIAL TRENDS OF John W. McArthur and Jeffrey D. Sachs 55 GLOBALIZATION: CHALLENGES FOR HIGHER 5.5 MULTICULTURALISM, INTER-CULTURALITY EDUCATION Federico Mayor Zaragoza 23 AND LEADERSHIP Andrei Marga 57 2.2 GLOBALIZATION AND MARKETS: 5.6 THE CONTRIBUTION OF HIGHER CHALLENGES FOR HIGHER EDUCATION EDUCATION TO MULTICULTURAL EXISTENCE: Deepak Nayyar 26 PRESENT AND FUTURE CHALLENGES Aziza II.1.3 Higher education: roles and Bennani 58 challenges 30 5.7 THE UNIVERSITY AND COSMOPOLITAN CITIZENSHIP Gerard Delanty 60 3.1 THE COMPLEX ROLES OF UNIVERSITIES IN THE PERIOD OF GLOBALIZATION Philip Altbach 30 5.8 THE CONCEPT OF GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP IN HIGHER EDUCATION Mary Stuart 62 II.1.4 The emerging roles of higher education 36 5.9 HIGHER EDUCATION CHALLENGES EMERGING FROM THE INTERCHANGE 4.1 THE NEW ROLE OF GLOBALIZED BETWEEN SCIENCE AND ANCESTRAL EDUCATION IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD KNOWLEDGE IN CENTRAL AND SOUTH Deane Neubauer and Victor Ordóñez 36 AMERICA Manuel Ramiro Muñoz 63

4.2 THE SOCIAL RELEVANCE OF HIGHER II.1.6 Civic engagement 65 EDUCATION Jean-Marie De Ketele 37 6.1 CIVIL ENGAGEMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION AND ITS ROLE IN HUMAN AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Rajesh Tandon 65

vi CONTENTS

BBBSUHOVLQGG 6.2 PRACTICE–RESEARCH ENGAGEMENT FOR III.2 REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES 133 HUMAN AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD L. David Brown 67 PART IV II.1.7 Research 69 SYNTHESIS OF HIGHER EDUCATION 7.1 THE ROLE OF RESEARCH IN HIGHER EDUCATION: IN THE WORLD 2007 IMPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES FOR AN ACTIVE Accreditation for Quality Assurance: CONTRIBUTION TO HUMAN AND SOCIAL What is at Stake? 149 DEVELOPMENT Hebe Vessuri 69

7.2 COMMITMENT TO SOCIETY: CONTEMPORARY IV.1 GLOBAL ISSUES 151 CHALLENGES FOR PUBLIC RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES 1 INTRODUCTION 151 Imanol Ordorika 72 2 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND THE ROLE OF 7.3 THE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONTRIBUTION OF ACCREDITATION: AN OVERVIEW Bikas C. Sanyal and RESEARCH Charas Suwanwela 74 Michaela Martin 152 7.4 ETHICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL 3 HISTORICAL AND SOCIETAL ROOTS OF IMPLICATIONS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: REGULATION AND ACCREDITATION OF HIGHER CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE Sheila Jasanoff 75 EDUCATION FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE Colin Brock 158

II.2 REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES 81 4 INSTITUTIONAL AND POLITICAL CHALLENGES OF ACCREDITATION AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL Hans J.A. van Ginkel and Marco Antonio Rodrígues Días 162 PART III SYNTHESIS OF HIGHER EDUCATION 5 THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICS OF QUALITY IN THE WORLD 2006 ASSURANCE AND ACCREDITATION: FROM LEGAL INSTRUMENTS TO COMMUNITIES OF PRACTICE The Financing of Universities 95 Stamenka Uvalic ´ -Trumbi c´ 168

III.1 GLOBAL ISSUES 97 6 LEAGUE TABLES AS POLICY INSTRUMENTS: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF ACCOUNTABILITY IN 1 INTRODUCTION 97 TERTIARY EDUCATION Jamil Salmi and Alenoush Saroyan 172

