The Gratitude of Disadvantaged Groups

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The Gratitude of Disadvantaged Groups The Gratitude of Disadvantaged Groups: A Missing Piece in Research on Intergroup Power Relations Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.) des Fachbereichs Humanwissenschaften der Universität Osnabrück vorgelegt von Inna Ksenofontov aus Donezk, Ukraine Osnabrück, 2020 Date of Submission: 8th of March, 2020 Thesis supervisor: Prof. Dr. Julia C. Becker This dissertation was supported by a doctoral scholarship from the Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung. Abstract While a large body of social psychological literature is devoted to studying helping behavior between social groups, the study of gratitude as the most common reaction to help is virtually absent from the intergroup literature. However, gratitude has been a constant theme in the history of intergroup relations, particularly in the history of the systematic oppression of socially disadvantaged groups by socially advantaged groups. The “grateful slave” trope that justified the oppression of Black people in North America or modern narratives of “ungrateful” immigrants in Europe exemplify advantaged groups’ attempts to evoke gratitude among disadvantaged groups to secure their conformity and loyalty, or to receive recognition for apparent benefits they provide - even for equal rights. Not only do these examples question the undisputed positivity of gratitude, but they also suggest that disadvantaged groups’ gratitude expressions might be involved in the regulation of power relations between social groups. The present research introduces the empirical study of gratitude to intergroup relations. The specific aim of this dissertation was to examine how disadvantaged groups’ gratitude expressions in response to advantaged group help might function to promote social inequality. At the same time, the present work addresses gaps within previous research that studies how advantaged group help itself affects status relations. Based on a synthesis of the literature on gratitude and intergroup relations, across three manuscripts, it was examined whether disadvantaged groups’ gratitude expressions, alongside advantaged group help, affect intergroup power relations through a) influencing psychological pathways to social change, b) regulating group-specific needs, and c) enacting and transmitting paternalistic ideology. In Manuscript #1, the novel idea of a potentially harmful side of gratitude expressions for low power groups was tested. Using correlational, experimental, between- and within- subjects designs, the results from five studies showed across different contexts that when low- power group members expressed gratitude for a high-power group member’s help, they were less willing and less likely to protest against the high power group members’ previous transgression. Forgiveness and system justification mediated this pacifying effect, providing insights into the underlying psychological process. In Manuscript #2, results from two correlational studies demonstrate that ideological beliefs can guide advantaged groups to provide help that differs in its potential to bring about social change. Paternalistic beliefs parsimoniously distinguished whether members of the receiving society provide dependency- or autonomy-oriented help to refugees. Both groups indicated that autonomy-oriented help has a higher potential for social change than dependency-oriented help. Reflecting group-specific needs and convictions that underlie paternalism, receiving society members’ concern for a positive moral image of the ingroup was positively related to their willingness to provide dependency-oriented help, and beliefs about refugees’ competence were positively related to their willingness to provide autonomy- oriented help. In Manuscript #3, it was investigated why advantaged group members react negatively to refugee protests and demand more gratitude from the refugees. The results of two experiments showed that refugees’ protest decreased perceptions among receiving society members that they are socially valued, but expressions of gratitude from refugees increased perceptions of being socially valued. Refugees were perceived as more agentic when they protested, however, not when they expressed gratitude. Perceptions of social worth determined receiving society members’ attitudes toward refugees on other dimensions. In a third experiment, the underpinnings of gratitude demands were examined. The results of a third experiment showed that receiving society members, who endorsed paternalistic beliefs, labeled protesting refugees as ungrateful and demanded gratitude from them. In sum, besides theoretically and empirically advancing several areas of intergroup relations (e.g., intergroup helping, intergroup contact, intergroup reconciliation, and