2 FINANCING HIGHER EDUCATION: INTERNATIONAL 7 THE GOVERNANCE OF ACCREDITATION Mala Singh 176 PERSPECTIVES Bikas Sanyal and Michaela Martin 98 8 ACADEMIC FRAUD, ACCREDITATION AND 3 PRIVATE HIGHER EDUCATION: PHILANTHROPY QUALITY ASSURANCE: LEARNING FROM THE PAST TO PROFITS Jandhyala B.G. Tilak 104 AND CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE Jacques Hallak and Muriel Poisson 180 4 INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND AN OVERVIEW OF HIGHER EDUCATION FINANCING 9 CROSS-BORDER HIGHER EDUCATION: ISSUES AND Alma Maldonado-Maldonado 108 IMPLICATIONS FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE AND ACCREDITATION Jane Knight 185 5 RESOURCE ALLOCATION MECHANISMS IN TERTIARY EDUCATION: A TYPOLOGY AND AN 10 AN INTERNATIONAL ACCREDITATION SPACE ASSESSMENT Jamil Salmi and Arthur M. Hauptmann 113 Judith S. Eaton 188

6 FINANCING HIGHER EDUCATION: THE ROLE OF IV.2 REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES 193 TUITION FEES AND STUDENT SUPPORT Maureen Woodhall 119 IV.3 FINAL REMARKS 206 7 HIGHER EDUCATION ACCESSIBILITY AND FINANCIAL VIABILITY: THE ROLE OF STUDENT LOANS Bruce Johnstone 120 PART V STATISTICAL APPENDIX 209 8 COMMERCIAL CROSS-BORDER EDUCATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR FINANCING HIGHER EDUCATION Jane Knight 123

9 UNIVERSITY GOVERNANCE, ACCOUNTABILITY AND FINANCING Miguel Ángel Escotet 125

CONTENTS vii

BBBSUHOVLQGG LIST OF GOOD GOOD PRACTICES TABLES PRACTICES, TABLES 1 Achieving sustainable development through 1 Regional average enrolment, GER and GPI (1999 curriculum transformation in higher education and 2004) 82 institutions 85 AND MAPS 2 Emerging trends in policy, planning and ﬁnancing 2 Setting up an open educational resources project of higher education 99 in South Africa 85 3 Examples of international organizations related 3 Building on the local 86 to higher education according to their activities and characteristics 110 4 Educational experience in development cooperation 86 4 Comparison between traditional and innovative allocation mechanisms 114 5 The experience of the Living Knowledge Network 87 5 Typology of allocation mechanisms 115 6 Steering Group for Sustainability (SGS) 87 6 Changes in the role of the state and universities 7 Participatory design and implementation of the in higher education 130 2015 UPC sustainability plan 88 7 Ranking systems worldwide (2008) 173 8 Lagoa Centre for Recognition, Validation and Certiﬁcation of Competences for adult education 88 8 Quality assurance and accreditation in different regions of the world 196 9 Dutch National Network for Sustainable Development in Higher Education Curricula (DHO) 89 9 Tertiary education enrolment and gross enrolment ratio 212 10 Training and research for community-based development 89 10 Human development rank, index, total population, GDP per capita, expenditure on 11 A research and service-learning model 90 education (%GDP), expenditure on education (%Gov. Exp), expenditure on research and 12 Mexico Multicultural Nation university development and researchers in R&D 217 programme (PUMC-UNAM) 90

13 Challenges and opportunities for university-based civic service 91 MAPS

14 Inclusion of social commitment in the role and 1 Number of GUNI members per country xii organization of Latin American universities 91 2 Higher education gross enrolment ratios (GER) by 15 Training professionals in socially responsible country and human development index (HDI) 18 values, attitudes and behaviour 92

16 A model of ﬁnancial reform in a higher education institution 136

17 Matching grants for private donations 138

18 Localized poverty reduction in Vietnam (LPRV): building capacity for policy assessment and project planning in Vietnam 138

19 ‘Human Development in Chiapas’ interdisciplinary research programme 139

20 The ‘Universidad Construye País’ network: an experience in social responsibility 140

21 Contract-programme for results-based university ﬁnancing 141

22 Community university partnership programme (CUPP) 142

23 Developing culturally responsive teachers through community-based collaboratives 144

24 University education for community change 144

viii LIST OF GOOD PRACTICES, TABLES AND MAPS

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BBBSUHOVLQGG Global University Network for Innovation

and facilitate the implementation of its and facilitates the transfer of good prac- main decisions. tices and innovative experiences, which It is currently composed of nearly 170 enrich the process transforming higher members from over 60 countries, includ- education institutions. The Observatory ing the UNESCO Chairs in Higher Educa- also acts as a resource centre, using the tion, higher education institutions, common goal of social responsibility as its research centres and networks related to underlying premise. Higher education institutions, as well as innovation and the social commitment of the societies in which they operate, are higher education. In each of the five world currently undergoing a global transforma- regions, GUNI has a regional office repre- International Barcelona Conference tion process in all contexts, although with senting the network. on Higher Education specific characteristics in different parts of GUNI aims to contribute to the reform The GUNI Conference is an international the world. The role of higher education and innovation of higher education poli- forum for debate on the challenges facing institutions in society will determine the cies across the world under a vision of pub- higher education. Each edition of the Con- place of knowledge in facing the chal- lic service, relevance and social ference deals with the subject chosen for lenges of the world today; and at the same responsibility. In order to do so, GUNI: that year’s Report. Held in Barcelona and time, this will influence their role and s Helps bridge the gap between devel- attended by renowned experts, university opportunities in this time of change. oped and developing countries in the leaders, academics, policymakers and Higher education faces the challenge of field of higher education. practitioners from all over the world, the creating and distributing socially relevant s Fosters cooperation between higher Conference addresses innovative propos- knowledge and of doing it with anticipa- education institutions and society. als and ideas, as well as the results of the tion so as to play a proactive and commit- s Promotes the exchange of resources, latest research on each subject. ted role in the transformation and positive innovative ideas and experiences to change of societies. facilitate higher education’s role for To face these challenges, the mission of social transformation through institu- Networking the Global University Network for Innova- tional processes of change. tion (GUNI) is to contribute to the strength- GUNI reinforces and expands its network by ening of higher education’s role in society encouraging the dynamic involvement of its GUNI does… through the reform and innovation of members in its activities. It fosters coopera- higher education policies across the world Higher Education in the World Report tion between higher education institutions under a vision of public service, relevance and other actors in higher education. It also The Report is a collective work published and social responsibility. promotes debate and the creation and as part of the GUNI series on the social There is a need to reconsider what the exchange of knowledge on higher educa- commitment of universities. It is the result social contribution of higher education tion worldwide by means of both onsite of a global and regional analysis of higher should be. GUNI encourages higher edu- and online activities. The website and the education in the world. With a specific cation institutions to redefine their role, monthly newsletter are cornerstones of the subject chosen for each edition, the Report embrace this process of transformation accomplishment of this objective. reflects on the key issues and challenges and strengthen their critical stance within facing higher education and its institutions society. in the 21st century. It is currently published Research Projects in English, Spanish and Chinese. GUNI undertakes research projects on GUNI is… higher education for public and private GUNI is a network created in 1999 by not-for-profit institutions. A Delphi poll is Universities and Social Commitment UNESCO, the United Nations University conducted for the Report to gauge the Observatory (UNU) and the Technical University of opinion of over 200 experts including aca- Catalonia (UPC), which hosts its secretariat The Observatory is a point of reference and demics, university leaders, policymakers and presidency. It was founded after a place for dialogue and exchange for and members of civil society. UNESCO’s World Conference on Higher those interested in the social responsibility Education of 1998 to give continuity to of universities. It identifies, disseminates www.guni-rmies.net