paternalism), the present research suggests that gratitude expressions, which occur in intergroup contexts that are characterized by social injustice, can have negative consequences for disadvantaged groups. Implications for theory and social change are discussed, and promising avenues for future research are suggested. Keywords: gratitude, intergroup helping, social change, group needs, paternalism Zusammenfassung Während sich ein großer Teil der sozialpsychologischen Literatur der Untersuchung von Hilfsverhalten zwischen sozialen Gruppen widmet, ist die Erforschung von Dankbarkeit als häufigste Reaktion auf Hilfe in der Intergruppenliteratur praktisch nicht vorhanden. Dankbarkeit ist jedoch ein fortwährendes Thema in der Geschichte der Intergruppenbeziehungen, insbesondere in der Geschichte der systematischen Unterdrückung sozial benachteiligter Gruppen durch sozial privilegierte Gruppen. Der Tropus der "dankbaren Sklaven", der die Unterdrückung schwarzer Menschen in Nordamerika rechtfertigte, oder moderne Narrative von "undankbaren" Einwanderern in Europa, veranschaulichen Versuche privilegierter Gruppen, Dankbarkeit unter benachteiligten Gruppen hervorzurufen, um ihre Konformität und Loyalität sicherzustellen, oder um Anerkennung für Wohltätigkeiten zu erhalten – sogar für gleiche Rechte. Diese Beispiele stellen nicht nur die unbestrittene Positivität von Dankbarkeit infrage, sondern legen auch nahe, dass Dankbarkeitsäußerungen benachteiligter Gruppen an der Regulierung von Machtverhältnissen zwischen sozialen Gruppen beteiligt sein könnten. Die vorliegende Arbeit führt die empirische Erforschung von Dankbarkeit in das Feld der Intergruppenbeziehungen ein. Das spezifische Ziel dieser Dissertation bestand darin, zu untersuchen, wie Dankbarkeitsäußerungen benachteiligter Gruppen, als Reaktion auf die Hilfe privilegierter Gruppen, zur Verfestigung sozialer Ungleichheit beitragen könnten. Gleichzeitig adressiert die vorliegende Arbeit Lücken bisheriger Forschung, welche untersucht, wie die Hilfe privilegierter Gruppen selbst Statusbeziehungen beeinflusst. Basierend auf einer Synthese der Literatur zu Dankbarkeit und Intergruppenbeziehungen, wurde in drei Manuskripten untersucht, ob Dankbarkeitsäußerungen benachteiligter Gruppen, neben Hilfestellungen privilegierter Gruppen, sich auf die Machtverhältnisse zwischen Gruppen auswirken, indem sie a) psychologische Pfade zum sozialen Wandel beeinflussen, b) gruppenspezifische Bedürfnisse regulieren und c) paternalistische Ideologie bedienen und vermitteln. In Manuskript #1 wurde die neue Idee einer potenziell problematischen Seite von Dankbarkeit für Mitglieder niedriger Statusgruppen getestet. Über verschiedene Kontexte hinweg zeigten die Ergebnisse von fünf Studien, korrelativ und experimentell, in between- und in within-subjects Designs, dass Mitglieder statusniedriger Gruppen, die sich für die Hilfe eines Mitglieds einer statushohen Gruppe bedankten, weniger bereit waren, gegen die vorherige Transgression des statushohen Gruppenmitglieds zu protestieren und auch weniger protestierten. Vergebung und Systemrechtfertigung vermittelten diesen sedierenden Effekt und liefern Einblicke in den zugrundeliegenden psychologischen Prozess. In Manuskript #2 zeigen die Ergebnisse zweier Korrelationsstudien, dass ideologische Überzeugungen privilegierte Gruppen dazu verleiten können, Hilfe zu leisten, die sich in ihrem Potenzial, soziale Veränderungen herbeizuführen, unterscheidet. Paternalistische Überzeugungen differenzierten, ob Mitglieder der Aufnahmegesellschaft Geflüchteten gegenüber abhängigkeits- oder autonomieorientierte Hilfe leisten wollten. Dabei schrieben beide Gruppen autonomieorientierter Hilfe ein höheres Potenzial für sozialen Wandel zu, als abhängigkeitsorientierter Hilfe. Außerdem hing die Sorge der Mitglieder der Aufnahmegesellschaft über ein positives moralisches Bild der Eigengruppe positiv mit der Bereitschaft zusammen, abhängigkeitsorientierte Hilfe zu leisten. Überzeugungen über die Kompetenz von Flüchtlingen hingen dagegen positiv mit der Bereitschaft zusammen, autonomieorientierte Hilfe zu leisten. Dies spiegelt Gruppenbedürfnisse und Überzeugungen, die dem Paternalismus zugrunde liegen, wieder. In Manuskript #3 wurde untersucht, warum Mitglieder der Aufnahmegesellschaft negativ auf Proteste von Geflüchteten reagieren und mehr Dankbarkeit von Geflüchteten fordern. Die Ergebnisse zweier Experimente zeigten, dass der Protest Geflüchteter bei Mitgliedern der Aufnahmegesellschaft die Warhnehmung verringerte, dass sie sozial wertgeschätzt werden, aber Dank von Geflüchteten die Wahrnehmung erhöhte, sozial wertgeschätzt zu werden. Geflüchtete wurden als handlungsbestimmt wahrgenommen, wenn sie protestierten, jedoch nicht wenn sie sich bedankten. Die wahrgenommene soziale Wertschätzung war ausschlaggebend
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