GLOBAL UNIVERSITY NETWORK FOR INNOVATION xi

BBBSUHOVLQGG Greenland

Iceland

Canada (7) Uni King Ireland (9 (2)

Portugal Spain United States (1) (14) (6)

Bermuda Morocco

Al The Bahamas Western

Mexico Cuba (3) Sahara (15) Dominican Republic 20 St. Kitts & Nevis Mauritania Haiti Antigua & Barbuda Cape Mali Belize (1) Puerto Dominica Guatemala St. Lucia Verde Honduras Rico (1) Senegal Burki El Salvador Barbados (1) 21 Faso Nicaragua Grenada 25 Costa Rica (1) Trinidad & Tobago Guinea Panama Venezuela Guyana Sierra Leone Ghan (3) Suriname Liberia Côte (1) Colombia d'Ivoire (8) Ecuador São To (1) & Prin

Peru (3) Brazil (2) Samoa French Polynesia American Samoa Bolivia (3)

Tonga Cook Is. Paraguay

Legend: Number of institutions Uruguay (2) Chile 0 (5) Argentina (5) 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-15

Notes: Number of members per country until March 2009 Classiﬁcation method: natural breaks (Jenks optimization) Vector layer source: ESRI Data; Projection: Robinson

MAP 1 Number of GUNI members per country

xii MAP 1

BBBSUHOVLQGG Norway Finland Sweden Russia (2) (6) Estonia United 3 Latvia Kingdom Lithuania (1) 6 (9) 4 Poland Belarus (1) Germany (3) 5 (2) 7 14 Ukraine (3) 15 Moldova (1) Kazakhstan France 8 13 Mongolia (1) (3) 9 Romania (3) 12 1 10 2 Bulgaria Georgia Uzbekistan Italy 1116 Azerbaijan Kyrgyzstan pain Turkey North Korea (14) Turkmenistan Tajikistan Greece South Korea Syria (1) Japan (2) Malta Cyprus China (2 ) Tunisia 17 Iraq Iran (1) Afghanistan o 19 18 Jordan (1) Nepal Kuwait (2) Pakistan Bhutan Algeria (1) Libya Egypt Bahrain (1) (1) Qatar Saudi Bangladesh United Arab (1) Hong Kong Arabia Emirates (1) India Myanmar (5) Laos Mali Niger Oman Vietnam Eritrea Yemen (1) Thailand Philippines Burkina Chad Sudan Faso (1) (8) Djibouti Cambodia 23 Federated States Nigeria Ethiopia Ghana (2) Central African (1) Sri Lanka Palau of Micronesia e (1) Republic Brunei 24 Cameroon Somalia ire Maldives Malaysia (1) 22 Uganda Congo Singapore ão Tomé Gabon Kenya Congo Rwanda (1) Principe Seychelles DRC Burundi Tanzania Indonesia (1) Papua New Solomon Is. Comoros 1 Bosnia & Herzegovina (1) East Timor Guinea Angola 2 Montenegro Malawi 3 Denmark (1) Zambia 4 Belgium (2) 5 Luxembourg Fiji Mozambique 6 Netherlands (1) Vanuatu Zimbabwe (1) Mauritius 7 Czech Republic Madagscar 8 Switzerland Namibia Botswana 9 Slovenia 10 Serbia (2) 11 Albania Swaziland 12 Croatia (1) Australia (1) 13 Hungary Lesotho 14 Slovakia South Africa 15 Austria (1) 16 Macedonia 17 Lebanon 18 Palestinian Autonomous Territories 19 Israel 20 Jamaica 21 The Gambia 22 Equatorial Guinea 23 Benin New Zealand 24 Togo 25 Guinea-Bissau

Antartica

MAP 1 xiii

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